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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fairies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sprites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sprites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghosts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghosts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ghosts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghosts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Demons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_creatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_creatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Animal creatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_creatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Magic items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Other tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_heroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_heroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Folk heroes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_heroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Folk dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture of Italy</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Italy">Italian Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Folk music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua" title="Cuisine of Mantua">Mantuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a> (7 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Day_of_the_Exiles_and_Foibe" title="National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe">National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe</a> (10 February)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a> (17 March)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a> (25 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Republic Day</a> (2 June)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a> (4 November)</li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Italy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Italy" title="Protestantism in Italy">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Italy" title="Baháʼí Faith in Italy">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Italy" title="Hinduism in Italy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Italy" title="Irreligion in Italy">Irreligiosity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture of Italy">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Comics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Italy">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Italy" title="List of magazines in Italy">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Italy" title="List of newspapers in Italy">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Italy" title="List of radio stations in Italy">Radio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Italy" title="Football in Italy">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy" title="Athletics in Italy">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Italy" title="Baseball in Italy">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Italy" title="Rugby union in Italy">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_in_Italy" title="Tennis in Italy">Tennis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Italy">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_in_Italy" title="Category:Monuments and memorials in Italy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Italy">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Italy">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Italy">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">National day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">National monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">National personification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Cultura" title="Istituto Italiano di Cultura">Italian Cultural Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society" title="Dante Alighieri Society">Dante Alighieri Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Befana1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Befana1.jpg/220px-Befana1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Befana1.jpg/330px-Befana1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Befana1.jpg/440px-Befana1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>A wooden puppet depicting the <a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Folklore of Italy</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends">urban legends</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Within the Italian territory, various people have followed each other over time, each of which has left its mark on current culture. Some tales also come from <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>, especially those concerning <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">demons</a>, which are sometimes recognized by Christian <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a>. Italian folklore also includes the genre of the <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> (where the term itself was born<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk heroes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figures_and_Heroes_of_Italian_folklore">Figures and Heroes of Italian folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Figures and Heroes of Italian folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of the folklore figures who have animated Italian folk tales since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_characters">Traditional characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Italian folklore, the <a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a> is an old woman who <a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">delivers gifts to children</a> throughout Italy on <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany Eve</a> (the night of January 5) in a similar way to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Magi Kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate_Guide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate_Guide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular belief is that her name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphany (Christian)">Epiphany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Festa dell'Epifania</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Italian_Link_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italian_Link-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Santa Lucia</i> is a holy woman who delivers gifts to children of <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and province on 13 December, again like <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate_Guide_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate_Guide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/220px-Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/330px-Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/440px-Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Folkloristic reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Death" title="Company of Death">Company of Death</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Giussano" title="Alberto da Giussano">Alberto da Giussano</a> who is preparing to carry out the <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">charge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palio_di_Legnano" title="Palio di Legnano">Palio di Legnano</a> 2014</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Giussano" title="Alberto da Giussano">Alberto da Giussano</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">legendary character</a> of the 12th century who would have participated, as a protagonist, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> on 29 May 1176.<sup id="cite_ref-tre_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, according to historians, the actual military leader of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> in the famous military battle with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Landriano" title="Guido da Landriano">Guido da Landriano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Mommotti</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> tradition they represent an imaginary figure used to frighten children. Sometimes they are associated with the boogeyman or with an evil ogre and their job is to take away children who do not behave well.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></i> were linked to a pagan-shamanic peasant cult based on the fertility of the land widespread in Friuli around the 16th-17th century. These were small congregations that worked to protect villages and the crops from the evil intervention of witches.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bombasìn</i> is a monstrous character of the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Polesine" title="Polesine">Polesine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a>. Traditionally linked to the customs of Brusavecia and Carnival, the character has the appearance of an angry bull, and represents the most ferocious and wild side of human nature. Sometimes he is accompanied on parades by peasants who hold him in check with a chain, while the Bombasìn scares young and old in its path. Its name derives from cotton wool, a word that in turn derives from the Greek word for cotton, a material used to build the large black matel that wraps the Bombasìn. More recent tales connect him to the mythical character of King Hadrian and to the Gnomes of Polesine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Strego</i> is a character of the popular tradition of <a href="/wiki/Garfagnana" title="Garfagnana">Garfagnana</a>. Unlike classic witches and sorcerers, dedicated to various exercises of witchcraft and aimed exclusively at procuring evil for people, the witch seems to have a more ambiguous attitude as it is usually disinterested in other human beings preferring to gather in groups to perform non-religious ceremonies. well identified.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Orcolat</i> is a monstrous being that popular tradition indicates as the cause of the earthquakes in <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>. The Orcolat is a recurring figure especially in the tales of the popular tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Maskinganna</i>, literally "master of deceptions", was a legendary character of Sardinian folklore who enjoyed making fun of sleeping people making them awaken in terror.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Pettenedda</i> is a mythical creature that belongs to the Sardinian tradition and that would live in wells. The legend was probably invented by mothers to scare children and keep them away from wells.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Giuf%C3%A0" title="Giufà">Giufà</a></i> is referred to in some areas of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashliman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashliman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a "village fool", whose actions and words usually serve to provide a moral message.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashliman_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashliman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Marranghino</i> is a fictional character of <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Lucanian</a> folklore. Its myth shares common traits with that of <i>Monachicchio</i>, and is particularly widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Matera" title="Province of Matera">province of Matera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Sa Mama 'e su Sole</i> ("the Mother of the Sun"), is a fantastic creature of the Sardinian tradition used to scare children who did not want to go to sleep on summer afternoons, when the sun was too strong.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Babau</i> (more rarely <i>Babao</i>, <i>Barabao</i> or <i>Bobo</i>) is in Italian folklore and other European regions, an imaginary monster with undefined characteristics that is traditionally invoked to scare children.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Orco</a></i> (Ogre in Italian) is a fairy-tale character probably derived from Orcus of Roman mythology, an evil imaginary humanoid monster of enormous tonnage and with an irascible temperament, devouring human flesh, especially children.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witches">Witches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Witches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Targa_sulla_torre_-_Sonico_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Targa_sulla_torre_-_Sonico_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Targa_sulla_torre_-_Sonico_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Targa_sulla_torre_-_Sonico_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Targa_sulla_torre_-_Sonico_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Targa_sulla_torre_-_Sonico_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Targa_sulla_torre_-_Sonico_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica_witch_trials" title="Val Camonica witch trials">Val Camonica witch trials</a>. Translation of the inscription: "In memory of the Federici di Sonico accused of heresy and of the victims of the burnings for witchcraft in the 16th century in <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a>".</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i>Cogas</i> or <i>Bruxas</i>, in Sardinian traditions, are witches with the appearance of an old woman, having the ability to assume any shape and size, both animal and vegetable or even of people; that's why they are dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Janare</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> popular belief, especially in the peasant one, are the witches of Benevento whose terrible misdeeds are told.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Majare</i> are the witches of the popular culture of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Pantàsema</i> is an ancient female figure linked to the agricultural rites of the pagan culture of <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>, particularly present in the <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> territories.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica_witch_trials" title="Val Camonica witch trials">witches of Valcamonica</a> were persecuted between the 16th century in the <a href="/wiki/Valcamonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Valcamonica">Valcamonica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Borda_(legendary_creature)" title="Borda (legendary creature)">Borda</a></i> belong to the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It is a sort of witch that appears, blindfolded and horrible, both at night and on foggy days and kills anyone who has the misfortune to meet her. It is a <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of the fear related to <a href="/wiki/Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamps">swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshlands">marshlands</a>, and to ponds and canals, invoked by adults to scare children and keep them away from such potentially dangerous places.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Masca</i> is an important figure in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmontese</a> folklore and popular belief, which attributes to her supernatural faculties handed down from mother to daughter or from grandmother to granddaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Bàsura</i>, a witch of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> folklore whose tradition is widespread above all in the West, is bad, according to folklores.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the legend, she is the witch who lives in the <a href="/wiki/Toirano_Caves" title="Toirano Caves">Toirano Caves</a> (otherwise known as the <i>Grotte della Strega</i>, "caves of witch"); the legend developed when, after the discovery of the caves, all the labyrinths were closed, and the wind made strange noises. Legend has it that the <i>Bàsura</i> does not want anyone to enter its caves.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Giubiana" title="Giubiana">Giubiana</a></i> is a witch of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombard</a> and Piedmontese folklore, often thin, with very long legs and red stockings. It lives in the woods and thanks to its long legs, it never sets foot on the ground, but moves from tree to tree. So he observes all those who enter the woods and frightens them, especially the children.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Maciara</i> is a person to whom magical powers are attributed by the popular culture of Southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairies">Fairies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fairies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i>Janas</i> were the fairies of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> folklore. They lived in the so-called Domus de Janas, which were actually rock-cut tombs. According to other legends, they lived on top of the <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">nurhags</a> and spent their time weaving with a gold loom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Domus de Janas can be visited in the coastal area of Villasimius near Riso Beach, not far from the marina. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Anguana</i> or <i>Agana</i> or <i>Longana</i> is an aquatic nymph belonging to <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> mythology, also widespread in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, and which is also spoken of in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Marmore_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmore Falls">Marmore Falls</a>, in which it would live and/or refresh itself daily. There is also talk of this fairy in <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> (in the area of the Tuscan-Emilian <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>. As an aquatic nymph it lives only in fresh waters, such as lakes, rivers, streams, waterfalls or streams.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Bella 'mbriana</i>, in the popular belief of the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a> people, is the spirit of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprites">Sprites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sprites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munaciello.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Munaciello.png/220px-Munaciello.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Munaciello.png/330px-Munaciello.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Munaciello.png/440px-Munaciello.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Monaciello" title="Monaciello">Monaciello</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i>Buffardello</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">sprite</a> present in the popular tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lucca" title="Province of Lucca">province of Lucca</a> and in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Garfagnana" title="Garfagnana">Garfagnana</a> but also of the <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa-Carrara" title="Province of Massa-Carrara">province of Massa-Carrara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Gnefro</i> is a sprite of the popular culture of the city of <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valnerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valnerina (page does not exist)">Valnerina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Muddittu</i> is a sprite of the popular culture of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Mazzamurello</i> or <i>Mazzamaurello</i> is a sprite of the folkloric-fairytale tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Laurieddu</i> is a malignant sprite of the folkloric imaginary of <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Lenghelo</i> is a goblin or sprite present in the popular tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Castelli_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castelli Romani">Castelli Romani</a> which has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Linchetto</i> is a sprite present in the popular tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lucca" title="Province of Lucca">province of Lucca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mazap%C3%A9gul" title="Mazapégul">Mazapégul</a></i> is a mischievous nocturnal <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elf</a> in the folklore of <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riminitoday_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riminitoday-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known for disrupting sleep and tormenting beautiful young girls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Mazaròl</i> is a sprite of the folkloric-fairytale tradition of <a href="/wiki/Dolomiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolomiti">Dolomiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Monachicchio</i> is a sprite present in the popular tradition of <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Monaciello" title="Monaciello">Monaciello</a></i> is a legendary sprite from the ancient folklore of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. Monaciello, which means "little <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>, is typically a benevolent man, short and stocky, dressed in a long monk's robe with a broad hood.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Squasc</i> is a mythological being from the folklore of eastern <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-milanofree_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milanofree-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Tummà</i> is a sprite present in the popular tradition of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghosts">Ghosts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ghosts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corridoio_Azzurrina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Corridoio_Azzurrina.JPG/220px-Corridoio_Azzurrina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Corridoio_Azzurrina.JPG/330px-Corridoio_Azzurrina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Corridoio_Azzurrina.JPG/440px-Corridoio_Azzurrina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The corridor of the castle of Montebello, in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rimini" title="Province of Rimini">province of Rimini</a>, presumed home of the ghost of <i>Azzurina</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i>Confinati</i> or the <i>Anime Confinate</i> are mythical figures widespread in the popular traditions of north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> valleys, <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-milanofree_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milanofree-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Pandafeca</i> is a dreamlike manifestation, commonly widespread in the imaginary of the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to legend, <i>Azzurrina</i> was the daughter of a certain Ugolinuccio di Montebello, lord of Montebello, in the modern <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rimini" title="Province of Rimini">province of Rimini</a>, in the mid-14th century. According to the folktale, she would have mysteriously disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Bianca di Collalto</i> tells of a young maid who was walled up alive due to the jealousy of her mistress. His ghost appears to the members of the <a href="/wiki/Collalto_family" title="Collalto family">Collalto family</a> to announce joys or misfortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Guria</i>, is a spirit of the popular tradition of <a href="/wiki/Barletta" title="Barletta">Barletta</a> that inhabits the houses, often identified as the "spirit of the house".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demons">Demons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Incubus.jpg/220px-Incubus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Incubus.jpg/330px-Incubus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Incubus.jpg/440px-Incubus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aamon" title="Aamon">Aamon</a> is a Grand <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> who governs 40 infernal legions, and the 7th spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Goetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Goetia">Goetia</a>. He is the demon of life and reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal" title="Dictionnaire Infernal">Dictionnaire Infernal</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collin de Plancy">Collin de Plancy</a>, he commands 40 legions of demons and carries the title of Prince.</li> <li><i>Su Ammuntadore</i> or <i>Ammuntadori</i> is a creature of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> mythology that would attack people in their sleep through nightmares.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Maimone</i> or <i>Mamuthone</i> is a divinity of nature current in the mythology and culture of Sardinia. He was transformed, with the advent of Christianity, into a demon.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a> is a horned, <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> figure in Central and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> who, during the Christmas season, scares children who have misbehaved. Krampus acts as an anti–<a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>, who, instead of giving gifts to good children, gives warnings and punishments to the bad children.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krampus belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Alpine_traditions" title="Pre-Christian Alpine traditions">Pre-Christian Alpine traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a> is a demon in male form in folklore that seeks to have sexual intercourse with sleeping women. In medieval Europe, union with an incubus was supposed by some to result in the birth of witches, demons, and deformed human offspring. Parallels exist in many cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter Stephens alleges in "Demon Lovers", some traditions hold that repeated sexual activity with an incubus or succubus may result in the deterioration of health, an impaired mental state, or even death.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a> is a demon or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> entity in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, in female form, that appears in dreams to <a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">seduce</a> men, usually through <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Religious_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious tradition">religious traditions</a>, repeated sexual activity with a succubus can cause poor physical or mental health, even death.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern representations, a succubus is often depicted as a beautiful seductress or <a href="/wiki/Magician_(supernatural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (supernatural)">enchantress</a>, rather than as demonic or frightening.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_creatures">Animal creatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Animal creatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caladrius_royal_MS_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Caladrius_royal_MS_12.jpg/220px-Caladrius_royal_MS_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Caladrius_royal_MS_12.jpg/330px-Caladrius_royal_MS_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Caladrius_royal_MS_12.jpg/440px-Caladrius_royal_MS_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caladrius" title="Caladrius">Caladrius</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civate_San_Pietro_Apocalisse_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Civate_San_Pietro_Apocalisse_07.JPG/220px-Civate_San_Pietro_Apocalisse_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Civate_San_Pietro_Apocalisse_07.JPG/330px-Civate_San_Pietro_Apocalisse_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Civate_San_Pietro_Apocalisse_07.JPG/440px-Civate_San_Pietro_Apocalisse_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption><i>Tarantasio</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Catalogue_MAN_Napoli_Inv120177_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fish_Catalogue_MAN_Napoli_Inv120177_n02.jpg/220px-Fish_Catalogue_MAN_Napoli_Inv120177_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fish_Catalogue_MAN_Napoli_Inv120177_n02.jpg/330px-Fish_Catalogue_MAN_Napoli_Inv120177_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fish_Catalogue_MAN_Napoli_Inv120177_n02.jpg/440px-Fish_Catalogue_MAN_Napoli_Inv120177_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption><i>Ozena</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisso_galeto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bisso_galeto.jpg/220px-Bisso_galeto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bisso_galeto.jpg/330px-Bisso_galeto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Bisso_galeto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Bisso Galeto</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythical</a> creature of the <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">southern central Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thyrus, the dragon of <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>, is one of the most famous dragons of Italian folklore, a river dragon that besieged Terni in the Middle Ages. One day, a young and brave knight of the noble House of Cittadini, tired of witnessing the death of his fellow citizens and the depopulation of Terni, faced the dragon and killed it. From that day, the town assumed the creature in its coat of arms, accompanied by a Latin inscription: "<i>Thyrus et amnis dederunt signa Teramnis</i>" ("Thyrus and the river gave their insignia to Terni"), that stands under the banner of the town of Terni, honoring this legend.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ferocious Beast, an enormous animal similar to a wolf. It ate pets and children and terrorized <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> during the 1790s and the Milanese organized a hunt against it. After months they killed the Ferocious Beast and displayed its body at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>; but it is no longer there and has been missing for decades. Informal sources claim it was stolen, destroyed during World War II, or removed specifically by German actions during that war.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Caladrius" title="Caladrius">Caladrius</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, is a snow-white bird that lives in the king's house.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Tarantasio</i> is the name of a legendary dragon that terrorized the inhabitants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gerundo_Lake" title="Gerundo Lake">Gerundo Lake</a> (now dried up), in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. This mythological animal was believed to devour children, destroy boats, and with its pestilential breath, soak up the air and cause a strange disease called yellow fever.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_A_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_A-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Catoblepas" title="Catoblepas">Catoblepas</a> is a legendary creature described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a>. In ancient Greek and Roman mythology he was an "African quadruped, depicted with his heavy head always lowered to the ground".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Amphisbaena" title="Amphisbaena">Amphisbaena</a> is a mythical snake with two heads, one at each extremity of the body, and eyes that shine like lamps. The amphesibena as a mythological and legendary creature has been cited by <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erchitu" title="Erchitu">Erchitu</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian</a> tradition. According to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, a man who committed a serious fault would turn on <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> nights into a white <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">ox</a> with two large horns.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Marroca</i> is a mythical animal which, according to peasant belief, lives essentially in the wetlands of the countryside of the <a href="/wiki/Valdichiana" title="Valdichiana">Valdichiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Ozena</i> is a legendary octopus described by Pliny the Elder and its name means "stinking octopus" due to its unpleasant smell. Most of the ozenas were small in size and remained at the bottom of the sea. In rare cases, some larger species attacked and ate humans.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Badalischio</i>, it is said that this monster was born in the Gorga Nera, a small lake near the source of the Borbotto (<a href="/wiki/Foreste_Casentinesi,_Monte_Falterona,_Campigna_National_Park" title="Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park">Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, he is endowed with a deadly poison.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Caddos birdes</i> were fantastic creatures of Sardininian folklore, which appeared in the form of small horses with green skins very rare and very difficult to spot.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Serpente regolo</i> or <i>Regulus</i> is a fantastic animal of the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabina_(region)" title="Sabina (region)">Sabine</a> traditions. It would be a large snake with a head "as big as that of a child", which lives in the scrublands, fields and ravines of the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Biddrina</i> is a large aquatic snake which, according to legend, lives in the wetlands of the countryside of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">province of Caltanissetta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jaculus" title="Jaculus">Jaculus</a> is a small mythical <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>. It can be shown with wings and sometimes has front legs. It is also sometimes known as the javelin snake. It was said that the jaculus hid in the trees and sprang out at its victims. The force of it launching itself at the victim led to the association with javelins.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> described it as follows: "The jaculus darts from the branches of trees; and it is not only to our feet that the serpent is formidable, for these fly through the air even, just as though they were hurled from an engine."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a> also describes the attack of the jaculus in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Pharsalia</a></i>.</li> <li>In the folklore of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, more precisely of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, the <i>Gata Carogna</i> is a monstrous animal which would infest the dark alleys of the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She looks like a large red cat, with shaggy fur and an angry look, who would attack children to steal their souls.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatto_mammone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gatto mammone (page does not exist)">Gatto mammone</a></i> is a fictional monster of popular Italian folklore, in the form of a huge terrifying-looking cat.<sup id="cite_ref-Cresti_2012_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cresti_2012-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a cat would have been dedicated to frightening the grazing herds and would have had demonic movements and expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cry would be a cross between a roar and a meow. The monster would be so stealthy as to attack unsuspecting victims and tear them to pieces without leaving even the bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Cresti_2012_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cresti_2012-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Gigiàtt</i> is, in Lombard folklore traditions, a deer of enormous proportions that feeds on hikers and travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Scultone</i>, in Sardinian popular belief, was a dragon-like creature that killed men and animals near <a href="/wiki/Baunei" title="Baunei">Baunei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Bisso Galeto</i> is a legendary creature of the <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Veronese</a> valleys. It has the body and head of a rooster, with a large red crest, wings full of spines and a snake's tail. Its normal size is quite small, making it similar to a small snake, but the Bisso Galeto can increase and decrease the length of its body at its will.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tatzelwurm" title="Tatzelwurm">Tatzelwurm</a> is a legendary creature of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, described as a lizard with only four or two short legs and a stubby tail.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magic_items">Magic items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Magic items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i>Scrixoxiu</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> traditions, is a casket belonging to a spirit of a deceased family member.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Libro del comando</i> is the name by which the black magic texts containing the description of the methods to know and distinguish benign and evil spirits were indicated, as well as the magic formulas to invoke their intervention, in order to obtain their help for means of "responses and revelations", the circulation of which was fought by authority.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Libro del Cinquecento</i> or <i>Libru do cincucentu</i> is a legendary book that would be kept in <a href="/wiki/Ficarra" title="Ficarra">Ficarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Legend has it that it was a magic book that contained formulas that made it possible to overcome all problems.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tales">Other tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg%27_(Christopher_Columbus)_by_William_Hogarth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg%27_%28Christopher_Columbus%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg/220px-Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg%27_%28Christopher_Columbus%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg%27_%28Christopher_Columbus%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg/330px-Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg%27_%28Christopher_Columbus%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg%27_%28Christopher_Columbus%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg/440px-Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg%27_%28Christopher_Columbus%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Breaking_the_Egg" title="Columbus Breaking the Egg">Columbus Breaking the Egg</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrofa_semilanuta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Scrofa_semilanuta.jpg/220px-Scrofa_semilanuta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Scrofa_semilanuta.jpg/330px-Scrofa_semilanuta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Scrofa_semilanuta.jpg/440px-Scrofa_semilanuta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Bas relief representing the <i><a href="/wiki/Scrofa_semilanuta" title="Scrofa semilanuta">scrofa semilanuta</a></i> on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Ragione,_Milan" title="Palazzo della Ragione, Milan">Palazzo della Ragione, Milan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etruscan-Roman_reservoir_in_Chiusi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Etruscan-Roman_reservoir_in_Chiusi.png/220px-Etruscan-Roman_reservoir_in_Chiusi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Etruscan-Roman_reservoir_in_Chiusi.png/330px-Etruscan-Roman_reservoir_in_Chiusi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Etruscan-Roman_reservoir_in_Chiusi.png/440px-Etruscan-Roman_reservoir_in_Chiusi.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Etruscan-Roman reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Chiusi" title="Chiusi">Chiusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, alleged <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lars_Porsena" title="Tomb of Lars Porsena">Tomb of Lars Porsena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catania_Gammazita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catania_Gammazita.jpg/220px-Catania_Gammazita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catania_Gammazita.jpg/330px-Catania_Gammazita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Catania_Gammazita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Access to the <i>Gammazita</i> well</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Egg_of_Columbus" title="Egg of Columbus">egg of Columbus</a> refers to a brilliant idea or discovery that seems simple or easy after the fact. The expression refers to an <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> story, dating from at least the 16th century, in which it is said that <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, having been told that finding a new trade route was inevitable and no great accomplishment, challenges his critics to make an <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">egg</a> stand on its tip. After his challengers give up, Columbus does it himself by tapping the egg on the table to flatten its tip. The story is often alluded to when discussing <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has also been used as the trade name of <a href="/wiki/Egg_of_Columbus_(tangram_puzzle)" title="Egg of Columbus (tangram puzzle)">a tangram puzzle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egg_of_Columbus_(mechanical_puzzle)" title="Egg of Columbus (mechanical puzzle)">several mechanical puzzles</a>. It also shows that anything can be done by anyone with the right set of skills; however, not everyone knows how to do it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cola_Pesce" title="Cola Pesce">Cola Pesce</a>, also known as <i>Pesce Cola</i> (i.e., Nicholas Fish) is an Italian folktale about a <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">merman</a>, mentioned in literature as early as the 12th century. Many variants and retellings have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known literary mention was by a 12th-century poet, Raimon Jordon of Provencal, who referred to a "Nichola de Bar" (Nicholas of Bari) who lived with the fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Scrofa_semilanuta" title="Scrofa semilanuta">scrofa semilanuta</a></i> is an ancient emblem of the city of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy, dating back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> — and, according to a local legend, to the very foundation of Milan. Several ancient sources (including <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Datius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Datius (page does not exist)">Datius</a>, and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Alciato" title="Andrea Alciato">Andrea Alciato</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-beretta_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beretta-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have argued that the <i>scrofa semilanuta</i> is connected to the etymology of the ancient name of Milan, <i><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></i>, and this is still occasionally mentioned in modern sources, although this interpretation has long been dismissed by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-beretta_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beretta-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to Italian tradition, the Days of the Blackbird are the last three days of January. Also according to tradition they would be the three coldest days of the year. According to tradition, the explanation of the phrase derives from a legend according to which, to shelter from the great cold, a blackbird and its chicks, originally white, took refuge inside a chimney, from which they emerged on February 1, all black because of the soot . From that day on, all the blackbirds were black.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to a popular Italian tradition, the Days of the Old Woman (or Lent Days) are the last three days of March, ie March 29, 30 and 31, in which it is believed that the cold of the recently finished winter often returns. : are considered the coldest days of spring. The Days of the Old Woman owe their name to an ancient popular legend: once, when March was only 28 days old, an old woman, now anticipating the warmth of spring, said: "March, now you can no longer harm me, because today it is already April and the Sun is already up! "; so it was that March, offended, asked for three more days in April and used it to bring the winter cold back to earth and make the old woman sick.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a>, also known as the "Abduction of the Sabine Women" or the "Kidnapping of the Sabine Women", was an incident in <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> in which the men of Rome committed a <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">mass abduction</a> of young women from the other cities in the region. It has been a frequent subject of painters and sculptors, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and post-Renaissance eras. The word "rape" (cognate with "rapto" in Portuguese and other Romance languages, meaning "kidnap") is the conventional translation of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">raptio</a></i></span> used in the ancient accounts of the incident. Modern scholars tend to interpret the word as "abduction" or "kidnapping" as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">sexual assault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_Oriente" title="Madonna Oriente">Madonna Oriente</a> is an Italian mythical figure, often mentioned in the trials held in cases of <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunt</a>. Connected to pagan cults, it has been placed side by side with the figures of <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a>. It could manifest itself in various forms, usually as a ghost or as a huntress, while at times it appeared as a beautiful girl who lived in the woods, dressed only in hair, with a look capable of bewitching people.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lars_Porsena" title="Tomb of Lars Porsena">Tomb of Lars Porsena</a> is a legendary ancient building in what is now central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> king <a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsena" title="Lars Porsena">Lars Porsena</a>. Allegedly built around 500 BCE at <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Chiusi" title="Chiusi">Chiusi</a>, in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>), and was described as follows by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Varro</a> (116–27 BCE). In the 18th century Angelo Cortenovis proposed that the tomb of Lars Porsena was a machine for conducting lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_and_Clarenza" title="Dina and Clarenza">Dina and Clarenza</a> are two women connected in legend with the historical siege of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> in August 1282. Dina and Clarenza, two Messinese women, were heroines who, in legend, opposed the assaults of the Angevin forces. The two women were standing guard on the wall. As soon as they saw the enemies, they did all they could to repel the attack. While Dina continually hurled rocks down on the enemy soldiers, Clarenza rang the bells in the <a href="/wiki/Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Messina" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Messina">Duomo</a>, from which she awakened the whole city. Thus the Messinese rushed to the defense of their city and repelled the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Catania" title="Heliodorus of Catania">Heliodorus of Catania</a> is a semi-legendary personage accused by his contemporaries of being a <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancer</a> practicing <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pietro Bailardo or Pietro Baialardo is a legendary character accused by his contemporaries of being a magician and necromancer in direct relationship with the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maria Puteolana is a semi-legendary figure in the history of <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a>. The only reference to this figure is provided by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a> who in 1341 with <a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert, King of Naples</a>, would have visited Pozzuoli in order to meet the "very famous <a href="/wiki/Virago" title="Virago">virago</a> Maria, later called Maria Puteolana".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pacciûgo</i> and <i>Pacciûga</i> are two figures remembered in two statues to which one of the oldest legends with a religious background in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> is linked.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Legend of San Pietro al Monte or the Legend of the White Boar of <a href="/wiki/Civate" title="Civate">Civate</a> wants to explain the foundation of the church of the same name as an act of devotion of the Lombard King <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gammazita</i> is a young girl, the protagonist of a <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> legend linked to the history of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Anjou" title="House of Valois-Anjou">Angevins</a> of Sicily. Its name was also given to a site in the historic center of the Sicilian city, a natural cavity called the well of Gammazita.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The beast of <a href="/wiki/Cusago" title="Cusago">Cusago</a> was a she-wolf who sowed panic during the summer of 1792 in the Cusago wood in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>. The animal, as it also happened in that period in similar cases in Lombardy, but also elsewhere, had become anthropophagous and killed and devoured several victims, always boys and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_heroes">Folk heroes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Folk heroes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_heroes" title="List of folk heroes">List of folk heroes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_Prima_Porta_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> created during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for the first time an administrative region <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called <i>Italia</i></a> with inhabitants called <i>Italicus Populus</i>; for this reason historians called him <i>Father of Italians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-domainmarket_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domainmarket-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/220px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/330px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/440px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> recorded his 24 years-long travels in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">Book of the Marvels of the World</a></i>, introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_(1520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/220px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/330px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/440px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> leads an expedition to the New World, 1492. <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">His voyages</a> are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">new era</a> in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_a_Marsala_(Gerolamo_Induno,_Italy,_1861).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Garibaldi_a_Marsala_%28Gerolamo_Induno%2C_Italy%2C_1861%29.png/220px-Garibaldi_a_Marsala_%28Gerolamo_Induno%2C_Italy%2C_1861%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Garibaldi_a_Marsala_%28Gerolamo_Induno%2C_Italy%2C_1861%29.png/330px-Garibaldi_a_Marsala_%28Gerolamo_Induno%2C_Italy%2C_1861%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Garibaldi_a_Marsala_%28Gerolamo_Induno%2C_Italy%2C_1861%29.png/440px-Garibaldi_a_Marsala_%28Gerolamo_Induno%2C_Italy%2C_1861%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> holding a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a>. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi is also known as the "<i>Hero of the Two Worlds</i>" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-sapere_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapere-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducetius" title="Ducetius">Ducetius</a> – he was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenized</a> leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> and founder of a united <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> state and numerous cities.<sup id="cite_ref-ducet_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ducet-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought he may have been born around the town of <a href="/wiki/Mineo" title="Mineo">Mineo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His story is told through the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> in the 1st century BCE, who drew on the work of <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(historian)" title="Timaeus (historian)">Timaeus</a>. He was a native Sicilian, but his education was Greek<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was very much influenced by Greek civilization in Sicily.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermocrates" title="Hermocrates">Hermocrates</a> – he was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracusan</a> general during the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenians</a>' <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a> in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. He is also remembered as a character in the <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i> dialogues of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. The first historical reference to Hermocrates comes from <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, where he appears at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gela" title="Congress of Gela">congress of Gela</a> in 424 BC giving a speech demanding the <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> Greeks stop their quarrelling and unite against the Athenians, who had been attacking the Sicilian cities for supporting <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> – he was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a> general and statesman. A member of the <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a>, Caesar led the Roman armies in the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> before defeating his political rival <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">a civil war</a>, and subsequently became <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> from 49 BC until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">his assassination</a> in 44 BC. He played a critical role in <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">the events that led to the demise of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. After assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. He gave <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizenship</a> to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> – he was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. Often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time, his greatest military achievement was the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a> in 202 BC. This victory in Africa earned him the epithet <i>Africanus</i>, literally meaning "the African," but meant to be understood as a conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>. Scipio Africanus is mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> since 1946.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. He reigned as the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">imperial cult</a>, as well as an era of <a href="/wiki/Regional_hegemony" title="Regional hegemony">imperial peace</a> (the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Pax Augusta</a></i></span>) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, expanding possessions in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, and completing the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, but he suffered <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">a major setback</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> and made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">networks of roads</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">official courier system</a>, established a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> as well as official <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigiles" title="Vigiles">fire-fighting services</a> for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus created during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for the first time an administrative region <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called <i>Italia</i></a> with inhabitants called <i>Italicus Populus</i>; for this reason historians called him <i>Father of Italians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-domainmarket_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domainmarket-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Giussano" title="Alberto da Giussano">Alberto da Giussano</a> – he is a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">legendary character</a> of the 12th century who would have participated, as a protagonist, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> on 29 May 1176.<sup id="cite_ref-tre_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, according to historians, the actual military leader of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> in the famous military battle with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Landriano" title="Guido da Landriano">Guido da Landriano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical analyses made over time have indeed shown that the figure of Alberto da Giussano never existed.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, historians, attempting to find a real confirmation, hypothesized the identification of his figure with <i>Albertus de Carathe</i> (Alberto da <a href="/wiki/Carate_Brianza" title="Carate Brianza">Carate</a>) and <i>Albertus Longus</i> (Alberto Longo), both among the Milanese who signed the pact in <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> in March 1167 which established the Lombard League, or in an Alberto da Giussano mentioned in an appeal of 1196 presented to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a> on the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Simpliciano" title="Basilica of San Simpliciano">church-hospital of San Sempliciano</a>. These, however, are all weak identifications, given that they lack clear and convincing historical confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-tre_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dizionario-Biografico_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dizionario-Biografico-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> – he was a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> merchant,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i> (also known as <i>Book of the Marvels of the World </i> and <i>Il Milione</i>, c. 1300), a book that described to Europeans the then mysterious culture and inner workings of the Eastern world, including the wealth and great size of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and China in the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>, giving their first comprehensive look into <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and other Asian cities and countries.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marco was appointed to serve as Khan's foreign emissary, and he was sent on many <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a> throughout the empire and Southeast Asia, such as in present-day <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rongguang_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rongguang-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of this appointment, Marco also travelled extensively inside China, living in the emperor's lands for 17 years and seeing many things that had previously been unknown to Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Arborea" title="Eleanor of Arborea">Eleanor of Arborea</a> – she was one of the most powerful and important, and one of the last, <a href="/wiki/Giudicato_of_Arborea" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicato of Arborea">judges</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Judgedom of Arborea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and Sardinia's most famous heroine.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also known for updating of the <a href="/wiki/Carta_de_Logu" title="Carta de Logu">Carta de Logu</a>, promulgated by her father <a href="/wiki/Marianus_IV_of_Arborea" title="Marianus IV of Arborea">Marianus IV</a> and revisited by her brother <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Arborea" title="Hugh III of Arborea">Hugh III</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a> – he was a <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> nobleman who became the first <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Sicily">Count of Sicily</a> from 1071 to 1101. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hauteville" title="House of Hauteville">House of Hauteville</a>, and his descendants in the male line continued to rule Sicily down to 1194. Roger was born in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, and came to southern Italy as a young man in 1057. He participated in several military expeditions against the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> beginning in 1061. He was invested with part of Sicily and the title of count by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Apulia">Duke of Apulia</a>, in 1071.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1090, he had conquered the entire island. In 1091, he <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">conquered</a> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. The state he created was merged with the Duchy of Apulia in 1127 and became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in 1130.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> was an explorer and navigator from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> who completed <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean</a> sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, opening the way for the widespread European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America. Columbus's expeditions inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization that lasted for centuries, thus bringing the Americas into the European sphere of influence. The transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> that followed his first voyage are known as the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>. These events and the effects which persist to the present are often cited as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> – he was an Italian general, patriot, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> and republican. He contributed to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">creation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of Italy's "<a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">fathers of the fatherland</a>", along with <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi is also known as the "<i>Hero of the Two Worlds</i>" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-sapere_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapere-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi became an international figurehead for national independence and republican ideals, and is considered by the twentieth-century historiography and popular culture as Italy's greatest <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">national hero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was showered with admiration and praise by many intellectuals and political figures, including <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(admiral)" title="William Brown (admiral)">William Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-le-citazioni.it_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-le-citazioni.it-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Sanctis" title="Francesco de Sanctis">Francesco de Sanctis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwida_von_Meysenbug" title="Malwida von Meysenbug">Malwida von Meysenbug</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Di_Mino_2011_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Mino_2011-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> called him "the only wholly admirable figure in modern history".<sup id="cite_ref-Parks_2007_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks_2007-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">red shirts</a> that his volunteers, the <i>Garibaldini</i>, wore in lieu of a uniform.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(politician)" title="Cesare Battisti (politician)">Cesare Battisti</a> – he was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> patriot, <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> politician and journalist of Austrian citizenship, who became a prominent <a href="/wiki/Italia_irredenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia irredenta">Italian irredentist</a> at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He was born the son of a merchant at <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, a city with a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>-speaking population, which at the time was part of the <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithanian</a> crown land of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. With Italy's entry into World War I following the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">London Pact</a>, though an Austrian citizen, Battisti fought against the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alpini" title="Alpini">Alpini Corps</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War I)">Italian Front</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a>, he and his 2nd Lt <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Filzi" title="Fabio Filzi">Fabio Filzi</a> were captured by the Austrian forces on 10 July 1916 and faced a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> in his hometown Trento at the <a href="/wiki/Castello_del_Buonconsiglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Castello del Buonconsiglio">Castello del Buonconsiglio</a>, charged with <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>. Though Battisti officially enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a>, he was sentenced to death by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">strangulation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a> – judges and prosecuting magistrates. From their office in the Palace of Justice in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, they spent most of his professional life trying to overthrow the power of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>. After a long and distinguished careers, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> in 1986–1987, Falcone was <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated">assassinated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Corleonesi_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corleonesi Mafia">Corleonesi Mafia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Capaci_bombing" title="Capaci bombing">Capaci bombing</a>, while Borsellino was <a href="/wiki/Via_D%27Amelio_bombing" title="Via D'Amelio bombing">killed by a car bomb in Via D'Amelio</a>. They were named as heroes of the last 60 years in the 13 November 2006 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of their tireless effort and sacrifice during the anti-mafia trials, they were both awarded the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_for_Civil_Valor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medal for Civil Valor">Gold Medal for Civil Valor</a> and were acknowledged as martyrs of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_dance">Folk dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Folk dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italian folk dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_saltarello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Il_saltarello.jpg/220px-Il_saltarello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Il_saltarello.jpg/330px-Il_saltarello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Il_saltarello.jpg/440px-Il_saltarello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italian folk dance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italian folk dance</a> has been an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> culture for centuries. Dance has been a continuous thread in Italian life from <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the advent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">tarantella</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, and the modern revivals of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> and dance. One of the earliest attempts to systematically collect folk dances is Gaspare Ungarelli's 1894 work <i>Le vecchie danze italiane ancora in uso nella provincia bolognese</i> ("Old Italian dances still in use in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bologna" title="Province of Bologna">province of Bologna</a>") which gives brief descriptions and music for some 30 dances.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibliographyof1979_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibliographyof1979-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s government set up the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Dopolavoro" title="Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro">Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro</a> (OND) or National Recreational Club as a means of promoting sports and cultural activities and one of its accomplishments was a wide survey of folk music and dance in Italy at that time. The work was published in 1931 as <i>Costumi, musica, danze e feste popolari italiane</i> ("Italian popular customs, music, dance and festivals"). In September 1945 OND was replaced by a new organization, the <i>Ente Nazionale Assistenza Lavoratori</i> (ENAL), headquartered in Rome. In partnership with the <a href="/wiki/International_Folk_Music_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="International Folk Music Council">International Folk Music Council</a>, ENAL sponsored a Congress and Festival in Venice September 7–11, 1949 which included many of the outstanding researchers in Italian folklore as well as folk dance and music groups from various Italian regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Entenazionale_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entenazionale-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gurzau1981_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurzau1981-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ENAL was dissolved in late 1978 but earlier in October 1970, the Italian folklore groups who had been members of ENAL set up a separate organization, which in 1978 became the <i>Federazione Italiana Tradizioni Populari</i> (FITP). The FITP publishes a newsletter and a scholarly publication <i>Il Folklore D'Italia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FederazioneItaliana_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FederazioneItaliana-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interest in preserving and fostering folk art, music and dance among <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> and the dedication and leadership of Elba Farabegoli Gurzau led to the formation of the Italian Folk Art Federation of America (IFAFA) in May 1979. The group sponsors an annual conference and has published a newsletter, <i>Tradizioni</i>, since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Welcometo_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welcometo-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG/220px-Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG/330px-Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG/440px-Italian_Folk_Musicians_in_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk musicians</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk music</a> has a deep and complex history. <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">National unification</a> came quite late to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, so its many hundreds of separate cultures remained un-homogenized until quite recently. Moreover, Italian folk music reflects Italy's geographic position at the south of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek music">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Music">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a> influences are readily apparent in the musical styles of the Italian regions. Italy's rough geography and the historic dominance of small <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city states</a> has allowed quite diverse musical styles to coexist in close proximity. </p><p>The Celtic and Slavic influences on the group and open-voice choral works of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> contrast with the Greek, Byzantine, and Arabic influenced strident <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a> these influences combine, while indigenous traditions like narrative and ballad singing remain. The music of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> is distinct from that of the rest of Italy, and is best known for the polyphonic chanting of the tenores. </p><p>The modern understanding of Italian folk music has its roots in the growth of <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a> in the 1940s and 1950s and in the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regionalism</a> in Italy at the time. The <a href="/wiki/Centro_Nazionale_di_Studi_di_Musica_Popolare" title="Centro Nazionale di Studi di Musica Popolare">Centro Nazionale di Studi di Musica Popolare</a> (CNSMP), now part of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia">Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia</a>, was started in 1948 to study and archive the various musical styles throughout Italy. The Italian <a href="/wiki/Folk_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk revival">folk revival</a> was accelerating by 1966, when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istituto_Ernesto_de_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istituto Ernesto de Martino (page does not exist)">Istituto Ernesto de Martino</a> was founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianni_Bosio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianni Bosio (page does not exist)">Gianni Bosio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to document Italian oral culture and traditional music. Today, Italy's folk music is often divided into several spheres of geographic influence, a classification system proposed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a> in 1956 and often repeated since.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italian folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanazione.it/montecatini/cronaca/le-fiabe-le-aveva-inventate-basile-la-verita-raccontata-da-giampieri-1.8476902/">"Giambattista Basile"</a> (in Italian). 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giambattista+Basile&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanazione.it%2Fmontecatini%2Fcronaca%2Fle-fiabe-le-aveva-inventate-basile-la-verita-raccontata-da-giampieri-1.8476902%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ultimate_Guide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_Guide_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_Guide_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlles2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judika_Illes" title="Judika Illes">Illes, Judika</a> (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses</i>. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135024-5"><bdi>978-0-06-135024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Spirits%3A+The+Ultimate+Guide+to+the+Magic+of+Fairies%2C+Genies%2C+Demons%2C+Ghosts%2C+Gods+%26+Goddesses&rft.pages=269&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-135024-5&rft.aulast=Illes&rft.aufirst=Judika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Viva La Befana". Transparent Language 6 Jan, 2009. 12 Dec, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian_Link-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Italian_Link_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italian-link.com/pages/labefana.shtml">"Italian Christmas tradition of "La Befana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Italian-Link.com</i>. 15 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italian-Link.com&rft.atitle=Italian+Christmas+tradition+of+%22La+Befana%22.&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italian-link.com%2Fpages%2Flabefana.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tre-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tre_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-da-giussano/">Alberto da Giussano</a> entry <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a></i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillo2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grillo, Paolo (2010). <i>Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà</i> [<i>Legnano 1176. A battle for freedom</i>] (in Italian). Laterza. pp. 157–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8"><bdi>978-88-420-9243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnano+1176.+Una+battaglia+per+la+libert%C3%A0&rft.pages=157-163&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-420-9243-8&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sardegnalive.net/news/in-sardegna/335228/il-mommotti-l-uomo-nero-della-tradizione-sarda-che-toglie-il-sonno-ai-bimbi-capricciosi">"Il "Mommotti": L'Uomo Nero Della Tradizione Sarda Che Toglie IL Sonno AI Bimbi Capricciosi"</a> [The "Mommotti": The Black Man of Sardinian Tradition Who Takes Sleep From Capricious Children] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+%22Mommotti%22%3A+L%27Uomo+Nero+Della+Tradizione+Sarda+Che+Toglie+IL+Sonno+AI+Bimbi+Capricciosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnalive.net%2Fnews%2Fin-sardegna%2F335228%2Fil-mommotti-l-uomo-nero-della-tradizione-sarda-che-toglie-il-sonno-ai-bimbi-capricciosi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benandanti.it/chi-siamo/">"Benandanti"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benandanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenandanti.it%2Fchi-siamo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorghese2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borghese, Giovanni (2022). <i>Racconti Ritrovati del Re Adriano</i> [<i>Rediscovered Tales of King Adriano</i>] (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8411152326" title="Special:BookSources/979-8411152326"><bdi>979-8411152326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racconti+Ritrovati+del+Re+Adriano&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-8411152326&rft.aulast=Borghese&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paolomarzi.blogspot.com/2015/06/lo-strego-la-macabra-storia-di-un.html">"Lo strego, la macabra storia di un essere tutto garfagnino"</a> [Lo strego, the macabre story of a being entirely from Garfagnana] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lo+strego%2C+la+macabra+storia+di+un+essere+tutto+garfagnino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaolomarzi.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F06%2Flo-strego-la-macabra-storia-di-un.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.triesteprima.it/social/leggenda-orcolat.html">"Leggende friulane: la storia dell'Orcolat e dei terremoti in Friuli Venezia Giulia"</a> [Friulian legends: the history of the Orcolat and the earthquakes in Friuli Venezia Giulia] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leggende+friulane%3A+la+storia+dell%27Orcolat+e+dei+terremoti+in+Friuli+Venezia+Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.triesteprima.it%2Fsocial%2Fleggenda-orcolat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sardegnalive.net/news/in-sardegna/337138/maskinganna-il-demone-ingannatore-sardo-che-popola-campagne-e-boschi">"Maskinganna. Il Demone Ingannatore Sardo Che Popola Campagne e Boschi"</a> [Maskinganna. The Sardinian Deceivering Demon Who Populates Countryside and Woods] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maskinganna.+Il+Demone+Ingannatore+Sardo+Che+Popola+Campagne+e+Boschi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnalive.net%2Fnews%2Fin-sardegna%2F337138%2Fmaskinganna-il-demone-ingannatore-sardo-che-popola-campagne-e-boschi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilnidodelcorvoblog.wordpress.com/2021/06/30/folklore-italiano-la-pettenedda-la-janara-e-il-buffardello/">"La Pettenedda, la Janara e il Buffardello"</a> [The Pettenedda, the Janara and the Buffardello] (in Italian). 30 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Pettenedda%2C+la+Janara+e+il+Buffardello&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filnidodelcorvoblog.wordpress.com%2F2021%2F06%2F30%2Ffolklore-italiano-la-pettenedda-la-janara-e-il-buffardello%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashliman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshliman" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._L._Ashliman" title="D. L. Ashliman">Ashliman, D. L.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type1558.html">"Eat, My Clothes!"</a>. <i>Clothes Make the Man - folktales of Aarne-Thompson type 1558 selected and edited by D. L. Ashliman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clothes+Make+the+Man+-+folktales+of+Aarne-Thompson+type+1558+selected+and+edited+by+D.+L.+Ashliman&rft.atitle=Eat%2C+My+Clothes%21&rft.aulast=Ashliman&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitt.edu%2F~dash%2Ftype1558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siviaggia.it/viaggi/fotonotizia/creature-leggendarie-italia-dove-incontrare-piu-strane/358098/">"Creature leggendarie d'Italia, dove "incontrare" le più strane"</a> (in Italian). 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creature+leggendarie+d%27Italia%2C+dove+%22incontrare%22+le+pi%C3%B9+strane&rft.date=2022-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiviaggia.it%2Fviaggi%2Ffotonotizia%2Fcreature-leggendarie-italia-dove-incontrare-piu-strane%2F358098%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cagliari.italiani.it/sa-mama-e-su-sole-e-le-madri-magiche-della-sardegna/">"Sa Mama e su Sole e le madri magiche della Sardegna"</a> [Sa Mama and su Sole and the magical mothers of Sardinia] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sa+Mama+e+su+Sole+e+le+madri+magiche+della+Sardegna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcagliari.italiani.it%2Fsa-mama-e-su-sole-e-le-madri-magiche-della-sardegna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unaparolaalgiorno.it/significato/babau">"Babàu"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bab%C3%A0u&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funaparolaalgiorno.it%2Fsignificato%2Fbabau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Marina. <i>Why do Ogres Eat Babies?</i>. SpringerLink. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-13816-6_18">10.1007/978-1-349-13816-6_18</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+do+Ogres+Eat+Babies%3F&rft.pub=SpringerLink&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-13816-6_18&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeandsardinia.altervista.org/le-streghe-in-sardegna-coga-bruxa-surbile-istria/">"Le streghe in Sardegna (coga, bruxa, sùrbile, istrìa)"</a> [The witches in Sardinia (coga, bruxa, sùrbile, istrìa)] (in Italian). December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+streghe+in+Sardegna+%28coga%2C+bruxa%2C+s%C3%B9rbile%2C+istr%C3%ACa%29&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeandsardinia.altervista.org%2Fle-streghe-in-sardegna-coga-bruxa-surbile-istria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanpage.it/napoli/la-leggenda-della-janara-la-strega-campana-da-tenere-lontana/">"La leggenda della Janara, la strega campana da tenere lontana"</a> [The legend of Janara, the bell witch to keep away] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+leggenda+della+Janara%2C+la+strega+campana+da+tenere+lontana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanpage.it%2Fnapoli%2Fla-leggenda-della-janara-la-strega-campana-da-tenere-lontana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesicilia.it/le-mahare-la-leggenda-delle-streghe-di-alicudi/">"Le "Mahare", la leggenda delle streghe di Alicudi"</a> [The "Mahare", the legend of the Alicudi witches] (in Italian). 2 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+%22Mahare%22%2C+la+leggenda+delle+streghe+di+Alicudi&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesicilia.it%2Fle-mahare-la-leggenda-delle-streghe-di-alicudi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cittadino.ca/2022/05/23/dalla-pantasema-allanguana-e-ai-benandanti/">"Dalla Pantàsema all'Anguana e ai Benandanti"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalla+Pant%C3%A0sema+all%27Anguana+e+ai+Benandanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcittadino.ca%2F2022%2F05%2F23%2Fdalla-pantasema-allanguana-e-ai-benandanti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cremonasera.it/il-personaggio/l-inquisitore-cremonese-e-le-streghe-di-valcamonica">"L'inquisitore cremonese e le streghe di Valcamonica"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27inquisitore+cremonese+e+le+streghe+di+Valcamonica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcremonasera.it%2Fil-personaggio%2Fl-inquisitore-cremonese-e-le-streghe-di-valcamonica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parcoforestecasentinesi.it/it/news/la-gorga-nera">"La Gorga Nera"</a> (in Italian). 5 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Gorga+Nera&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parcoforestecasentinesi.it%2Fit%2Fnews%2Fla-gorga-nera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mole24.it/2016/10/28/piemonte-magico-le-masche-streghe-del-folclore-piemontese/">"Le masche: streghe del Piemonte"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+masche%3A+streghe+del+Piemonte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmole24.it%2F2016%2F10%2F28%2Fpiemonte-magico-le-masche-streghe-del-folclore-piemontese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spondediboscomadre.com/2022/02/22/bazure-sagae-e-lengere-le-streghe-della-liguria/">"Bazure, sagae e lengere: le streghe della Liguria"</a> (in Italian). 22 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bazure%2C+sagae+e+lengere%3A+le+streghe+della+Liguria&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspondediboscomadre.com%2F2022%2F02%2F22%2Fbazure-sagae-e-lengere-le-streghe-della-liguria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geabracciali.com/festivita-pagane/festa-della-giubiana/">"FESTA DELLA GIUBIANA"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FESTA+DELLA+GIUBIANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeabracciali.com%2Ffestivita-pagane%2Ffesta-della-giubiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storieoggi.it/2017/08/01/una-maga-mi-guari-dal-mal-di-gola-ecco-la-maciara-indaffarata-lessico-della-magia-lucana-di-angelo-lucano-larotonda/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Una maga mi guarì": ecco la Maciara indaffarata, lessico della magia di Angelo Lucano Larotonda"</a> (in Italian). August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Una+maga+mi+guar%C3%AC%22%3A+ecco+la+Maciara+indaffarata%2C+lessico+della+magia+di+Angelo+Lucano+Larotonda&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storieoggi.it%2F2017%2F08%2F01%2Funa-maga-mi-guari-dal-mal-di-gola-ecco-la-maciara-indaffarata-lessico-della-magia-lucana-di-angelo-lucano-larotonda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nerocafe.net/almanacco-del-crepuscolo/janas-le-fate-della-sardegna/">"Janas, le fate della Sardegna"</a> (in Italian). 7 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janas%2C+le+fate+della+Sardegna&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnerocafe.net%2Falmanacco-del-crepuscolo%2Fjanas-le-fate-della-sardegna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sulmaresardegna.com/it/blog/33-villasimius-fra-domus-de-janas-e-nuraghi-non-solo-mare.html">"Villasimius fra Domus de Janas e nuraghi, non solo mare"</a> (in Italian). 6 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Villasimius+fra+Domus+de+Janas+e+nuraghi%2C+non+solo+mare&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sulmaresardegna.com%2Fit%2Fblog%2F33-villasimius-fra-domus-de-janas-e-nuraghi-non-solo-mare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danielarossisaviore.com/post/2015/10/13/il-canto-delle-aquane-le-ninfe-del-bosco">"Il canto delle Aquane, le ninfe del bosco"</a> (in Italian). 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+canto+delle+Aquane%2C+le+ninfe+del+bosco&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielarossisaviore.com%2Fpost%2F2015%2F10%2F13%2Fil-canto-delle-aquane-le-ninfe-del-bosco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salerno.occhionotizie.it/bella-mbriana-casa-spirito-credenze-popolari-napoli/">"La bella 'mbriana, la leggenda dello spirito buono della casa"</a> (in Italian). 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+bella+%27mbriana%2C+la+leggenda+dello+spirito+buono+della+casa&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalerno.occhionotizie.it%2Fbella-mbriana-casa-spirito-credenze-popolari-napoli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milanofree.it/milano/leggende/scopriamo-alcuni-folletti-che-popolano-i-nostri-boschi.html">"SCOPRIAMO ALCUNI FOLLETTI CHE POPOLANO I NOSTRI BOSCHI"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCOPRIAMO+ALCUNI+FOLLETTI+CHE+POPOLANO+I+NOSTRI+BOSCHI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milanofree.it%2Fmilano%2Fleggende%2Fscopriamo-alcuni-folletti-che-popolano-i-nostri-boschi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011141715/https://www.terniturismo.it/i-simboli-di-terni-la-cascata-delle-marmore-la-leggenda-dello-gnefro/">"I simboli di Terni: la Cascata delle Marmore e la leggenda dello Gnefro"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terniturismo.it/i-simboli-di-terni-la-cascata-delle-marmore-la-leggenda-dello-gnefro/">the original</a> on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+simboli+di+Terni%3A+la+Cascata+delle+Marmore+e+la+leggenda+dello+Gnefro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terniturismo.it%2Fi-simboli-di-terni-la-cascata-delle-marmore-la-leggenda-dello-gnefro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monstermovieitalia.com/2020/09/23/bestiario-italia-creature-leggendarie-sicilia/">"La tradizione sicula con le sue creature mitologiche e mostri paurosi"</a> (in Italian). 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+tradizione+sicula+con+le+sue+creature+mitologiche+e+mostri+paurosi&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonstermovieitalia.com%2F2020%2F09%2F23%2Fbestiario-italia-creature-leggendarie-sicilia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it.blastingnews.com/curiosita/2021/06/i-mazzamurelli-per-la-leggenda-vivrebbero-tra-lazio-e-abruzzo-003331782.html">"I Mazzamurelli: i piccoli "elfi" per la leggenda vivrebbero tra Lazio e Abruzzo"</a> [The Mazzamurelli: the little "elves" according to the legend would live between Lazio and Abruzzo] (in Italian). 15 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Mazzamurelli%3A+i+piccoli+%22elfi%22+per+la+leggenda+vivrebbero+tra+Lazio+e+Abruzzo&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.blastingnews.com%2Fcuriosita%2F2021%2F06%2Fi-mazzamurelli-per-la-leggenda-vivrebbero-tra-lazio-e-abruzzo-003331782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monstermovieitalia.com/2021/11/09/bestiario-italia-folklore-pugliese/comment-page-1/">"Orchi, sirene e folletti in un campionario della mitologia pugliese"</a> [Orcs, mermaids and goblins in a sample of Apulian mythology] (in Italian). 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orchi%2C+sirene+e+folletti+in+un+campionario+della+mitologia+pugliese&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonstermovieitalia.com%2F2021%2F11%2F09%2Fbestiario-italia-folklore-pugliese%2Fcomment-page-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castellitravel.eu/il_lenghelo_.html">"Il Lénghelo"</a> [The Lénghelo] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+L%C3%A9nghelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castellitravel.eu%2Fil_lenghelo_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loschermo.it/il-linchetto-lo-spirito-pestifero-dei-lucchesi/">"Il Linchetto: lo spirito pestifero dei lucchesi"</a> [The Linchetto: the pestiferous spirit of the people of Lucca] (in Italian). 11 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Linchetto%3A+lo+spirito+pestifero+dei+lucchesi&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loschermo.it%2Fil-linchetto-lo-spirito-pestifero-dei-lucchesi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romagnarepublic.it/territorio-e-storia/mazapegul-il-folletto-romagnolo-che-ha-fatto-dannare-i-nostri-nonni/">"Mazapegul: il folletto romagnolo che ha fatto dannare i nostri nonni"</a> [Mazapegul: The elf from Romagna who ruined our grandparents]. <i>Romagna Republic</i> (in Italian). 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=estense.com&rft.atitle=Mazap%C3%A8gul%2C+il+%27folletto+di+Romagna%27+al+Centro+Mercato&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.estense.com%2F2014%2F367708%2Fmazapegul-il-folletto-di-romagna-al-centro-mercato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuda2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cuda, Grazia (5 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilromagnolo.info/rubriche/tradizioni/e-mazapegul/">"E' Mazapégul"</a> [It's Mazapégul]. <i>Il Romagnolo</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Romagnolo&rft.atitle=E%27+Mazap%C3%A9gul&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft.aulast=Cuda&rft.aufirst=Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filromagnolo.info%2Frubriche%2Ftradizioni%2Fe-mazapegul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visittrentino.info/it/articoli/unesco-dolomiti/dolomiti/leggende-il-misterioso-mazarol">"Leggende delle Dolomiti: il Mazaròl"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leggende+delle+Dolomiti%3A+il+Mazar%C3%B2l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visittrentino.info%2Fit%2Farticoli%2Funesco-dolomiti%2Fdolomiti%2Fleggende-il-misterioso-mazarol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/monachicchio/">"Monachicchio"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monachicchio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmonachicchio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanpage.it/napoli/la-leggenda-del-munaciello-storia-del-piccolo-monaco/">"La leggenda del Munaciello: storia del "piccolo monaco" dispettoso"</a> [The Munaciello legend: story of the spiteful "little monk"] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+leggenda+del+Munaciello%3A+storia+del+%22piccolo+monaco%22+dispettoso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanpage.it%2Fnapoli%2Fla-leggenda-del-munaciello-storia-del-piccolo-monaco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milanofree-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-milanofree_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milanofree_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milanofree.it/milano/leggende/esseri-mostruosi-e-leggendari-in-terra-lombarda.html">"Esseri Mostruosi e Leggendari in Terra Lombarda"</a> [Monstrous and Legendary Beings in Lombard Land] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esseri+Mostruosi+e+Leggendari+in+Terra+Lombarda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milanofree.it%2Fmilano%2Fleggende%2Fesseri-mostruosi-e-leggendari-in-terra-lombarda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giornaledipuglia.com/2015/08/leggenda-del-folletto-tumma-bari.html">"Leggenda del folletto Tummà a Bari"</a> [Legend of the elf Tummà in Bari] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leggenda+del+folletto+Tumm%C3%A0+a+Bari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giornaledipuglia.com%2F2015%2F08%2Fleggenda-del-folletto-tumma-bari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chietitoday.it/social/pantafica-abruzzo-credenze-popolari-cos-e-rimedi.html">"La pantafica, lo spaventoso spettro notturno secondo la credenza popolare abruzzese"</a> [The pantafica, the frightening nocturnal specter according to Abruzzo popular belief] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+pantafica%2C+lo+spaventoso+spettro+notturno+secondo+la+credenza+popolare+abruzzese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chietitoday.it%2Fsocial%2Fpantafica-abruzzo-credenze-popolari-cos-e-rimedi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovetti2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Giovetti" class="extiw" title="it:Paola Giovetti">Giovetti, Paola</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span> (2001). <i>L'Italia dell'insolito e del mistero: 100 itinerari diversi</i> [<i>The Italy of the unusual and the mysterious: 100 different itineraries</i>] (in Italian). Edizioni Mediterranee. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+dell%27insolito+e+del+mistero%3A+100+itinerari+diversi&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Edizioni+Mediterranee&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Giovetti&rft.aufirst=Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collalto.info/bianca.htm">"Bianca di Collalto"</a> [Bianca from Collalto] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bianca+di+Collalto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collalto.info%2Fbianca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barletta.news24.city/2018/11/26/guria-scazzamuriello-la-curiosa-tradizione-barlettana/">"Guria o scazzamuriello, la curiosa tradizione Barlettana"</a> [Guria or scazzamuriello, the curious Barlettana tradition] (in Italian). 26 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guria+o+scazzamuriello%2C+la+curiosa+tradizione+Barlettana&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarletta.news24.city%2F2018%2F11%2F26%2Fguria-scazzamuriello-la-curiosa-tradizione-barlettana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBane2012" class="citation book cs1">Bane, Theresa (2012). <i>Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%27ammutadori%3A+La+millenaria+leggenda+sarda+Del+%22demone+Del+sonno%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnalive.net%2Fnews%2Fin-sardegna%2F333315%2Fs-ammutadori-la-millenaria-leggenda-sarda-del-demone-del-sonno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guarinoannalisainfo.wordpress.com/cultura/folclore/maimone/">"Il Popolo Shardana"</a> [The Shardana People] (in Italian). 10 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Haymon Verlag. p. 399.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCdtirol+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Haymon+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Forcher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Peterlini%2C+Hans+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/incubus">"Incubus (demon)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incubus+%28demon%29&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fincubus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2002" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Walter (2002). <i>Demon Lovers</i>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-77261-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-77261-6"><bdi>0-226-77261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demon+Lovers&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-226-77261-6&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lazonamorta.it/lazonamorta2/?p=14251">"Succubi e Incubi"</a> [Succubi and Incubi] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Succubi+e+Incubi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lazonamorta.it%2Flazonamorta2%2F%3Fp%3D14251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demologia.it/brescia/feste/3cevo/basfest.htm">"Festa del Badalisc ad Andrista (località di Cevo)"</a> [Badalisc festival in Andrista (Cevo)] (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festa+del+Badalisc+ad+Andrista+%28localit%C3%A0+di+Cevo%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demologia.it%2Fbrescia%2Ffeste%2F3cevo%2Fbasfest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngeloni" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Angeloni" title="Francesco Angeloni">Angeloni, Francesco</a>. <i>Historia di Terni</i> [<i>History of Terni</i>] (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+di+Terni&rft.aulast=Angeloni&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassavanti" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Rossi_Passavanti" class="extiw" title="it:Elia Rossi Passavanti">Passavanti, Elia Rossi</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span>. <i>Interamna dei Naharti</i> [<i>Interamna of the Naharti</i>] (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interamna+dei+Naharti&rft.aulast=Passavanti&rft.aufirst=Elia+Rossi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigliero_Lami2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mit%C3%AC_Vigliero_Lami" title="Mitì Vigliero Lami">Vigliero Lami, Mitì</a> (11 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.placidasignora.com/2013/04/11/la-bestia-feroce-che-mangiava-i-bambini-a-milano-una-storia-del-settecento/">"La Bestia Feroce Che Mangiava I Bambini A Milano: Una Storia Del Settecento"</a> [The ferocious beast that ate children in Milan: a history of the eighteenth century] (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Bestia+Feroce+Che+Mangiava+I+Bambini+A+Milano%3A+Una+Storia+Del+Settecento&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft.aulast=Vigliero+Lami&rft.aufirst=Mit%C3%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.placidasignora.com%2F2013%2F04%2F11%2Fla-bestia-feroce-che-mangiava-i-bambini-a-milano-una-storia-del-settecento%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluedragon.it/bestiario/caradrio.htm">"Del Caradrio"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(In Italian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lazonamorta.it/lazonamorta2/?p=4901">"L'ANFISBENA"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27ANFISBENA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lazonamorta.it%2Flazonamorta2%2F%3Fp%3D4901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meandsardinia.it/la-creatura-leggendaria-che-annuncia-la-morte/">"S'erchitu: la creatura leggendaria che annuncia la morte"</a> (in Italian). 4 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Le Monnier, 1857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sardegnalive.net/news/in-sardegna/333780/la-leggenda-sarda-de-sos-caddos-birdes-i-puledri-dotati-di-poteri-magici">"LA LEGGENDA SARDA DE "SOS CADDOS BIRDES": I PULEDRI DOTATI DI POTERI MAGICI"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LA+%22BOCCA+DELL%27INFERNO%22%3A+UN+RACCONTO+DI+UN+PASSAGGIO+AGLI+INFERI+DIFESO+DAL+DIAVOLO+MACIGNA&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitgratteri.com%2Fit%2Fla-bocca-dellinferno-un-racconto-di-un-passaggio-agli-inferi-difeso-dal-diavolo-macigna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, Carol. (2000). <i>Giants, Monsters and Dragons</i>. Norton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder. <i>The Natural History</i>. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&query=head%3D%23368">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&query=head%3D%23368</a> Retrieved Jul. 25, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gian Luigi Beccaria, <i>I nomi del mondo: santi, demoni, folletti e le parole perdute</i>, pag. 186, Einaudi, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cresti_2012-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cresti_2012_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cresti_2012_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatteo_Cosimo_Cresti2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matteo Cosimo Cresti (2012). <i>Fate e folletti della Toscana</i> (in Italian). Lucia Pugliese Editore. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-905892-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-905892-3-2"><bdi>978-88-905892-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fate+e+folletti+della+Toscana&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Lucia+Pugliese+Editore&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-905892-3-2&rft.au=Matteo+Cosimo+Cresti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gian Paolo Caprettini, Alessandro Perissinotto, Cristina Carlevaris, Paola Osso, <i>Dizionario della fiaba italiana</i>, editore Meltemi, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saliinvetta.com/culture-e-tradizioni/2206-il-gigiat-leggendario-animale-della-val-masino">"Il Gigiàt, leggendario animale della Val Masino"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Gigi%C3%A0t%2C+leggendario+animale+della+Val+Masino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saliinvetta.com%2Fculture-e-tradizioni%2F2206-il-gigiat-leggendario-animale-della-val-masino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301111858/http://www.centrosardegna.net/scultone.htm">"Lo Scultone"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrosardegna.net/scultone.htm">the original</a> on 1 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lo+Scultone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrosardegna.net%2Fscultone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veronasera.it/speciale/blog/bisso-galeto.html">"Animali leggendari della provincia di Verona: il bisso galeto"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animali+leggendari+della+provincia+di+Verona%3A+il+bisso+galeto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veronasera.it%2Fspeciale%2Fblog%2Fbisso-galeto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monstermovieitalia.com/2019/03/26/bestiario-italia-leggende-creature-trentino-alto-adige/">"Una ricca raccolta di mostri e miti della tradizione popolare trentina"</a> (in Italian). 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Una+ricca+raccolta+di+mostri+e+miti+della+tradizione+popolare+trentina.&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonstermovieitalia.com%2F2019%2F03%2F26%2Fbestiario-italia-leggende-creature-trentino-alto-adige%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antrodellamagia.forumfree.it/?t=67505770">"Su Scrixoxiu"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Su+Scrixoxiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantrodellamagia.forumfree.it%2F%3Ft%3D67505770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisa Roscioni, <i>Il governo della follia: ospedali, medici e pazzi nell'età moderna</i>, Paravia Bruno Mondadori, 2003 ISBN 88-424-9379-1 (p. 180)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siciliafan.it/libro-del-cinquecento/">"Libro del Cinquecento, leggendario manoscritto in grado di evocare gli spiriti"</a> (in Italian). 22 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libro+del+Cinquecento%2C+leggendario+manoscritto+in+grado+di+evocare+gli+spiriti&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siciliafan.it%2Flibro-del-cinquecento%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kant,_Immanuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant, Immanuel">Kant, Immanuel</a> (2013[1790]), <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of Judgement">Critique of Judgement</a></i>, Book II, "Analytic of the Sublime", Simon and Schuster: "In my part of the country, if you set a common man a problem like that of Columbus and his egg, he says, 'There is no art in that, it is only science': i.e. you <i>can</i> do it if you know <i>how</i>; and he says just the same of all the would-be arts of jugglers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvino1980" class="citation book cs1">Calvino, Italo (1980). <i>Italian Folktales</i>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. p. 746.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Folktales&rft.pages=746&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Calvino&rft.aufirst=Italo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitrè1904" class="citation book cs1">Pitrè, Giuseppe (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gw47AQAAIAAJ"><i>Biblioteca delle tradizioni popolari siciliane, Volume 22</i></a>. Carlo Clausen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblioteca+delle+tradizioni+popolari+siciliane%2C+Volume+22&rft.pub=Carlo+Clausen&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Pitr%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgw47AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beretta-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beretta_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beretta_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudio Beretta, <i>Letteratura dialettale milanese</i>, Ulrico Hoepli, pp. 21-26; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wL9U8UPDeUEC&dq=scrofa+semilanuta+celtico&pg=PA25">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trevisotoday.it/social/giorni-della-merla-perche-si-chiamano-cosi-leggende-treviso.html">"I Giorni della Merla e della Candelora: perchè si chiamano così"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Giorni+della+Merla+e+della+Candelora%3A+perch%C3%A8+si+chiamano+cos%C3%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trevisotoday.it%2Fsocial%2Fgiorni-della-merla-perche-si-chiamano-cosi-leggende-treviso.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/11599-1-i-giorni-della-vecchia-ed-i-nodi-del-tempo">"I giorni della vecchia"</a> (in Italian). 19 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+giorni+della+vecchia&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteogiornale.it%2Fnotizia%2F11599-1-i-giorni-della-vecchia-ed-i-nodi-del-tempo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackman_ZM1999" class="citation journal cs1">Packman ZM (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/scholia/8/1/scholia_v8_a3.pdf?expires=1480217427&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=4ABED64BF8B19FE8D2E3E99593E3DC0D">"Rape and consequences in the Latin declamations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>8</b>: 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholia%3A+Studies+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Rape+and+consequences+in+the+Latin+declamations&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1999-01&rft.au=Packman+ZM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdocserver%2Ffulltext%2Fscholia%2F8%2F1%2Fscholia_v8_a3.pdf%3Fexpires%3D1480217427%26id%3Did%26accname%3Dguest%26checksum%3D4ABED64BF8B19FE8D2E3E99593E3DC0D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroni_Lumbroso1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maroni Lumbroso, Matizia (1978). <i>Viù... 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Fondazione Ernesta Besso. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C3%B9...+%27na+%C3%B2lta%3A+folklore+della+Val+Camonica&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Fondazione+Ernesta+Besso&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Maroni+Lumbroso&rft.aufirst=Matizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Humboldt1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">von Humboldt, Alexander</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oMOAAAAYAAJ&q=Father+Angelo+Cortenovis+Porsena&pg=PA139"><i>Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe Vol. 4</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmos%3A+A+Sketch+of+a+Physical+Description+of+the+Universe+Vol.+4&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=von+Humboldt&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5oMOAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DFather%2BAngelo%2BCortenovis%2BPorsena%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpjUIK8hru8C&pg=PA225"><i>The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107604742" title="Special:BookSources/9781107604742"><bdi>9781107604742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicilian+Vespers%3A+A+History+of+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Later+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107604742&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpjUIK8hru8C%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asmundodigisira.com/racconta-catania-eliodoro/">"Il mito di Eliodoro e l'elefante"</a> (in Italian). 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+mito+di+Eliodoro+e+l%27elefante&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asmundodigisira.com%2Fracconta-catania-eliodoro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-barliario/">"Barliàrio, Pietro"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barli%C3%A0rio%2C+Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-barliario%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223502/http://www.pozzuolinfoto.it/pozzuoliinpillole.html">"Pozzuoli in foto"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pozzuolinfoto.it/pozzuoliinpillole.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor & Francis Group. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norman+Tradition+and+Transcultural+Heritage&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Burkhardt&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Foerster%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaf_Dowlah2020" class="citation book cs1">Caf Dowlah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC3rDwAAQBAJ"><i>Cross-Border Labor Mobility: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030365066" title="Special:BookSources/9783030365066"><bdi>9783030365066</bdi></a>. <q>Most researchers however trace the beginning of the early modern era to Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas in the 1490s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Border+Labor+Mobility%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030365066&rft.au=Caf+Dowlah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC3rDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, Keneth and Taylor, William B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww-J9Kjb2KgC&dq=discovery+of+america+marks+modern+era&pg=PA36">Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History</a>, p. 36, SR Books, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2573-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2573-1">0-8420-2573-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouchard, Norma (2005). <i>Risorgimento in Modern Italian Culture: Revisiting the Nineteenth-Century Past in History, Narrative, and Cinema</i>. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838640548" title="Special:BookSources/9780838640548">9780838640548</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAA.VV.1999" class="citation book cs1">AA.VV. (1999). <i>La fabrique des héros</i>. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7351-0819-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7351-0819-8"><bdi>2-7351-0819-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fabrique+des+h%C3%A9ros&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Maison+des+Sciences+de+l%27Homme&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-7351-0819-8&rft.au=AA.VV.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=20&wid=22#sott151">"La scuola per i 150 anni dell'Unità I protagonisti: Garibaldi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027121014/http://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=20&wid=22#sott151">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+scuola+per+i+150+anni+dell%27Unit%C3%A0+I+protagonisti%3A+Garibaldi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D20%26wid%3D22%23sott151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, ed., Denis (1969). <i>Garibaldi</i> (Great Lives Observed). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs. pp. 69–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780133467918" title="Special:BookSources/9780133467918">9780133467918</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-le-citazioni.it-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-le-citazioni.it_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://le-citazioni.it/autori/william-brown-ammiraglio/">"Frasi di William Brown (ammiraglio)"</a>. <i>LeCitazioni</i>. Retrieved 2 September 2020. "È il più generoso dei pirati che abbia mai incontrato."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlicke2011" class="citation book cs1">Schlicke, Paul (2011). <i>The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199640188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199640188"><bdi>9780199640188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Charles+Dickens%3A+Anniversary+Edition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199640188&rft.aulast=Schlicke&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2010" class="citation book cs1">Rossi, Lauro (2010). <i>Giuseppe Garibaldi due secoli di interpretazioni</i>. Rome: Gangemi Editore. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788849292640" title="Special:BookSources/9788849292640"><bdi>9788849292640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+due+secoli+di+interpretazioni&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Gangemi+Editore&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788849292640&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Lauro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Di_Mino_2011-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Di_Mino_2011_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Mino, Massimiliano; Di Mino, Pier Paolo (2011). <i>Il libretto rosso di Garibaldi</i>. Rome: Castelvecchi Editore. p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788895903439" title="Special:BookSources/9788895903439">9788895903439</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parks_2007-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parks_2007_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks2007" class="citation news cs1">Parks, Tim (2 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/07/09/070709crbo_books_parks">"The Insurgent: Garibaldi and his enemies"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Insurgent%3A+Garibaldi+and+his+enemies&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fbooks%2F2007%2F07%2F09%2F070709crbo_books_parks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenboim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenboim, Or (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1479244321000159">"The Spatiality of Politics: Cesare Battisti's Regional and International Thought, 1900–1916"</a>. <i>Modern Intellectual History</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 397–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1479244321000159">10.1017/S1479244321000159</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F958005">11585/958005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-2443">1479-2443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Intellectual+History&rft.atitle=The+Spatiality+of+Politics%3A+Cesare+Battisti%27s+Regional+and+International+Thought%2C+1900%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=397-420&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F958005&rft.issn=1479-2443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1479244321000159&rft.aulast=Rosenboim&rft.aufirst=Or&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1479244321000159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISRAELY2006" class="citation magazine cs1">ISRAELY, JEFF (24 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html">"Giovanni Falcone & Paolo Borsellino"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829095322/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span> – via content.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Giovanni+Falcone+%26+Paolo+Borsellino&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.aulast=ISRAELY&rft.aufirst=JEFF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1549798%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibliographyof1979-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bibliographyof1979_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1963" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Cyril W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bibliography+of+Dancing&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=B.Blom&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-405-08247-4&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Cyril+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpUlMUgl2CKEC%26dq%3Dgaspare%2Bungarelli%2Bdanze%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entenazionale-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Entenazionale_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/archivi/profili-istituzionali/MIDL00030E/">"Ente nazionale assistenza lavoratori - ENAL"</a> (in Italian). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italianfolkartfederation.org/EN/default.asp">the original</a> on 6 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+IFAFA&rft.pub=Italian+Folk+Art+Federation+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italianfolkartfederation.org%2FEN%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paranzadelgeco.it/musica-tradizionale-italiana-storia-cultura-e-tradizione-italiana/">"Musica tradizionale italiana: storia, cultura e tradizione italiana"</a> (in Italian). 11 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musica+tradizionale+italiana%3A+storia%2C+cultura+e+tradizione+italiana&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paranzadelgeco.it%2Fmusica-tradizionale-italiana-storia-cultura-e-tradizione-italiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Lomax, Alan</a> (1956). "Folk Song Style: Notes on a Systematic Approach to the Study of Folk Song." <i>Journal of the International Folk Music Council</i>, VIII, pp. 48–50.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Aronco1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_D%27Aronco" class="extiw" title="it:Gianfranco D'Aronco">D'Aronco, Gianfranco</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span> (1953). <i>Indice delle fiabe toscane</i> (in Italian). Firenze: L.S. Olschki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indice+delle+fiabe+toscane&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=L.S.+Olschki&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=D%27Aronco&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo_Nigro1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano_Lo_Nigro" class="extiw" title="de:Sebastiano Lo Nigro">Lo Nigro, Sebastiano</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1957). <i>Racconti popolari siciliani: classificazione e bibliografia</i> (in Italian). Firenze: Olschki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racconti+popolari+siciliani%3A+classificazione+e+bibliografia&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Olschki&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Lo+Nigro&rft.aufirst=Sebastiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Calvino, I</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_Folktales" title="Italian Folktales">Fiabe italiane</a></i>. Volumes I and II. Torino: Einaudi, 1971.</li> <li>Del Monte Tammaro, C. <i>Indice delle fiabe abruzzesi</i>. Firenze: Olschki, 1971.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiscoteca_di_Stato1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Discoteca di Stato (1975). <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Maria_Cirese" class="extiw" title="it:Alberto Maria Cirese">Alberto Mario Cirese</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span>; Liliana Serafini (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icbsa.it/index.php?it/161/catalogo-delle-tradizioni-orali-non-cantate&show=1&paginate_pageNum=1#img"><i>Tradizioni orali non cantate: primo inventario nazionale per tipi, motivi o argomenti</i></a> [<i>Oral and Non Sung Traditions: First National Inventory by Types, Motifs or Topics</i>] (in Italian and English). Ministero dei beni culturali e ambientali.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradizioni+orali+non+cantate%3A+primo+inventario+nazionale+per+tipi%2C+motivi+o+argomenti&rft.pub=Ministero+dei+beni+culturali+e+ambientali&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Discoteca+di+Stato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icbsa.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%2F161%2Fcatalogo-delle-tradizioni-orali-non-cantate%26show%3D1%26paginate_pageNum%3D1%23img&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Orioli, S. <i>Repertorio della narrativa popolare romagnola</i>. Firenze: Olschki, 1984.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAprile2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aprile, Renato (2000). <i>Indice delle fiabe popolari italiane di magia</i> (in Italian). Firenze: Leo S. Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788822248558" title="Special:BookSources/9788822248558"><bdi>9788822248558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indice+delle+fiabe+popolari+italiane+di+magia&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Leo+S.+Olschki&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788822248558&rft.aulast=Aprile&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folklore_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Folklore of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Belgium" title="Folklore of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Finland" title="Folklore of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Spain" title="Folklore of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&oldid=1253413988">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Italy&oldid=1253413988</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_folklore" title="Category:Italian folklore">Italian folklore</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 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