CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Self-esteem - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"07d2feb0-0488-417b-81df-35d3b83543f3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Self-esteem","wgTitle":"Self-esteem","wgCurRevisionId":1256723940,"wgRevisionId":1256723940,"wgArticleId":150497,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)","Pages with missing ISBNs","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2021","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018","Citation overkill","Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from February 2024","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Catalan-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Positive mental attitude","Psychological attitude","Conceptions of self","Motivation","Happiness","Harassment and bullying","Narcissism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Self-esteem","wgRelevantArticleId":150497,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q10981881","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Self-esteem - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Self-esteem rootpage-Self-esteem skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Self-esteem" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Self-esteem" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Self-esteem" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Self-esteem" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 In public policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Measurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_across_lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_across_lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Development across lifespan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_across_lifespan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development across lifespan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_across_lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Shame </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_self,_ideal_self,_and_dreaded_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_self,_ideal_self,_and_dreaded_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Real self, ideal self, and dreaded self </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_self,_ideal_self,_and_dreaded_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_self-esteems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_self-esteems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types of self-esteems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_self-esteems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of self-esteems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_self-esteems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 High </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_vs._defensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_vs._defensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Secure vs. defensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_vs._defensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implicit_and_explicit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implicit_and_explicit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Implicit and explicit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implicit_and_explicit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcissism_and_threatened_egotism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissism_and_threatened_egotism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Narcissism and threatened egotism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissism_and_threatened_egotism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Low </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_three_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_three_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 The three states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_three_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shattered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shattered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Shattered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shattered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Vulnerable </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulnerable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.3 Strong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contingent_vs._non-contingent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contingent_vs._non-contingent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Contingent vs. non-contingent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contingent_vs._non-contingent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domain-specific_self-esteem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domain-specific_self-esteem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Domain-specific self-esteem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain-specific_self-esteem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Importance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Importance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correlations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Correlations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correlations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Neuroscience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Criticism and controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-False_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 False attempts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_narcissism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_narcissism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 As narcissism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Self-esteem</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تقدير الذات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقدير الذات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoestima" title="Autoestima – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Autoestima" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আত্মঅহংকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আত্মঅহংকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Самаацэнка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самаацэнка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Самоуважение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самоуважение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoestima" title="Autoestima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autoestima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebev%C4%9Bdom%C3%AD_(soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_psychologie)" title="Sebevědomí (sociální psychologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sebevědomí (sociální psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan-barch" title="Hunan-barch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hunan-barch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvv%C3%A6rd" title="Selvværd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Selvværd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbstwert" title="Selbstwert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Selbstwert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enesehinnang" title="Enesehinnang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enesehinnang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αυτοεκτίμηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοεκτίμηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoestima" title="Autoestima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autoestima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfido" title="Memfido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Memfido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoestimu" title="Autoestimu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autoestimu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="عزت نفس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عزت نفس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estime_de_soi" title="Estime de soi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estime de soi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoestima" title="Autoestima – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Autoestima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%95%84%EC%A1%B4%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%90" title="자아존중감 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자아존중감" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ինքնագնահատական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինքնագնահատական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="आत्मसम्मान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आत्मसम्मान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samopo%C5%A1tovanje" title="Samopoštovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samopoštovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harga_diri" title="Harga diri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harga diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostima" title="Autostima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autostima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הערכה עצמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הערכה עצמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თვითშეფასება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თვითშეფასება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestimatio_sui" title="Aestimatio sui – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aestimatio sui" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96n%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kel%C3%A9s" title="Önértékelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Önértékelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenwaarde_(psychologie)" title="Eigenwaarde (psychologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eigenwaarde (psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8A%E5%BF%83" title="自尊心 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自尊心" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvf%C3%B8lelse" title="Selvfølelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selvfølelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%E2%80%98z-o%E2%80%98zini_hurmat_qilish" title="O‘z-o‘zini hurmat qilish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="O‘z-o‘zini hurmat qilish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poczucie_w%C5%82asnej_warto%C5%9Bci" title="Poczucie własnej wartości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poczucie własnej wartości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoestima" title="Autoestima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autoestima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Самоуважение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самоуважение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autustima" title="Autustima – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Autustima" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Self-esteem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebavedomie_(vedomie_seba_sam%C3%A9ho)" title="Sebavedomie (vedomie seba samého) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sebavedomie (vedomie seba samého)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Самопоуздање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самопоуздање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsetunto" title="Itsetunto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsetunto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvk%C3%A4nsla" title="Självkänsla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Självkänsla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapahalaga_sa_sarili" title="Pagpapahalaga sa sarili – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapahalaga sa sarili" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Үзбәяләү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзбәяләү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99" title="ความภูมิใจแห่งตน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความภูมิใจแห่งตน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benlik_sayg%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Benlik saygısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benlik saygısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Самоповага – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самоповага" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خود توقیری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خود توقیری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Tự trọng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự trọng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E8%82%AF%E5%AE%9A" title="自我肯定 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自我肯定" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8A" title="自尊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自尊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10981881#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Self-esteem" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Self-esteem" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Self-esteem" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&oldid=1256723940" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Self-esteem&id=1256723940&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSelf-esteem">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSelf-esteem">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Self-esteem&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Self-esteem" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10981881" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human emotional need</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the song by The Offspring, see <a href="/wiki/Self_Esteem_(song)" title="Self Esteem (song)">Self Esteem (song)</a>. For the musician, see <a href="/wiki/Self_Esteem_(musician)" title="Self Esteem (musician)">Self Esteem (musician)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Self" title="Category:Self">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">The Self</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Constructs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">Self-knowledge (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-schema" title="Self-schema">Self-schema</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Neural basis of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-categorization_theory" title="Self-categorization theory">Self-categorization theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-perception_theory" title="Self-perception theory">Self-perception theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">Self-consciousness</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Value judgment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> As applied to activities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-assessment" title="Self-assessment">Self-assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">Self-efficacy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Interpersonal</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">Self-disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concealment" title="Self-concealment">Self-concealment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Social</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Respectability_politics" title="Respectability politics">Respectability politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_identity" title="Political identity">Political identity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self_sidebar" title="Template talk:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Self-esteem is <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a> in one's own worth, abilities, or morals. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself (for example, "I am loved", "I am worthy") as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Smith and Mackie define it by saying "The <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-concept</a> is what we think about the self; self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of the self, as in how we feel about it (see <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a>)."<a href="#cite_note-SmithMackie-2">[2]</a> The construct of self-esteem has been shown to be a desirable one in psychology, as it is associated with a variety of positive outcomes, such as academic achievement,<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecuador-4">[4]</a> relationship satisfaction,<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> happiness,<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> and lower rates of criminal behavior. The benefits of high self-esteem are thought to include improved mental and physical health, and less anti-social behavior<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> while drawbacks of low self-esteem have been found to be anxiety, loneliness, and increased vulnerability to substance abuse.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Self-esteem can apply to a specific attribute or globally. Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic (trait self-esteem), though normal, short-term variations (state self-esteem) also exist. Synonyms or near-synonyms of self-esteem include: self-worth,<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> self-regard,<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> self-respect,<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and self-integrity. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The concept of self-esteem has its origins in the 18th century, first expressed in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish enlightenment</a> thinker <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. Hume posits that it is important to value and think well of oneself because it serves a motivational function that enables people to explore their full potential.<a href="#cite_note-:5-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The identification of self-esteem as a distinct psychological construct has its origins in the work of philosopher and psychologist, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>. James identified multiple dimensions of the self, with two levels of hierarchy: processes of knowing (called the "I-self") and the resulting knowledge about the self (the "Me-self"). The observation about the self and storage of those observations by the I-self creates three types of knowledge, which collectively account for the Me-self, according to James. These are the <a href="/wiki/Material_selection" title="Material selection">material self</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Social self">social self</a>, and spiritual self. The social self comes closest to self-esteem, comprising all characteristics recognized by others. The material self consists of representations of the body and possessions and the spiritual self of descriptive representations and evaluative dispositions regarding the self. This view of self-esteem as the collection of an individual's attitudes toward itself remains today.<a href="#cite_note-James1892-15">[15]</a> In the mid-1960s, social psychologist Morris Rosenberg defined self-esteem as a feeling of self-worth and developed the <a href="/wiki/Rosenberg_self-esteem_scale" title="Rosenberg self-esteem scale">Rosenberg self-esteem scale</a> (RSES), which became the most widely used scale to measure self-esteem in the social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterSmartBoden1996-16">[16]</a> In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorist movement</a> shunned introspective study of mental processes, emotions, and feelings, replacing introspection with objective study through experiments on behaviors observed in relation with the environment. Behaviorism viewed the human being as an animal subject to reinforcements, and suggested making psychology an experimental science, similar to chemistry or biology. Consequently, clinical trials on self-esteem were overlooked, since behaviorists considered the idea less amenable to rigorous measurement.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a> In the mid-20th century, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">phenomenology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic psychology</a> led to a renewed interest in self-esteem as a treatment for psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Psychologists started to consider the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> and the personal satisfaction of people with high self-esteem as useful to the field. This led to new elements being introduced to the concept of self-esteem, including the reasons why people tend to feel less worthy and why people become discouraged or unable to meet challenges by themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a> In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> associated self-esteem with what <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> called <a href="/wiki/Thumos" title="Thumos">thymos</a>—the "<a href="/wiki/Spiritedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritedness">spiritedness</a>" part of the <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_tripartite_theory_of_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's tripartite theory of soul">Platonic soul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[18]</a> From 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Core_self-evaluations" title="Core self-evaluations">core self-evaluations</a> approach included self-esteem as one of four dimensions that comprise one's fundamental appraisal of oneself—along with <a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">locus of control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Judge1997-19">[19]</a> The concept of core self-evaluations has since proven to have the ability to predict job satisfaction and job performance.<a href="#cite_note-Judge1997-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-judge1998b-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Self-esteem may be essential to self-evaluation.<a href="#cite_note-judge1998b-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_public_policy">In public policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In public policy">edit</a>]</div> The importance of self-esteem gained endorsement from some government and non-government groups starting around the 1970s, such that one can speak of a self-esteem movement.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> This movement provides evidence that psychological research can shape public policy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This has expanded to recent years such as 2023 where psychologists are planning to re-invent the approach to research, treatments, and therapy. The new approach emphasizes population health <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> where psychological researchers have prioritized one-one therapy in regards to analyzing social emotional conflict like low self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The underlying idea of the movement was that low self-esteem was the root of problems for individuals, making it the root of societal problems and dysfunctions. A leading figure of the movement, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Branden" title="Nathaniel Branden">Nathaniel Branden</a>, stated: "[I] cannot think of a single psychological problem – from anxiety and depression, to fear of intimacy or of success, to spouse battery or child molestation – that is not traced back to the problem of low self-esteem".<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a>: 3  It was once thought that self-esteem was primarily a feature of <a href="/wiki/Western_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western societies">Western individualistic societies</a>, as it was not observed in <a href="/wiki/Collectivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivist">collectivist</a> cultures such as Japan.<a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[25]</a> Concern about low self-esteem and its many presumed negative consequences led California assemblyman, <a href="/wiki/John_Vasconcellos" title="John Vasconcellos">John Vasconcellos</a> to work to set up and fund the Task Force on Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility, in California, in 1986. Vasconcellos argued that this task force could combat many of the state's problems – from crime and teen pregnancy to school underachievement and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> He compared increasing self-esteem to giving out a vaccine for a disease: it could help protect people from being overwhelmed by life's challenges. The task force set up committees in many California counties and formed a committee of scholars to review the available literature on self-esteem. This committee found very small associations between low self-esteem and its assumed consequences, ultimately showing that low self-esteem was not the root of all societal problems and not as important as the committee had originally thought. However, the authors of the paper that summarized the review of the literature still believed that self-esteem is an independent variable that affects major social problems. The task force disbanded in 1995, and the National Council for Self-Esteem and later the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Self-Esteem" title="National Association for Self-Esteem">National Association for Self-Esteem</a> (NASE) was established,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] taking on the task force's mission. Vasconcellos and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Canfield" title="Jack Canfield">Jack Canfield</a> were members of its advisory board in 2003, and members of its masters' coalition included <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Robbins">Anthony Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Siegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernie Siegel">Bernie Siegel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theories">edit</a>]</div> Many early theories suggested that self-esteem is a basic human need or <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>. American psychologist, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> included self-esteem in his <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_human_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of human needs">hierarchy of human needs</a>. He described two different forms of "esteem": the need for respect from others in the form of recognition, success, and admiration, and the need for self-respect in the form of self-love, self-confidence, skill, or aptitude.<a href="#cite_note-:8-26">[26]</a> Respect from others was believed to be more fragile and easily lost than inner self-esteem. According to Maslow, without the fulfillment of the self-esteem need, individuals will be driven to seek it and unable to grow and obtain self-actualization. Maslow also states that the healthiest expression of self-esteem "is the one which manifests in the respect we deserve for others, more than renown, fame, and flattery". Modern theories of self-esteem explore the reasons humans are motivated to maintain a high regard for themselves. <a href="/wiki/Sociometer" title="Sociometer">Sociometer</a> theory maintains that self-esteem evolved to check one's level of status and acceptance in one's social group. According to <a href="/wiki/Terror_Management_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror Management Theory">Terror Management Theory</a>, self-esteem serves a protective function and reduces anxiety about life and death.<a href="#cite_note-:9-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> (1902–1987), an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic psychology</a>, theorized the origin of many people's problems to be that they despise themselves and consider themselves worthless and incapable of being loved. This is why Rogers believed in the importance of giving unconditional acceptance to a client and when this was done it could improve the client's self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a> In his therapy sessions with clients, he offered positive regard no matter what.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Indeed, the concept of self-esteem is approached since then in humanistic psychology as an <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable right">inalienable right</a> for every person, summarized in the following sentence: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Every human being, with no exception, for the mere fact to be it, is worthy of unconditional respect of everybody else; he deserves to esteem himself and to be esteemed.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Measurement">edit</a>]</div> Self-esteem is typically assessed using self-report inventories. One of the most widely used instruments, the <a href="/wiki/Rosenberg_self-esteem_scale" title="Rosenberg self-esteem scale">Rosenberg self-esteem scale</a> (RSES)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> is a 10-item self-esteem scale score that requires participants to indicate their level of agreement with a series of statements about themselves. An alternative measure, the Coopersmith Inventory uses a 50-question battery over a variety of topics and asks subjects whether they rate someone as similar or dissimilar to themselves.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> If a subject's answers demonstrate solid self-regard, the scale regards them as well adjusted. If those answers reveal some inner shame, it considers them to be prone to social deviance.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Implicit measures of self-esteem began to be used in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> These rely on indirect measures of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive processing">cognitive processing</a> thought to be linked to <a href="/wiki/Implicit_self-esteem" title="Implicit self-esteem">implicit self-esteem</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Name_letter_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Name letter effect">name letter task</a> (or initial preference task)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and the Implicit Association Task.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Such indirect measures are designed to reduce awareness of the process of assessment. When using them to assess implicit self-esteem, psychologists apply self-relevant stimuli to the participant and then measure how quickly a person identifies positive or negative stimuli.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> For example, if a woman was given the self-relevant stimuli of female and mother, psychologists would measure how quickly she identified the negative word, evil, or the positive word, kind. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_across_lifespan">Development across lifespan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development across lifespan">edit</a>]</div> Experiences in a person's life are a major source of how self-esteem develops.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> In the early years of a child's life, parents have a significant influence on self-esteem and can be considered the main source of positive and negative experiences a child will have.<a href="#cite_note-Raboteg_2014-37">[37]</a> Unconditional love from parents helps a child develop a stable sense of being cared for and respected. These feelings translate into later effects on self-esteem as the child grows older.<a href="#cite_note-OlsenBrecklerWiggins-38">[38]</a> Students in elementary school who have high self-esteem tend to have authoritative parents who are caring, supportive adults who set clear standards for their child and allow them to voice their opinion in decision making. Although studies thus far have reported only a correlation of warm, supportive <a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">parenting styles</a> (mainly authoritative and permissive) with children having high self-esteem, these parenting styles could easily be thought of as having some causal effect in self-esteem development.<a href="#cite_note-Raboteg_2014-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Childhood experiences that contribute to healthy self-esteem include being listened to, being spoken to respectfully, receiving appropriate attention and affection and having accomplishments recognized and mistakes or failures acknowledged and accepted. Experiences that contribute to low self-esteem include being harshly criticized, being physically, sexually or emotionally abused, being ignored, ridiculed or teased or being expected to be "perfect" all the time.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> During school-aged years, academic achievement is a significant contributor to self-esteem development.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> Consistently achieving success or consistently failing will have a strong effect on students' individual self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> However, students can also experience low self-esteem while in school. For example, they may not have academic achievements, or they live in a troubled environment outside of school. Issues like the ones previously stated, can cause adolescents to doubt themselves. Social experiences are another important contributor to self-esteem. As children go through school, they begin to understand and recognize differences between themselves and their classmates. Using social comparisons, children assess whether they did better or worse than classmates in different activities. These comparisons play an important role in shaping the child's self-esteem and influence the positive or negative feelings they have about themselves.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As children go through adolescence, peer influence becomes much more important. Adolescents make appraisals of themselves based on their relationships with close friends.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Successful relationships among friends are very important to the development of high self-esteem for children. Social acceptance brings about confidence and produces high self-esteem, whereas rejection from peers and loneliness brings about self-doubts and produces low self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Self-esteem <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem_in_adolescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-esteem in adolescence">tends to increase during adolescence</a> and young adulthood, reaching a peak in middle age.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> A decrease is seen from middle age to old age with varying findings on whether it is a small or large decrease.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> Reasons for the variability could be because of differences in health, cognitive ability, and <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> in old age.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> No differences have been found between males and females in their development of self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> Multiple cohort studies show that there is not a difference in the life-span trajectory of self-esteem between generations due to societal changes such as grade inflation in education or the presence of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> High levels of mastery, low risk taking, and better health are ways to predict higher self-esteem. In terms of personality, emotionally stable, extroverted, and conscientious individuals experience higher self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> These predictors have shown us that self-esteem has trait-like qualities by remaining stable over time like personality and intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> However, this does not mean it can not be changed.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> Hispanic adolescents have a slightly lower self-esteem than their black and white peers, but then slightly higher levels by age 30.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> African Americans have a sharper increase in self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood compared to Whites. However, during old age, they experience a more rapid decline in self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Orth_2014-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shame">Shame</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shame">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a> can be a contributor to those with problems of low self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Feelings of shame usually occur because of a situation where the social self is devalued, such as a socially evaluated poor performance. Poor performance leads to a decrease in social self-esteem and an increase in shame, indicating a threat to the social self.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> This increase in shame can be helped with <a href="/wiki/Self-compassion" title="Self-compassion">self-compassion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_self,_ideal_self,_and_dreaded_self">Real self, ideal self, and dreaded self</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Real self, ideal self, and dreaded self">edit</a>]</div> There are three levels of self-evaluation development in relation to the real self, ideal self, and the dreaded self. The real, ideal, and dreaded selves develop in children in a sequential pattern on cognitive levels.<a href="#cite_note-self-evaluation-54">[54]</a> <ul><li>Moral judgment stages: Individuals describe their real, ideal, and dreaded selves with stereotypical labels, such as "nice" or "bad". Individuals describe their ideal and real selves in terms of disposition for actions or as behavioral habits. The dreaded self is often described as being unsuccessful or as having bad habits.</li> <li>Ego development stages: Individuals describe their ideal and real selves in terms of traits that are based on attitudes as well as actions. The dreaded self is often described as having failed to meet social expectations or as self-centered.</li> <li>Self-understanding stages: Individuals describe their ideal and real selves as having unified identities or characters. Descriptions of the dreaded self focus on failure to live up to one's ideals or role expectations often because of real world problems.</li></ul> This development brings with it increasingly complicated and encompassing moral demands. This level is where individuals' self-esteems can suffer because they do not feel as though they are living up to certain expectations. This feeling will moderately affect one's self-esteem with an even larger effect seen when individuals believe they are becoming their dreaded selves.<a href="#cite_note-self-evaluation-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_self-esteems">Types of self-esteems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of self-esteems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High">High</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: High">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg/300px-Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg/450px-Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg/600px-Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)</a></div></figcaption></figure> People with a healthy level of self-esteem:<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <ul><li>firmly believe in certain values and principles, and are ready to defend them even when finding opposition, feeling secure enough to modify them in light of experience.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>are able to act according to what they think to be the best choice, trusting their own judgment, and not feeling guilty when others do not like their choice.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>do not lose time worrying excessively about what happened in the past, nor about what could happen in the future. They learn from the past and plan for the future, but live in the present intensely.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>fully trust in their capacity to solve problems, not hesitating after failures and difficulties. They ask others for help when they need it.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>consider themselves equal in <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> to others, rather than inferior or superior, while accepting differences in certain talents, personal prestige or financial standing.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>understand how they are an interesting and valuable person for others, at least for those with whom they have a friendship.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>resist <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a>, collaborate with others only if it seems appropriate and convenient.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>admit and accept different internal feelings and drives, either positive or negative, revealing those drives to others only when they choose.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>are able to enjoy a great variety of activities.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>are sensitive to feelings and needs of others; respect generally accepted social rules, and claim no right or desire to prosper at others' expense.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>can work toward finding solutions and voice discontent without belittling themselves or others when challenges arise.<a href="#cite_note-KidsHealth-56">[56]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secure_vs._defensive">Secure vs. defensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secure vs. defensive">edit</a>]</div> Some people have a secure high self-esteem and can confidently maintain positive self-views without relying on external reassurance. However, others have defensive high self-esteem, and while they also report positive self-views on the Rosenberg Scale, these views are fragile and easily threatened by criticism. Defensive high self-esteem individuals internalize subconscious self-doubts and insecurities, causing them to react very negatively to any criticism they may receive. There is a need for constant positive feedback from others for these individuals to maintain their feelings of self-worth. The necessity of repeated praise can be associated with boastful, arrogant behavior or sometimes even aggressive and hostile feelings toward anyone who questions the individual's self-worth, an example of threatened egotism.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Educational_Psychology" title="Journal of Educational Psychology">Journal of Educational Psychology</a> conducted a study in which they used a sample of 383 Malaysian undergraduates participating in <a href="/wiki/Work_integrated_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Work integrated learning">work integrated learning</a> (WIL) programs across five public universities to test the relationship between self-esteem and other psychological attributes such as self-efficacy and <a href="/wiki/Self-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-confidence">self-confidence</a>. The results demonstrated that self-esteem has a positive and significant relationship with self-confidence and self-efficacy since students with higher self-esteem had better performances at university than those with lower self-esteem. It was concluded that higher education institutions and employers should emphasize the importance of undergraduates' self-esteem development.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implicit_and_explicit">Implicit and explicit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Implicit and explicit">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Implicit_self-esteem" title="Implicit self-esteem">Implicit self-esteem</a> refers to a person's disposition to evaluate themselves positively or negatively in a spontaneous, automatic, or unconscious manner. It contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Explicit_self-esteem" class="mw-redirect" title="Explicit self-esteem">explicit self-esteem</a>, which entails more conscious and reflective self-evaluation. Both explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem are theoretically subtypes of self-esteem proper. However, the validity of implicit self-esteem as a construct is highly questionable, given not only its weak or nonexistent correlation with explicit self-esteem and informant ratings of self-esteem,<a href="#cite_note-:5-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[18]</a> but also the failure of multiple measures of implicit self-esteem to correlate with each other.<a href="#cite_note-:8-26">[26]</a> Currently, there is little scientific evidence that self-esteem can be reliably or validly measured through implicit means.<a href="#cite_note-:9-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcissism_and_threatened_egotism">Narcissism and threatened egotism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Narcissism and threatened egotism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a> is a disposition people may have that represents an excessive love for one's self. It is characterized by an inflated view of self-worth. Individuals who score high on narcissism measures, Robert Raskin's Narcissistic Personality Inventory, would likely respond "true" to such prompt statements as "If I ruled the world, it would be a much better place."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> There is only a moderate correlation between narcissism and self-esteem;<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> that is to say that an individual can have high self-esteem but low narcissism or can be a conceited, obnoxious person and score high self-esteem and high narcissism.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> However, when correlation analysis is restricted to the sense of superiority or self-admiration aspects of narcissism, correlations between narcissism and self-esteem become strong.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> Moreover, self-esteem is positively correlated with a sense of superiority even when controlling for overall narcissism.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> Narcissism is not only defined by inflated self-esteem, but also by characteristics such as entitlement, exploitativeness, and dominance. Additionally, while positive self-image is a shared characteristic of narcissism and self-esteem, narcissistic self-appraisals are exaggerated, whereas in non-narcissistic self-esteem, positive views of the self compared with others are relatively modest. Thus, while sharing positive self-regard as a main feature, and while narcissism is defined by high self-esteem, the two constructs are not interchangeable. Threatened <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotism</a> is a phenomenon in which narcissists respond to criticism with hostility and aggression, as it threatens their sense of self-worth.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterSmartBoden1996-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low">Low</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Low">edit</a>]</div> Low self-esteem can result from various factors, including genetic factors, physical appearance or weight, mental health issues, socioeconomic status, significant emotional experiences, <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A person with low self-esteem may show some of the following characteristics:<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <ul><li>Heavy <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">self-criticism</a> and dissatisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Hypersensitivity to criticism with resentment against critics and feelings of being attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Chronic indecision and an <a href="/wiki/Exaggerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaggerated">exaggerated</a> fear of mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Excessive will to please and unwillingness to displease any petitioner.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">Perfectionism</a>, which can lead to frustration when perfection is not achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Neurotic guilt, dwelling on or exaggerating the magnitude of past mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Floating hostility and general defensiveness and irritability without any proximate cause.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a> and a general negative outlook.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a>, invidiousness, or general resentment.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Sees temporary setbacks as permanent, intolerable conditions.<a href="#cite_note-KidsHealth-56">[56]</a></li></ul> Individuals with low self-esteem tend to be critical of themselves. Some depend on the approval and praise of others when evaluating self-worth. Others may measure their likability in terms of successes: others will accept themselves if they succeed but will not if they fail.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> People with chronic low self esteem are at a higher risk for experiencing psychotic disorders; and this behavior is closely linked to forming psychotic symptoms as well.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatments">Treatments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Treatments">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMDR" class="mw-redirect" title="EMDR">EMDR</a> technique, <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">rational emotive behavior therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> and trait and construct therapies have been shown to improve the patient's self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-ORCID_2021-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_three_states">The three states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The three states">edit</a>]</div> This classification proposed by Martin Ross<a href="#cite_note-Ross,_Martín_2013-79">[79]</a> distinguishes three states of self-esteem compared to the "feats" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/triumph" class="extiw" title="wikt:triumph">triumphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor">honors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a>) and the "anti-feats" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defeat" class="extiw" title="wikt:defeat">defeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>, etc.) of the individuals.<a href="#cite_note-ecuador-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autoestima_género-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shattered">Shattered</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shattered">edit</a>]</div> The individual does not regard themselves as valuable or lovable. They may be overwhelmed by defeat, or shame, or see themselves as such, and they name their "anti-feat". For example, if they consider that being over a certain age is an anti-feat, they define themselves with the name of their anti-feat, and say, "I am old". They express actions and feelings such as pity, insulting themselves, and they may become paralyzed by their sadness.<a href="#cite_note-Ross,_Martín_2013-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-digital_activity-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vulnerable">Vulnerable</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vulnerable">edit</a>]</div> The individual has a generally positive <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a>. However, their self-esteem is also vulnerable to the perceived risk of an imminent anti-feat (such as defeat, embarrassment, shame, discredit), consequently, they are often nervous and regularly use defense mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-digital_activity-81">[81]</a> A typical protection mechanism of those with vulnerable self-esteem may consist in avoiding decision-making. Although such individuals may outwardly exhibit great self-confidence, the underlying reality may be just the opposite: the apparent self-confidence is indicative of their heightened fear of anti-feats and the fragility of their self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-ecuador-4">[4]</a> They may also try to blame others to protect their self-image from situations that would threaten it. They may employ defense mechanisms, including attempting to lose at games and other competitions in order to protect their self-image by publicly dissociating themselves from a need to win, and asserting an independence from social acceptance which they may deeply desire. In this deep fear of being unaccepted by an individual's peers, they make poor life choices by making risky decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Autoestima_género-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-digital_activity-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strong">Strong</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Strong">edit</a>]</div> People with strong self-esteem have a positive <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> and enough strength so that anti-feats do not subdue their self-esteem. They have less fear of failure. These individuals appear humble, cheerful, and this shows a certain strength not to boast about feats and not to be afraid of anti-feats.<a href="#cite_note-Autoestima_género-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-digital_activity-81">[81]</a> They are capable of fighting with all their might to achieve their goals because, if things go wrong, their self-esteem will not be affected. They can acknowledge their own mistakes precisely because their self-image is strong, and this acknowledgment will not impair or affect their self-image.<a href="#cite_note-digital_activity-81">[81]</a> They live with less fear of losing social prestige, and with more happiness and general well-being.<a href="#cite_note-digital_activity-81">[81]</a> However, no type of self-esteem is indestructible,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and due to certain situations or circumstances in life, one can fall from this level into any other state of self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Ross,_Martín_2013-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-digital_activity-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contingent_vs._non-contingent">Contingent vs. non-contingent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contingent vs. non-contingent">edit</a>]</div> A distinction is made between contingent (or conditional<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>) and non-contingent (or unconditional<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>) self-esteem. Contingent self-esteem is derived from external sources, such as what others say, one's success or failure, one's competence,<a href="#cite_note-Koivula-et-al-2002-85">[85]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Relationship-contingent_self-esteem" title="Relationship-contingent self-esteem">relationship-contingent self-esteem</a>. Therefore, contingent self-esteem is marked by instability, unreliability, and vulnerability. Persons lacking a non-contingent self-esteem are "predisposed to an incessant pursuit of self-value".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However, because the pursuit of contingent self-esteem is based on receiving approval, it is doomed to fail, as no one receives constant approval, and disapproval often evokes depression. Furthermore, fear of disapproval inhibits activities in which failure is possible.<a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday.com-87">[87]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #F0F0F0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The courage to be is the courage to accept oneself, in spite of being unacceptable.... This is the Pauline-Lutheran doctrine of 'justification by faith.'" <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </blockquote> </div> Non-contingent self-esteem is described as true, stable, and solid.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> It springs from a belief that one is "acceptable period, acceptable before life itself, ontologically acceptable".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Belief that one is "ontologically acceptable" is to believe that one's acceptability is "the way things are without contingency".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In this belief, as expounded by theologian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>, acceptability is not based on a person's virtue. It is an acceptance given "in spite of our guilt, not because we have no guilt".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A Harris">Thomas A Harris</a> drew on Tillich for his classic <a href="/wiki/I%27m_OK,_You%27re_OK" class="mw-redirect" title="I'm OK, You're OK">I'm OK – You're OK</a> that addresses non-contingent self-esteem. Harris translated Tillich's "acceptable" by the vernacular OK, a term that means "acceptable".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The Christian message, said Harris, is not "YOU CAN BE OK, IF"; it is "YOU ARE ACCEPTED, unconditionally".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A secure non-contingent self-esteem springs from the belief that one is ontologically acceptable and accepted.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domain-specific_self-esteem">Domain-specific self-esteem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Domain-specific self-esteem">edit</a>]</div> Whereas global self-esteem addresses how individuals appraise themselves in their entirety, domain-specific self-esteem facets relate to how they appraise themselves in various pertinent domains of life. Such functionally distinct facets of self-esteem may comprise self-evaluations in social, emotional, body-related, school performance-related, and creative-artistic domains.<a href="#cite_note-Burger_et_al-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> They have been found to be predictive of outcomes related to psychological functioning, health, education, and work.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Low self-esteem in the social domain (i.e., self-perceived social competence), for example, has been repeatedly identified as a risk factor for bullying victimization.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burger_et_al-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Importance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> states that psychological health is not possible unless the essential core of the person is fundamentally accepted, loved and respected by others and by oneself. Self-esteem allows people to face life with more confidence, benevolence, and optimism, and thus easily reach their goals and self-actualize.<a href="#cite_note-Branden-100">[100]</a> Self-esteem may make people convinced they deserve happiness.<a href="#cite_note-Branden-100">[100]</a> The ability to understand and develop positive self-esteem is essential for building healthy relationships with others. When people have a positive view of themselves, they are more likely to treat others with respect, compassion, and kindness. This creates the foundation for strong, positive relationships that are built on mutual respect and understanding.<a href="#cite_note-Branden-100">[100]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, the love of others and love of ourselves are not alternatives. On the contrary, an attitude of love toward themselves will be found in all those who are capable of loving others. Self-esteem allows creativity at the workplace and is a specially critical condition for teaching professions.<a href="#cite_note-Miranda-101">[101]</a> José-Vicente Bonet claims that the importance of self-esteem is obvious as a lack of self-esteem is, he says, not a loss of esteem from others, but self-rejection. Bonet claims that this corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a> also claimed that the depressive has suffered "an extraordinary diminution in his self-regard, an impoverishment of his ego on a grand scale... He has lost his self-respect".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Yogyakarta_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yogyakarta Principles">The Yogyakarta Principles</a>, a document on <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>, addresses the discriminatory attitude toward <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people that makes their self-esteem low to be subject to human rights violation including <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends in "<a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Preventing Suicide</a>",<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> published in 2000, that strengthening students' self-esteem is important to protect children and adolescents against mental distress and despondency, enabling them to cope adequately with difficult and stressful life situations.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Not only does higher self-esteem increase happiness, but it is also associated with improved stress coping and increased willingness to take on challenging tasks.<a href="#cite_note-Schacter-106">[106]</a> In contrast, a study examined the impact of boosting self-esteem. It found that high self-esteem does offer some benefits, but they are limited. It is often a result, rather than a cause, of success. The researchers also found that efforts to boost self-esteem may not consistently lead to improved performance, and that self-esteem's influence on life outcomes is modest, except for a temporary increase in positive <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> awareness.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correlations">Correlations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Correlations">edit</a>]</div> From the late 1970s to the early 1990s many Americans assumed as a matter of course that students' self-esteem acted as a critical factor in the grades that they earned in school, in their <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationships</a> with their peers, and in their later success in life. Under this assumption, some American groups created programs which aimed to increase the self-esteem of students. Until the 1990s, little peer-reviewed and controlled research took place on this topic. Peer-reviewed research undertaken since then has not validated previous assumptions. Recent research indicates that inflating students' self-esteems in and of itself has no positive effect on grades. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a> has shown that inflating self-esteem by itself can actually decrease grades.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The relationship involving self-esteem and academic results does not signify that high self-esteem contributes to high academic results. It simply means that high self-esteem may be accomplished as a result of high academic performance due to the other variables of social interactions and life events affecting this performance.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> Attempts by pro-esteem advocates to encourage self-pride in students solely by reason of their uniqueness as human beings will fail if feelings of well-being are not accompanied by well-doing. It is only when students engage in personally meaningful endeavors for which they can be justifiably proud that self-confidence grows, and it is this growing self-assurance that in turn triggers further achievement.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Research has found a strong correlation between high self-esteem and self-reported happiness, but it is not yet known whether this relationship is causal. This means that although people with high self-esteem tend to report greater happiness, it is not certain whether having high self-esteem directly causes increased happiness.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> The relationship between self-esteem and <a href="/wiki/Life_satisfaction" title="Life satisfaction">life satisfaction</a> is stronger in individualistic cultures.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In addition, people with high self-esteem have been found to be more forgiving than people with low self-esteem. This is because people with high self-esteem tend to have greater self-acceptance and are more likely to view conflict in a positive light, as an opportunity for growth and improvement. In contrast, people with low self-esteem may have a harder time forgiving others, due to a sense of insecurity and self-doubt.<a href="#cite_note-EatonWardstruthers2006-112">[112]</a> High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs, or engaging in early sex.<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> Self-esteem has been associated with several mental health conditions, including depression,<a href="#cite_note-:10-113">[113]</a> anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-:10-113">[113]</a> and eating disorders.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> For example, low self-esteem may increase the likelihood that people who experience dysfunctional thoughts will develop symptoms of depression.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Consequently, cognitive treatment of depression helps with low self-esteem, and vice versa, addressing low self-esteem improves depressive symptoms. <a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In contrast, high self-esteem may protect against the development of mental health conditions, with research finding that high self-esteem reduces the chances of bulimia<a href="#cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">[6]</a> and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Neuroscience">edit</a>]</div> In research conducted in 2014 by Robert S. Chavez and Todd F. Heatherton, it was found that self-esteem is related to the connectivity of the <a href="/wiki/Frontostriatal_circuit" title="Frontostriatal circuit">frontostriatal circuit</a>. The frontostriatal pathway connects the <a href="/wiki/Medial_prefrontal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial prefrontal cortex">medial prefrontal cortex</a>, which deals with <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self-knowledge</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_striatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral striatum">ventral striatum</a>, which deals with feelings of <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward</a>. Stronger anatomical pathways are correlated with higher long-term self-esteem, while stronger functional connectivity is correlated with higher short-term self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Neuroscience-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversy">Criticism and controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a>, an influential American psychologist, argued that the concept of self-esteem is actually harmful and unhelpful.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_A._2001-119">[119]</a> Although acknowledging the human propensity and tendency to ego rating as innate, he has critiqued the philosophy of self-esteem as unrealistic, illogical and self- and socially destructive – often doing more harm than good. Questioning the foundations and usefulness of generalized ego strength, he has claimed that self-esteem is based on arbitrary definitional <a href="/wiki/Premise" title="Premise">premises</a>, and overgeneralized, perfectionistic and <a href="/wiki/Grandiose_delusions" title="Grandiose delusions">grandiose thinking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_A._2001-119">[119]</a> Acknowledging that rating and valuing behaviors and characteristics is functional and even necessary, he sees rating and valuing human beings' totality and total selves as irrational and unethical. The healthier alternative to self-esteem according to him is unconditional <a href="/wiki/Self-acceptance" title="Self-acceptance">self-acceptance</a> and unconditional other-<a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">acceptance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rational_Emotive_Behavior_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy">Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy</a> is a psychotherapy based on this approach.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <dl><dd>"There seem to be only two clearly demonstrated benefits of high self-esteem....First, it increases initiative, probably because it lends confidence. People with high self-esteem are more willing to act on their beliefs, to stand up for what they believe in, to approach others, to risk new undertakings. (This unfortunately includes being extra willing to do stupid or destructive things, even when everyone else advises against them.)...It can also lead people to ignore sensible advice as they stubbornly keep wasting time and money on hopeless causes"<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_attempts">False attempts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: False attempts">edit</a>]</div> For persons with low self-esteem, any positive stimulus will temporarily raise self-esteem. Therefore, possessions, sex, success, or physical appearance will produce the development of self-esteem, but the development is ephemeral at best.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Such attempts to raise one's self-esteem by positive stimulus produce a "boom or bust" pattern. "Compliments and positive feedback" produce a boost, but a bust follows a lack of such feedback. For a person whose "self-esteem is contingent", success is "not extra sweet", but "failure is extra bitter".<a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday.com-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_narcissism">As narcissism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: As narcissism">edit</a>]</div> Life satisfaction, happiness, healthy behavioral practices, perceived efficacy, and academic success and adjustment have been associated with having high levels of self-esteem<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>: 270 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] However, a common mistake is to think that <a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">loving oneself</a> is necessarily equivalent to narcissism, as opposed for example to what <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a> speaks of as "a post-narcissistic love of the ego".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> People with healthy self-esteem accept and love themselves unconditionally, acknowledging both virtues and faults in the self, and yet, in spite of everything, are able to continue to love themselves. In narcissists, by contrast, an "uncertainty about their own worth gives rise to...a self-protective, but often totally spurious, aura of <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a>"<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> – producing the class "of narcissists, or people with very high, but insecure, self-esteem... fluctuating with each new episode of social praise or rejection."<a href="#cite_note-SmithMackie-2">[2]</a>: 479  For narcissists, regulating their self-esteem is their constant concern. They use defenses (such as denial, projection, self-inflation, envy, arrogance, and aggression), impression management through self-promotion, embellishment, lying, charm, and domination, and prefer high-status, competitive, and hierarchical environments to support their unstable, fragile, and impaired self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Narcissism can thus be seen as a symptom of fundamentally low self-esteem, that is, lack of love towards oneself, but often accompanied by "an immense increase in self-esteem" based on "the <a href="/wiki/Defense_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense mechanism">defense mechanism</a> of denial by overcompensation."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> "Idealized love of self...rejected the part of him" that he denigrates – "this destructive little child"<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> within. Instead, the narcissist emphasizes their virtues in the presence of others, just to try to convince themself that they are a valuable person and to try to stop feeling ashamed for their faults;<a href="#cite_note-Bonet-17">[17]</a> such "people with unrealistically inflated self-views, which may be especially unstable and highly vulnerable to negative information,...tend to have poor social skills."<a href="#cite_note-SmithMackie-2">[2]</a>: 126  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Self-esteem" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">Clinical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">Emotional competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation" title="Fear of negative evaluation">Fear of negative evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumption_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumption trap">Gumption trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health-related_embarrassment" title="Health-related embarrassment">Health-related embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_critic" title="Inner critic">Inner critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_support" title="Invisible support">Invisible support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jante" title="Law of Jante">Law of Jante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_self" title="Outline of self">Outline of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passivity_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivity (behavior)">Passiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-affirmation" title="Self-affirmation">Self-affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-enhancement" title="Self-enhancement">Self-enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem_functions" title="Self-esteem functions">Self-esteem functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem_instability" title="Self-esteem instability">Self-esteem instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-evaluation_maintenance_theory" title="Self-evaluation maintenance theory">Self-evaluation maintenance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Self image">Self image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social phobia">Social phobia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2009" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, John P. (2009). "The Social Construction of Self-Esteem". In Lopez, Shane J.; Snyder, C.R. (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press. pp. 217–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195187243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195187243"><bdi>978-0195187243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Social+Construction+of+Self-Esteem&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Positive+Psychology&rft.pages=217-224&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0195187243&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithMackie-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithMackie_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithMackie_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithMackie_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMackie2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Eliot R.; Mackie, Diane M. (2007). Social Psychology (3rd ed.). Hove: Psychology Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841694085" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841694085"><bdi>978-1841694085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Psychology&rft.place=Hove&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1841694085&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Eliot+R.&rft.au=Mackie%2C+Diane+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1990" class="citation journal cs1">Marsh, H.W. (1990). "Causal ordering of academic self-concept and academic achievement: A multiwave, longitudinal path analysis". Journal of Educational Psychology. 82 (4): 646–656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0663.82.4.646">10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=Causal+ordering+of+academic+self-concept+and+academic+achievement%3A+A+multiwave%2C+longitudinal+path+analysis&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=646-656&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-0663.82.4.646&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecuador-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecuador_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecuador_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecuador_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbina_RobalinoEugenio_Piloso2015" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbina Robalino, Gisella del Rocio; Eugenio Piloso, Mery Aracely (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.upse.edu.ec/xmlui/handle/46000/2069">Efectos de la violencia intrafamiliar en el autoestima de los estudiantes de octavo y noveno año de la Escuela de educación básica 11 de Diciembre...</a> (bachelor thesis) (in Spanish). Advised by S. Yagual. Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Estatal_Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Santa_Elena" title="Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena">Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Efectos+de+la+violencia+intrafamiliar+en+el+autoestima+de+los+estudiantes+de+octavo+y+noveno+a%C3%B1o+de+la+Escuela+de+educaci%C3%B3n+b%C3%A1sica+11+de+Diciembre...&rft.inst=Universidad+Estatal+Pen%C3%ADnsula+de+Santa+Elena&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Urbina+Robalino&rft.aufirst=Gisella+del+Rocio&rft.au=Eugenio+Piloso%2C+Mery+Aracely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.upse.edu.ec%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F46000%2F2069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orth_2014-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orth_2014_5-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrth_U.Robins_R.W.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Orth U.; Robins R.W. (2014). "The development of self-esteem". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 23 (5): 381–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721414547414">10.1177/0963721414547414</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38796272">38796272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Directions+in+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=The+development+of+self-esteem&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=381-387&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0963721414547414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38796272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Orth+U.&rft.au=Robins+R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumeisterCampbell2003-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterCampbell2003_6-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterCampbellKruegerVohs2003" class="citation journal cs1">Baumeister, R. F.; Campbell, J. D.; Krueger, J. I.; Vohs, K. D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431">"Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?"</a>. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 4 (1): 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431">10.1111/1529-1006.01431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1006">1529-1006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151640">26151640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Does+High+Self-Esteem+Cause+Better+Performance%2C+Interpersonal+Success%2C+Happiness%2C+or+Healthier+Lifestyles%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1529-1006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26151640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Krueger%2C+J.+I.&rft.au=Vohs%2C+K.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1529-1006.01431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrthRobins2022" class="citation journal cs1">Orth, Ulrich; Robins, Richard W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306298">"Is High Self-Esteem Beneficial? Revisiting a Classic Question"</a>. American Psychologist. 77 (1): 5–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Famp0000922">10.1037/amp0000922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306298">9306298</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357851">35357851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Is+High+Self-Esteem+Beneficial%3F+Revisiting+a+Classic+Question&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-17&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9306298%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35357851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Famp0000922&rft.aulast=Orth&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Robins%2C+Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9306298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmhc.utexas.edu/selfesteem.html">"Self-Esteem"</a>. University of Texas Counselling and Medical Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Texas+Counselling+and+Medical+Centre&rft.atitle=Self-Esteem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmhc.utexas.edu%2Fselfesteem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125161206/http://www.bartleby.com/61/58/S0245800.html">"self-worth: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"</a>. Bartleby.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/58/S0245800.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby.com&rft.atitle=self-worth%3A+The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F58%2FS0245800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125161136/http://www.bartleby.com/61/18/S0241800.html">"self-regard: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"</a>. Bartleby.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/18/S0241800.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby.com&rft.atitle=self-regard%3A+The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F18%2FS0241800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124182437/http://www.bartleby.com/61/23/S0242300.html">"self-respect: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"</a>. Bartleby.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/23/S0242300.html">the original</a> on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby.com&rft.atitle=self-respect%3A+The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F23%2FS0242300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a>. Compare <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorsini1999" class="citation book cs1">Corsini, Raymond J. (1999). The Dictionary of Psychology. Philadelphia, Penn.: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58391-028-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58391-028-X"><bdi>1-58391-028-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Penn.&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-58391-028-X&rft.aulast=Corsini&rft.aufirst=Raymond+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1777" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1777) [1751]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidhume.org/texts/m/app2">"Of Self-Love"</a>. An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals. Retrieved 2019-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+Self-Love&rft.btitle=An+Enquiry+concerning+the+Principles+of+Morals&rft.date=1777&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidhume.org%2Ftexts%2Fm%2Fapp2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisBrown2019" class="citation cs2">Morris, William Edward; Brown, Charlotte R. (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/hume/">"David Hume"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2019-12-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=David+Hume&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2019&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft.au=Brown%2C+Charlotte+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2019%2Fentries%2Fhume%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James1892-15"><a href="#cite_ref-James1892_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1892" class="citation book cs1">James, William (1892). Psychology: The briefer course (9th ed.). New York: Henry Holt. pp. 240–241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+The+briefer+course&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=240-241&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumeisterSmartBoden1996-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterSmartBoden1996_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaumeisterSmartBoden1996_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterSmartBoden1996" class="citation journal cs1">Baumeister, Roy F.; Smart, L.; Boden, J. (1996). "Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of self-esteem". <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Review" title="Psychological Review">Psychological Review</a>. 103 (1): 5–33. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1009.3747">10.1.1.1009.3747</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.103.1.5">10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8650299">8650299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Relation+of+threatened+egotism+to+violence+and+aggression%3A+The+dark+side+of+self-esteem&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-33&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1009.3747%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8650299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295X.103.1.5&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rft.au=Smart%2C+L.&rft.au=Boden%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonet-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonet_17-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonet1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonet, José-Vicente (1997). "Prólogo". In Terrae, Sal (ed.). Sé amigo de ti mismo: manual de autoestima (in European Spanish) (15ᵃ ed.). Cantabria, España: Maliaño. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8429311334" title="Special:BookSources/978-8429311334"><bdi>978-8429311334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%B3logo&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9+amigo+de+ti+mismo%3A+manual+de+autoestima&rft.place=Cantabria%2C+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.edition=15%E1%B5%83&rft.pub=Malia%C3%B1o&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8429311334&rft.aulast=Bonet&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9-Vicente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama, Francis</a> (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Simon and Schuster (published 2006). pp. xvi–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743284554" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743284554"><bdi>978-0743284554</bdi></a>. <q>...Plato in the Republic... noted that there were three parts to the soul, a desiring part, a reasoning part, and a part that he called thymos, or 'spiritedness.'... The propensity to feel self-esteem arises out of the part of the soul called thymos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+History+and+the+Last+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvi-xvii&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0743284554&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judge1997-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judge1997_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judge1997_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudgeLockeDurham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Judge, T. A.; Locke, E. A.; Durham, C. C. (1997). "The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach". Research in Organizational Behavior. 19: 151–188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Organizational+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+dispositional+causes+of+job+satisfaction%3A+A+core+evaluations+approach&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=151-188&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft.au=Locke%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Durham%2C+C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-judge1998b-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-judge1998b_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-judge1998b_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudgeLockeDurhamKluger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Judge, T. A.; Locke, E. A.; Durham, C. C.; Kluger, A. N. (1998). "Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations". Journal of Applied Psychology. 83 (1): 17–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.83.1.17">10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494439">9494439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=Dispositional+effects+on+job+and+life+satisfaction%3A+The+role+of+core+evaluations&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-34&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0021-9010.83.1.17&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9494439&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft.au=Locke%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Durham%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Kluger%2C+A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonoJudge2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bono, J. E.; Judge, T. A. (2003). "Core self-evaluations: A review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance". European Journal of Personality. 17 (Suppl1): S5–S18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fper.481">10.1002/per.481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32495455">32495455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Personality&rft.atitle=Core+self-evaluations%3A+A+review+of+the+trait+and+its+role+in+job+satisfaction+and+job+performance&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=Suppl1&rft.pages=S5-S18&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fper.481&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32495455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bono&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Judge%2C+T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDormannFayZapfFrese2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dormann, C.; Fay, D.; Zapf, D.; Frese, M. (2006). "A state-trait analysis of job satisfaction: On the effect of core self-evaluations". Applied Psychology: An International Review. 55 (1): 27–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-0597.2006.00227.x">10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00227.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Psychology%3A+An+International+Review&rft.atitle=A+state-trait+analysis+of+job+satisfaction%3A+On+the+effect+of+core+self-evaluations&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-51&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-0597.2006.00227.x&rft.aulast=Dormann&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Fay%2C+D.&rft.au=Zapf%2C+D.&rft.au=Frese%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudgeBono2001" class="citation journal cs1">Judge, T. A.; Bono, J. E. (2001). "Relationship of core self-evaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis". Journal of Applied Psychology. 86 (1): 80–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.86.1.80">10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11302235">11302235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6612810">6612810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=Relationship+of+core+self-evaluations+traits%E2%80%94self-esteem%2C+generalized+self-efficacy%2C+locus+of+control%2C+and+emotional+stability%E2%80%94with+job+satisfaction+and+job+performance%3A+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-92&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6612810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11302235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0021-9010.86.1.80&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft.au=Bono%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1998" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, James L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-dRzYK1GugC">The Therapeutic State: Justifying Government at Century's End</a>. NYU Press. pp. 152–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814757918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814757918"><bdi>978-0814757918</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Therapeutic+State%3A+Justifying+Government+at+Century%27s+End&rft.pages=152-161&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0814757918&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-dRzYK1GugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.ny.gov/events/population_health_summit/docs/what_is_population_health.pdf">"Population Health Summit"</a> (PDF). New York State Department of Health.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft.atitle=Population+Health+Summit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.ny.gov%2Fevents%2Fpopulation_health_summit%2Fdocs%2Fwhat_is_population_health.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir" class="citation web cs1">Weir, Kristen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/01/trends-rebranding-psychology">"Psychologists are rebranding the field, expanding the one-to-one therapy approach"</a>. American Psychological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychological+Association&rft.atitle=Psychologists+are+rebranding+the+field%2C+expanding+the+one-to-one+therapy+approach&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2F2023%2F01%2Ftrends-rebranding-psychology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeine_S._J.Lehman_D._R.Markus_H._R.Kitayama_S.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Heine S. J.; Lehman D. R.; Markus H. R.; Kitayama S. (1999). "Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?". Psychological Review. 106 (4): 766–794. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.321.2156">10.1.1.321.2156</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.106.4.766">10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10560328">10560328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+universal+need+for+positive+self-regard%3F&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=766-794&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.321.2156%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10560328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295X.106.4.766&rft.au=Heine+S.+J.&rft.au=Lehman+D.+R.&rft.au=Markus+H.+R.&rft.au=Kitayama+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslow1987" class="citation book cs1">Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and Personality (3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060419875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060419875"><bdi>978-0060419875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motivation+and+Personality&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0060419875&rft.aulast=Maslow&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, J. (2008). "Understanding the vital human quest for self-esteem". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3 (1): 48–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2008.00061.x">10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00061.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26158669">26158669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34963030">34963030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+vital+human+quest+for+self-esteem&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-55&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34963030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26158669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2008.00061.x&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickman_S.A.Campbell_C.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wickman S.A.; Campbell C. (2003). "An analysis of how Carl Rogers enacted client-centered conversation with Gloria". Journal of Counseling & Development. 81 (2): 178–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1556-6678.2003.tb00239.x">10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00239.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+%26+Development&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+how+Carl+Rogers+enacted+client-centered+conversation+with+Gloria&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-184&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1556-6678.2003.tb00239.x&rft.au=Wickman+S.A.&rft.au=Campbell+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1965" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, M. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136">Society and the adolescent self-image</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400876136">10.1515/9781400876136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400876136" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400876136"><bdi>978-1400876136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+the+adolescent+self-image&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400876136&rft.isbn=978-1400876136&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400876136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711155858/http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/selfesteem.php#measurement">"MacArthur SES & Health Network – Research"</a>. Macses.ucsf.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Psychosocial/selfesteem.php#measurement">the original</a> on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macses.ucsf.edu&rft.atitle=MacArthur+SES+%26+Health+Network+%E2%80%93+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macses.ucsf.edu%2FResearch%2FPsychosocial%2Fselfesteem.php%23measurement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2002" class="citation news cs1">Slater, Lauren (3 Feb 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/03/magazine/the-trouble-with-self-esteem.html">"The Trouble With Self-Esteem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 27 Nov 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Trouble+With+Self-Esteem&rft.date=2002-02-03&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F02%2F03%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-trouble-with-self-esteem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosson_J.K.Swann_W.B.Pennebaker_J.W.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bosson J.K.; Swann W.B.; Pennebaker J.W. (2000). "Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?". Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 79 (4): 631–643. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.371.9919">10.1.1.371.9919</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.79.4.631">10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11045743">11045743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+%26+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Stalking+the+perfect+measure+of+implicit+self+esteem%3A+The+blind+men+and+the+elephant+revisited%3F.&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=631-643&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.371.9919%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11045743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.79.4.631&rft.au=Bosson+J.K.&rft.au=Swann+W.B.&rft.au=Pennebaker+J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Koole, S. L., & Pelham, B. W. (2003). "On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect". In S. Spencer, S. Fein, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Motivated social perception: The Ontario Symposium (pp. 93–116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStieger,_S.Burger,_C.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stieger, S.; Burger, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15298868.2012.655897">"More complex than previously thought: New insights into the optimal administration of the Initial Preference Task"</a>. Self and Identity. 12 (2): 201–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15298868.2012.655897">10.1080/15298868.2012.655897</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142080983">142080983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Self+and+Identity&rft.atitle=More+complex+than+previously+thought%3A+New+insights+into+the+optimal+administration+of+the+Initial+Preference+Task.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-216&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15298868.2012.655897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142080983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Stieger%2C+S.&rft.au=Burger%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F15298868.2012.655897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwald,_A._G.McGhee,_D._E.Schwartz,_J._L._K.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwald, A. G.; McGhee, D. E.; Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_McGh_Schw_JPSP_1998.OCR.pdf">"Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test"</a> (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74 (6): 1464–1480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.74.6.1464">10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654756">9654756</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7840819">7840819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Measuring+individual+differences+in+implicit+cognition%3A+The+Implicit+Association+Test.&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1464-1480&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7840819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9654756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.74.6.1464&rft.au=Greenwald%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=McGhee%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+J.+L.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fagg%2Fpdf%2FGwald_McGh_Schw_JPSP_1998.OCR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetts_J.J.Sakuma_M.Pelham_B.W.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hetts J.J.; Sakuma M.; Pelham B.W. (1999). "Two roads to positive regard: Implicit and explicit self-evaluation and culture". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 35 (6): 512–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjesp.1999.1391">10.1006/jesp.1999.1391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Two+roads+to+positive+regard%3A+Implicit+and+explicit+self-evaluation+and+culture&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=512-559&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjesp.1999.1391&rft.au=Hetts+J.J.&rft.au=Sakuma+M.&rft.au=Pelham+B.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raboteg_2014-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raboteg_2014_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raboteg_2014_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaboteg-Saric_Z.Sakic_M.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Raboteg-Saric Z.; Sakic M. (2014). "Relations of parenting styles and friendship quality to self-esteem, life satisfaction, & happiness in adolescents". Applied Research in the Quality of Life. 9 (3): 749–765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11482-013-9268-0">10.1007/s11482-013-9268-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143419028">143419028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Research+in+the+Quality+of+Life&rft.atitle=Relations+of+parenting+styles+and+friendship+quality+to+self-esteem%2C+life+satisfaction%2C+%26+happiness+in+adolescents&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=749-765&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11482-013-9268-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143419028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Raboteg-Saric+Z.&rft.au=Sakic+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OlsenBrecklerWiggins-38"><a href="#cite_ref-OlsenBrecklerWiggins_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenBrecklerWiggins2008" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, J. M.; Breckler, S. J.; Wiggins, E. C. (2008). Social Psychology Alive (First Canadian ed.). Toronto: Thomson Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0176224523" title="Special:BookSources/978-0176224523"><bdi>978-0176224523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Psychology+Alive&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=First+Canadian&rft.pub=Thomson+Nelson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0176224523&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Breckler%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Wiggins%2C+E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoopersmith1967" class="citation book cs1">Coopersmith, S. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antecedentsofsel00coop">The Antecedents of Self-Esteem</a>. New York: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716709121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716709121"><bdi>978-0716709121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antecedents+of+Self-Esteem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0716709121&rft.aulast=Coopersmith&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantecedentsofsel00coop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbergHauserJacobsonPowers1989" class="citation journal cs1">Isberg, R. S.; Hauser, S. T.; Jacobson, A. M.; Powers, S. I.; Noam, G.; Weiss-Perry, B.; Fullansbee, D. (1989). "Parental contexts of adolescent self-esteem: A developmental perspective". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 18 (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02139243">10.1007/BF02139243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24271601">24271601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35823262">35823262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Youth+and+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Parental+contexts+of+adolescent+self-esteem%3A+A+developmental+perspective&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35823262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24271601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02139243&rft.aulast=Isberg&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Hauser%2C+S.+T.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Powers%2C+S.+I.&rft.au=Noam%2C+G.&rft.au=Weiss-Perry%2C+B.&rft.au=Fullansbee%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambornMountsSteinbergDornbusch1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lamborn, S. D.; Mounts, N. S.; Steinberg, L.; Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). "Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families". Child Development. 62 (5): 1049–1065. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.x">10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1756655">1756655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+Competence+and+Adjustment+among+Adolescents+from+Authoritative%2C+Authoritarian%2C+Indulgent%2C+and+Neglectful+Families&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1049-1065&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1756655&rft.aulast=Lamborn&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rft.au=Mounts%2C+N.+S.&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+L.&rft.au=Dornbusch%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmhc.utexas.edu/selfesteem.html">"Self-Esteem."</a> Self-Esteem. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 November 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockerSommersLuhtanen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Crocker, J.; Sommers, S. R.; Luhtanen, R. K. (2002). "Hopes Dashed and Dreams Fulfilled: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Graduate School Admissions". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28 (9): 1275–1286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01461672022812012">10.1177/01461672022812012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143985402">143985402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Hopes+Dashed+and+Dreams+Fulfilled%3A+Contingencies+of+Self-Worth+and+Graduate+School+Admissions&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1275-1286&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F01461672022812012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143985402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sommers%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Luhtanen%2C+R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1998" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1998.tb06160.x">"Age Trends in the Use of Social and Temporal Comparison for Self-Evaluation: Examination of a Novel Developmental Hypothesis"</a>. Child Development. 69 (4): 1054–1073. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1998.tb06160.x">10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06160.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9768486">9768486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Age+Trends+in+the+Use+of+Social+and+Temporal+Comparison+for+Self-Evaluation%3A+Examination+of+a+Novel+Developmental+Hypothesis&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1054-1073&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1998.tb06160.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9768486&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-8624.1998.tb06160.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerantzRubleFreyGrenlich1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pomerantz, E. M.; Ruble, D. N.; Frey, K. S.; Grenlich, F. (1995). "Meeting Goals and Confronting Conflict: Children's Changing Perceptions of Social Comparison". Child Development. 66 (3): 723–738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1995.tb00901.x">10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00901.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7789198">7789198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Meeting+Goals+and+Confronting+Conflict%3A+Children%27s+Changing+Perceptions+of+Social+Comparison&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=723-738&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1995.tb00901.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7789198&rft.aulast=Pomerantz&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft.au=Ruble%2C+D.+N.&rft.au=Frey%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Grenlich%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorneMichaelieu1996" class="citation journal cs1">Thorne, A.; Michaelieu, Q. (1996). "Situating Adolescent Gender and Self-Esteem with Personal Memories". Child Development. 67 (4): 1374–1390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1996.tb01802.x">10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01802.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8890489">8890489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Situating+Adolescent+Gender+and+Self-Esteem+with+Personal+Memories&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1374-1390&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1996.tb01802.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8890489&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Michaelieu%2C+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearyBaumeister2000" class="citation book cs1">Leary, M. R.; Baumeister, R. F. (2000). "The Nature and Function of Self-Esteem: Sociometer Theory". In Zanna, M. P. (ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 32. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 1–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0120152322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0120152322"><bdi>978-0120152322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nature+and+Function+of+Self-Esteem%3A+Sociometer+Theory&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=1-62&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0120152322&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Baumeister%2C+R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErolOrth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Erol, R. Y.; Orth, U. (2011). "Self-Esteem Development From Age 14 to 30 Years: A Longitudinal Study". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101 (3): 607–619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0024299">10.1037/a0024299</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21728448">21728448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Self-Esteem+Development+From+Age+14+to+30+Years%3A+A+Longitudinal+Study&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=607-619&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0024299&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21728448&rft.aulast=Erol&rft.aufirst=R.+Y.&rft.au=Orth%2C+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaldonado_L.Huang_Y.Chen_R.Kasen_S.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Maldonado L.; Huang Y.; Chen R.; Kasen S.; Cohen P.; Chen H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725205">"Impact of early adolescent anxiety disorders on self-esteem development from adolescence to young adulthood"</a>. Journal of Adolescent Health. 53 (2): 287–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2013.02.025">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725205">3725205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23648133">23648133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=Impact+of+early+adolescent+anxiety+disorders+on+self-esteem+development+from+adolescence+to+young+adulthood&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-292&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3725205%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23648133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2013.02.025&rft.au=Maldonado+L.&rft.au=Huang+Y.&rft.au=Chen+R.&rft.au=Kasen+S.&rft.au=Cohen+P.&rft.au=Chen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3725205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich2007" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara (2007). Patterns for college Writing (12th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+for+college+Writing&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=680&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenewald_T.L.Kemeny_M.E.Aziz_N.Fahey_J.L.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gruenewald T.L.; Kemeny M.E.; Aziz N.; Fahey J.L. (2004). "Acute threat to the social self: Shame, social self-esteem, and cortisol activity". Psychosomatic Medicine. 66 (6): 915–924. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.505.5316">10.1.1.505.5316</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.psy.0000143639.61693.ef">10.1097/01.psy.0000143639.61693.ef</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15564358">15564358</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29504978">29504978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Acute+threat+to+the+social+self%3A+Shame%2C+social+self-esteem%2C+and+cortisol+activity&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=915-924&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.505.5316%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29504978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15564358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.psy.0000143639.61693.ef&rft.au=Gruenewald+T.L.&rft.au=Kemeny+M.E.&rft.au=Aziz+N.&rft.au=Fahey+J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_E.A.O'Brien_K.A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson E.A.; O'Brien K.A. (2013). "Self-compassion soothes the savage ego-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumination, & depressive symptoms". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 32 (9): 939963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fjscp.2013.32.9.939">10.1521/jscp.2013.32.9.939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Self-compassion+soothes+the+savage+ego-threat+system%3A+Effects+on+negative+affect%2C+shame%2C+rumination%2C+%26+depressive+symptoms&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=939963&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fjscp.2013.32.9.939&rft.au=Johnson+E.A.&rft.au=O%27Brien+K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> In a survey on technology 60% of people using social media reported that it has impacted their self-esteem in a negative way. </li> <li id="cite_note-self-evaluation-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-self-evaluation_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-self-evaluation_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowerKhmelkov1998" class="citation journal cs1">Power, F. Clark; Khmelkov, Vladimir T. (1998). "Character development and self-esteem: Psychological foundations and educational implications". International Journal of Educational Research. 27 (7): 539–551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0883-0355%2897%2900053-0">10.1016/S0883-0355(97)00053-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Educational+Research&rft.atitle=Character+development+and+self-esteem%3A+Psychological+foundations+and+educational+implications&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=539-551&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0883-0355%2897%2900053-0&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=F.+Clark&rft.au=Khmelkov%2C+Vladimir+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Adapted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamachek1971" class="citation book cs1">Hamachek, D. E. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encounterswithse00done">Encounters with the Self</a>. New York: Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030777851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030777851"><bdi>978-0030777851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encounters+with+the+Self&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rinehart&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0030777851&rft.aulast=Hamachek&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencounterswithse00done&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KidsHealth-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KidsHealth_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KidsHealth_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew2012" class="citation web cs1">New, Michelle (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123035242/http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/self_esteem.html">"Developing Your Child's Self-Esteem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KidsHealth" class="mw-redirect" title="KidsHealth">KidsHealth</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/self_esteem.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KidsHealth&rft.atitle=Developing+Your+Child%27s+Self-Esteem&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=New&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkidshealth.org%2Fparent%2Femotions%2Ffeelings%2Fself_esteem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanSpencerZanna2003" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, C. H.; Spencer, S. J.; Zanna, M. P. (2003). "'I love me...I love me not': Implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem and defensiveness". In Spencer, S. J.; Fein, S.; Zanna, M. P.; Olsen, J. M. (eds.). Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium. Vol. 9. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 117–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805840360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805840360"><bdi>978-0805840360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27I+love+me...I+love+me+not%27%3A+Implicit+self-esteem%2C+explicit+self-esteem+and+defensiveness&rft.btitle=Motivated+social+perception%3A+The+Ontario+symposium&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=117-145&rft.pub=Erlbaum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0805840360&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Zanna%2C+M.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanSpencerZannaHoshino-Browne2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, C. H.; Spencer, S. J.; Zanna, M. P.; Hoshino-Browne, E.; Correll, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sakkyndig.com/psykologi/artvit/jordan2003.pdf">"Secure and defensive high self-esteem"</a> (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 85 (5): 969–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.85.5.969">10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14599258">14599258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Secure+and+defensive+high+self-esteem&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=969-978&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.85.5.969&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14599258&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Zanna%2C+M.+P.&rft.au=Hoshino-Browne%2C+E.&rft.au=Correll%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sakkyndig.com%2Fpsykologi%2Fartvit%2Fjordan2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaaffarIbrahimRajaduraiSohail2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jaaffar, Amar Hisham; Ibrahim, Hazril Izwar; Rajadurai, Jegatheesan; Sohail, M. Sadiq (2019-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17583%2Fijep.2019.3389">"Psychological Impact of Work-Integrated Learning Programmes in Malaysia: The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem on Relation between Self-Efficacy and Self-Confidence"</a>. International Journal of Educational Psychology. 8 (2): 188–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17583%2Fijep.2019.3389">10.17583/ijep.2019.3389</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2014-3591">2014-3591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychological+Impact+of+Work-Integrated+Learning+Programmes+in+Malaysia%3A+The+Moderating+Role+of+Self-Esteem+on+Relation+between+Self-Efficacy+and+Self-Confidence&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-213&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17583%2Fijep.2019.3389&rft.issn=2014-3591&rft.aulast=Jaaffar&rft.aufirst=Amar+Hisham&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Hazril+Izwar&rft.au=Rajadurai%2C+Jegatheesan&rft.au=Sohail%2C+M.+Sadiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17583%252Fijep.2019.3389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Barbara Krahe, The Social Psychology of Aggression (Psychology Press, 2013), 75. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedikiedsRudichGreggKumashiro2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sedikieds, C.; Rudich, E. A.; Gregg, A. P.; Kumashiro, M.; Rusbult, C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/155e777a-4d9d-4417-8cf2-f6e6403e2ee7">"Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Self-esteem matters"</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 87 (3): 400–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.87.3.400">10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15382988">15382988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12903591">12903591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Are+normal+narcissists+psychologically+healthy%3F+Self-esteem+matters&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=400-416&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12903591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15382988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.87.3.400&rft.aulast=Sedikieds&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Rudich%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Gregg%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=Kumashiro%2C+M.&rft.au=Rusbult%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F155e777a-4d9d-4417-8cf2-f6e6403e2ee7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afterpsychotherapy.com/narcissism-vs-authentic-self-esteem/">"Narcissism vs. Authentic Self-Esteem"</a>. afterpsychotherapy.com. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afterpsychotherapy.com&rft.atitle=Narcissism+vs.+Authentic+Self-Esteem&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afterpsychotherapy.com%2Fnarcissism-vs-authentic-self-esteem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorfRhodewalk1993" class="citation journal cs1">Morf, C. C.; Rhodewalk, F. (1993). "Narcissism and self-evaluation maintenance: Explorations in object relations". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 19 (6): 668–676. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167293196001">10.1177/0146167293196001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145525829">145525829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Narcissism+and+self-evaluation+maintenance%3A+Explorations+in+object+relations&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=668-676&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146167293196001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145525829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morf&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft.au=Rhodewalk%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwengeCampbell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Twenge, J. M.; Campbell, W. K. (2003). "'Isn't it fun to get the respect we're going to deserve?' Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 29 (2): 261–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167202239051">10.1177/0146167202239051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15272953">15272953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29837581">29837581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%27Isn%27t+it+fun+to+get+the+respect+we%27re+going+to+deserve%3F%27+Narcissism%2C+social+rejection%2C+and+aggression&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-272&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29837581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15272953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146167202239051&rft.aulast=Twenge&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+W.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones_FC2003" class="citation news cs1">Jones FC (2003). "Low self esteem". Chicago Defender. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-7014">0745-7014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Low+self+esteem&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0745-7014&rft.au=Jones+FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdapted,_Gill_J" class="citation journal cs1">Adapted, Gill J. "Indispensable Self-Esteem". Human Development. 1: 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=Indispensable+Self-Esteem&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1980&rft.au=Adapted%2C+Gill+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/i-have-lost-my-confidence-and-self-esteem#signs">"Low self-esteem and confidence: Signs, causes, and treatment"</a>. www.medicalnewstoday.com. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medicalnewstoday.com&rft.atitle=Low+self-esteem+and+confidence%3A+Signs%2C+causes%2C+and+treatment&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fi-have-lost-my-confidence-and-self-esteem%23signs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClureTanskiKingsburyGerrard2010" class="citation journal cs1">McClure, Auden C.; Tanski, Susanne E.; Kingsbury, John; Gerrard, Meg; Sargent, James D. (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914631">"Characteristics Associated With Low Self-Esteem Among US Adolescents"</a>. Academic Pediatrics. 10 (4): 238–244.e2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.acap.2010.03.007">10.1016/j.acap.2010.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914631">2914631</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20605547">20605547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Characteristics+Associated+With+Low+Self-Esteem+Among+US+Adolescents&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=238-244.e2&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2914631%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20605547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.acap.2010.03.007&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Auden+C.&rft.au=Tanski%2C+Susanne+E.&rft.au=Kingsbury%2C+John&rft.au=Gerrard%2C+Meg&rft.au=Sargent%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2914631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinSinclair1996" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, M. W.; Sinclair, L. (1996). "Self-esteem and 'if...then' contingencies of interpersonal acceptance". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 71 (6): 1130–1141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.71.6.1130">10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8979382">8979382</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7294467">7294467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Self-esteem+and+%27if...then%27+contingencies+of+interpersonal+acceptance&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1130-1141&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7294467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8979382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.71.6.1130&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Warman DM, Lysaker PH, Luedtke B, Martin JM (2010) "Self-esteem and delusionproneness". JNervMentDis. 198:455–457. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Smith B, Fowler DG, Freeman D, Bebbington P, Bashforth H, Garety P, Dunn G,Kuipers E (2006) "Emotion and psychosis: Links between depression, self-esteem,negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations". Schizophr Res. 86:181–188 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington PE (2001) "A cognitivemodel of the positive symptoms of psychosis". Psychol Med. 31:189–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Bentall RP, Kinderman P, Kaney S (1994) "The self, attributional processes andabnormal beliefs: Towards a model of persecutory delusions". Behav Res Ther. 32:331–341 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Karatzias T, Gumley A, Power K, O'Grady M (2007) "Illness appraisals and self-esteemas correlates of anxiety and affective comorbid disorders in schizophrenia". ComprPsychiatry. 48:371–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Bradshaw W, Brekke JS (1999) "Subjective experience in schizophrenia: Factorsinfluencing self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and subjective distress." Am J Ortho-psychiatry. 69:254–260. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Blairy S, Linotte S, Souery D, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos D, Lerer B, Kaneva R,Milanova V, Serretti A, Macciardi F, Mendlewicz J (2004) "Social adjust-ment and self-esteem of bipolar patients: A multicentric study." J Affect Disord. 79:97–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Bowins B, Shugar G (1998) "Delusions and self-esteem." Can J Psychiatry. 43:154–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCID_2021-78"><a href="#cite_ref-ORCID_2021_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5765-8776">"ORCID"</a>. orcid.org. 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2021-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orcid.org&rft.atitle=ORCID&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0001-5765-8776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross,_Martín_2013-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_Martín_2013_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_Martín_2013_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_Martín_2013_79-2">c</a> Ross, Martín. El Mapa de la Autoestima. 2013. Dunken. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9870267737" title="Special:BookSources/978-9870267737">978-9870267737</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Autoestima_género-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Autoestima_género_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autoestima_género_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autoestima_género_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiva2015" class="citation web cs1">Leiva, Darcy (11 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monografias.com/trabajos104/como-influye-genero-autoestima-adolescentes/como-influye-genero-autoestima-adolescentes.shtml">"Como influye el genero en la Autoestima de los Adolescentes"</a>. Monografias.com. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monografias.com&rft.atitle=Como+influye+el+genero+en+la+Autoestima+de+los+Adolescentes&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft.aulast=Leiva&rft.aufirst=Darcy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monografias.com%2Ftrabajos104%2Fcomo-influye-genero-autoestima-adolescentes%2Fcomo-influye-genero-autoestima-adolescentes.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-digital_activity-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digital_activity_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_activity_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_activity_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_activity_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_activity_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_activity_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_activity_81-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonet_Gallardo2015" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonet Gallardo, L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddd.uab.cat/record/142342?ln=en">La retroalimentació entre l'autoestima i l'activitat digital al col·lectiu adolescent</a> [Feedback between self-esteem and digital activity in the adolescent group] (bachelor thesis) (in Spanish). Advised by Huertas Bailén, Amparo. <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona">Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=La+retroalimentaci%C3%B3+entre+l%27autoestima+i+l%27activitat+digital+al+col%C2%B7lectiu+adolescent&rft.inst=Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bonet+Gallardo&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddd.uab.cat%2Frecord%2F142342%3Fln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterCampbellKruegerVohs2003" class="citation journal cs1">Baumeister, Roy F.; Campbell, Jennifer D.; Krueger, Joachim I.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431">"Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?"</a>. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 4 (1): 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431">10.1111/1529-1006.01431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1006">1529-1006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151640">26151640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Does+High+Self-Esteem+Cause+Better+Performance%2C+Interpersonal+Success%2C+Happiness%2C+or+Healthier+Lifestyles%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2003-05&rft.issn=1529-1006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26151640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Jennifer+D.&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Joachim+I.&rft.au=Vohs%2C+Kathleen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1529-1006.01431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/contingent">"Contingent Synonyms, Contingent Antonyms"</a>. thesaurus.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thesaurus.com&rft.atitle=Contingent+Synonyms%2C+Contingent+Antonyms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesaurus.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcontingent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/unconditional">"Unconditional"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unconditional&rft.btitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Funconditional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koivula-et-al-2002-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Koivula-et-al-2002_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoivulaHassménFallby2002" class="citation journal cs1">Koivula, Nathalie; Hassmén, Peter; Fallby, Johan (2002). "Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes: effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence". Personality and Individual Differences. 32 (5): 865–875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-8869%2801%2900092-7">10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00092-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Self-esteem+and+perfectionism+in+elite+athletes%3A+effects+on+competitive+anxiety+and+self-confidence&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=865-875&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0191-8869%2801%2900092-7&rft.aulast=Koivula&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft.au=Hassm%C3%A9n%2C+Peter&rft.au=Fallby%2C+Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_Blom" class="citation web cs1">Victoria Blom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:406035/FULLTEXT01.pdf">"'Striving for Self-esteem' (Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 2011)"</a> (PDF). p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Striving+for+Self-esteem%27+%28Department+of+Psychology%2C+Stockholm+University%2C+2011%29&rft.pages=17&rft.au=Victoria+Blom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A406035%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psychologytoday.com-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psychologytoday.com_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psychologytoday.com_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201112/the-boom-and-bust-ego">"The Boom and Bust Ego"</a>. Psychology Today. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Boom+and+Bust+Ego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Farticles%2F201112%2Fthe-boom-and-bust-ego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Paul Tillich, Terry Lectures: Courage to Be (Yale University, 2000) 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Christopher J. Mruk, Self-esteem Research, Theory, and Practice (Springer, 1995), 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Terry D. Cooper, Paul Tillich and Psychology: Historic and Contemporary Explorations in Theology, Psychotherapy, and Ethics (Mercer University, 2006). 7. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahpcc.org.uk/includes/articles/selfesteem.pdf">"Self-esteem/OKness: a personal story"</a> (PDF). Ahpcc.org.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahpcc.org.uk&rft.atitle=Self-esteem%2FOKness%3A+a+personal+story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahpcc.org.uk%2Fincludes%2Farticles%2Fselfesteem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Terry D. Cooper, Paul Tillich and Psychology: Historic and Contemporary Explorations in Theology, Psychotherapy, and Ethics (Mercer University,2006). 5. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/OK">"OK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=OK&rft.btitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FOK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Thomas A. Harris, I'm OK – You're OK (Harper and Row), 1969, 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_H._Kernis" class="citation web cs1">Michael H. Kernis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417183904/http://academic.udayton.edu/jackbauer/PGSG/Kernis%2003%20opt%20s-esteem%20authenticity%20copy.pdf">"Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem"</a> (PDF). Academic.udayton.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.udayton.edu/jackbauer/PGSG/Kernis%2003%20opt%20s-esteem%20authenticity%20copy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic.udayton.edu&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Conceptualization+of+Optimal+Self-Esteem&rft.au=Michael+H.+Kernis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.udayton.edu%2Fjackbauer%2FPGSG%2FKernis%252003%2520opt%2520s-esteem%2520authenticity%2520copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burger_et_al-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burger_et_al_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burger_et_al_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger,_C.Bachmann,_L.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Burger, C.; Bachmann, L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508291">"Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment"</a>. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18 (19): 10429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph181910429">10.3390/ijerph181910429</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508291">8508291</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639731">34639731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Environ+Res+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Perpetration+and+victimization+in+offline+and+cyber+contexts%3A+A+variable-+and+person-oriented+examination+of+associations+and+differences+regarding+domain-specific+self-esteem+and+school+adjustment.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=10429&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8508291%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34639731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph181910429&rft.au=Burger%2C+C.&rft.au=Bachmann%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8508291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbot_B.Safont-Mottay_C.Oubrayrie-Roussel_N2019" class="citation journal cs1">Barbot B.; Safont-Mottay C.; Oubrayrie-Roussel N (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0165025418824996">"Multidimensional scale of self-esteem (EMES-16): Psychometric evaluation of a domain-specific measure of self-esteem for French-speaking adolescents"</a>. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 43 (5): 436–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0165025418824996">10.1177/0165025418824996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151135576">151135576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Behavioral+Development&rft.atitle=Multidimensional+scale+of+self-esteem+%28EMES-16%29%3A+Psychometric+evaluation+of+a+domain-specific+measure+of+self-esteem+for+French-speaking+adolescents.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=436-446&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0165025418824996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151135576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Barbot+B.&rft.au=Safont-Mottay+C.&rft.au=Oubrayrie-Roussel+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0165025418824996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrth_U.Dapp_L.C.Erol_R.Y.Krauss_S.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Orth U.; Dapp L.C.; Erol R.Y.; Krauss S.; Luciano E.C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/120/1/145">"Development of domain-specific self-evaluations: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies"</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 120 (1): 145–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpspp0000378">10.1037/pspp0000378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33252972">33252972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227244920">227244920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Development+of+domain-specific+self-evaluations%3A+A+meta-analysis+of+longitudinal+studies.&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-172&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227244920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33252972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fpspp0000378&rft.au=Orth+U.&rft.au=Dapp+L.C.&rft.au=Erol+R.Y.&rft.au=Krauss+S.&rft.au=Luciano+E.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fpsp%2F120%2F1%2F145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreou_E2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andreou E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01443410125042">"Bully/victim problems and their association with coping behaviour in conflictual peer interactions among school-age children"</a>. Educational Psychology. 21 (1): 59–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01443410125042">10.1080/01443410125042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143734781">143734781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=Bully%2Fvictim+problems+and+their+association+with+coping+behaviour+in+conflictual+peer+interactions+among+school-age+children.&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-66&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01443410125042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143734781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Andreou+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01443410125042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branden-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_100-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psvHFOqRuhkC&pg=PA9">Nathaniel Branden. Cómo mejorar su autoestima</a>. 1987. Versión traducida: 1990. 1ª edición en formato electrónico: enero de 2010. Ediciones Paidós Ibérica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8449323478" title="Special:BookSources/978-8449323478">978-8449323478</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Miranda-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Miranda_101-0">^</a> Christian Miranda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/551/55130179.pdf">La autoestima profesional: una competencia mediadora para la innovación en las prácticas pedagógicas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230252/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/pdf/551/55130179.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación. 2005. Volume 3, number 1. PDF format. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (PFL 11) pp. 254–256 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Yogyakarta_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yogyakarta Principles">The Yogyakarta Principles</a>, Preamble and Principles 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014" class="citation journal cs1">World Health Organization (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905121318/http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en/">"Preventing suicide: A global imperative"</a>. World Health Organization – Mental Health: 92. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en/">the original</a> on September 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization+%E2%80%93+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=Preventing+suicide%3A+A+global+imperative&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2014&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmental_health%2Fsuicide-prevention%2Fworld_report_2014%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mental_hearth/media/en/62.pdf">"Preventing Suicide, A resource for teachers and other school staff, WHO, Geneva, 2000"</a> (PDF). who.int. Retrieved 22 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=Preventing+Suicide%2C+A+resource+for+teachers+and+other+school+staff%2C+WHO%2C+Geneva%2C+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmental_hearth%2Fmedia%2Fen%2F62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Schacter-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Schacter_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacterGilbertWegner2009" class="citation book cs1">Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha_e2x8">"Self Esteem"</a>. Psychology (Second ed.). New York: Worth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716752158" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716752158"><bdi>978-0716752158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Self+Esteem&rft.btitle=Psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Worth&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0716752158&rft.aulast=Schacter&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Daniel+T.&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychology0000scha_e2x8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterCampbellKruegerVohs2003" class="citation journal cs1">Baumeister, Roy F.; Campbell, Jennifer D.; Krueger, Joachim I.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431">"Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?"</a>. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 4 (1): 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431">10.1111/1529-1006.01431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1006">1529-1006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151640">26151640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Does+High+Self-Esteem+Cause+Better+Performance%2C+Interpersonal+Success%2C+Happiness%2C+or+Healthier+Lifestyles%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1529-1006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26151640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1529-1006.01431&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Jennifer+D.&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Joachim+I.&rft.au=Vohs%2C+Kathleen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1529-1006.01431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterJennifer_D._Campbell,_Joachim_I._Krueger_and_Kathleen_D._VohsKruegerVohs2005" class="citation journal cs1">Baumeister, Roy F.; Jennifer D. Campbell, Joachim I. Krueger and Kathleen D. Vohs; Krueger, Joachim I.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090441/http://www.castonline.ilstu.edu/walsh/Research%20Methods/Baumeister_2005%20-%20self%20esteem.pdf">"Exploding the Self-Esteem Myth"</a> (PDF). Scientific American. 292 (1): 84–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SciAm.292a..84B">2005SciAm.292a..84B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0105-84">10.1038/scientificamerican0105-84</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724341">15724341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121786659">121786659</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castonline.ilstu.edu/walsh/Research%20Methods/Baumeister_2005%20-%20self%20esteem.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Exploding+the+Self-Esteem+Myth&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-91&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0105-84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121786659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15724341&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005SciAm.292a..84B&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rft.au=Jennifer+D.+Campbell%2C+Joachim+I.+Krueger+and+Kathleen+D.+Vohs&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Joachim+I.&rft.au=Vohs%2C+Kathleen+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castonline.ilstu.edu%2Fwalsh%2FResearch%2520Methods%2FBaumeister_2005%2520-%2520self%2520esteem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeister2009" class="citation web cs1">Baumeister, Roy (23 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.com/reference/article/self-esteem2/">"Self-Esteem"</a>. Education.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Self-Esteem&rft.pub=Education.com&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.com%2Freference%2Farticle%2Fself-esteem2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwensStrykerGoodman2001" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Timothy J.; Stryker, Sheldon; Goodman, Norman, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/extending-selfesteem-theory-and-research/41A62B2CCFE1C8C4F1B335DA0B950D2D">Extending Self-Esteem Theory and Research: Sociological and Psychological Currents</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511527739">10.1017/cbo9780511527739</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521630887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521630887"><bdi>978-0521630887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extending+Self-Esteem+Theory+and+Research%3A+Sociological+and+Psychological+Currents&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511527739&rft.isbn=978-0521630887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fextending-selfesteem-theory-and-research%2F41A62B2CCFE1C8C4F1B335DA0B950D2D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich_Schimmack_and_Ed_Diener2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ulrich Schimmack and Ed Diener (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3psyuli/PReprints/JRP_IESE_SWB.pdf">"Predictive validity of explicit and implicit self-esteem for subjective well-being"</a> (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 37 (2): 100–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-6566%2802%2900532-9">10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00532-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Personality&rft.atitle=Predictive+validity+of+explicit+and+implicit+self-esteem+for+subjective+well-being&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100-106&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0092-6566%2802%2900532-9&rft.au=Ulrich+Schimmack+and+Ed+Diener&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erin.utoronto.ca%2F~w3psyuli%2FPReprints%2FJRP_IESE_SWB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EatonWardstruthers2006-112"><a href="#cite_ref-EatonWardstruthers2006_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonWardstruthersSantelli2006" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, J; Wardstruthers, C; Santelli, A (2006). "Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism". Personality and Individual Differences. 41 (2): 371–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.02.005">10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-8869">0191-8869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Dispositional+and+state+forgiveness%3A+The+role+of+self-esteem%2C+need+for+structure%2C+and+narcissism&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-380&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.02.005&rft.issn=0191-8869&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Wardstruthers%2C+C&rft.au=Santelli%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowisloOrth2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sowislo, Julia Friederike; Orth, Ulrich (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0028931">"Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies"</a>. Psychological Bulletin. 139 (1): 213–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0028931">10.1037/a0028931</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1455">1939-1455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22730921">22730921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Does+low+self-esteem+predict+depression+and+anxiety%3F+A+meta-analysis+of+longitudinal+studies.&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=213-240&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1939-1455&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22730921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0028931&rft.aulast=Sowislo&rft.aufirst=Julia+Friederike&rft.au=Orth%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2Fa0028931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmseeHankBošnjak2021" class="citation journal cs1">Colmsee, Isabelle-Sophie O.; Hank, Petra; Bošnjak, Michael (2021-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/2151-2604/a000433">"Low Self-Esteem as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders"</a>. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 229 (1): 48–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1027%2F2151-2604%2Fa000433">10.1027/2151-2604/a000433</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2190-8370">2190-8370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234058766">234058766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Psychologie&rft.atitle=Low+Self-Esteem+as+a+Risk+Factor+for+Eating+Disorders&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-69&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234058766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2190-8370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1027%2F2151-2604%2Fa000433&rft.aulast=Colmsee&rft.aufirst=Isabelle-Sophie+O.&rft.au=Hank%2C+Petra&rft.au=Bo%C5%A1njak%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecontent.hogrefe.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1027%2F2151-2604%2Fa000433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonHillmanCrawfordOverton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, J.; Hillman, R.; Crawford, T.; Overton, P. G. (2010-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9189-2">"Self-esteem and self-disgust both mediate the relationship between dysfunctional cognitions and depressive symptoms"</a>. Motivation and Emotion. 34 (4): 399–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11031-010-9189-2">10.1007/s11031-010-9189-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-6644">1573-6644</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145371730">145371730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motivation+and+Emotion&rft.atitle=Self-esteem+and+self-disgust+both+mediate+the+relationship+between+dysfunctional+cognitions+and+depressive+symptoms&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-406&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145371730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-6644&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11031-010-9189-2&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hillman%2C+R.&rft.au=Crawford%2C+T.&rft.au=Overton%2C+P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11031-010-9189-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://personalpsychology.com.au/blog/low-self-esteem#self-esteem-confidence-and-depression">"What Causes Low Self-Esteem?"</a>. 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Causes+Low+Self-Esteem%3F&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpersonalpsychology.com.au%2Fblog%2Flow-self-esteem%23self-esteem-confidence-and-depression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergSolomonPyszczynskiRosenblatt1992" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, Jeff; Solomon, Sheldon; Pyszczynski, Tom; Rosenblatt, Abram; Burling, John; Lyon, Deborah; Simon, Linda; Pinel, Elizabeth (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913">"Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function"</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 63 (6): 913–922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.63.6.913">10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1315">1939-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1460559">1460559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Why+do+people+need+self-esteem%3F+Converging+evidence+that+self-esteem+serves+an+anxiety-buffering+function.&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=913-922&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=1939-1315&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1460559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.63.6.913&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Sheldon&rft.au=Pyszczynski%2C+Tom&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Abram&rft.au=Burling%2C+John&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Deborah&rft.au=Simon%2C+Linda&rft.au=Pinel%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2F0022-3514.63.6.913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuroscience-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Neuroscience_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavezHeatherton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chavez, Robert S.; Heatherton, Todd F. (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350482">"Multimodal frontostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in self-esteem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_Cognitive_and_Affective_Neuroscience" title="Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience">Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience</a>. 10 (3). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 364–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fscan%2Fnsu063">10.1093/scan/nsu063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350482">4350482</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24795440">24795440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Cognitive+and+Affective+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Multimodal+frontostriatal+connectivity+underlies+individual+differences+in+self-esteem&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=364-370&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4350482%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24795440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fscan%2Fnsu063&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Heatherton%2C+Todd+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4350482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis,_A._2001-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis,_A._2001_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis,_A._2001_119-1">b</a> Ellis, A. (2001). Feeling better, getting better, staying better. Impact Publishers [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2005" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, A. (2005). The Myth of Self-esteem. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591023548" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591023548"><bdi>978-1591023548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Self-esteem&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1591023548&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisDryden2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Albert; Dryden, Windy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPeFALg673MC">The Practice of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: Second Edition</a>. Springer Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826122179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826122179"><bdi>978-0826122179</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 December 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Rational+Emotive+Behavior+Therapy%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0826122179&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Dryden%2C+Windy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPeFALg673MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterTierney2011" class="citation book cs1">Baumeister; Tierney (2011). Willpower: The Greatest's Human Strength. p. 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Willpower%3A+The+Greatest%27s+Human+Strength&rft.pages=192&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Baumeister&rft.au=Tierney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Nathaniel Branden, The Six Pillars of Self-esteem (Bantam, 1995), 52.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] Also see Nathaniel Branden, How to Raise Your Self-Esteem: The Proven Action-Oriented Approach to Greater Self-Respect and Self-Confidence (Random House, 1988), 9. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]Spanish edition: Cómo mejorar su autoestima (Paidos, 2009).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarter1987" class="citation book cs1">Harter, S. (1987). "The determinants and mediational role of global self-worth in children". In Eisenberg, N. (ed.). Contemporary topics in developmental psychology. New York: John Wiley. pp. 219–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+determinants+and+mediational+role+of+global+self-worth+in+children&rft.btitle=Contemporary+topics+in+developmental+psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=219-242&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Harter&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuebner1991" class="citation journal cs1">Huebner, E. S. (1991). "Correlates of life satisfaction in children". Social Psychology Quarterly. 6 (2): 102–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0088805">10.1037/h0088805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychology+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Correlates+of+life+satisfaction+in+children&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102-111&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0088805&rft.aulast=Huebner&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschitz-ElhawiItzhaky2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lipschitz-Elhawi, Racheli; Itzhaky, Haya (2005). "Social support, mastery, self-esteem and individual adjustment among at-risk youth". Child & Youth Care Forum. 34 (5): 329–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10566-005-5906-5">10.1007/s10566-005-5906-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144623603">144623603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+%26+Youth+Care+Forum&rft.atitle=Social+support%2C+mastery%2C+self-esteem+and+individual+adjustment+among+at-risk+youth&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=329-346&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10566-005-5906-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144623603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lipschitz-Elhawi&rft.aufirst=Racheli&rft.au=Itzhaky%2C+Haya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwensonPrelow2005" class="citation journal cs1">Swenson, Rebecca R.; Prelow, Hazel M. (2005). "Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and perceived efficacy as mediators of the relation of supportive parenting to psychosocial outcomes among urban adolescents". Journal of Adolescence. 28 (4): 465–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2004.09.005">10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16022882">16022882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Ethnic+identity%2C+self-esteem%2C+and+perceived+efficacy+as+mediators+of+the+relation+of+supportive+parenting+to+psychosocial+outcomes+among+urban+adolescents&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=465-477&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2004.09.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16022882&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+R.&rft.au=Prelow%2C+Hazel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelsBarrRoosaKnight2007" class="citation journal cs1">Michaels, M.; Barr, A.; Roosa, M.; Knight, G. (2007). "Self-Esteem: Assessing Measurement Equivalence in a Multiethnic Sample of Youth". Journal of Early Adolescence. 27 (3): 269–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0272431607302009">10.1177/0272431607302009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146806309">146806309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Self-Esteem%3A+Assessing+Measurement+Equivalence+in+a+Multiethnic+Sample+of+Youth&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-95&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0272431607302009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146806309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Barr%2C+A.&rft.au=Roosa%2C+M.&rft.au=Knight%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErikson1973" class="citation book cs1">Erikson, Erik H. (1973). <a href="/wiki/Childhood_and_Society" title="Childhood and Society">Childhood and Society</a>. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140207545" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140207545"><bdi>978-0140207545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Childhood+and+Society&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0140207545&rft.aulast=Erikson&rft.aufirst=Erik+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrompton2007" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, Simon (2007). All about Me. London: Collins. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007247950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007247950"><bdi>978-0007247950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+about+Me&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0007247950&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancer2022" class="citation book cs1">Lancer, Darlene (April 6, 2022). Dating, Loving, and Leaving a Narcissist: Essential Tools for Improving or Leaving Narcissistic and Abusive Relationships. Santa Monica, CA: Carousel Books. pp. 19, 34–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0578373188" title="Special:BookSources/978-0578373188"><bdi>978-0578373188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dating%2C+Loving%2C+and+Leaving+a+Narcissist%3A+Essential+Tools+for+Improving+or+Leaving+Narcissistic+and+Abusive+Relationships&rft.place=Santa+Monica%2C+CA&rft.pages=19%2C+34-38&rft.pub=Carousel+Books&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0578373188&rft.aulast=Lancer&rft.aufirst=Darlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenichel1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fenichel" title="Otto Fenichel">Fenichel, Otto</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61482/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater">The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis</a>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co Ltd. pp. 407–410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychoanalytic+Theory+of+Neurosis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=407-410&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Fenichel&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.61482%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymington2003" class="citation book cs1">Symington, Neville (2003). Narcissism: A New Theory. London: Karmac. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855750470" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855750470"><bdi>978-1855750470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissism%3A+A+New+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Karmac&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1855750470&rft.aulast=Symington&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Baumeister, Roy F. (April 2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=violent-pride">Violent Pride: Do people turn violent because of self-hate or self-love?</a>", in Scientific American, 284, No. 4, pp. 96–101</li> <li>Branden, N. (1969). <a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem" title="The Psychology of Self-Esteem">The Psychology of Self-Esteem</a>. New York: Bantam.</li> <li>Branden, N. (2001). The psychology of self-esteem: a revolutionary approach to self-understanding that launched a new era in modern psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787945269" title="Special:BookSources/0787945269">0787945269</a></li> <li>Burke, C. (2008) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/370">Self-esteem: Why?; Why not?</a>", New York[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_J.Park_L._E.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Crocker J.; Park L. E. (2004). "The costly pursuit of self-esteem". Psychological Bulletin. 130 (3): 392–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.130.3.392">10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15122925">15122925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+costly+pursuit+of+self-esteem&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=392-414&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.130.3.392&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15122925&rft.au=Crocker+J.&rft.au=Park+L.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Franklin, Richard L. (1994). "Overcoming The Myth of Self-Worth: Reason and Fallacy in What You Say to Yourself." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0963938703" title="Special:BookSources/0963938703">0963938703</a></li> <li>Hill, S.E. & <a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">Buss, D.M.</a> (2006). "The Evolution of Self-Esteem." In Michael Kernis, (Ed.), Self Esteem: Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives.. Psychology Press: New York. 328–333. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/Group/BussLAB/pdffiles/SEMSAugust4.pdf">Full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823193547/http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/Group/BussLAB/pdffiles/SEMSAugust4.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lerner, Barbara (1985). "Self-Esteem and Excellence: The Choice and the Paradox", American Educator, Winter 1985.</li> <li>Mecca, Andrew M., et al., (1989). The Social Importance of Self-esteem University of California Press, 1989. (ed; other editors included <a href="/wiki/Neil_J._Smelser" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil J. Smelser">Neil J. Smelser</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Vasconcellos" title="John Vasconcellos">John Vasconcellos</a>)</li> <li>Mruk, C. (2006). Self-Esteem research, theory, and practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodewalt_F.Tragakis_M._W.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rodewalt F.; Tragakis M. W. (2003). "Self-esteem and self-regulation: Toward optimal studies of self-esteem". Psychological Inquiry. 14 (1): 66–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327965pli1401_02">10.1207/s15327965pli1401_02</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Self-esteem+and+self-regulation%3A+Toward+optimal+studies+of+self-esteem&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-70&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327965pli1401_02&rft.au=Rodewalt+F.&rft.au=Tragakis+M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-esteem" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ruggiero, Vincent R. (2000). "Bad Attitude: Confronting the Views That Hinder Student's Learning" American Educator.</li> <li>Sedikides, C., & Gregg. A. P. (2003). "Portraits of the self." In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology (pp. 110–138). London: Sage Publications.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Twenge, Jean M. (2007). Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – and More Miserable Than Ever Before. Free Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743276986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743276986">978-0743276986</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Self esteem <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Self-esteem">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a> (incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narcissism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narcissism" title="Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narcissism" title="Template talk:Narcissism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narcissism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar personality concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egomania" title="Egomania">Egomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">Egotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_narcissism" title="Healthy narcissism">Healthy narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)" title="Machiavellianism (psychology)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_complex" title="Messiah complex">Messiah complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">Superiority complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juanism" title="Don Juanism">Don Juanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">In the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership" title="Narcissistic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Parents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathological narcissism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_narcissism" title="History of narcissism">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_triad" title="Dark triad">Dark triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_narcissism" title="Malignant narcissism">Malignant narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Narcissistic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_injury" title="Narcissistic injury">injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_neurosis" title="Narcissistic neurosis">neurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_elation" title="Narcissistic elation">elation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_mortification" title="Narcissistic mortification">mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_supply" title="Narcissistic supply">supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_withdrawal" title="Narcissistic withdrawal">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_Personality_Inventory" title="Narcissistic Personality Inventory">Narcissistic Personality Inventory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related psychology concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(psychology)" title="Compensation (psychology)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitlement_(psychology)" title="Entitlement (psychology)">Entitlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">Grandiosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Narcissism" title="Category:Narcissism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a>/<a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10981881#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4180864-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119793">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574715">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118402&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529467405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&oldid=1256723940">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&oldid=1256723940</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Positive_mental_attitude" title="Category:Positive mental attitude">Positive mental attitude</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychological_attitude" title="Category:Psychological attitude">Psychological attitude</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conceptions_of_self" title="Category:Conceptions of self">Conceptions of self</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motivation" title="Category:Motivation">Motivation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Happiness" title="Category:Happiness">Happiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harassment_and_bullying" title="Category:Harassment and bullying">Harassment and bullying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Narcissism" title="Category:Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Spanish-language_sources_(es-es)" title="Category:CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)">CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2021">Articles with dead external links from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from February 2024">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Catalan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Catalan-language text">Articles containing Catalan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 08:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-esteem&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qvkwc","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.872","walltime":"2.112","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12165,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":359084,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10744,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":499389,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1850.557 1 -total"," 53.27% 985.862 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.45% 378.434 59 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.98% 240.287 27 Template:Cite_book"," 7.39% 136.713 5 Template:Navbox"," 6.70% 123.912 10 Template:Fix"," 5.95% 110.157 7 Template:Transliteration"," 5.55% 102.752 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.35% 98.921 1 Template:Self_sidebar"," 5.23% 96.841 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.165","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14540680,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","360","28.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","17.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","11.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.2"],["gsub","20","1.6"],["[others]","180","14.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-xqwf2","timestamp":"20241122141309","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Self-esteem","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-esteem","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10981881","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10981881","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-24T05:43:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T08:01:31Z","headline":"term used in psychology to reflect a person's overall emotional evaluation of their own worth"}</script> </body> </html>