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</li> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Price </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Osmium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" > 144 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኦስሚየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦስሚየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ओज़मियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ओज़मियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوزميوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوزميوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Օսմիոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օսմիոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অসমিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অসমিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Осмій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Осмій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC" title="Осм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Осм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऑस्मियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑस्मियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmyo" title="Osmyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Osmyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་སི་མིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་སི་མིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmij" title="Osmij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osmij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiom" title="Osmiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Osmiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osmi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmyo" title="Osmyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Osmyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiwm" title="Osmiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Osmiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ؤسميوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤسميوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Όσμιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اسمیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسمیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Osmi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oismiam" title="Oismiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oismiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઓસ્મીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓસ્મીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Осмиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%AE%B4" title="오스뮴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스뮴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Օսմիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ओस्मियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओस्मियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmij" title="Osmij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osmij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmOsisivu" title="UmOsisivu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmOsisivu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm%C3%ADn" title="Osmín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Osmín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אוסמיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסמיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86s%C9%A9m%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ɔsɩmɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɔsɩmɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಸ್ಮಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಮಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოსმიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiom" title="Osmiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Osmiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Osmi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmel" title="Osmel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Osmel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiy%C3%BBm" title="Osmiyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Osmiyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmijs" title="Osmijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmis" title="Osmis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osmis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmii" title="Osmii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Osmii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrbosmi" title="jinmrbosmi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrbosmi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smio" title="Òsmio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Òsmio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozmium" title="Ozmium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ozmium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Осмиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓസ്മിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്മിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ओस्मियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओस्मियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوزميوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="أوزميوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯑꯣꯁꯃꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯣꯁꯃꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Осми – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Осми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အော့စမီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့စမီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अस्मियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अस्मियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="オスミウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスミウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smi" title="Òsmi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òsmi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiy" title="Osmiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osmiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਓਸਮੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਸਮੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अस्मियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अस्मियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اوسمیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوسمیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوسميوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوسميوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smio" title="Òsmio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òsmio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm" title="Osm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93smio" title="Ósmio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ósmio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmiyu" title="Usmiyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Usmiyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अस्मियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अस्मियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smiu" title="Òsmiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Òsmiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumi" title="Osmiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Osmiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smiu" title="Òsmiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òsmiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmij" title="Osmij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osmij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiyaam" title="Osmiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Osmiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئۆزمیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆزمیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Осмијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmijum" title="Osmijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osmijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiyo" title="Osmiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Osmiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓசுமியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓசுமியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఆస్మియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆస్మియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ออสเมียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออสเมียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiyum" title="Osmiyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmiyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Осмій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Осмій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اوزمیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوزمیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئوسمىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسمىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmii" title="Osmii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Osmii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Osmi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%A8" title="鋨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmyo" title="Osmyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Osmyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אסמיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסמיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%A8" title="鋨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锇" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Osmium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Osmium (disambiguation)">Osmium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 76 (Os)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Osmium, 76Os</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/220px-Osmium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/330px-Osmium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/440px-Osmium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="3099" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Osmium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɒzmiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OZ-mee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery, blue cast</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Os)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>190.23±0.03<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>190.23±0.03 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Osmium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> ↑ Os ↓ <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> ← osmium → <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">76</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d6 6s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3306 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (3033 °C, 5491 °F)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5281 K (5008 °C, 9046 °F)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">22.587 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">20 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">378 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.7 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>3160 </td> <td>3423 </td> <td>3751 </td> <td>4148 </td> <td>4638 </td> <td>5256 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +4 −4,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> −1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> 0,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +5,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +6,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +7,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +8<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.2 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 840 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1600 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 135 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">144±4 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of osmium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for osmium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 273.42 pm c = 431.99 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.99×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">87.6 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">81.2 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.134-9">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.134-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">222 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">462 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">4940 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.25 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4137 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3920 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-04-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1803)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_osmium" title="Isotopes of osmium">Isotopes of osmium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_osmium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox osmium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_osmium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox osmium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">184Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.02% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.12×1013 y<a href="#cite_note-184Os-11">[10]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten-180" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten-180">180W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">185Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">92.95 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium-185" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium-185">185Re</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">186Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.59% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.0×1015 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten-182" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten-182">182W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">187Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.96% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">188Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">13.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">189Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">190Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">26.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">191Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.99 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium-191" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium-191">191Ir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">192Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">40.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">193Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">29.83 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium-193" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium-193">193Ir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">194Os </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium-194" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium-194">194Ir</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Osmium" title="Category:Osmium">Category: Osmium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_osmium" title="Template:Infobox osmium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_osmium" title="Template talk:Infobox osmium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_osmium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox osmium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Osmium (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀσμή">ὀσμή</a> (osmḗ) 'smell') is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Os and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> that is found as a <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">trace element</a> in alloys, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element. When experimentally measured using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, it has a <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of 22.59 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster1995-12">[11]</a> Manufacturers use its <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with platinum, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, and other platinum-group metals to make <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a> <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)#Nib_tipping" title="Nib (pen)">nib tipping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_contacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical contacts">electrical contacts</a>, and in other applications that require extreme durability and <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25-13">[12]</a> Osmium is among the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">rarest elements</a> in the Earth's crust, making up only 50 parts per trillion (<a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation#Parts-per_expressions" title="Parts-per notation">ppt</a>).<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmium_1-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Osmium_1-crop.jpg/170px-Osmium_1-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Osmium_1-crop.jpg/255px-Osmium_1-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Osmium_1-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Osmium, remelted pellet</figcaption></figure> Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray metal, and the densest <a href="/wiki/Stable_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable element">stable element</a>—about twice as dense as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>. The density of osmium is slightly greater than that of <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>; the two are so similar (22.587 versus 22.562 <a href="/wiki/Gram_per_cubic_centimetre" title="Gram per cubic centimetre">g/cm3</a> at 20 °C) that each was at one time considered to be the densest element. Only in the 1990s were measurements made accurately enough (by means of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>) to be certain that osmium is the denser of the two.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster1995-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Osmium has a blue-gray tint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25-13">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> of single crystals of osmium is complex and strongly direction-dependent, with light in the red and near-infrared wavelengths being more strongly absorbed when <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarized</a> parallel to the c crystal axis than when polarized perpendicular to the c axis; the c-parallel polarization is also slightly more reflected in the mid-ultraviolet range. Reflectivity reaches a sharp minimum at around 1.5 eV (near-infrared) for the c-parallel polarization and at 2.0 eV (orange) for the c-perpendicular polarization, and peaks for both in the visible spectrum at around 3.0 eV (blue-violet).<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Osmium is a hard but brittle <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that remains <a href="/wiki/Lustrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lustrous">lustrous</a> even at high temperatures. It has a very low <a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">compressibility</a>. Correspondingly, its <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> is extremely high, reported between 395 and 462 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>, which rivals that of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> (443 GPa). The hardness of osmium is moderately high at 4 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Because of its <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a>, brittleness, low <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> (the lowest of the platinum-group metals), and very high <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_melting_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by melting point">fourth highest</a> of all elements, after <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>), solid osmium is difficult to machine, form, or work. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Osmium_compounds" title="Osmium compounds">Osmium compounds</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin:5px;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Oxidation states of osmium </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4</td> <td>[OsIn6−xSnx]<a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-21">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2</td> <td>Na 2[Os(CO) 4] </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td>Na 2[Os 4(CO) 13] </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Triosmium_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triosmium dodecacarbonyl">Os 3(CO) 12</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td>OsI </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td>OsI 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td>OsBr 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">OsO 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium(IV)_chloride" title="Osmium(IV) chloride">OsCl 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td>OsF 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium_hexafluoride" title="Osmium hexafluoride">OsF 6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+7</td> <td>OsOF 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">OsO 4</a>, Os(NCH 3) 4 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Osmium forms compounds with <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> ranging from −4 to +8. The most common oxidation states are +2, +3, +4, and +8. The +8 oxidation state is notable for being the highest attained by any chemical element aside from iridium's +9<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and is encountered only in <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-selig-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The oxidation states −1 and −2 represented by the two reactive compounds Na 2[Os 4(CO) 13] and Na 2[Os(CO) 4] are used in the synthesis of osmium <a href="/wiki/Cluster_chemistry#Transition_metal_carbonyl_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster chemistry">cluster compounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmiumtetroxide1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Osmiumtetroxide1.jpg/220px-Osmiumtetroxide1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Osmiumtetroxide1.jpg/330px-Osmiumtetroxide1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Osmiumtetroxide1.jpg/440px-Osmiumtetroxide1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Osmium tetroxide (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>OsO4)</figcaption></figure> The most common compound exhibiting the +8 oxidation state is <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">OsO4). This toxic compound is formed when powdered osmium is exposed to air. It is a very volatile, water-soluble, pale yellow, crystalline solid with a strong smell. Osmium powder has the characteristic smell of osmium tetroxide.<a href="#cite_note-mager-32">[31]</a> Osmium tetroxide forms red osmates OsO 4(OH)2− 2 upon reaction with a base. With <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, it forms the nitrido-osmates OsO 3N− .<a href="#cite_note-Holle-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Osmium tetroxide boils at 130 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a> and is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizing</a> agent. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">osmium dioxide</a> (OsO 2) is black, non-volatile, and much less reactive and toxic. Only two osmium compounds have major applications: osmium tetroxide for <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a> tissue in <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a> and for the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Alkenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkenes">alkenes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, and the non-volatile osmates for <a href="/wiki/Sharpless_asymmetric_dihydroxylation" title="Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation">organic oxidation reactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bozzola-36">[35]</a> Osmium pentafluoride (OsF 5) is known, but osmium trifluoride (OsF 3) has not yet been synthesized. The lower oxidation states are stabilized by the larger halogens, so that the trichloride, tribromide, triiodide, and even diiodide are known. The oxidation state +1 is known only for osmium monoiodide (OsI), whereas several carbonyl complexes of osmium, such as <a href="/wiki/Triosmium_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triosmium dodecacarbonyl">triosmium dodecacarbonyl</a> (Os 3(CO) 12), represent oxidation state 0.<a href="#cite_note-Holle-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In general, the lower oxidation states of osmium are stabilized by <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> that are good σ-donors (such as <a href="/wiki/Amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amines">amines</a>) and π-acceptors (<a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">heterocycles</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>). The higher oxidation states are stabilized by strong σ- and π-donors, such as O2− and N3− .<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Despite its broad range of compounds in numerous oxidation states, osmium in bulk form at ordinary temperatures and pressures is stable in air. It resists attack by most acids and bases including <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, but is attacked by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">F2 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cl2 at high temperatures, and by hot concentrated nitric acid to produce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">OsO4. It can be dissolved by molten alkalis fused with an oxidizer such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">sodium peroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na2O2) or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KClO3) to give osmates such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_osmate" title="Potassium osmate"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2[OsO2(OH)4]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_osmium" title="Isotopes of osmium">Isotopes of osmium</a></div> Osmium has seven naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, five of which are stable: 187 Os, 188 Os, 189 Os, 190 Os, and (most abundant) 192 Os. At least 37 artificial radioisotopes and 20 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> exist, with mass numbers ranging from 160 to 203; the most stable of these is 194 Os with a half-life of 6 years.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-40">[39]</a> 186 Os undergoes <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> with such a long <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> (2.0±1.1)×1015 years, approximately 140000 times the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>, that for practical purposes it can be considered stable. 184 Os is also known to undergo alpha decay with a half-life of (1.12±0.23)×1013 years.<a href="#cite_note-184Os-11">[10]</a> Alpha decay is predicted for all the other naturally occurring isotopes, but this has never been observed, presumably due to very long half-lives. It is predicted that 184 Os and 192 Os can undergo <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a>, but this radioactivity has not been observed yet.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-40">[39]</a> 189Os has a spin of 5/2 but 187Os has a nuclear spin 1/2. Its low natural abundance (1.64%) and low nuclear magnetic moment means that it is one of the most difficult natural abundance isotopes for <a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> 187 Os is the descendant of 187 <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> (half-life 4.56×1010 years) and is used extensively in dating terrestrial as well as <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteoric</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Rhenium%E2%80%93osmium_dating" title="Rhenium–osmium dating">Rhenium–osmium dating</a>). It has also been used to measure the intensity of continental weathering over geologic time and to fix minimum ages for stabilization of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a> roots of continental <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a>. This decay is a reason why rhenium-rich minerals are abnormally rich in 187 Os.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> However, the most notable application of osmium isotopes in geology has been in conjunction with the abundance of iridium, to characterise the layer of <a href="/wiki/Shocked_quartz" title="Shocked quartz">shocked quartz</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary</a> that marks the extinction of the non-avian <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> 65 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Osmium was discovered in 1803 by <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The discovery of osmium is intertwined with that of platinum and the other metals of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a>. Platinum reached Europe as platina ("small silver"), first encountered in the late 17th century in silver mines around the <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó Department</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The discovery that this metal was not an alloy, but a distinct new element, was published in 1748.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Chemists who studied platinum dissolved it in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acids</a>) to create soluble salts. They always observed a small amount of a dark, insoluble residue.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Proust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Proust">Joseph Louis Proust</a> thought that the residue was <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Collet-Descotils" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Collet-Descotils">Victor Collet-Descotils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> also observed iridium in the black platinum residue in 1803, but did not obtain enough material for further experiments.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-47">[46]</a> Later the two French chemists Fourcroy and Vauquelin identified a metal in a platinum residue they called ptène.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In 1803, <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> analyzed the insoluble residue and concluded that it must contain a new metal. Vauquelin treated the powder alternately with alkali and acids<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-49">[48]</a> and obtained a volatile new oxide, which he believed was of this new metal—which he named ptene, from the Greek word πτηνος (ptènos) for winged.<a href="#cite_note-griffith-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> However, Tennant, who had the advantage of a much larger amount of residue, continued his research and identified two previously undiscovered elements in the black residue, iridium and osmium.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-49">[48]</a> He obtained a yellow solution (probably of cis–[Os(OH)2O4]2−) by reactions with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> at red heat. After acidification he was able to distill the formed OsO4.<a href="#cite_note-griffith-50">[49]</a> He named it osmium after <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> osme meaning "a smell", because of the chlorine-like and slightly garlic-like smell of the volatile <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-52">[51]</a> Discovery of the new elements was documented in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> on June 21, 1804.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> and osmium were early successful <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> reaction of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, giving enough yield to make the process economically successful. At the time, a group at <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> bought most of the world's supply of osmium to use as a catalyst. Shortly thereafter, in 1908, cheaper catalysts based on iron and iron oxides were introduced by the same group for the first pilot plants, removing the need for the expensive and rare osmium.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Osmium is now obtained primarily from the processing of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> ores.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum_nuggets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/220px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/330px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/440px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Native platinum containing traces of the other <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals</figcaption></figure> Osmium is one of the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">least abundant</a> stable elements in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>, with an average mass fraction of 50 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">parts per trillion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wede-56">[55]</a> Osmium is found in nature as an uncombined element or in natural <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>; especially the iridium–osmium alloys, <a href="/wiki/Osmiridium" title="Osmiridium">osmiridium</a> (iridium rich), and <a href="/wiki/Iridosmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridosmium">iridosmium</a> (osmium rich).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-49">[48]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> deposits, the platinum-group metals occur as <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> (i.e., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Pt,Pd)S), <a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">tellurides</a> (e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">PtBiTe), <a href="/wiki/Antimonide" title="Antimonide">antimonides</a> (e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">PdSb), and <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenides</a> (e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">PtAs2); in all these compounds platinum is exchanged by a small amount of iridium and osmium. As with all of the platinum-group metals, osmium can be found naturally in alloys with nickel or <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">copper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Within Earth's crust, osmium, like iridium, is found at highest concentrations in three types of geologic structure: igneous deposits (crustal intrusions from below), <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>, and deposits reworked from one of the former structures. The largest known primary reserves are in the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld Igneous Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-58">[57]</a> though the large copper–nickel deposits near <a href="/wiki/Norilsk#Norilsk-Talnakh_nickel_deposits" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury Basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> are also significant sources of osmium. Smaller reserves can be found in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> deposits used by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó Department</a>, Colombia, are still a source for platinum-group metals. The second large alluvial deposit was found in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, Russia, which is still mined.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmium_cluster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Osmium_cluster.jpg/220px-Osmium_cluster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Osmium_cluster.jpg/330px-Osmium_cluster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Osmium_cluster.jpg/440px-Osmium_cluster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>Osmium <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a>, grown by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_transport_reaction" title="Chemical transport reaction">chemical vapor transport</a></figcaption></figure> Osmium is obtained commercially as a by-product from <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> mining and processing. During <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction_techniques#Electrorefining" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper extraction techniques">electrorefining of copper</a> and nickel, noble metals such as silver, gold and the platinum-group metals, together with non-metallic elements such as <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, settle to the bottom of the cell as anode mud, which forms the starting material for their extraction.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-summary-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-MinYb2006-61">[60]</a> Separating the metals requires that they first be brought into solution. Several methods can achieve this, depending on the separation process and the composition of the mixture. Two representative methods are fusion with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">sodium peroxide</a> followed by dissolution in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, and dissolution in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-62">[61]</a> Osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium can be separated from platinum, gold, and base metals by their insolubility in aqua regia, leaving a solid residue. Rhodium can be separated from the residue by treatment with molten <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfate" title="Sodium bisulfate">sodium bisulfate</a>. The insoluble residue, containing ruthenium, osmium, and iridium, is treated with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">sodium oxide</a>, in which Ir is insoluble, producing water-soluble ruthenium and osmium salts. After oxidation to the volatile oxides, RuO 4 is separated from OsO 4 by precipitation of (NH4)3RuCl6 with ammonium chloride. After it is dissolved, osmium is separated from the other platinum-group metals by distillation or extraction with organic solvents of the volatile osmium tetroxide.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The first method is similar to the procedure used by Tennant and Wollaston. Both methods are suitable for industrial-scale production. In either case, the product is reduced using hydrogen, yielding the metal as a powder or <a href="/wiki/Metal_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal sponge">sponge</a> that can be treated using <a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">powder metallurgy</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Estimates of annual worldwide osmium production are on the order of several hundred to a few thousand kilograms.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-37">[36]</a> Production and consumption figures for osmium are not well reported because demand for the metal is limited and can be fulfilled with the byproducts of other refining processes.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-37">[36]</a> To reflect this, statistics often report osmium with other minor platinum group metals such as iridium and ruthenium. US imports of osmium from 2014 to 2021 averaged 155 kg annually.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Because osmium is virtually unforgeable when fully dense and very fragile when <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a>, it is rarely used in its pure state, but is instead often alloyed with other metals for high-wear applications. Osmium alloys such as <a href="/wiki/Osmiridium" title="Osmiridium">osmiridium</a> are very hard and, along with other platinum-group metals, are used in the tips of <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pens</a>, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts, as they can resist wear from frequent operation. They were also used for the tips of <a href="/wiki/Phonograph#Stylus" title="Phonograph">phonograph styli</a> during the late 78 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a> and early "<a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">45</a>" record era, circa 1945 to 1955. Osmium-alloy tips were significantly more durable than steel and chromium needle points, but wore out far more rapidly than competing, and costlier, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> tips, so they were discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a> has been used in <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprint</a> detection<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> and in staining <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fatty</a> tissue for optical and <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>. As a strong oxidant, it cross-links lipids mainly by reacting with unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds and thereby both fixes <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">biological membranes</a> in place in tissue samples and simultaneously stains them. Because osmium atoms are extremely electron-dense, osmium staining greatly enhances image contrast in <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">transmission electron microscopy</a> (TEM) studies of biological materials. Those carbon materials otherwise have very weak TEM contrast.<a href="#cite_note-Bozzola-36">[35]</a> Another osmium compound, osmium ferricyanide (OsFeCN), exhibits similar fixing and staining action.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The tetroxide and its derivative <a href="/wiki/Potassium_osmate" title="Potassium osmate">potassium osmate</a> are important oxidants in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Sharpless_asymmetric_dihydroxylation" title="Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation">Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation</a>, which uses osmate for the conversion of a <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bond</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Vicinal_(chemistry)" title="Vicinal (chemistry)">vicinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> OsO4 is very expensive for this use, so KMnO4 is often used instead, even though the yields are less for this cheaper chemical reagent. In 1898, the Austrian chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Auer von Welsbach</a> developed the Oslamp with a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a> made of osmium, which he introduced commercially in 1902. After only a few years, osmium was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, which is more abundant (and thus cheaper) and more stable. Tungsten has the highest melting point among all metals, and its use in light bulbs increases the luminous efficacy and life of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-griffith-50">[49]</a> The light bulb manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a> (founded in 1906, when three German companies, Auer-Gesellschaft, AEG and Siemens & Halske, combined their lamp production facilities) derived its name from the elements of osmium and Wolfram (the latter is German for tungsten).<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, powdered osmium effectively absorbs hydrogen atoms. This could make osmium a potential candidate for a metal-hydride battery electrode. However, osmium is expensive and would react with potassium hydroxide, the most common battery electrolyte.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Osmium has high <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> range of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>; for example, at 600 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">Å</a> osmium has a reflectivity twice that of gold.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> This high reflectivity is desirable in space-based <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy">UV spectrometers</a>, which have reduced mirror sizes due to space limitations. Osmium-coated mirrors were flown in several space missions aboard the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, but it soon became clear that the oxygen radicals in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> are abundant enough to significantly deteriorate the osmium layer.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sharpless dihydroxylation: RL = largest substituent; RM = medium-sized substituent; RS = smallest substituent"><img alt="The Sharpless dihydroxylation: RL = largest substituent; RM = medium-sized substituent; RS = smallest substituent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png/200px-Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png/300px-Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png/400px-Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="507" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sharpless dihydroxylation: RL = largest substituent; RM = medium-sized substituent; RS = smallest substituent</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASAmirroroxidation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-flight appearance of Os, Ag, and Au mirrors from the front (left images) and rear panels of the Space Shuttle. Blackening reveals oxidation due to irradiation by oxygen atoms.[76][77]"><img alt="Post-flight appearance of Os, Ag, and Au mirrors from the front (left images) and rear panels of the Space Shuttle. Blackening reveals oxidation due to irradiation by oxygen atoms.[76][77]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NASAmirroroxidation.jpg/123px-NASAmirroroxidation.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NASAmirroroxidation.jpg/185px-NASAmirroroxidation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NASAmirroroxidation.jpg/246px-NASAmirroroxidation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post-flight appearance of Os, Ag, and Au mirrors from the front (left images) and rear panels of the Space Shuttle. Blackening reveals oxidation due to irradiation by oxygen atoms.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bead of osmium, about 0.5 cm in diameter, displaying the metal's reflectivity"><img alt="A bead of osmium, about 0.5 cm in diameter, displaying the metal's reflectivity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Osmium-2.jpg/200px-Osmium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Osmium-2.jpg/300px-Osmium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Osmium-2.jpg/400px-Osmium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="488" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bead of osmium, about 0.5 cm in diameter, displaying the metal's reflectivity</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> The primary hazard of metallic osmium is the potential formation of <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a> (OsO4), which is <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> and very poisonous.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> This reaction is thermodynamically favorable at room temperature,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> but the rate depends on temperature and the surface area of the metal.<a href="#cite_note-Toxic_Manifestations_of_Osmium_Tetr-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> As a result, bulk material is not considered hazardous<a href="#cite_note-Toxic_Manifestations_of_Osmium_Tetr-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> while powders react quickly enough that samples can sometimes smell like OsO4 if they are handled in air.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Price">Price</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Price">edit</a>]</div> Between 1990 and 2010, the nominal price of osmium metal was almost constant, while inflation reduced the real value from ~US$950/ounce to ~US$600/ounce.<a href="#cite_note-sv-usgs-2012-87">[86]</a> Because osmium has few commercial applications, it is not heavily traded and prices are seldom reported.<a href="#cite_note-sv-usgs-2012-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The thermal expansion of Os is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the coefficients for each crystal axis (at 20 °C) are: αa = 4.57×10−6/K, αc = 5.85×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 4.99×10−6/K. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/osmium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Osmium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" 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H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumbleBrunoDoa2022" class="citation book cs1">Rumble, John R.; Bruno, Thomas J.; Doa, Maria J. 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Retrieved December 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sov.+Phys.+JETP&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+the+energy+bands+and+optical+absorption+in+osmium&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JETP...63..115N&rft.aulast=Nemoshkalenko&rft.aufirst=V.+V.&rft.au=Antonov%2C+V.+N.&rft.au=Kirillova%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Krasovskii%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Nomerovannaya%2C+L.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetp.ras.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdn%2Fe_063_01_0115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergerTolbertKavner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberger, Michelle; Tolbert, Sarah; Kavner, Abby (2008). "Osmium Metal Studied under High Pressure and Nonhydrostatic Stress". Phys. Rev. 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E.; Yeo, C. S.; Young, D. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233939">"Osmium has the Lowest Experimentally Determined Compressibility"</a>. 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Retrieved August 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Osmium+has+the+Lowest+Experimentally+Determined+Compressibility&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=135701&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11955108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.88.135701&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhRvL..88m5701C&rft.aulast=Cynn&rft.aufirst=Hyunchae&rft.au=Klepeis%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+C.+S.&rft.au=Young%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahuKleinman,_L.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sahu, B. R.; Kleinman, L. (2005). "Osmium Is Not Harder Than Diamond". 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NASA Langley Research Center: 763. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ldef.symp..763L">1992ldef.symp..763L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Langley+Research+Center&rft.atitle=LDEF+experiment+A0034%3A+Atomic+oxygen+stimulated+outgassing&rft.pages=763&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992ldef.symp..763L&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rft.au=Kamenetzky%2C+Rachel+R.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Burris%2C+Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebeau2015" class="citation book cs1">Lebeau, Alex (March 20, 2015). "Platinum Group Elements: Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, and Ruthenium". Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 187–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-83401-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-83401-5"><bdi>978-1-118-83401-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Platinum+Group+Elements%3A+Palladium%2C+Iridium%2C+Osmium%2C+Rhodium%2C+and+Ruthenium&rft.btitle=Hamilton+%26+Hardy%27s+Industrial+Toxicology&rft.pages=187-192&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-118-83401-5&rft.aulast=Lebeau&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/">"Osmium(VIII) oxide"</a>. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028215703/https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/contents/ContentsSearch.xhtml?dswid=7699">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics%2C+103rd+Edition+%28Internet+Version+2022%29&rft.atitle=Osmium%28VIII%29+oxide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbcp.chemnetbase.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toxic_Manifestations_of_Osmium_Tetr-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toxic_Manifestations_of_Osmium_Tetr_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toxic_Manifestations_of_Osmium_Tetr_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlinMiltonPerry1946" class="citation journal cs1">McLaughlin, A. I. G.; Milton, R.; Perry, Kenneth M. A. (July 1, 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1035752">"Toxic Manifestations of Osmium Tetroxide"</a>. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 3 (3): 183–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.3.3.183">10.1136/oem.3.3.183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1035752">1035752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20991177">20991177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Toxic+Manifestations+of+Osmium+Tetroxide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=183-186&rft.date=1946-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1035752%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20991177&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.3.3.183&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=A.+I.+G.&rft.au=Milton%2C+R.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Kenneth+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1035752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedovaPelclovaObertovaLach2020" class="citation journal cs1">Friedova, Natalie; Pelclova, Daniela; Obertova, Nikola; Lach, Karel; Kesslerova, Katerina; Kohout, Pavel (November 2020). "Osmium absorption after osmium tetroxide skin and eye exposure". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 127 (5): 429–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbcpt.13450">10.1111/bcpt.13450</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32524772">32524772</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219588237">219588237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basic+%26+Clinical+Pharmacology+%26+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Osmium+absorption+after+osmium+tetroxide+skin+and+eye+exposure&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=429-433&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219588237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32524772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbcpt.13450&rft.aulast=Friedova&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Pelclova%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Obertova%2C+Nikola&rft.au=Lach%2C+Karel&rft.au=Kesslerova%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Kohout%2C+Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Osmium 7440-04-2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp45229">Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials</a>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. October 15, 2012. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471701343.sdp45229">10.1002/0471701343.sdp45229</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-70134-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-70134-7"><bdi>978-0-471-70134-7</bdi></a>. 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Journal of Chemical Health & Safety. 14 (5): 40–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jchas.2007.07.003">10.1016/j.jchas.2007.07.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Health+%26+Safety&rft.atitle=Toxic+tips%3A+Osmium+tetroxide&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=40-41&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jchas.2007.07.003&rft.aulast=Luttrell&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Giles%2C+Cory+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCarsonFerguson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Ivan C.; Carson, Bonnie L.; Ferguson, Thomas L. (August 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.748201">"Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 8: 201–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.748201">10.1289/ehp.748201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474945">1474945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4470919">4470919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Osmium%3A+An+Appraisal+of+Environmental+Exposure&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=201-213&rft.date=1974-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1474945%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4470919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.748201&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ivan+C.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Bonnie+L.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1289%2Fehp.748201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadaskina" class="citation web cs1">Gadaskina, I. D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-ix-21851/metals-chemical-properties-and-toxicity/item/178-osmium">"Osmium"</a>. ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014706/https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-ix-21851/metals-chemical-properties-and-toxicity/item/178-osmium">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ILO+Encyclopaedia+of+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&rft.atitle=Osmium&rft.aulast=Gadaskina&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iloencyclopaedia.org%2Fpart-ix-21851%2Fmetals-chemical-properties-and-toxicity%2Fitem%2F178-osmium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sv-usgs-2012-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sv-usgs-2012_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sv-usgs-2012_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5188">"USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5188: Metal Prices in the United States Through 2010"</a>. pubs.usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013. pp. 119–128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107214738/https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5188/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubs.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=USGS+Scientific+Investigations+Report+2012%E2%80%935188%3A+Metal+Prices+in+the+United+States+Through+2010&rft.pages=119-128&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fsir%2F2012%2F5188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (92nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439855119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439855119"><bdi>978-1439855119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439855119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Osmium" class="extiw" title="commons:Osmium">Osmium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:osmium">osmium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/076.htm">Osmium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322195133/http://periodicvideos.com/videos/076.htm">Archived</a> March 22, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li>Flegenheimer, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619170958/http://www.uff.br/RVQ/index.php/rvq/article/viewFile/660/450">"The Mystery of the Disappearing Isotope"</a> (via the Wayback Machine). Revista Virtual de Química. V. XX.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Osmium">"Osmium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osmium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=352&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Osmium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osmium_compounds" title="Template:Osmium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osmium_compounds" title="Template talk:Osmium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osmium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osmium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osmium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Osmium_compounds" title="Osmium compounds">Osmium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_pentacarbonyl" title="Osmium pentacarbonyl">Os(CO)5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triosmium_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triosmium dodecacarbonyl">Os3(CO)12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(0,I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium" title="Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium">H2Os3(CO)10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_borides" title="Osmium borides">OsB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_iodides" title="Osmium iodides">OsI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(I,II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_borides" title="Osmium borides">Os2B3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_borides" title="Osmium borides">OsB2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmium_dibromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmium dibromide (page does not exist)">OsBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium(II)_chloride" title="Osmium(II) chloride">OsCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_diphosphide" title="Osmium diphosphide">OsP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_iodides" title="Osmium iodides">OsI2</a> </li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoosmium(II)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organoosmium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoosmium chemistry">Organoosmium</a>(II) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmocene" title="Osmocene">Os(C5H5)2</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_iodides" title="Osmium iodides">OsI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium(III)_chloride" title="Osmium(III) chloride">OsCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium(III)_bromide" title="Osmium(III) bromide">OsBr3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">OsO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetrabromide" title="Osmium tetrabromide">OsBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium(IV)_chloride" title="Osmium(IV) chloride">OsCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium(IV)_fluoride" title="Osmium(IV) fluoride">OsF 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_iodides" title="Osmium iodides">OsI4</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_pentafluoride" title="Osmium pentafluoride">OsF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_pentachloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium pentachloride">OsCl5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_hexafluoride" title="Osmium hexafluoride">OsF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_heptafluoride" title="Osmium heptafluoride">OsF 7</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Os(VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">OsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetrasulfide" title="Osmium tetrasulfide">OsS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_octafluoride" title="Osmium octafluoride">OsF8</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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