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href="/wiki/File:Corriere_testata_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Corriere_testata_1938.jpg/300px-Corriere_testata_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Corriere_testata_1938.jpg/450px-Corriere_testata_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Corriere_testata_1938.jpg/600px-Corriere_testata_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4518" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the Italian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a> on 11 November 1938: "Le leggi per la difesa della razza approvate dal Consiglio dei ministri" (English: 'The laws for the defense of race approved by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Italian Parliament (1928–1939)">Council of Ministers</a>'). On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Racial Laws</a> entered into force under the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italian Fascist regime</a>, enacting the racial discrimination and persecution of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn_2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gentile_2004-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> Racism in Italy refers to the existence of antagonistic relationships between <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> and other populations of different ethnicities which has existed throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">country's history</a>. These ideas, albeit <a href="#19th_and_early_20th_centuries">already common</a> in relation to the internal affairs of the country, were first directed outwardly when the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> began invading and colonizing various African countries with the purpose to build a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonial empire</a> between the late 19th and early 20th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-McLean_2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Negash_1997-4">[4]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">policies regarding "miscegenated" children</a> (meticci) were unclear and confusing.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist regime</a> (1922–1943) were enacted a set of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_laws" title="Anti-Jewish laws">anti-Semitic laws</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shinn_2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gentile_2004-2">[2]</a> as well as laws prohibiting internal migration under certain circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> shortly after the consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">political and military alliance</a> between Fascist Italy and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy#Events_of_24–25_July_1943" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Mussolini's fall from power</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Badoglio_I_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Badoglio I Cabinet">Badoglio government</a> suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Racial Laws</a> in the Kingdom of Italy. They remained enforced and were made more severe in the territories ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945) until the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of the Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gentile_2004-2">[2]</a> The post-war migration from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> towards the more industrialized <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern regions</a> engendered a degree of diffidence across the Italian social strata. A successive wave of immigration by extracomunitari (non-EU immigrants; the word has strong undertones of rejection)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> from the late 1980s, gave rise to political movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a>, hostile to both the so-called <a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">terroni</a> (an Italian slur against <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italians</a>)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and clandestini (illegal immigrants: this word also has a strongly negative connotation of secrecy and criminal behavior)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> from outside of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and the areas south of the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 2011, a report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> pointed to growing indications of a rise in <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> within the Italian society.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey indicated Italy as the most racist country in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch-14">[14]</a> A 2019 survey by Sgw revealed that 55% of the Italian interviewees justified the perpetration of racist acts.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On the occasion of a <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> resolution to condemn <a href="/wiki/Structural_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural racism">structural racism</a> and racially motivated violence in 2020, around half of the Italian members voted against it.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to a 2020 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> opinion polling, the Italian interviewees claimed that the second most common cause of discrimination practiced in the country lie with racist prejudices.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A 2020 Eurispes report revealed that 15.6% of Italians contend that <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">the Holocaust never happened</a>, and that 23.9% of the population adhere to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">anti-Semitic conspiracy theories</a> which claim that <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> control their economy.<a href="#cite_note-eurispes-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_ancient_Roman_history" title="Black people in ancient Roman history">Black people in ancient Roman history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_(inv._2290).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/170px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/255px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/340px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, who created for the first time an administrative region <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called Italia</a> with inhabitants called "Italicus populus"; for this reason historians called him Father of Italians.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> The term <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, referred to aggressive, brutal, cruel, and warlike tribes or individuals.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the Romans adapted and applied the term barbarian to non-Roman tribes such as the Germans, Celts, Iberians, Helvetii, Thracians, Illyrians, and Sarmatians. Later, with the inclusion of new territories, the previously barbarian populations became citizens of Rome. This happened first during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Italic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic tribes">Italic tribes</a> annexed and then gradually over the centuries throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region">Mediterranean</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> and forming the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The term barbarian still has a negative and derogatory meaning in contemporary Italy.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> a barbarian tribe, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">conquered Rome in 455</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> the term <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalic</a> took on the derogatory meaning it still has today, due to the extreme devastation, <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> and thefts committed in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> During the empire the mass of the people were fed and often entertained to be better governed by the emperor with <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> games. On one side the landed <a href="/wiki/Patricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricians">patricians</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> who exploited the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and on the other the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a> there was no concept of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> in the modern sense;<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> there was <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> between <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">christians</a>, between free Roman citizens and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, which led to conflicts, wars and massacres.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> In Medieval Italy, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> was widespread, but was justified more often on religious rather than racial grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> Over the course of the Early Medieval period, however, Steven Epstein states that people "from regions like the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and across the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>" were brought over to the peninsula by Italian merchants, who thus "replenished the stock of slaves".<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> Still, almost all the slaves in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> belonged to non-European races; the situation was different in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, where emancipated slaves were considered free citizens in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lombroso_and_scientific_racism_in_Italy">Lombroso and scientific racism in Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lombroso and scientific racism in Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombroso.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lombroso.JPG/200px-Lombroso.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lombroso.JPG/300px-Lombroso.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lombroso.JPG/400px-Lombroso.JPG 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_criminology" title="Italian school of criminology">Italian school of criminology</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>, on 6 November 1835 to a wealthy Jewish family.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> Although there was already a wealth of Italian works engaging in racially motivated research on some groups, such as those pertaining to the "<a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Oriental</a>" character of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a> living under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoyard rule</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-note1-35">[note 1]</a> or their supposedly malevolent and "degenerated" nature,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-note2-38">[note 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> as a proper discipline began to impose itself at the national level only through the works of the criminologist <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a>. Lombroso's theory of <a href="/wiki/Atavism" title="Atavism">atavism</a> compared the "white civilization" among the other races with the "primitive" or "savage" societies.<a href="#cite_note-Lombroso2006-39">[37]</a> Lombroso would publish his thesis in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, thus providing an explanation for <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">the unrest</a> developing immediately thereafter in the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">recently annexed</a> portion of the new country; the people inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the two Sicilies">formerly Bourbon Kingdom</a> were in fact racially stereotyped, thereby fostering feelings of northern Italian supremacy over the southeners,<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> while being paradoxically integrated in the nation's broad collective imaginary;<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> as the southeners were collectively constructed for the first time as an "anti-nation" within the new country,<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> they were deemed "atavistic" alongside criminals and prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Lombroso's theories connecting <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a> to criminal behavior explicitly blamed higher homicide rates in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and once again the overseas Savoyard dominion of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, upon some residual influence of "<a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a>" blood amongst their populations.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> According to Lombroso, facial features such as black hair, slight beard, bigger lips and longer nose were signs of such foreign "contamination" and directly correlated with a natural predisposition to delinquency.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> In 1871, Lombroso published "The White Man and the Man of Color", aimed at showing that the white man was superior in every respect to other races.<a href="#cite_note-Rafter2008-43">[41]</a> Lombroso explicitly stated his belief in <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>: «It's a question of knowing if we whites, who haughtily tower over the summit of civilization, ought one day to bow down before the <a href="/wiki/Prognathism" title="Prognathism">prognathous</a> muzzle of the black, and the yellow, and to the frightful face of the Mongol; if, in the end, we owe our primacy to our biological organism or to the accidents of chance. (...) Only we whites have achieved the most perfect symmetry in the forms of the body [...] possess a true musical art [...] have proclaimed the freedom of the slave [...] have procured the liberty of thought».<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> Lombroso proceeded again to equate the criminal offending of the white population to some inherited physical traits, pointing to a varying degree of residual "blackness".<a href="#cite_note-Rafter2008-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FernandoFernando2013-44">[42]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blond_hair_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Blond_hair_Italy.png/200px-Blond_hair_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Blond_hair_Italy.png/300px-Blond_hair_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Blond_hair_Italy.png/400px-Blond_hair_Italy.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of blond hair in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">Italian geographical region</a>, according to the physical <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Renato_Biasutti" title="Renato Biasutti">Renato Biasutti</a> (1941)<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> Lombroso, who also wrote extensively on the topic of anti-Semitism in Europe and attacked anti-Semitic racial theory, distinguished between European Jews, whom he considered generally "Aryan", and traditionalist Jews whose religious practices he excoriated.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Other Italian anthropologists and sociologists also expanded on the theories previously set by Lombroso. The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Niceforo" title="Alfredo Niceforo">Alfredo Niceforo</a>, himself a southener and more specifically a Sicilian, followed Lombroso's physiognomical approach, and postulated that certain ethnic groups were genetically predisposed to commit heinous crimes. The people Niceforo made initially reference to were originally the Sardinians; according to Niceforo, the reason as to why criminal behaviour was so entrenched in inner Sardinia firmly lay in the racial inferiority of the native Sardinian population,<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> more specifically stating that it was due to latter's historical isolation and the resulting «quality of the race that populated those areas, a race absolutely lacking the plasticity which causes the social conscience to change and evolve».<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> However, Niceforo would later broaden the field of study to include also his Sicilian compatriots, as well as the whole population of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Mezzogiorno</a>, in his theorisation of a particular "accursed race" that ought to be "treated equally with iron and fire and damned to death, like the inferior races of Africa and Australia".<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Alfredo Niceforo believed that Italy's regional divisions found their explanation in the fact that the country harboured two distinct races, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpine</a> or "Aryan" in the north and the "Eurafrican" or <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean</a> in the south, and encouraged a statewide policy of race-mixing to properly civilize and dilute the most negative traits of the latter; the best example of such mixing, according to Niceforo, was historically provided by the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> He also reasoned that the best course of action for Italy was to have it split into two different forms of government, which must be liberal in the north and authoritarian in the south.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Dictatorship in the south would have to be applied by the central government, in line with the reasoning of the <a href="/wiki/White_man%27s_burden" class="mw-redirect" title="White man's burden">white man's burden</a> that a "lesser" race would not be capable of self rule.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In 1906, Niceforo published a racial theory wherein blond pigmentation of hair and dark skin were both considered signs of foreign degeneration, while the "Italian race" was situated in a positive middle ground.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> Niceforo held these views as late as 1952, claiming that «Negroid and Mongoloid types were more frequent in the lower classes».<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> In 1907, the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Ridolfo_Livi" title="Ridolfo Livi">Ridolfo Livi</a> attempted to show that <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongolian</a> facial features correlated with poorer populations. However, he maintained that the superiority of the "Italian race" was proven by its capability to positively assimilate other ethnic components.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein2001-32">[32]</a> The ideas expounded by Lombroso about race would enjoy a great deal of popularity in Italy, and would therefrom spread outward across the whole of Europe by the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FernandoFernando2013-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fascist_regime">Fascist regime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fascist regime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism_and_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism and racism">Italian Fascism and racism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Anti-Semitism_before_1938">Anti-Semitism before 1938</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anti-Semitism before 1938">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg/220px-Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg/330px-Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg/440px-Mussolini_mezzobusto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who titled himself <a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943</a></figcaption></figure> Jews fervently supported the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a>, identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalists</a>, proved valiant as soldiers in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and, in terms of their relatively small numerical presence within the general population, they later went on to form a disproportionate part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Fascist Party</a> from its beginnings down to 1938.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Until <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s alliance with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, he had always denied any antisemitism within the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (PNF). In 1929, Mussolini acknowledged the contributions which Italian Jews had made to Italian society, despite their minority status, and he also believed that <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a> was Mediterranean, aligning his early opinion of Italian Jews with his early <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanist perspective</a>. He also argued that <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were natives of Italy, after living on the Italian Peninsula for a long period of time.<a href="#cite_note-renaissance-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neocleous,_Mark_1997._p._35-61">[59]</a> In the early 1930s, Mussolini held discussions with <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> leadership figures over proposals to encourage the emigration of Italian Jews to the mandate of Palestine, as Mussolini hoped that the presence of pro-Italian Jews in the region would weaken pro-British sentiment and potentially overturn the British mandate.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In the early 1920s, Mussolini wrote an article which stated that Fascism would never elevate a "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>" and that "Italy knows no antisemitism and we believe that it will never know it" and then elaborated "let us hope that Italian Jews will continue to be sensible enough so as not to give rise to antisemitism in the only country where it has never existed".<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2005-63">[61]</a> In 1932 during a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Emil_Ludwig" title="Emil Ludwig">Emil Ludwig</a>, Mussolini described antisemitism as a "German vice" and stated, "There was 'no Jewish Question' in Italy and could not be one in a country with a healthy system of government."<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> On several occasions, Mussolini spoke positively about Jews and the Zionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Mussolini had initially rejected Nazi racism, especially the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>, as "arrant nonsense, stupid and idiotic".<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Mussolini originally distinguished his position from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s fanatical racism.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> More broadly, he even proposed building a mosque in Rome as a sign that Italy was the Protector of Islam, a move blocked by a horrified Pope.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> German propagandists often derided what they called Italy's "Kosher Fascism".<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> There were however some Fascists, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Farinacci" title="Roberto Farinacci">Roberto Farinacci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Preziosi" title="Giovanni Preziosi">Giovanni Preziosi</a> being prime examples, who held fringe and extremely racist views before <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> formed its alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Preziosi was the first to publish an Italian edition of the <a href="/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>, in 1921, which was published almost simultaneously with a version issued by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Benigni" title="Umberto Benigni">Umberto Benigni</a> in supplements to Fede e Ragione.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pisanty2006-74">[72]</a> However, the book had little impact until the mid-1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Pisanty2006-74">[72]</a> It has also been indicated that Benito Mussolini had his own brand of racist views, his views on race were somewhat different from <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Mussolini attempted to reconcile the divisive racial discourse which had developed within the nation by asserting that he had already resolved the <a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">southern question</a> and as a result, he asserted that all Italians, not just northerners, belonged to the "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">dominant race</a>" which was the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Mussolini originally held the view that a small contingent of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a> had lived in Italy "since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">Kings of Rome</a>" (a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_rite_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian rite Jews">Bené Roma</a>) and as a result, they should "remain undisturbed".<a href="#cite_note-fascismjews-78">[76]</a> One of Mussolini's mistresses, <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Margherita Sarfatti</a>, was Jewish. There were even some Jews in the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ovazza" title="Ettore Ovazza">Ettore Ovazza</a> who founded the Jewish Fascist paper <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Nostra_Bandiera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Nostra Bandiera (page does not exist)">La Nostra Bandiera</a> in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Mussolini once declared, "Anti-Semitism does not exist in Italy... Italians of Jewish birth have shown themselves good citizens and they fought bravely in [World War I]."<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Despite the presence of a Fascist regime, some Jewish refugees considered Italy a safe haven in the first half of the 1930s. During that period, the country hosted up to 11,000 persecuted Jews, including 2,806 Jews who were of German descent.<a href="#cite_note-Acerbi2011-81">[79]</a> However, as early as 1934, Jewish personnel were removed from institutions and state organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Acerbi2011-81">[79]</a> 1934 also saw press campaigns against anti-fascist Jews, in which they were equated with Zionists.<a href="#cite_note-Levy2005-82">[80]</a> Between 1936 and 1938, the Fascist regime-endorsed <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> propaganda was mounting in the press and it was even mounting in <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>. Equally, scholars of <a href="/wiki/Eugenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenetics">eugenetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a> began to outline racist theories.<a href="#cite_note-Acerbi2011-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Racial_laws">Racial laws</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Racial laws">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Italian racial laws</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faschist_Rassengesetze_17_Nov_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faschist_Rassengesetze_17_Nov_1938.jpg/220px-Faschist_Rassengesetze_17_Nov_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faschist_Rassengesetze_17_Nov_1938.jpg/330px-Faschist_Rassengesetze_17_Nov_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faschist_Rassengesetze_17_Nov_1938.jpg/440px-Faschist_Rassengesetze_17_Nov_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Italian racial laws</a>, signed by King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel" title="Paolo Thaon di Revel">Paolo Thaon di Revel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Solmi" title="Arrigo Solmi">Arrigo Solmi</a></figcaption></figure> In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> led to the implementation of the first Fascist Laws which promoted explicit racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> These were the laws against madamato—that is, the concubinage between Italians and African women in occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-Pisanty2006-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luzzatto2008-84">[82]</a> The penalty for madamato was a prison sentence which could range from one to five years.<a href="#cite_note-Luzzatto2008-84">[82]</a> Remarkably, one of the justifications of the laws was the belief that such relationships were abusive towards the women. In fact, in occupied <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, women were married in accordance with the traditional custom of dämòz, a custom which was not legally recognized by the Italian state, thus, the husband was relieved from any legal obligations towards the woman.<a href="#cite_note-mvismadamato-85">[83]</a> However, at the same time, a campaign against the putative dangers of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> was launched in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Pisanty2006-74">[72]</a> The Church endorsed the laws which stated that the "hybrid unions" had to be forbidden because of "the wise, hygienic and socially moral reasons intended by the State": the "inconvenience of a marriage between a White and a Negro", plus the "increasing moral deficiencies in the character of the children".<a href="#cite_note-Luzzatto2008-84">[82]</a> In the late 1930s, Benito Mussolini became a major ally of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>. The influence of Nazi ideology on Italian Fascism appeared in a 16 February 1938 press release by Mussolini in which some restrictions on Jewish people were suggested.<a href="#cite_note-Acerbi2011-81">[79]</a> An anti-Semitic press campaign intensified, with Jews blamed for high food prices and unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-Levy2005-82">[80]</a> The Fascist regime adopted an overtly racist position when it published the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a>, originally published as Il fascismo e i problemi della razza ('Fascism and the problems of race'), on 14 July 1938 in <a href="/wiki/Il_Giornale_d%27Italia" title="Il Giornale d'Italia">Il Giornale d'Italia</a>. The Manifesto was reprinted in August in the first issue of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racist</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a> ('The Defense of Race'), endorsed by Mussolini at the direction of <a href="/wiki/Telesio_Interlandi" title="Telesio Interlandi">Telesio Interlandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-treccani_manifesto-86">[84]</a> On 5 August 1938, Mussolini issued another press release, unlike the previous press release, this press release stated that restrictions would be imposed upon Jews. The press release noted that "<a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregating</a> does not mean persecuting", but in fact, the persecution had already begun.<a href="#cite_note-Acerbi2011-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Difesa_della_Razza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Difesa_della_Razza.jpg/220px-Difesa_della_Razza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Difesa_della_Razza.jpg/330px-Difesa_della_Razza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Difesa_della_Razza.jpg/440px-Difesa_della_Razza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Antisemitic cartoon published in the Fascist periodical La Difesa della Razza, after the promulgation of the Racial Laws (15 November 1938)</figcaption></figure> The anti-Semitic metamorphosis of Fascism reached its culmination when the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Racial_Laws_(1938-45)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Racial Laws (1938-45)">racial laws</a> were imposed on Jews on 18 September 1938. Although they did not directly threaten Jewish lives, these laws excluded Jews from public education, the military and the government, and they also made it practically impossible for Jews to engage in most economic activities. Jews could not hire non-Jews. Marriages between Jews and non-Jews were also prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-Levy2005-82">[80]</a> Not all Italian Fascists supported discrimination: while the pro-German, anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Farinacci" title="Roberto Farinacci">Roberto Farinacci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Preziosi" title="Giovanni Preziosi">Giovanni Preziosi</a> strongly pushed for them, <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Dino Grandi</a> strongly opposed the Racial Laws. Balbo, in particular, regarded antisemitism as having nothing to do with fascism and staunchly opposed the antisemitic laws.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-87">[85]</a> Fascist racism also impacted French, German, and Slavic minorities, the most notable manifestations of it were the Italian Fascist government's attempts to fully Italianize the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>' territories that were annexed after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HayesRoth2010-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="World_War_II">World War II</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Italians engaged in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. In the summer and autumn of 1942, as many as 65,000 Italian soldiers destroyed several areas of occupied <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. Many areas were left almost depopulated after the killing and arrest of the residents. Between 1941 and the Grand Council's deposing of Benito Mussolini on <a href="/wiki/25_Luglio" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Luglio">25 July 1943</a>, 25,000 Slovenians (roughly 8% of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> area) were put in Italian detention camps.<a href="#cite_note-HayesRoth2010-88">[86]</a> In order to close Italian borders to all refugees and to expel illegal Jewish immigrants, Italian authorities complied with German requests to deport Jews in the occupied Balkans and French territories.<a href="#cite_note-HayesRoth2010-88">[86]</a> A pivotal event of the Jewish persecution in Italy during the war was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Roman_razzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia">razzia</a>, or roundup of October 1943, in Rome. On the morning of 16 October 1943, German troops arrested as many as 1259 Jews for deportation to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levy2005-roundup-89">[87]</a> The Vatican, convents, monasteries and other Catholic homes and institutions had taken pre-emptive actions days prior to hide Jews, resulting in over four thousand escaping deportation.<a href="#cite_note-Levy2005-roundup-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Mussolini also played upon long-standing racist attitudes against Sicilians, enacting a number of laws and measures directed at anyone born in Sicily/of Sicilian descent.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Regarding the treatment of Sicilians under Mussolini's regime, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Count Ciano</a>, Mussolini's son-in-law, wrote in his diaries on 4 October 1941: "The internal situation – coming apart in various places – is becoming grave in Sicily...So, then is it worse to be Sicilian than to be Jewish?".<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Julius_Evola">Julius Evola</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Julius Evola">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola#Race" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola § Race</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Evola.jpg/220px-Evola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Evola.jpg/330px-Evola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Evola.jpg/440px-Evola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> was a prominent intellectual during World War II as well as during the post-war period, and was the main Italian theoretician of racism during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Evola published two systematic works on racism, including The Blood Myth (1937) and Synthesis of the Doctrine of Race (1941). Furthermore, Evola discussed the subject in a substantial number of articles in several Italian journals and magazines.<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> Evola also introduced the 1937 edition of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, published by Giovanni Preziosi. Evola wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Whether or not the controversial Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion are false or authentic does not affect the symptomatic value of the document in question, that is, the fact, that many of the things that have occurred in modern times, having taken place after their publication, effectively agree with the plans assumed in that document, perhaps more than a superficial observer might believe.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></blockquote> WhileThe Blood Myth aimed at being an impartial review of the history and latest developments of racism theories in Europe, Synthesis of the Doctrine of the Race introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual racism">spiritual racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> This concept met with the approval of Benito Mussolini. Mussolini was looking for a theoretical justification of racism different from that of biological racism, which was mainstream in Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> Evola's brought together several underlying themes of her thought. Among those themes were <a href="/wiki/AntiDarwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="AntiDarwinism">anti-Darwinism</a>, anti-materialism and anti-reductionism. Anti-Darwinism is the concept of history as regressive, positioning the apex of civilization at the beginning of history.<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> For Evola, race existed on three levels: body race, <a href="/wiki/Race-soul" title="Race-soul">soul race</a> and spiritual race. The concept was pinned to a transcendent foundation. Evola wrote: "[r]ace and <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> exist in the spirit before manifesting themselves in the earthly existence. The difference comes from the top, what refers to it on earth is only a reflection, a symbol."<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> Evola explicitly criticized the Nazi racist view, deeming them "trivial darwinism" or "divinified biologism".<a href="#cite_note-Vergata2005-96">[94]</a> For Evola, the Jewish race was not meant to be discriminated for mere biological reasons. In fact, Jewishness was essentially instead a "race of the soul, an unmistakable and hereditary style of action and attitude to life".<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> Evola's spiritual racism was more powerful than biological racism, because it also recognized Jewishness as a spiritual and cultural component which tainted what Evola recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> Despite this peculiar theoretical elaboration, Evola's overall description of Jewishness was not particularly different from the common racist stereotypes of this period.<a href="#cite_note-Rota2008-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costituzione_della_Repubblica_Italiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Costituzione_della_Repubblica_Italiana.jpg/220px-Costituzione_della_Repubblica_Italiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Costituzione_della_Repubblica_Italiana.jpg/330px-Costituzione_della_Repubblica_Italiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Costituzione_della_Repubblica_Italiana.jpg/440px-Costituzione_della_Repubblica_Italiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3401" /></a><figcaption>One of three original copies of the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>, now in the custody of Historical Archives of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Italian Republic">President of the Republic</a>. Article 3 the republican constitution officially rejected racial discrimination.</figcaption></figure> Article 3 of the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>, written by a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> formed by the representatives of all the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>, officially rejected racial discrimination, but implicit discrimination was practiced, including mixed-race children born in former <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian colonies">Italian colonies</a> facing barriers in gaining Italian citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Article 3 of the 1948 Constitution of Italy states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law, without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, personal and social conditions. It is the duty of the Republic to remove those obstacles of an economic and social nature which, really limiting the freedom and equality of citizens, impede the full development of the human person and the effective participation of all workers in the political, economic and social organization of the country.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 3 of the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy</a></div> The ongoing political conflict between Israel and Palestine has played an important role in the development and expression of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the 21st century">antisemitism in the 21st century</a>, and in Italy as well. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, which began in late September 2000, has set in motion unexpected mechanisms, whereby traditional anti-Jewish prejudices were mixed with politically based stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-EUMC-98">[96]</a> In this belief system, Israeli Jews were charged with full responsibility for the fate of the peace process and with the conflict presented as embodying the struggle between good (the Palestinians) and evil (the Israeli Jews).<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> has become a recurrent phenomenon in those years, and a movement for reaffirming values more consistent with traditional theology has been noted in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TAU2000-100">[98]</a> A 2020 Eurispes report revealed that 15.6% of Italians contend that the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">never happened</a>, and that 23.9% of the population adhere to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">anti-Semitic conspiracy theories</a> which claim that <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> control their economy.<a href="#cite_note-eurispes-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-Romanyism">Anti-Romanyism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-Romanyism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antiziganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiziganism">Antiziganism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_Corso_di_Porta_Vittoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Milano_Corso_di_Porta_Vittoria.jpg/220px-Milano_Corso_di_Porta_Vittoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Milano_Corso_di_Porta_Vittoria.jpg/330px-Milano_Corso_di_Porta_Vittoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Milano_Corso_di_Porta_Vittoria.jpg/440px-Milano_Corso_di_Porta_Vittoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma women</a> in Milan in 1984</figcaption></figure> Anti-Roma sentiment exists in Italy, and it consists of <a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> or <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> which is directed against the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma people</a> (Gypsies or "Zingari"). There is no reliable data regarding the total number of Roma people who live in Italy, but estimates put it between 140,000 and 170,000. In Italy in 2007 and 2008, many national and local political leaders engaged in rhetoric which stated that the extraordinary rise in crime at the time was mainly due to the uncontrolled immigration of people of Roma origin from <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> which had recently become a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member state.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> National and local leaders announced their plans to expel Roma from settlements which were located both in and around major cities as well as their plans to deport illegal immigrants. In May 2007, the mayors of Rome and Milan signed "Security Pacts" which "envisaged the forcible eviction of up to 10,000 Romani people".<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In October 2007, an extraordinarily high level of anti-immigrant sentiment exploded into violence which was generally directed against Romanian immigrants and specifically directed against Roma immigrants. The violence was triggered by the murder of 47-year-old Giovanna Reggiani, a naval captain's wife, which was attributed to a Romanian immigrant of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> origin. Reggiani was raped, beaten, left in a ditch, and died the following week. The Italian government responded by rounding up Romanian immigrants and summarily expelling some two hundred of them, mostly Roma, in defiance of E.U. immigration rules.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-103">[101]</a> According to the then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni, Romanians of Roma origin made up 75 percent of those who raped, stole and killed in the first seven months of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-103">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termini_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Termini_%281%29.jpg/220px-Termini_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Termini_%281%29.jpg/330px-Termini_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Termini_%281%29.jpg/440px-Termini_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma women</a> at <a href="/wiki/Roma_Termini_railway_station" title="Roma Termini railway station">Roma Termini railway station</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a> announced on 8 November 2007 that it would withdraw its five members from the <a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty</a> political group on 12 November 2007 over comments made by <a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Mussolini" title="Alessandra Mussolini">Alessandra Mussolini</a> regarding the expulsion of Romanian criminals from Italy in early November 2007, thus dooming the European parliamentary group to falter less than a year after its creation.<a href="#cite_note-DW-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> According to Romanian MEP and former ITS deputy chairman Eugen Mihaescu the final straw was the "unacceptable amalgam" Mussolini made between criminal gypsies and the entire Romanian population.<a href="#cite_note-DW-104">[102]</a> In May 2008, an unnamed 16-year-old Roma Romanian girl who was from a different part of town was arrested for trying to snatch an unattended six-month-old baby.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> After that mobs in several areas around Naples attacked Roma communities, setting homes alight, and forcing hundreds of Roma to flee.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The camp in Ponticelli was set on fire each month between May and July 2008.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> According to a May 2008 poll, 68% of Italians wanted to see all of the country's approximately 150,000 Gypsies, many of whom were Italian citizens, expelled.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-109">[107]</a> The survey, published as mobs in Naples burned down Gypsy camps that month, revealed that the majority also wanted all Gypsy camps in Italy to be demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-109">[107]</a> A 2015 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> found that 86% of Italians have unfavourable views of Romani people.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The 2019 poll of the same think tank found that still 83% of Italians have negative views of Romani people, the highest percentage of European countries surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> On June 18, 2018, Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a> announced the government would conduct a census of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in Italy for the purpose of deporting all who are not in the country legally.<a href="#cite_note-SalviniRomaNYT-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> However this measure was criticized as unconstitutional and was opposed by all the oppositions and also by some members of the M5S.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In 2023 the Italian chant of "attenzione pickpocket" has become an international viral sensation.<a href="#cite_note-Pick-117">[115]</a> Monica Poli, a city councillor representing the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega party</a> in Venice, alerts people by calling out pickpockets in the streets of the city; however, some social media users have questioned if she observed the subjects of the videos commit crimes every single time and if she is ethnically profiling <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> based on stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-Pick-117">[115]</a> Poli's group Cittadini Non Distratti—undistracted citizens—has existed for nearly 30 years but has only recently become a viral after they created a TikTok account.<a href="#cite_note-Pick-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-southern_Italian_sentiment">Anti-southern Italian sentiment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anti-southern Italian sentiment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">Polentone</a></div> In recent decades, there have been a handful of examples of anti-southern Italian sentiments in northern and central Italy. Southern Italians who have moved to northern and central parts of the country, where they are called <a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">terroni</a> by many people, may face discrimination due to their sociocultural background, which is different from that of northern Italians.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Southern Italians, in turn, call Italians from the northern regions <a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">polentoni</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> terroni and polentoni have anti-ethnic connotations, aimed at pointing out an alleged ethnic and cultural inferiority, even if often used only in a joking way.<a href="#cite_note-Terroni-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The term terroni certainly originates from the word terra (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'land'), with developments that are not always clear,<a href="#cite_note-Terroni-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garzanti-122">[120]</a> and was perhaps linked in the past by the denominations of southern areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Lavoro" title="Terra di Lavoro">Terra di Lavoro</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Bari" title="Terra di Bari">Terra di Bari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Terra_d%27Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra d'Otranto">Terra d'Otranto</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Treccani-123">[121]</a> The word terroni was recorded for the first time in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Migliorini" title="Bruno Migliorini">Bruno Migliorini</a>, as an appendix to <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Panzini" title="Alfredo Panzini">Alfredo Panzini</a>'s Dizionario moderno ('Modern dictionary') in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Terroni-119">[117]</a> Originally only derogatory and <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a>, over time the term terroni has also acquired a joking meaning among southern Italians themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Terroni-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racism_in_politics_and_sports">Racism in politics and sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Racism in politics and sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pullman_armstrong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pullman_armstrong.jpg/200px-Pullman_armstrong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pullman_armstrong.jpg/300px-Pullman_armstrong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pullman_armstrong.jpg/400px-Pullman_armstrong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An Italian bus with advertising by the president of <a href="/wiki/A.C._Monza_Brianza_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Monza Brianza 1912">A.C. Monza</a> football team, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Armstrong_Emery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Armstrong Emery">Anthony Armstrong Emery</a>, against racism in football (2013)</figcaption></figure> Actions by the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> have been criticized as xenophobic or racist by several sources.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Italians protested the murder of Burkina Faso native, Abdul Salam Guibre, along with racism in Italy on 20 September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a>, the semi-official newspaper for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, indicated that racism played an important role in the riot in <a href="/wiki/Rosarno" title="Rosarno">Rosarno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> According to a Eurobarometer study, Italians had the third lowest level of "comfort with person of Gypsy origin as neighbour", after Austrians and <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czechs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Contemporary Italian football fans, of lower-league and top-flight teams, have been noted by foreign media for racist behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Following the 2013 nomination of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Kyenge" title="Cécile Kyenge">Cécile Kyenge</a>, a Congolese-born Italian immigrant, as Minister of Integration in the <a href="/wiki/Letta_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Letta Cabinet">government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Enrico Letta</a>, she became subject to several racial slurs by local and national politicians.<a href="#cite_note-independent2013-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-hpcalderoli2013-135">[133]</a> One of these slurs was made by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Calderoli" title="Roberto Calderoli">Roberto Calderoli</a>, a prominent figure of the anti-immigration and populist party <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a>. Calderoli claimed that whenever he saw Minister Kyenge, an <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> came to his mind.<a href="#cite_note-ibt2013-136">[134]</a> During a speech by Kyenge at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> a few days after Calderoli's slur, some members of the far-right and <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force</a> threw a clump of bananas at the minister.<a href="#cite_note-hpbananas2013-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-indepbananas2013-138">[136]</a> Another example is the packages containing a pig's head that were sent to Rome's Synagogue, the Israeli embassy and a museum showing an exhibition on the Holocaust in January 2014.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_racism">Environmental racism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental racism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Western_Europe" title="Environmental racism in Western Europe">Environmental racism in Western Europe</a></div> Romani and migrant populations in Italy experience documented practices of racism and segregation within a context of environmental concerns and environmental inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 5–26 <a href="#cite_note-Italy-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-luglio-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a> Among migrant populations in Italy, environmental inequality has been documented in relation to agricultural labor through exposure to pesticides, low wages, and poor working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a> With regards to the Romani presence in Italy, legal scholar Jennifer Illuzzi uses a term called the "state of exception" to argue that liberal Italian legal contexts have historically created scenarios in which "Romanies are under intense scrutiny, but juridically invisible".<a href="#cite_note-Illuzzi-147">[145]</a>: 7  Illuzzi argues that as a result of the "state of exception", contemporary Romani communities in Italy become easily subjected to criminalization, denial of citizenship or national status, and social exclusion, notably in places such as government-implemented Nomad Camps.<a href="#cite_note-Illuzzi-147">[145]</a>: 7  In Italy today, many Romani settlements (including Nomad Camps) exist within segregated contexts where both environmental concerns (such as lack of clean water access, toxic waste exposure, and proximity to highways and industrial areas) and issues of criminalization are present.<a href="#cite_note-Orta-148">[146]</a>: 74–75 <a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 5–26  In <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Romani residents have been involved in the mass burning of waste<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-149">[147]</a> and have been housed in extreme proximity to a <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> site that has been likened by one government official to <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a> in terms of cleanup requirements and risk to human health.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nomad_Camps_and_related_sites">Nomad Camps and related sites</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nomad Camps and related sites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma-siedlung_neben_dem_hafen_in_neapel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roma-siedlung_neben_dem_hafen_in_neapel.JPG/220px-Roma-siedlung_neben_dem_hafen_in_neapel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roma-siedlung_neben_dem_hafen_in_neapel.JPG/330px-Roma-siedlung_neben_dem_hafen_in_neapel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roma-siedlung_neben_dem_hafen_in_neapel.JPG/440px-Roma-siedlung_neben_dem_hafen_in_neapel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Romani camp, Naples, 2012, situated next to the harbour</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, over 4,000 Romani persons (not to be confused with Romans) live in encampments authorized by the Italian national and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_subdivision_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative subdivision of Rome">Roman municipal governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 5  As of 2013, 40,000 Romani persons were living in camps throughout <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 26  In response to the Italian government's alleged "Nomad Emergency" in 2008 during which a law was passed stating that Romani communities were causing a "situation of grave social alarm, with possible repercussions for the local population in terms of public order and security",<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 8  an emergency "Nomad Plan" was devised by the municipal government of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 8  The European Commission also granted legal passage for the Italian government to move forward with plans to systematically fingerprint Romani communities.<a href="#cite_note-Illuzzi-147">[145]</a>: 7  Under the "Nomad Emergency" decree, special funds were allocated by the government to close informal Romani settlements and encampments in Rome, and to resettle a maximum of 6,000 Romani persons into 13 authorized camps.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 8  According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, "The decree was later declared unfounded and unlawful by the Council of State in November 2011 and by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court</a> in April 2013."<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 8  By 2013, living conditions in these camps had deteriorated severely due to overcrowding and a lack of utilities and other basic infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 9  As of 2010, six of the camps were located far from residential areas, situated outside Rome's <a href="/wiki/Grande_Raccordo_Anulare" title="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Grande Raccordo Anulare</a>, the city's orbital highway.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 17  As of 2013, one camp, Castel Romano, was inaccessible by public transportation, and was located along a notably dangerous motorway, the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strada_statale_148_Pontina" class="extiw" title="it:Strada statale 148 Pontina">Via Pontina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 17  Another camp, Nuovo Barbuta, was situated between a railroad, Rome's orbital highway, and the runway of <a href="/wiki/Ciampino%E2%80%93G._B._Pastine_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport">Ciampino airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 20  As of 2013, due to a lack of public transportation, residents of the Nuovo Barbuto camp had to walk long distances along an unpaved shoulder of a busy road in order to leave the camp; furthermore, they were subject to air and noise pollution from the nearby airport.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-141">[139]</a>: 20  In 2015, 378 residents, most of whom were Romani, were documented residing at the Ex Cartiera housing shelter under extremely substandard, cramped, and unhygienic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-excartiera-151">[149]</a>: 7  Prior to its closure in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-excartiera-151">[149]</a>: 7  it was cited by the European Roma Rights Centre for being located in an isolated area of a heavy industrial district known as via Salaria 971,<a href="#cite_note-excartiera-151">[149]</a>: 7  located in immediate proximity to both a municipal solid waste treatment facility and a high-volume highway.<a href="#cite_note-excartiera-151">[149]</a>: 7  In Milan, the Social Emergency Shelter (SES) housed predominantly Romani residents in via Lombroso 99 district until 2016, located in an "old industrial area, alongside a busy railway track".<a href="#cite_note-excartiera-151">[149]</a>: 6  Families housed in the facility lived in shipping containers, with 16 to 27 persons residing in each container.<a href="#cite_note-excartiera-151">[149]</a>: 6  In 2010 another authorized settlement, Triboniano Camp, was "squeezed between a railway track, cemetery, and container storage" in an industrial area of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orta-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hazardous_waste_in_Campania_and_exposure_to_Romani_settlements">Hazardous waste in Campania and exposure to Romani settlements</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hazardous waste in Campania and exposure to Romani settlements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_death_(Italy)" title="Triangle of death (Italy)">Triangle of death (Italy)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triangolo_della_morte_Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Triangolo_della_morte_Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png/220px-Triangolo_della_morte_Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Triangolo_della_morte_Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png/330px-Triangolo_della_morte_Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Triangolo_della_morte_Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png/440px-Triangolo_della_morte_Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Triangle of Death</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, an estimated 11.6 million tons of waste are illegally disposed of each year.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> According to ex-<a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a> member <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Schiavone" title="Carmine Schiavone">Carmine Schiavone</a>, millions of tons of waste from factories in northern Italy have been illegally disposed of in the region north of Naples for decades, allegedly with <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Mafia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a> involvement and the complicity of government authorities and police.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> In 2004, the area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Acerra" title="Acerra">Acerra</a> was labeled by British medical journal <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet Oncology</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_death_(Italy)" title="Triangle of death (Italy)">triangle of death</a>" where the incidence of two-headed sheep has been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> According to Italian environmental organization <a href="/wiki/Legambiente" title="Legambiente">Legambiente</a>, in 2012 the total financial value of the illegal <a href="/wiki/Waste_management_industry" title="Waste management industry">garbage industry</a> in Italy was estimated at over 16 billion <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> Over the course of testimony delivered to a secret parliamentary investigative committee in Rome on October 7, 1997 (made public in 2013), Schiavone alleged that nuclear waste from <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> was also secretly transported to the region, along with other wastes containing <a href="/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">dioxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> Campania has since shifted from being a dumping destination and is now a transit point for the export of hazardous waste to China,<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-149">[147]</a> and, according to Gen. Sergio Costa, commander of the Naples region for Italy's environmental police, the Balkans and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Yardley-153">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taverna_del_Re_toxic_waste_facility,_Giugliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Taverna_del_Re_toxic_waste_facility%2C_Giugliano.jpg/220px-Taverna_del_Re_toxic_waste_facility%2C_Giugliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Taverna_del_Re_toxic_waste_facility%2C_Giugliano.jpg/330px-Taverna_del_Re_toxic_waste_facility%2C_Giugliano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Taverna_del_Re_toxic_waste_facility%2C_Giugliano.jpg/440px-Taverna_del_Re_toxic_waste_facility%2C_Giugliano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Taverna del Re hazardous waste facility, Giugliano</figcaption></figure> As of 2014, 5,281 contaminated sites and suspected waste dumps have been located by American military investigators.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> Meanwhile, the region's 500,000 inhabitants have been disproportionately affected by medical ailments; according to Antonio Merfella of the Italian Cancer Research Institute in Naples, the region of Campania has the highest rate of <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a> in Italy; in the province of Naples, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> among non-smokers is increasing, while tumors in general have increased 47 percent among males.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> The region has also become known for disproportionate cases of <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> Concerns over the safety of food production in the fertile agricultural region (much of which is still believed to be uncontaminated) persist.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> Many of the most seriously affected people in the region are Romani residents from settlements near <a href="/wiki/Giugliano_in_Campania" title="Giugliano in Campania">Giugliano</a> and the greater Naples area which have been subjected to extreme exposure of pollution and toxic waste.<a href="#cite_note-Orta-148">[146]</a>: 74–75 <a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moving-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-luglio-144">[142]</a> According to Los Angeles Times journalist Tracy Wilkinson, Romani boys in 2008 were hired throughout the region by the Camorra to set fires to piles of waste, creating significant quantities of toxic smoke over vast swathes of land.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-149">[147]</a> One of the contaminated Romani camps in Giugliano was unofficial, populated by 500 persons most of whom were migrants from the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orta-148">[146]</a>: 74–75  Built in 1991 and home to 85 families, it was documented in 2010 as a series of camps located "northwest of Naples, at the outer limits of the urban centre, on the external ring-road following the State Highway 162", surrounded by industrial lands.<a href="#cite_note-Orta-148">[146]</a>: 74–75  Originally situated on open farmland, the so-called "spontaneous"-status unauthorized settlement became surrounded by industries and disposal sites that were later owned by the Government of Campania, which developed a 24-hour surveillance and barricade system surrounding the camp, contracted to the private security firm Falko Security S.R.I.S.<a href="#cite_note-Orta-148">[146]</a>: 74–75  According to Raffaella Inglese in Mapping the Invisible, environmental justice concerns for residents in 2010 entailed<blockquote>noise pollution produced by the neighbouring factories, air pollution from the same factories and [an] ex-centre for refuse collection; pollution from the burnt refuse; the danger of the roads being very near their homes and the areas in which their children play; the dirt and run-off from the illegal dumping of toxic industrial waste in the immediate vicinity and the necessity to wash themselves outside which is dangerous for children.<a href="#cite_note-Orta-148">[146]</a>: 74–75 </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire-TerraDeiFuochi-21-08-2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fire-TerraDeiFuochi-21-08-2008.png/220px-Fire-TerraDeiFuochi-21-08-2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fire-TerraDeiFuochi-21-08-2008.png/330px-Fire-TerraDeiFuochi-21-08-2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fire-TerraDeiFuochi-21-08-2008.png/440px-Fire-TerraDeiFuochi-21-08-2008.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Fire burning near Giugliano, probably due to illegal waste incineration</figcaption></figure> Another environmentally toxic camp, Masseria del Pozzo, was also located in the Giugliano region.<a href="#cite_note-Moving-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-luglio-144">[142]</a> This camp, established in March 2013,<a href="#cite_note-Moving-154">[152]</a> was an official settlement forcibly created following the eviction of other camps in the Giugliano region,<a href="#cite_note-luglio-144">[142]</a> including a previous site that was contaminated by hazardous waste.<a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a> The Masseria del Pozzo camp was home to approximately 260 persons in March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-luglio-144">[142]</a> In 2014, the population of the camp was estimated to be 500 persons,<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> with approximately 200–400 children, according to various residents.<a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a> According to the European Roma Rights Centre, the community had resided at various camps within the Naples region for the past 25 years and "almost all of the [former] inhabitants of the camp are residing lawfully in Italy; they generally have permanent resident status in Italy and some are Italian citizens".<a href="#cite_note-Moving-154">[152]</a> The settlement was located next to the Masseria del Pozzo toxic waste dump where persistent issues of hazardous biogas leaks from the landfill caused severe health concerns, and was also surrounded by at least three other hazardous landfill sites such as Resit and Novambiente, as well as lands contaminated by illegal toxic sludge disposal.<a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a> In the words of Der Spiegel journalist Walter Mayr, "500 Roma live in shacks and caravans at the foot of what is probably Europe's nastiest landfill, stuffed with, among other things, toxic sludge and dioxin. It is a place where, in the opinion of the responsible government commissioner, a 'sarcophagus like in Chernobyl' would be necessary to protect the public."<a href="#cite_note-Mayr-150">[148]</a> Residents of the former settlement reported mysterious deaths and disabilities among children and youths, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and other sicknesses among children.<a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a> According to former camp resident Giuliano Seferovic, authorities originally informed residents that they would only be placed at the location for a month; this promised timeframe extended to two months, and then nearly a year by the time of the interview.<a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a> In a video interview with Mario De Biase, Government Commissioner for Reclaims (Land Reclamation), De Biase discusses the issue of toxic gases: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Surely these landfills are perhaps the most dangerous for their potential environmental disaster and effects not only on the environment but directly on human health ... They are all gases coming from the landfill. They transmigrate through the permeability of the soil and arrive into this pit where they find their way to come out in the air. One cannot say that a child who lives 24 hours a day between the smoke of the mineralization of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOC</a> [volatile organic compounds] of the well, who lives and plays on soils contaminated by hazardous waste, who crosses the road for 5 meters and ends up on a landfill where there are all the fumes of biogas and leachate, obviously I do not think that is good for the child, neither for adults.<a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a></blockquote> In the words of former resident Rashid Osmanic, interviewed while living in the camp,<blockquote>With biogas here we all die, no guns, no weapons, nothing! So we die. Two or three years here, and we all die, children get diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Terrapromessa-143">[141]</a></blockquote>Following the announcement of the planned closure of the settlement, Romani rights organizations such as Associazione 21 luglio and the European Roma Rights Centre condemned plans to forcibly relocate the community to a new segregated camp,<a href="#cite_note-Moving-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-luglio-144">[142]</a> with Associazione 21 luglio expressing particular concern over the potential creation of a larger segregated "mega-camp" where further social marginalization could take place.<a href="#cite_note-luglio-144">[142]</a> On June 21, 2016, the entire camp was forcibly evicted without written notice and relocated to a new camp in an industrial area near Giugliano.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-142">[140]</a> The new site is located at a former fireworks factory, which was destroyed in a 2015 explosion.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-142">[140]</a> According to human rights observers, the secluded site, which is surrounded by wild vegetation on three sides and a wall, is contaminated with what appears to be asbestos and unidentified potentially explosive substances, and is littered with sharp objects that pose a danger to children.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-142">[140]</a> Residents were not given any say in selecting a new site, and faced homelessness if they did not move to the new camp, which does not have any housing, sewerage, electricity, or adequate water supply.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-142">[140]</a> As of February 2016, the Ministry of Interior and Region Campania have secured funding for a new permanent, segregated replacement site with 44 prefabricated dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-Italy-142">[140]</a> No funding has been committed for integration measures such as education, health, employment, or community programs, prompting the European Roma Rights Centre to describe the plan as "a long term plan for segregation".<a href="#cite_note-Italy-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Migrant_agricultural_workers">Migrant agricultural workers</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Migrant agricultural workers">edit</a>]</div> In both southern<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 11  and northern<a href="#cite_note-ETIREPORT-155">[153]</a>: 17  Italy, large numbers of migrant workers from Africa and Asia produce agricultural goods within a context of severe social and environmental marginalization, lacking access to clean water, utilities, housing,<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a> and wage security<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 26  while facing exposure to harsh working conditions and harmful pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a> As of 2015, the Italian Association for Legal Studies on Immigration (ASGI) estimated that there were probably close to 500,000 regular and irregular foreign agricultural workers in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-ETIRoma-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-ETIREPORT-155">[153]</a>: 10  of whom 100,000 were believed to be at risk of severe marginalization with regards to living conditions and social mobility.<a href="#cite_note-ETIRoma-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-ETIREPORT-155">[153]</a>: 15  According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, there is "a causal link between labour exploitation of migrant workers and the measures adopted by the Italian government with the stated view of controlling and regulating migration flows".<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 7  The report focused on the <a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a> areas<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 11  where large numbers of workers are of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> origin respectively,<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 11  the latter of whom are mostly from <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 26  In <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, immigrant fruit pickers for the orange juice industry have been identified as subject to notably exploitative social conditions.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatti_di_Rosarno-IMG_5436_adj1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fatti_di_Rosarno-IMG_5436_adj1.jpg/220px-Fatti_di_Rosarno-IMG_5436_adj1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fatti_di_Rosarno-IMG_5436_adj1.jpg/330px-Fatti_di_Rosarno-IMG_5436_adj1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fatti_di_Rosarno-IMG_5436_adj1.jpg/440px-Fatti_di_Rosarno-IMG_5436_adj1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Migrant agricultural worker housing, Rosarno, Italy</figcaption></figure> While some migrant agricultural workers are paid well<a href="#cite_note-StarCalabria-157">[155]</a> and welcomed as economic contributors for helping fill jobs that established Italians are often reluctant to perform,<a href="#cite_note-StarCalabria-157">[155]</a> the average wage in Italy for migrant agricultural workers is only 33 dollars a day.<a href="#cite_note-StarCalabria-157">[155]</a> In the Latina area alone, 61% of agricultural employers were found by Italian regulatory inspectors to be in contravention of social security and employment laws.<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 24  In Caserta, migrant agricultural workers partake in the tomato, fruit, dairy, watermelon, and orange industries, often under exploitative or substandard employment conditions.<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 26  In particular, the fast-growing and lucrative Italian <a href="/wiki/Tomato_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomato industry">tomato industry</a>, which sources 60 percent of processed tomatoes consumed in the UK<a href="#cite_note-ETIRoma-156">[154]</a> and half the entire European Union supply, producing a total export value of 1.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euros</a> in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-ETIREPORT-155">[153]</a>: 7  has been identified as a significant source of workplace abuse.<a href="#cite_note-ETIRoma-156">[154]</a> While 70% of Italy's tomato production is generated from the areas of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia Romagna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ETIREPORT-155">[153]</a>: 11  severe abuses of tomato pickers have been documented throughout Italy, including most provinces.<a href="#cite_note-ETIREPORT-155">[153]</a>: 16–17  On January 7, 2010, there was an outbreak of violence in the citrus-producing town of <a href="/wiki/Rosarno" title="Rosarno">Rosarno</a>, Calabria in the aftermath of a drive-by shooting that targeted two migrants.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 21  Following the shooting, hundreds of migrants marched through the town to protest their living conditions, an event that ultimately led to confrontations with riot police and the torching of vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 21  According to Amnesty International, "The clashes were followed by a "migrant manhunt" carried out by some local residents. In a number of separate incidents during the following days, two migrants were reportedly beaten with iron bars, five deliberately run over by a car and a further two injured by shot-gun pellets. In total, 53 persons were hospitalised, including 21 migrants, 14 local residents and 18 police officers."<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 21  Following the incident, a mass detention of migrants remaining in Rosarno ensued.<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 21  In the words of one worker from Ghana, <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piana_di_Gioia_Tauro_-_Agrumeti_vicino_Rosarno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piana_di_Gioia_Tauro_-_Agrumeti_vicino_Rosarno.jpg/220px-Piana_di_Gioia_Tauro_-_Agrumeti_vicino_Rosarno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piana_di_Gioia_Tauro_-_Agrumeti_vicino_Rosarno.jpg/330px-Piana_di_Gioia_Tauro_-_Agrumeti_vicino_Rosarno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piana_di_Gioia_Tauro_-_Agrumeti_vicino_Rosarno.jpg/440px-Piana_di_Gioia_Tauro_-_Agrumeti_vicino_Rosarno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3085" data-file-height="2458" /></a><figcaption>Citrus orchards near Rosarno, where anti-immigrant violence and clashes occurred January 2010</figcaption></figure> <blockquote>In Rosarno we were working from morning to night, picking oranges, for 25 euros a day; but we had to pay 5 euros for transport, so we had only 20 euros left. There were some abandoned factories where one would build a shelter with some cardboard – one was called the Ghana ghetto. That day [i.e. the day of the clashes, 7/8 January 2010] we decided to go and buy something in town. Some boys were shot by Italians. We decided to do a demonstration about that, because that was not the first time. That's where all the problems started. There were fights between blacks and whites. But we did not want to fight the Italians; we wanted to go to the Comune [the local administration]. No Italian would pick oranges for 25 euros.<a href="#cite_note-ItalyAgriculture-146">[144]</a>: 22 </blockquote>A major issue for migrant workers in the Rosarno <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> industry are <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticides" title="Health effects of pesticides">health concerns</a> stemming from exposure to chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides in the European Union">pesticides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a> According to healthcare worker Dr. Luca Corso of the outreach medical organization <a href="/wiki/Emergency_(NGO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency (NGO)">Emergency</a>, which assists immigrants who are frequently denied access to Italian hospitals, many workers have shown signs of ailments caused by working in orchards where tree spraying is active.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a> In the words of Dr. Corso,<blockquote>We've started to see, particularly since the beginning of January, some cases that can be linked to working activities; mainly the improper use of pesticides and fungicides used during this season. It's mostly cases of irritative phenomenon, for example <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> in exposed areas (hands and face) or <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>...because the eyes are exposed.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a></blockquote>According to Nino Quaranta, founder of agricultural rights advocacy group SosRosarno, an underlying issue for low wages is the economic challenge confronting many smaller-scale farmers.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianOrangesWasleyFerrara-158">[156]</a> Most are small independent operators who are often unable to recover costs due to the current price of oranges, which has been affected by international competition and a price crash, thereby compelling them to seek the cheapest labor possible.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianOrangesWasleyFerrara-158">[156]</a> Contributing to this pressure, market <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolization</a> has been identified by local agriculture advocates as an aggravating factor.<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a> According to Pietro Molinaro of the Calabrian Organisation of Producers, "The problem this area has faced for some years is that the big multinational drinks companies underpay for the juice. They put pressure on the small local processing plants that press the juice."<a href="#cite_note-EcologistItaly1-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note1-35"><a href="#cite_ref-note1_35-0">^</a> The Abruzzese novelist Domenico Ciampoli, while reporting on a royal visit to Sardinia in 1899 for the prestigious newspaper L'Illustrazione Italiana, so writes with regard to the local Sardinian peasantry: «Indeed, together and in each group, something about them reminds one of oriental religions, of remote races, of primitive paintings, and they seem like ritual symbols or allusions.» (L'Illustrazione Italiana, April 30, 1899, 286). The mainland painter Carlo Mazza, commenting on the sketches by the Sardinian artist Filippo Figari, gave vent to his disgust for «those niggers of Sardinia, who are hell bent on making their town hall a glorification of the Sardinian mastrucca and <a href="/wiki/Ballu_tundu" title="Ballu tundu">folk dance</a> at any cost... As if their intellectual sphere could not expand beyond their memories of slavery, servitude, and <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> display of jubilation.» (Costumi : storia, linguaggio e prospettive del vestire in Sardegna, Ilisso, Nuoro, 2003, p.350). The Sardinian traditional garment, identified as an element of "Sardinian otherness" amongst the Italian circles, popular and educated alike, would be appropriated by the island's bourgeoisie in an effort to stress an identity of their own by way of showing the political and cultural ferments that had been then traversing the island (ibidem). </li> <li id="cite_note-note2-38"><a href="#cite_ref-note2_38-0">^</a> Dehumanizing language with regard to the island and the people thereof in <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> is considered to have been used starting with <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_Vulgari_Eloquentia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Vulgari Eloquentia">De Vulgari Eloquentia</a>, wherein the Sardinians are likened to «apes that imitate humans» (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danteonline.it/english/opere2.asp?idcod=000&idope=3&idliv1=1&idliv2=11&idliv3=1&idlang=UK">Lib. I, XI, 7</a>) because of the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">language</a> they used to speak. Moreover, in ancient Italian, the name of the island was also used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a> to indicate a place where to dump dead or infected animals (Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, UTET, Torino, V. XVII, p.578; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/sardigna/">"Sardigna, Vocabolario Treccani"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sardigna%2C+Vocabolario+Treccani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fvocabolario%2Fsardigna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988">). This anthropological view of the island also makes its appearance in many Savoyard works which aimed at dealing with the situation of the island; the philosopher and administrator of the Kingdom of Sardinia <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>, for instance, refers to the Sardinians as a race «unreceptive like no other to all the sentiments, tastes, and talents honouring humankind. The Sardinian is more savage than the savage, for the savage does not know any light whilst the Sardinian hates it. They are in fact lacking in the most desirable attribute of mankind, which is perfectibility.» (Oeuvres complètes, v. IX, pp. 410-411). Cfr. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_Casula2017" class="citation web cs1">Francesco Casula (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manifestosardo.org/i-sardi-ladri-e-delinquenti-ed-anche-negri/">"I sardi? Ladri e delinquenti. Ed anche "negri""</a>. Il Manifesto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Manifesto&rft.atitle=I+sardi%3F+Ladri+e+delinquenti.+Ed+anche+%22negri%22&rft.date=2017-03&rft.au=Francesco+Casula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manifestosardo.org%2Fi-sardi-ladri-e-delinquenti-ed-anche-negri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988">. It would not be until the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> that the otherwise "primitive nature" of the Sardinian was positively celebrated on the battlefields in terms of their patriotic redemption for the mother country (see, f.e., M. Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1989, pp. 398–404). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shinn_2019-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_2019_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_2019_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinn2019" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, Christopher A. (2019) [2016]. "Inside the Italian Empire: Colonial Africa, Race Wars, and the 'Southern Question'". In Kirkland, Ewan (ed.). Shades of Whiteness. Leiden; Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 35–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9781848883833_005">10.1163/9781848883833_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-383-3"><bdi>978-1-84888-383-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201401541">201401541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Italian+Empire%3A+Colonial+Africa%2C+Race+Wars%2C+and+the+%27Southern+Question%27&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Whiteness&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pages=35-51&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201401541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9781848883833_005&rft.isbn=978-1-84888-383-3&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentile_2004-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gentile_2004_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gentile_2004_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gentile_2004_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentile2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Gentile, Emilio</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeHuSpHzqGUC&pg=PA44">"Fascism in Power: The Totalitarian Experiment"</a>. In Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew (eds.). Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Vol. IV (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415290159" title="Special:BookSources/9780415290159"><bdi>9780415290159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fascism+in+Power%3A+The+Totalitarian+Experiment&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Political+Science&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=44-45&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415290159&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeHuSpHzqGUC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLean_2018-3"><a href="#cite_ref-McLean_2018_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2018" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Eden K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZchcDwAAQBAJ">"Part 4. Ensuring the Empire's Immortality, 1938–40 – Chapter 7: Enforcing the Racial Ideal"</a>. Mussolini's Children: Race and Elementary Education in Fascist Italy. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. pp. 181–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv19x4pm.14">10.2307/j.ctv19x4pm.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-0722-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-0722-7"><bdi>978-1-4962-0722-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+4.+Ensuring+the+Empire%E2%80%99s+Immortality%2C+1938%E2%80%9340+%E2%80%93+Chapter+7%3A+Enforcing+the+Racial+Ideal&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Children%3A+Race+and+Elementary+Education+in+Fascist+Italy&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=181-202&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv19x4pm.14&rft.isbn=978-1-4962-0722-7&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Eden+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZchcDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Negash_1997-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Negash_1997_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegash1997" class="citation book cs1">Negash, Tekeste (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CBrImoJfFboC&pg=PA17">"Introduction: The legacy of Italian colonialism"</a>. Eritrea and Ethiopia: The Federal Experience. <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Africa_Institute" title="Nordic Africa Institute">Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</a>. pp. 13–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-406-6"><bdi>978-91-7106-406-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1122565258">1122565258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+legacy+of+Italian+colonialism&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia%3A+The+Federal+Experience&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pages=13-17&rft.pub=Nordiska+Afrikainstitutet&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1122565258&rft.isbn=978-91-7106-406-6&rft.aulast=Negash&rft.aufirst=Tekeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCBrImoJfFboC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Giulia Barrera, 'Patrilinearity, Race and Identity: The Upbringing of Italo-Eriteans during Italian Colonialism', in <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ben-Ghiat" title="Ruth Ben-Ghiat">R. Ben-Ghiat</a>, M. Fuller (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9s4YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Italian Colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, (2005) 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-403-98158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-403-98158-5">978-1-403-98158-5</a>. pp. 97-108, pp. 97f. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Foot p.42. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Alexander p.57. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie,_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Dickie, J. (1999). Darkest Italy: The nation and stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1860-1900. 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Retrieved 8 November 2024. <q>Studiosi come Snowden e Thompson ritengono che il fenomeno del razzismo legato al colore della pelle nella società antica non sia mai esistito.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antiquitatesromanae.com&rft.atitle=IL+RAZZISMO+NELL%27IMPERO+ROMANO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquitatesromanae.com%2F2014%2F07%2F18%2Frazzismo-impero-romano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/">"Roman Empire"</a>. worldhistory.org. 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Retrieved 31 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldhistory.org%2F&rft.atitle=Western+Roman+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FWestern_Roman_Empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein2001-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epstein2001_32-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Epstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Steven Epstein (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvUygSjHwSQC">Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3848-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3848-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-3848-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+Slavery%3A+Color%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Human+Bondage+in+Italy&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3848-6&rft.au=Steven+Epstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvUygSjHwSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cesare-lombroso/">"Lombróso, Cesare"</a>. treccani.it. Retrieved 8 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treccani.it&rft.atitle=Lombr%C3%B3so%2C+Cesare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fcesare-lombroso%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Bresciani1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bresciani_(writer)" title="Antonio Bresciani (writer)">Antonio Bresciani</a> (1850). Dei costumi dell'isola di Sardegna comparati cogli antichissimi populi orientali. Napoli: Uff. della Civiltà Cattolica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dei+costumi+dell%27isola+di+Sardegna+comparati+cogli+antichissimi+populi+orientali&rft.place=Napoli&rft.pub=Uff.+della+Civilt%C3%A0+Cattolica&rft.date=1850&rft.au=Antonio+Bresciani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Sources describe how the island of Sardinia was continually « esposta agli insulti e ai motteggi dei piemontesi [...] molti dei piemontesi lanciavano di continuo contro i sardi dei tratti satirici, e ne parlavano con disprezzo anche in pubblico, tacciandoli di stolidezza e ignoranza, ormai passata in proverbio [...] dileggiamenti e canzoni, con cui i piemontesi con maggiore ardire e sfrontatezza insultavano alla nazione sarda » (Acta Curiarum Regni Sardiniae, Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, 2000, 24, II, 119/6, p.1083, 1086 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGian_Giacomo_Ortu2001" class="citation web cs1">Gian Giacomo Ortu (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2001/06/19/ST701.html">"Una razza inferiore, così l'Europa vedeva la Sardegna"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Una+razza+inferiore%2C+cos%C3%AC+l%27Europa+vedeva+la+Sardegna&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Gian+Giacomo+Ortu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricerca.gelocal.it%2Flanuovasardegna%2Farchivio%2Flanuovasardegna%2F2001%2F06%2F19%2FST701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lombroso2006-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Lombroso2006_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonHahn_Rafter2006" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Mary; Hahn Rafter, Nicole (15 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4gZySLs9_oC&pg=PA17">"Editors' Introduction"</a>. In Lombroso, Cesare (ed.). Criminal Man. Duke University Press. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8780-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-8780-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editors%27+Introduction&rft.btitle=Criminal+Man&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8780-0&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Hahn+Rafter%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4gZySLs9_oC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie,_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Dickie, J. (1999). Darkest Italy: The nation and stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1860-1900. London: Palgrave MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darkest+Italy%3A+The+nation+and+stereotypes+of+the+Mezzogiorno%2C+1860-1900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Dickie%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> John Foot, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evwcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Modern Italy,</a> Rev. ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p.21 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nniMzJtLPAgC&pg=PA262">Ruth Ben-Ghiat Fascist Modernities: Italy, 1922-1945</a>, University of California Press, 2001, p. 262 n.97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafter2008-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafter2008_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafter2008_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Rafter2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicole Rafter (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GK1PKyvkUhoC&pg=RA1-PA72">The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime</a>. NYU Press. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7656-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-7656-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Criminal+Brain%3A+Understanding+Biological+Theories+of+Crime&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7656-8&rft.au=Nicole+Rafter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGK1PKyvkUhoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FernandoFernando2013-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FernandoFernando2013_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FernandoFernando2013_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Suman_FernandoSuman_Fernando2013" class="citation book cs1">Dr Suman Fernando; Suman Fernando (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3DTzchHMkoIC&pg=PT63">Cultural Diversity, Mental Health and Psychiatry: The Struggle Against Racism</a>. Routledge. pp. 63–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45270-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45270-4"><bdi>978-1-135-45270-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Diversity%2C+Mental+Health+and+Psychiatry%3A+The+Struggle+Against+Racism&rft.pages=63-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45270-4&rft.au=Dr+Suman+Fernando&rft.au=Suman+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3DTzchHMkoIC%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Renato Biasutti, 1941. Le Razze e popoli della Terra. Turin: Union Tipografico-Editrice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theapricity.com/snpa/bilder/biasuttiblondism.jpg">archived page</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Wiley Feinstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdyCiukUaf8C&pg=PA162">The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites</a>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003, pp. 162f. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Paul Knepper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7sp8VSPZhegC&pg=PA171">'Lombroso and Jewish Social Science'</a>, in Paul Knepper, Per Jørgen Ystehede (eds.), The Cesare Lombroso Handbook, Routledge, 2013, pp. 171-185, pp. 181ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> William Brustein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc3HabBQsdsC&pg=PA163">Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> «Nel suo caso il giudizio sulla inferiorità razziale della popolazione si fa categorico, presentandosi tra l'altro con un alone di scientificità, suffragato da dati statitici sulla delinquenza e da <<oggettivi>> responsi craniometrici». Riccardo, Gaetano. L'antropologia positivista italiana e il problema del banditismo in Sardegna. Qualche nota di riflessione , in Nel nome della razza. Il razzismo nella storia d'Italia 1870-1945, Burgio, Alberto (edited by), Società Editrice Il Mulino, p.98 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Niceforo, Alfredo (1977 - 1897). La delinquenza in Sardegna, Edizioni della Torre, Cagliari, p.59 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Birgit Wagner (2011), La questione sarda. La sfida dell’alterità in Il postcoloniale in Italia, Aut Aut n. 349 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vistanet.it/cagliari/2019/05/27/lo-sapevate-lo-scienziato-siciliano-alfredo-niceforo-teorizzo-che-i-sardi-fossero-predisposti-geneticamente-a-delinquere/">"Lo sapevate? Lo scienziato siciliano Alfredo Niceforo teorizzò che i Sardi fossero predisposti geneticamente a delinquere"</a>. vistanet.it. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vistanet.it&rft.atitle=Lo+sapevate%3F+Lo+scienziato+siciliano+Alfredo+Niceforo+teorizz%C3%B2+che+i+Sardi+fossero+predisposti+geneticamente+a+delinquere&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vistanet.it%2Fcagliari%2F2019%2F05%2F27%2Flo-sapevate-lo-scienziato-siciliano-alfredo-niceforo-teorizzo-che-i-sardi-fossero-predisposti-geneticamente-a-delinquere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> «La razza maledetta, che popola tutta la Sardegna, la Sicilia e il mezzogiorno d'Italia, ch'è tanto affine per la sua criminalità per le origini e pel suoi caratteri antropologici alla prima, dovrebbe essere ugualmente trattata col ferro e col fuoco - condannata alla morte come le razze inferiori dell'Africa dell'Australia ecc. che i feroci e scellerati colonizzatori dell'Europa sistematicamente distruggono per rubarne le terre». <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veTrDwAAQBAJ&q=razza+maledetta">Cartografie sociali: Rivista di sociologia e scienze umane</a>. Mimesis. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788857536507" title="Special:BookSources/9788857536507"><bdi>9788857536507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartografie+sociali%3A+Rivista+di+sociologia+e+scienze+umane&rft.pub=Mimesis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788857536507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveTrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drazza%2Bmaledetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMimmo_Nunnari2020" class="citation book cs1">Mimmo Nunnari (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vksHEAAAQBAJ&q=la+razza+maledetta+che+popola&pg=PT19">Elogio della Bassitalia</a>. Rubbettino Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788849865639" title="Special:BookSources/9788849865639"><bdi>9788849865639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elogio+della+Bassitalia&rft.pub=Rubbettino+Editore&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9788849865639&rft.au=Mimmo+Nunnari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvksHEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dla%2Brazza%2Bmaledetta%2Bche%2Bpopola%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuysseune2006" class="citation book cs1">Huysseune, Michel (2006). Modernity and Secession: The Social Sciences and the Political Discourse of the Lega Nord in Italy. Berghahn Books. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Secession%3A+The+Social+Sciences+and+the+Political+Discourse+of+the+Lega+Nord+in+Italy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Huysseune&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie,_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Dickie, J. (1999). Darkest Italy: The nation and stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1860-1900. London: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darkest+Italy%3A+The+nation+and+stereotypes+of+the+Mezzogiorno%2C+1860-1900&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Dickie%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> «Il white man burden kipinghliano trovava un perfetto corrispettivo nel fardello che l'Italia doveva assumersi verso il proprio Meridione, dove incontrava "una alta missione da compiere e una grande colonia da civilizzare"». <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veTrDwAAQBAJ&q=colonia+da+civilizzare&pg=PT36">Cartografie sociali: Rivista di sociologia e scienze umane</a>. Mimesis. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788857536507" title="Special:BookSources/9788857536507"><bdi>9788857536507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartografie+sociali%3A+Rivista+di+sociologia+e+scienze+umane&rft.pub=Mimesis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788857536507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveTrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcolonia%2Bda%2Bcivilizzare%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA240">A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</a>, University of Wisconsin Press, 1996, pp. 239-240. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> R. J. B. Bosworth,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yzLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">Mussolini</a>, Bloomsbury Publishing, Rev. ed. 2014, pp.123f. </li> <li id="cite_note-renaissance-60"><a href="#cite_ref-renaissance_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2011" class="citation book cs1">Baum, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMGPYlnFeoC&q=italian+racial+laws+appease&pg=PA236">Hebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004212558" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004212558"><bdi>978-9004212558</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebraic+Aspects+of+the+Renaissance%3A+Sources+and+Encounters&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004212558&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwMGPYlnFeoC%26q%3Ditalian%2Bracial%2Blaws%2Bappease%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neocleous,_Mark_1997._p._35-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Neocleous,_Mark_1997._p._35_61-0">^</a> Neocleous, Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Jeffrey Herf, Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism in Historical Perspective: Convergence and Divergence. Routledge, 2013. pp. 6–7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415400695" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415400695">978-0415400695</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman2005-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman2005_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_D._Zimmerman2005" class="citation book cs1">Joshua D. Zimmerman (27 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsitalyunderfa00zimm_502">Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsitalyunderfa00zimm_502/page/n87">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84101-6"><bdi>978-0-521-84101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Italy+Under+Fascist+and+Nazi+Rule%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84101-6&rft.au=Joshua+D.+Zimmerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsitalyunderfa00zimm_502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Christopher Hibbert, Benito Mussolini (1975), p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Zimmerman, p.160 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Hibbert, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandri2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alessandri, Giuseppe (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehMAEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mussolini+si+definiva+sionista&pg=PT235">Il processo Mussolini</a> (in Italian). Gruppo Albatros Il Filo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788830623378" title="Special:BookSources/9788830623378"><bdi>9788830623378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+processo+Mussolini&rft.pub=Gruppo+Albatros+Il+Filo&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9788830623378&rft.aulast=Alessandri&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DehMAEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMussolini%2Bsi%2Bdefiniva%2Bsionista%26pg%3DPT235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasera1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Masera, Michele (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgMjAAAAMAAJ&q=Mussolini+costruire+moschea+a+roma">La Chiesa cattolica nella seconda guerra mondiale</a> (in Italian). Landoni. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chiesa+cattolica+nella+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Landoni&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Masera&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbgMjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMussolini%2Bcostruire%2Bmoschea%2Ba%2Broma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Piers Brendon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6WRI7i5uzIC&pg=PA553">The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s</a>, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 552f. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Salvatore Garau,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw-UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway</a>, Routledge, 2015, pp. 122-123. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> John Whittam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHgMm6APG_0C&pg=PA95">Fascist Italy</a>, Manchester University Press, 1995, pp. 95f. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Michele Sarfatti, Anne C. Tedeschi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2g0hRXImhUC&pg=PA13">The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution</a>, University of Wisconsin Press, 2006, p.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> David I. Kertzer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEhtoDa-aPEC&pg=PA266">The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism</a>, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pisanty2006-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pisanty2006_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pisanty2006_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pisanty2006_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pisanty2006_74-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentina_Pisanty2006" class="citation book cs1">Valentina Pisanty (2006). La difesa della razza: Antologia 1938–1943. Bompiani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+difesa+della+razza%3A+Antologia+1938%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Valentina+Pisanty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Y8XRZAdv9IC&dq=racism+in+italy&pg=PA50">Racial theories in Fascist Italy by Aaron Gilette</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CRfogYOOFsUC&dq=%22fascist+italy%22+ethiopia+racism&pg=RA2-PA187">Dictating Demography: The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy by Carl Ipsen, pg 187</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuysseune2006" class="citation book cs1">Huysseune, Michel (2006). Modernity and Secession: The Social Sciences and the Political Discourse of the Lega Nord in Italy. Berghahn Books. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Secession%3A+The+Social+Sciences+and+the+Political+Discourse+of+the+Lega+Nord+in+Italy&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Huysseune&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fascismjews-78"><a href="#cite_ref-fascismjews_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander1997" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, Ethan J (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515202656/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~ejhollan/Haaretz%20-%20Ital%20fascism%20-%20English.PDF">Italian Fascism and the Jews</a> (PDF). University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-4648-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-4648-1"><bdi>0-8039-4648-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weber.ucsd.edu/~ejhollan/Haaretz%20-%20Ital%20fascism%20-%20English.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Fascism+and+the+Jews&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8039-4648-1&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Ethan+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweber.ucsd.edu%2F~ejhollan%2FHaaretz%2520-%2520Ital%2520fascism%2520-%2520English.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acjna.org/acjna/articles_detail.aspx?id=300">"The Italian Holocaust: The Story of an Assimilated Jewish Community"</a>. ACJNA.org. 8 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Holocaust%3A+The+Story+of+an+Assimilated+Jewish+Community&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acjna.org%2Facjna%2Farticles_detail.aspx%3Fid%3D300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKWEpS45Qt8C&pg=PA77">Benito Mussolini By Jeremy Roberts</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acerbi2011-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Acerbi2011_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acerbi2011_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acerbi2011_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acerbi2011_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acerbi2011_81-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuseppe_Acerbi2011" class="citation book cs1">Giuseppe Acerbi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJ9qbG1aoNYC&pg=PA33">Le leggi antiebraiche e razziali italiane ed il ceto dei giuristi</a>. Giuffrè Editore. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-14-15571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-14-15571-0"><bdi>978-88-14-15571-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+leggi+antiebraiche+e+razziali+italiane+ed+il+ceto+dei+giuristi&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Giuffr%C3%A8+Editore&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-14-15571-0&rft.au=Giuseppe+Acerbi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJ9qbG1aoNYC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy2005-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy2005_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy2005_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy2005_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Levy2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard S. Levy (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA585">Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 585–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice+and+Persecution&rft.pages=585-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rft.au=Richard+S.+Levy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdn6FFZklkcC%26pg%3DPA585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrera2003" class="citation journal cs1">Barrera, Giulia (2003). "Mussolini's colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana (1935-41)". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 8 (3): 425–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09585170320000113770">10.1080/09585170320000113770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145516332">145516332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Italian+Studies&rft.atitle=Mussolini%27s+colonial+race+laws+and+state-settler+relations+in+Africa+Orientale+Italiana+%281935-41%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-443&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09585170320000113770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145516332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barrera&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luzzatto2008-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luzzatto2008_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luzzatto2008_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luzzatto2008_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergio_Luzzatto2008" class="citation news cs1">Sergio Luzzatto (5 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/cultura/08_novembre_05/pio_xi_razzismo_africa_a41cd658-aaef-11dd-8f4b-00144f02aabc.shtml">"Pio XI e quel razzismo d'Africa"</a>. Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Pio+XI+e+quel+razzismo+d%27Africa&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft.au=Sergio+Luzzatto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcultura%2F08_novembre_05%2Fpio_xi_razzismo_africa_a41cd658-aaef-11dd-8f4b-00144f02aabc.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mvismadamato-85"><a href="#cite_ref-mvismadamato_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413120406/http://www.istoreto.it/amis/schede.asp?id=7&idsch=108">"Il madamato"</a>. Museo virtuale delle intolleranze e degli stermini. Istituto Piemontese per la Storia della Resistenza e della Società Contemporanea "Giorgio Agosti". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istoreto.it/amis/schede.asp?id=7&idsch=108">the original</a> on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+virtuale+delle+intolleranze+e+degli+stermini&rft.atitle=Il+madamato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoreto.it%2Famis%2Fschede.asp%3Fid%3D7%26idsch%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-treccani_manifesto-86"><a href="#cite_ref-treccani_manifesto_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/manifesto-della-razza_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/">"Manifesto della Razza"</a>. Dizionario di Storia (2011). Treccani. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dizionario+di+Storia+%282011%29&rft.atitle=Manifesto+della+Razza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmanifesto-della-razza_%2528Dizionario-di-Storia%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1999-87"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1999_87-0">^</a> Claudio G. Segrè. Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999, p. 346. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520071995" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520071995">978-0520071995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HayesRoth2010-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HayesRoth2010_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HayesRoth2010_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HayesRoth2010_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_HayesJohn_K._Roth2010" class="citation book cs1">Peter Hayes; John K. Roth (25 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KH2zGz6gYBsC&pg=PA89">The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies</a>. Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 89–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9"><bdi>978-0-19-921186-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=89-&rft.pub=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.date=2010-11-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921186-9&rft.au=Peter+Hayes&rft.au=John+K.+Roth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKH2zGz6gYBsC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy2005-roundup-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy2005-roundup_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy2005-roundup_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Levy2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard S. Levy (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA518">Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 518–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice+and+Persecution&rft.pages=518-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rft.au=Richard+S.+Levy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdn6FFZklkcC%26pg%3DPA518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/piusdef.html">"860,000 Lives Saved - the Truth About Pius XII & the Jews"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=860%2C000+Lives+Saved+-+the+Truth+About+Pius+XII+%26+the+Jews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fanti-semitism%2Fpiusdef.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedazione2013" class="citation web cs1">Redazione (4 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palermo.meridionews.it/articolo/20458/quando-mussolini-trasferi-tutti-i-funzionari-pubblici-nati-in-sicilia/">"Quando Mussolini trasferì tutti i funzionari pubblici nati in Sicilia... - MeridioNews"</a>. Palermo.meridionews.it. Retrieved 12 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quando+Mussolini+trasfer%C3%AC+tutti+i+funzionari+pubblici+nati+in+Sicilia...+-+MeridioNews&rft.pub=Palermo.meridionews.it&rft.date=2013-08-04&rft.au=Redazione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalermo.meridionews.it%2Farticolo%2F20458%2Fquando-mussolini-trasferi-tutti-i-funzionari-pubblici-nati-in-sicilia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiano1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ciano, Galeazzo (1999). Diario 1937-1943 (in Italian). Milano: Rizzoli. p. 542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8817115347" title="Special:BookSources/8817115347"><bdi>8817115347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diario+1937-1943&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8817115347&rft.aulast=Ciano&rft.aufirst=Galeazzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeaw1RPhilEC&dq=%22julius+evola%22+racism&pg=PA191">Mussolini's intellectuals: fascist social and political thought by Anthony James Gregor, Chapter 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rota2008-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rota2008_94-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRota2008" class="citation book cs1">Rota (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGwiln0yQC4C&pg=PA57">Intellettuali, dittatura, razzismo di stato</a>. FrancoAngeli. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-568-2094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-568-2094-2"><bdi>978-88-568-2094-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellettuali%2C+dittatura%2C+razzismo+di+stato&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=FrancoAngeli&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-568-2094-2&rft.au=Rota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGwiln0yQC4C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> J. Evola, Il Mistero del Graal e la tradizione ghibellina dell'Impero, Laterza, Bari, 1937, p. 182. Evola says also that this was precisely Preziosi's own view. It should also be noted that in speaking of a 'Masonic' conspiracy in such texts, 'Masonic' was often a code word for a secret lobby containing prominent secularized Jewish businessmen. The point is underscored by a recent controversy in Italy where a priest used the word Masonic-Jewish lobby, and, in reaction to a public outcry, subsequently changed the reference to 'Masonic', which however retains the old ambiguity in Fascist usage. See 'Don Gelmini, prima attacca poi rettifica', in La Repubblica, 5/8/2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vergata2005-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Vergata2005_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonello_La_Vergata2005" class="citation book cs1">Antonello La Vergata (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8ltXCMQRHQC&pg=PA189">Guerra e darwinismo sociale</a>. Rubbettino Editore. pp. 189–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-498-1458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-498-1458-3"><bdi>978-88-498-1458-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+e+darwinismo+sociale&rft.pages=189-&rft.pub=Rubbettino+Editore&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-498-1458-3&rft.au=Antonello+La+Vergata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8ltXCMQRHQC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvana_Patriarca_and_Valeria_Deplano2018" class="citation book cs1">Silvana Patriarca and Valeria Deplano (24 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/nation-race-and-racisms-in-twentiethcentury-italy/CDDB2FFC381AD2119FC722E71847054E">Nation, 'race', and racisms in twentieth-century Italy</a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation%2C+%27race%27%2C+and+racisms+in+twentieth-century+Italy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.au=Silvana+Patriarca+and+Valeria+Deplano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-italy%2Farticle%2Fnation-race-and-racisms-in-twentiethcentury-italy%2FCDDB2FFC381AD2119FC722E71847054E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUMC-98"><a href="#cite_ref-EUMC_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erinnern.at/bundeslaender/oesterreich/e_bibliothek/antisemitismus-1/431_anti-semitism_in_the_european_union.pdf">"Manifestations of anti-Semitism in the European Union"</a> (PDF). EUMC. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manifestations+of+anti-Semitism+in+the+European+Union&rft.pub=EUMC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erinnern.at%2Fbundeslaender%2Foesterreich%2Fe_bibliothek%2Fantisemitismus-1%2F431_anti-semitism_in_the_european_union.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/2215-FRA-2012-Antisemitism-update-2011_EN.pdf">"Antisemitism Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001–2011"</a> (PDF). FRA. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/italy.htm">the original</a> on 19 November 2012. 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Retrieved February 12, 2017. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922225440/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/108/59/PDF/G0710859.pdf?OpenElement">Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on his visit to Italy</a> 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/italy_t4_cerd_72.pdf">CERD Concluding observations on Italy</a>, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617233116/http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/ITA-CbC-III-2006-19-ENG.pdf">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance — 3rd report on Lithuania</a>, 2006</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Racism in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Finland" title="Racism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iceland" title="Racism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Latvia" title="Racism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Lithuania" title="Racism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Norway" title="Racism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sweden" title="Racism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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