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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umbilical_cord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umbilical_cord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Umbilical cord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umbilical_cord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Genitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Care_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Care and feeding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Care_and_feeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Care and feeding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Care_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_care_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_care_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Common care issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_care_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_touch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_touch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Benefits of touch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_touch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Language development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Maternal sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emotional_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Emotional development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Response to sounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babyhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babyhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Babyhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babyhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba" title="Baba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="رضيع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رضيع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C3%A1caru" title="Ñácaru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ñácaru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%C3%A3ra%27y" title="Mitãra'y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mitãra'y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawa" title="Wawa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Wawa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rp%C9%99" title="Körpə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Körpə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%87" title="کؤرپه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کؤرپه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE" title="বাচ্চা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাচ্চা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-e%E2%81%BF-%C3%A1" title="Âng-eⁿ-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-eⁿ-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Немаўля – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Немаўля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Немаўля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Немаўля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umboy" title="Umboy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Umboy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Бебе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бебе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzal" title="Buzal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buzal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babig" title="Babig – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Babig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C3%B3" title="Nadó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nadó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нараста – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нараста" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojenec" title="Kojenec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kojenec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucheche" title="Mucheche – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mucheche" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi" title="Babi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Babi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby" title="Baby – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="مومو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مومو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbeli" title="Bobbeli – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bobbeli" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugling" title="Säugling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Säugling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imik" title="Imik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Imik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βρέφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρέφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beb%C3%A9" title="Bebé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bebé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bebo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haurtxo" title="Haurtxo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haurtxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="نوزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nourrisson" title="Nourrisson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nourrisson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppe" title="Poppe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poppe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%ADon%C3%A1n" title="Naíonán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naíonán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoidhean" title="Naoidhean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Naoidhean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beb%C3%A9" title="Bebé – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bebé" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E4%BC%A2%E5%AD%90" title="毛伢子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="毛伢子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94-nga-%C3%A9" title="Ô-nga-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ô-nga-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EA%B8%B0" title="아기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jariri" title="Jariri – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jariri" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1" title="Կրծքի երեխա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրծքի երեխա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="शिशु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिशु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novoro%C4%91en%C4%8De" title="Novorođenče – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novorođenče" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayi" title="Bayi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bayi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%91%95%E1%92%90%E1%92%83" title="ᓄᑕᒐᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᑕᒐᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ינקות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ינקות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayi" title="Bayi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bayi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81" title="ಶಿಶು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಶು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe" title="Bebe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bebe" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9" title="Bébé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bébé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitik" title="Pitik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pitik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Наристе балдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Наристе балдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infans" title="Infans – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Infans" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABdainis" title="Zīdainis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīdainis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppelchen" title="Puppelchen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Puppelchen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABdikyst%C4%97" title="Kūdikystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kūdikystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambin" title="Bambin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bambin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csecsem%C5%91" title="Csecsemő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csecsemő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81" title="ശിശു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശിശു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्भकावस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्भकावस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%BA" title="زلغ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زلغ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayi" title="Bayi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bayi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8-gi%C4%81ng-gi%C4%81ng" title="Niè-giāng-giāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niè-giāng-giāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby" title="Baby – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baby" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="शिशु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शिशु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="ह्यांगु मचा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यांगु मचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93" title="赤ちゃん – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤ちゃん" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedbarn" title="Spedbarn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spedbarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedbarn" title="Spedbarn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spedbarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%CA%BBdak" title="Goʻdak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goʻdak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਨਿੱਕਾ ਬਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿੱਕਾ ਬਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemowl%C4%99" title="Niemowlę – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemowlę" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beb%C3%A9" title="Bebé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bebé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebiy" title="Bebiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bebiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sugar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallpa" title="Pallpa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pallpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Младенец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Младенец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lutungay" title="lutungay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lutungay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foshnja" title="Foshnja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Foshnja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattanti" title="Lattanti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lattanti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="ළදරුවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ළදරුවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby" title="Baby – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baby" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojen%C4%8Dek" title="Dojenček – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dojenček" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmo" title="Ilmo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ilmo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ساوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Новорођенче – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новорођенче" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojen%C4%8De" title="Dojenče – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dojenče" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orok" title="Orok – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Orok" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauvaik%C3%A4" title="Vauvaikä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vauvaikä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4dbarn" title="Spädbarn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spädbarn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanggol" title="Sanggol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sanggol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="குழந்தை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குழந்தை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asegmi" title="Asegmi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asegmi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="శిశువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిశువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="ทารก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทารก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebek" title="Bebek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bebek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4bek" title="Bäbek – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bäbek" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Немовля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Немовля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%81" title="نوزائیدہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوزائیدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%BB_s%C6%A1_sinh" title="Trẻ sơ sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trẻ sơ sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minasus-%C3%A1n" title="Minasus-án – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Minasus-án" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%AF%9B%E5%A4%B4" title="小毛头 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小毛头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricece" title="Ricece – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ricece" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="עופעלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עופעלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ck%C3%B3k%C3%B3" title="Ìkókó – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìkókó" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B2%F0%A4%98%85%E5%AD%90" title="孲𤘅子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孲𤘅子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1t" title="Pıt – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pıt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AC%B0%E5%85%92" title="嬰兒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="嬰兒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak_mit" title="Anak mit – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Anak mit" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neonates&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonates">Neonates</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Very young offspring of humans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Baby_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baby (disambiguation)">Baby (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Infant (disambiguation)">Infant (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newborn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Newborn (disambiguation)">Newborn (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Babyhood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Babyhood (disambiguation)">Babyhood (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_newborn_baby_in_men.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_newborn_baby_in_men.jpg/300px-The_newborn_baby_in_men.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_newborn_baby_in_men.jpg/450px-The_newborn_baby_in_men.jpg 1.5x, 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1040468660">.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist human-growth-dev-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_development" title="Category:Human development">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human growth<br />and development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/100px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/150px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/200px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a><br /></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging and early adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Biological milestones</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Development and psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Pre- and perinatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Infant and child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence#psychology" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" title="Developmental stage theories">Developmental stage theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" title="Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">Cultural-historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>infant</b> or <b>baby</b> is the very young <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Human beings">human beings</a>. <i>Infant</i> (from the Latin word <i>infans</i>, meaning 'baby' or 'child'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a formal or specialised synonym for the common term <i>baby</i>. The terms may also be used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)" title="Juvenile (organism)">juveniles</a> of other organisms. A <b>newborn</b> is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, a newborn or <b>neonate</b> (from Latin, <i>neonatus</i>, newborn) is an infant in the first 28 days after birth;<sup id="cite_ref-mwn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term applies to <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy#Term" title="Pregnancy">full term</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">postmature</a> infants. </p><p>Infants born prior to 37 weeks of gestation are called "premature",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those born between 39 and 40 weeks are "full term", those born through 41 weeks are "late term", and anything beyond 42 weeks is considered "post term".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before birth, the offspring is called a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. The term <i>infant</i> is typically applied to very young children under one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, they are called a <a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">toddler</a> instead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, an <i><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">infant school</a></i> is for children aged between four and seven. </p><p>As a legal term, <i>infancy</i> is more like <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minority</a>, and continues until a person reaches 18 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-infancy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infancy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Infant" title="Special:EditPage/Infant">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Infant%22">"Infant"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Infant%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Infant%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Infant%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Infant%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Infant%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A newborn's shoulders and hips are wide, the abdomen protrudes slightly, and the arms and legs are relatively long with respect to the rest of their body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head">Head</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_Face.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Baby_Face.JPG/220px-Baby_Face.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Baby_Face.JPG/330px-Baby_Face.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Baby_Face.JPG/440px-Baby_Face.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3809" data-file-height="2764" /></a><figcaption>Eight-month-old infant; as a common feature, eyes are usually large in relation to the face.</figcaption></figure><p>A newborn's head is very large in proportion to the body, and the <a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">cranium</a> is enormous relative to his or her face. While the adult human skull is about one seventh of the total body length, the newborn's is about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>. Normal head circumference for a full-term infant is 33–36 cm at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At birth, many regions of the newborn's skull have not yet been converted to bone, leaving "soft spots" known as <a href="/wiki/Fontanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontanel">fontanels</a>. The two largest are the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel, located at the top front portion of the head, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel, which lies at the back of the head. Later in the child's life, these bones will fuse together in a natural process. A protein called <a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">noggin</a> is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">labour</a> and birth, the infant's skull changes shape to fit through the <a href="/wiki/Birth_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth canal">birth canal</a>, sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks. Special exercises sometimes advised by <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> may assist the process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair">Hair</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_hairy_head_DSCN2483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Baby_hairy_head_DSCN2483.jpg/220px-Baby_hairy_head_DSCN2483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Baby_hairy_head_DSCN2483.jpg/330px-Baby_hairy_head_DSCN2483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Baby_hairy_head_DSCN2483.jpg/440px-Baby_hairy_head_DSCN2483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Thin brown hair of a one-year-old infant girl</figcaption></figure> <p>Some newborns have a fine, downy body hair called <a href="/wiki/Lanugo" title="Lanugo">lanugo</a>. It may be particularly noticeable on the back, shoulders, forehead, ears and face of premature infants. Lanugo disappears within a few weeks. Infants may be born with full heads of hair; others, particularly <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">Caucasian</a> infants, may have very fine hair or may even be bald. Amongst fair-skinned parents, this fine hair may be blonde, even if the parents are not. An infant's hair color and texture can change: red can give way to blond, curly can go straight, and thick, dark hair could reappear a lot sparser and lighter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a> may also be temporarily <a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">bruised</a> or swollen, especially in hairless newborns, and the area around the eyes may be puffy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length">Length</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>, the average total body length of a newborn is 35.6–50.8 cm (14.0–20.0 in), although premature newborns may be much smaller. </p><p>The way to measure a baby's length is to lay the baby down and stretch a measuring tape from the top of the head to the bottom of the heel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight">Weight</h3></div> <p>In developed countries, the average <a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">birth weight</a> of a full-term newborn is approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3.4 kg (<span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> lb), and is typically in the range of 2.7–4.6 kg (6.0–10.1 lb). </p><p>Over the first 5–7 days following birth, the body weight of a term neonate decreases by 3–7%,<sup id="cite_ref-Mohamed2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohamed2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> and is largely a result of the resorption and urination of the fluid that initially fills the lungs, in addition to a delay of often a few days before <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> becomes effective. After the first week, healthy term neonates should gain 10–20 grams/kg/day.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohamed2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohamed2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanNewborn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HumanNewborn.JPG/220px-HumanNewborn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HumanNewborn.JPG/330px-HumanNewborn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HumanNewborn.JPG/440px-HumanNewborn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>A newborn infant, seconds after <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">delivery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a> glistens on her skin, and the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a> is still attached.</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately after birth, a newborn's skin is often grayish to dusky blue in color. As soon as the newborn begins to breathe, usually within a minute or two, the skin's color reaches its normal tone. Newborns are wet, covered in streaks of blood, and coated with a white substance known as <a href="/wiki/Vernix_caseosa" title="Vernix caseosa">vernix caseosa</a>, which is hypothesised to act as an <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a> barrier. The newborn may also have <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_spot" title="Mongolian spot">Mongolian spots</a>, various other <a href="/wiki/Birthmark" title="Birthmark">birthmarks</a>, or peeling skin, particularly on the wrists, hands, ankles, and feet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umbilical_cord">Umbilical cord</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a> of a newborn is bluish-white in color. After birth, the umbilical cord is normally cut, leaving a 1–2 inch stub. The umbilical stub will dry out, shrivel, darken, and spontaneously fall off within about 3 weeks. This will later become a belly-button after it heals. </p><p>The umbilical cord contains three vessels: two arteries and one vein. The two arteries carry blood from the baby to the placenta while one vein carries blood back to the baby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genitals">Genitals</h3></div> <p>A newborn's <a href="/wiki/Genitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitals">genitals</a> are enlarged and reddened, with male infants having an unusually large <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>. The breasts may also be enlarged, even in male infants. This is caused by naturally occurring maternal hormones and is a temporary condition. Females (and even males) may actually discharge milk from their nipples (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">witch's milk</a>), or a bloody or milky-like substance from the vagina. In either case, this is considered normal and will disappear with time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Care_and_feeding">Care and feeding</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Newborn_care_and_safety" title="Newborn care and safety">Newborn care and safety</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Infant_bathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant bathing">Infant bathing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%88%9D%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%B5%E5%85%A52.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E5%88%9D%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%B5%E5%85%A52.gif/220px-%E5%88%9D%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%B5%E5%85%A52.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E5%88%9D%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%B5%E5%85%A52.gif/330px-%E5%88%9D%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%B5%E5%85%A52.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E5%88%9D%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%B5%E5%85%A52.gif/440px-%E5%88%9D%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%B5%E5%85%A52.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Crying baby</figcaption></figure> <p>Infants <a href="/wiki/Infant_crying" title="Infant crying">cry</a> as a form of basic instinctive communication.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crying infant may be trying to express a variety of feelings including hunger, discomfort, overstimulation, boredom, wanting something, or loneliness. </p><p>Infants are <a href="/wiki/Precociality_and_altriciality" title="Precociality and altriciality">altricial</a> and are fully dependent on their mothers or an adult caretaker for an extended period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a> is the recommended method of feeding by all major infant health organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-AAP_Policy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP_Policy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If breastfeeding is not possible or desired, bottle feeding is done with expressed breast-milk or with <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a>. Infants are born with a sucking reflex allowing them to extract the milk from the <a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipples</a> of the breasts or the nipple of the <a href="/wiki/Baby_bottle" title="Baby bottle">baby bottle</a>, as well as an instinctive behavior known as <i>rooting</i> with which they seek out the nipple. Sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a> is hired to feed the infant, although this is rare, especially in developed countries. </p><p>Adequate food consumption at an early age is vital for an infant's development. The foundations of optimum health, growth, and neurodevelopment across the lifespan are established in the <a href="/wiki/First_1,000_days" title="First 1,000 days">first 1,000 days</a> of life.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From birth to six months, infants should consume only breast milk or an unmodified milk substitute. As an infant's diet matures, finger foods may be introduced as well as fruit, vegetables and small amounts of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As infants grow, <a href="/wiki/Food_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supplement">food supplements</a> can be added. Many parents choose commercial, ready-made <a href="/wiki/Baby_food" title="Baby food">baby foods</a> to supplement breast milk or formula for the child, while others adapt their usual meals for the dietary needs of their child. Whole cow's <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> can be used at one year, but lower-fat milk is not recommended until the child is two to three years old. Weaning is the process through which breast milk is eliminated from the infant's diet through the introduction of solid foods in exchange for milk.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until they are toilet-trained, infants in industrialized countries wear <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diapers</a>. The transition from diapers to training pants is an important transition in the development of an infant/baby to that of a toddler. Children need more sleep than adults—up to 18 hours for newborn babies, with a declining rate as the child ages. Until babies learn to walk, they are carried in the arms, held in slings or baby carriers, or transported in baby carriages or strollers. Most industrialized countries have laws requiring <a href="/wiki/Child_safety_seat" title="Child safety seat">child safety seats</a> for babies in motor vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_care_issues">Common care issues</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Baby colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassinet" title="Bassinet">Bassinet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infant_bed" title="Infant bed">crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">Cradle cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">Day care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper rash">Diaper rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_massage" title="Infant massage">Infant massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifier" title="Pacifier">Pacifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaddling" title="Swaddling">Swaddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teething" title="Teething">Teething</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_of_touch">Benefits of touch</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_National_Guard_(38100696265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Georgia_National_Guard_%2838100696265%29.jpg/220px-Georgia_National_Guard_%2838100696265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Georgia_National_Guard_%2838100696265%29.jpg/330px-Georgia_National_Guard_%2838100696265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Georgia_National_Guard_%2838100696265%29.jpg/440px-Georgia_National_Guard_%2838100696265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5595" data-file-height="3989" /></a><figcaption>A baby being hugged by a <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Experiments have been done with infants up to four months of age using both positive touch (stroking or <a href="/wiki/Hug" title="Hug">cuddling</a>) and negative touch (poking, pinching, or tickling). The infants who received the positive touch cried less often and vocalized and smiled more than the infants who were touched negatively. Infants who were the recipients of negative touch have also been linked with emotional and behavioral problems later in life. A lower amount of physical violence in adults has been discovered in cultures with greater levels of positive physical touching.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_development">Language development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Proper_Space_Book_for_Babies_(50879866102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A_Proper_Space_Book_for_Babies_%2850879866102%29.jpg/220px-A_Proper_Space_Book_for_Babies_%2850879866102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A_Proper_Space_Book_for_Babies_%2850879866102%29.jpg/330px-A_Proper_Space_Book_for_Babies_%2850879866102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/A_Proper_Space_Book_for_Babies_%2850879866102%29.jpg/440px-A_Proper_Space_Book_for_Babies_%2850879866102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>An infant holding a space-themed <a href="/wiki/Baby_book" title="Baby book">baby book</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Caregivers of an infant are advised to pick up on the infant's facial expressions and mirror them. Reproducing and empathizing with their facial expressions enables infants to experience effectiveness and to recognize their own actions more easily (see <a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">mirror neurons</a>). Exaggeratedly reproduced facial expressions and gestures are recommended, as they are clearer forms of expression. The baby's babbling should also be picked up and repeated. By imitating each other's sounds the first simple dialogues are initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasten_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasten-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accentuated pronunciation and melodic <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> make it easier to recognize individual words in a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not advisable to use simplified "<a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">baby talk</a>" (e.g. "Did you 'ouch'?" instead of, "Did you hurt yourself?").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even if parents cannot yet understand infants' <a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">babbling</a>, a timely response by parents to babbling leads to faster language acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was confirmed by researchers who first studied mothers' behavior towards 8-month-old infants and later tested the infants' vocabulary when they were 15 months old.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A first important development of infants is the discovery that they can influence their parents through babbling (development of intentional communication).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents can encourage this by engaging with their infants in babbling. This in turn promotes further language development, as infants then turn to their parents more often.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previous studies have shown that the infant's speech is encouraged when parents, for example, smile in the infant's direction or touch the infant every time the infant looks at them and babbles. It also helps if parents respond to what they think their baby is saying (for example, giving a ball or commenting when the baby looks at the ball and babbles).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to sounds produced when the baby looks at an object (object-directed vocalizations) thus provide an opportunity to learn the name of the object. In this way, babies also learn that sounds are associated with objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, language development is only achieved if parents react positively (e.g. smile) in response to the infant's babbling. A high response rate without a connection to the infant's utterances does not lead to language promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is detrimental to language development if a mother instead tries to divert the infant's attention to something else.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30387273_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30387273-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infant_sleep" title="Infant sleep">Infant sleep</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sleeping_baby_(6410829477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sleeping_baby_%286410829477%29.jpg/220px-Sleeping_baby_%286410829477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sleeping_baby_%286410829477%29.jpg/330px-Sleeping_baby_%286410829477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sleeping_baby_%286410829477%29.jpg/440px-Sleeping_baby_%286410829477%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A sleeping infant</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2018 review analysed 146 studies on infant sleep behavior and listed several factors that show an effect on sleep duration and the number of night awakenings.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research has indicated that frequent wakings are protective of SIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infant sleep is not linear, ebbing and flowing with developmental milestones and age.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Sleep Foundation gives a rough recommendation on sleep hours, that commonly decreases with increasing age.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_sensitivity">Maternal sensitivity</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maternal_sensitivity" title="Maternal sensitivity">Maternal sensitivity</a> plays a particular role in the relationship with the infant and for favorable emotional development. This means being attentive to the infant's behavioral expressions, not misinterpreting the infant's expressions because of one's own moods, reacting immediately to the situation and finding a response that is appropriate to the context and the expressed needs. A secure <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a> is promoted through empathetic and adequate as well as prompt responses.<sup id="cite_ref-KS2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KS2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kasten_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasten-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with their basic needs, infants show an inborn behavior of seeking closeness to the mother – or to another primary caregiver – and thus in turn foster an attachment. When separated from the mother, infants protest by crying and by body movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umwotsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umwotsi.jpg/220px-Umwotsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umwotsi.jpg/330px-Umwotsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umwotsi.jpg/440px-Umwotsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>An infant from Uganda playing with stoves</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Babywearing" title="Babywearing">Wearing</a> has a calming effect on infants. A 2013 study showed that infants placed in a <a href="/wiki/Cradle_(bed)" title="Cradle (bed)">cradle</a> cried and kicked more often and had an <a href="/wiki/Increased_heart_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Increased heart rate">increased heart rate</a> (so the infants were stressed), while those picked up and carried by the mother while walking around calmed down significantly. The effect of being held motionless in the arm was intermediate between that of being carried around and that of being put down.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23602481_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23602481-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That carrying (e.g., in a <a href="/wiki/Baby_sling" title="Baby sling">baby sling</a>) makes infants more content and makes them cry less had already been shown in a randomized study in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For infant feeding, <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> is recommended by all major infant health organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-AAP_Policy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP_Policy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Airlines">airlines</a> refuse boarding for all babies aged under 7 days (for domestic flights) or 14 days for international flights. <a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines" title="Asiana Airlines">Asiana Airlines</a> allows babies to board international flights at 7 days of age. <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> disallows all babies under the age of 14 days to board any flights. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> allows infants to travel when they are less than 7 days old when they present a physician travel approval letter. Skywest will not allow an infant less than 8 days old on board.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_development">Emotional development</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Being_a_twin_means_you_always_have_a_pillow_or_blanket_handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Being_a_twin_means_you_always_have_a_pillow_or_blanket_handy.jpg/222px-Being_a_twin_means_you_always_have_a_pillow_or_blanket_handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Being_a_twin_means_you_always_have_a_pillow_or_blanket_handy.jpg/333px-Being_a_twin_means_you_always_have_a_pillow_or_blanket_handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Being_a_twin_means_you_always_have_a_pillow_or_blanket_handy.jpg/444px-Being_a_twin_means_you_always_have_a_pillow_or_blanket_handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Eight-month-old <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal twin">twin sisters</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Attachment theory is primarily an <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">evolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethological</a> theory whereby the infant or child <i>seeks proximity</i> to a <i>specified attachment figure</i> in situations of alarm or distress for the purpose of survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Tronick_et_al._31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tronick_et_al.-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forming of attachments is considered to be the foundation of the infant/child's capacity to form and conduct relationships throughout life. Attachment is not the same as love or affection although they often go together. Attachment and attachment <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behaviors</a> tend to develop between the age of six months and 3 years. Infants become <a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">attached</a> to adults who are sensitive and responsive in <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interactions</a> with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment, which in turn lead to 'internal working models' which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Bretherton_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretherton-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">attachment 'styles'</a> namely 'secure', 'anxious-ambivalent', 'anxious-avoidant', (all 'organized') and 'disorganized', some of which are more problematic than others. A lack of attachment or a seriously disrupted capacity for attachment could potentially amount to serious disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infants develop distinct relationships to their mothers, fathers, siblings, and non-familial caregivers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside the dyadic attachment relationships also a good quality of the triadic relationships (mother – father – infant) is important for infant mental health development.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10216817_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10216817-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid28682511_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28682511-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_sounds">Response to sounds</h3></div> <p>Infants respond to the sound of snake hissing, angry voices of adults, the crackling sound of a fire, thunder, and the cries of other infants. They have a drop in heart rate, their eyes blinking, increased turning toward the speakers or parent, all of these indicating that they were paying more attention. This is believed to be an evolutionary response to danger. Babies' ability to accurately locate sounds is refined during their first year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></div> <p>The infant is undergoing many <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">adaptations to extrauterine life</a>, and its physiological systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, are far from fully developed. Potential diseases of concern during the neonatal period include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_lupus_erythematosus" title="Neonatal lupus erythematosus">Neonatal lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">Neonatal conjunctivitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_tetanus" title="Neonatal tetanus">Neonatal tetanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_sepsis" title="Neonatal sepsis">Neonatal sepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_bowel_obstruction" title="Neonatal bowel obstruction">Neonatal bowel obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_neonatal_seizures" title="Benign neonatal seizures">Benign neonatal seizures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal diabetes mellitus">Neonatal diabetes mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_alloimmune_thrombocytopenia" title="Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia">Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">Neonatal herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_hemochromatosis" title="Neonatal hemochromatosis">Neonatal hemochromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_meningitis" title="Neonatal meningitis">Neonatal meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_hepatitis" title="Neonatal hepatitis">Neonatal hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_hypoglycemia" title="Neonatal hypoglycemia">Neonatal hypoglycemia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality">Mortality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babyimmunization.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Babyimmunization.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>An infant being immunized in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Infant mortality is the death of an infant in the first year of life, often expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births (infant mortality rate). Major causes of infant mortality include <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital malformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">SIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> indicator is recognized as a very important measure of the level of health care in a country because it is directly linked with the <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> status of infants, children, and pregnant women as well as access to medical care, socioeconomic conditions, and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> practices.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a positive relationship between national wealth and good health. The rich and industrialized countries of the world, prominently <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the United Kingdom, the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, spend a large proportion of their wealthy budget on the health care system. As, a result, their health care systems are very sophisticated, with many physicians, nurses, and other health care experts servicing the population. Thus, infant mortality is low. On the other hand, a country such as Mexico, which spends disproportionately less of its budget on healthcare, suffers from high mortality rates. This is because the general population is likely to be less healthy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., infant mortality rates are especially high in minority groups. For instance, non-Hispanic black women have an infant mortality rate of 13.63 per 1,000 live births whereas in non-Hispanic white women it was much lower at a rate of 5.76 per 1,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average infant mortality rate in the U.S. is 6.8 per 1,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Babyhood">Babyhood</h2></div> <p>Babyhood is a critical period in <a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">personality development</a> when the foundations of adult personality are laid.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast <a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">toddler</a> is used to denote a baby that has achieved relative independence, in moving about, and feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_interaction_with_infants" title="Adult interaction with infants">Adult interaction with infants</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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"Parental capacities for triadic relationships during pregnancy: Early predictors of children's behavioral and representational functioning at preschool age". <i>Infant Mental Health Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 19–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fimhj.20032">10.1002/imhj.20032</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28682511">28682511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infant+Mental+Health+Journal&rft.atitle=Parental+capacities+for+triadic+relationships+during+pregnancy%3A+Early+predictors+of+children%27s+behavioral+and+representational+functioning+at+preschool+age&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-39&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fimhj.20032&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28682511&rft.aulast=von+Klitzing&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=B%C3%BCrgin%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlichLippSlaughter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Erlich N, Lipp OV, Slaughter V (2013). "Of hissing snakes and angry voices: human infants are differentially responsive to evolutionary fear-relevant sounds". <i>Developmental Science</i>. <b>16</b> (6): 894–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fdesc.12091">10.1111/desc.12091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24118715">24118715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Science&rft.atitle=Of+hissing+snakes+and+angry+voices%3A+human+infants+are+differentially+responsive+to+evolutionary+fear-relevant+sounds&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=894-904&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fdesc.12091&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24118715&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Lipp%2C+Ottmar+V.&rft.au=Slaughter%2C+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2007" class="citation book cs1">Garrett E (2007). <i>Infant Mortality: A Continuing Social Problem</i>. Ashgate Pub Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4593-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4593-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-4593-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infant+Mortality%3A+A+Continuing+Social+Problem&rft.pub=Ashgate+Pub+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4593-1&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Eilidh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzHebertLandon1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hertz E, Hebert JR, Landon J (July 1994). "Social and environmental factors and life expectancy, infant mortality, and maternal mortality rates: results of a cross-national comparison". <i>Soc Sci Med</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 105–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-9536%2894%2990170-8">10.1016/0277-9536(94)90170-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8066481">8066481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soc+Sci+Med&rft.atitle=Social+and+environmental+factors+and+life+expectancy%2C+infant+mortality%2C+and+maternal+mortality+rates%3A+results+of+a+cross-national+comparison&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-14&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-9536%2894%2990170-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8066481&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Hebert%2C+JR&rft.au=Landon%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtchegoyenPaganini2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Etchegoyen G, Paganini JM (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v21n4/05.pdf">"The relationship between socioeconomic factors and maternal and infant health programs in 13 Argentine provinces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rev Panam Salud Publica</i> (in Spanish). <b>21</b> (4): 223–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1020-49892007000300005">10.1590/S1020-49892007000300005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17612466">17612466</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421234341/https://scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v21n4/05.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-04-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Panam+Salud+Publica&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+socioeconomic+factors+and+maternal+and+infant+health+programs+in+13+Argentine+provinces&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=223-30&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1020-49892007000300005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17612466&rft.aulast=Etchegoyen&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Paganini%2C+JM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielosp.org%2Fpdf%2Frpsp%2Fv21n4%2F05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrym2007" class="citation book cs1">Brym R (2007). <i>Sociology: Your Compass for a New World</i>. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09912-3"><bdi>978-0-495-09912-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+Your+Compass+for+a+New+World&rft.pages=546&rft.pub=Wadsworth%2FCengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09912-3&rft.aulast=Brym&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuehn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kuehn BM (2008). "Infant Mortality". <i>JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>300</b> (20): 2359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2008.642">10.1001/jama.2008.642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Infant+Mortality&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=2359&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2008.642&rft.aulast=Kuehn&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparemaptable.jsp?ind=47&cat=2">Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths per 1,000 Live Births), Linked Files, 2006–2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612103431/http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparemaptable.jsp?ind=47&cat=2">Archived</a> 2012-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. statehealthfacts.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Human Growth Development and Learning</i> (2004 ed.), 2004, p. 50, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-23-3911-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-23-3911-4"><bdi>971-23-3911-4</bdi></a>, <q>... is mainly through prespeech forms of crying, babbling, gesturing, and emotional expressions. In babyhood, understanding comes from a combination of sensory exploration, motor manipulation, and, toward the end of babyhood, from questions to answers. Babyhood is regarded as a critical period in personality development because it is the time when the foundations of adult personality are laid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Growth+Development+and+Learning&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=2004&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=971-23-3911-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Developmental Psychology</i>, 1998, p. 121, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-23-2463-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-23-2463-X"><bdi>971-23-2463-X</bdi></a>, <q>However, Hurlock (1982) cites that infancy, compared to babyhood, is characterized by extreme helplessness. The word baby may likewise suggest a helpless individual; hence, the word toddler has been increasingly used to denote a baby that has achieved enough control of his body to permit relative independence, such as' moving about, feeding himself, etc. Characteristics of Babyhood The most important characteristics of babyhood are listed below: 1. It is the true foundation age ..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+Psychology&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=971-23-2463-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Babies" class="extiw" title="q:Babies">Babies</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Baby_care_and_evolution" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Baby care and evolution">Baby care and evolution</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Babies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Babies">Babies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:infant">infant</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/durham-infancy-sleep-centre/">Durham Infancy and Sleep Centre - Durham University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050413194036/http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/">The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/com/eye/LearningAboutVision/EyeFacts/BabyEyes.shtml">Infant eyesight</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkinWhalleyKeppler1991" class="citation book cs1">Simkin P, Whalley J, Keppler A (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pregnancychildbi1993simk"><i>Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn: The Complete Guide</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). Meadowbook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88166-177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88166-177-4"><bdi>978-0-88166-177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pregnancy%2C+Childbirth+and+the+Newborn%3A+The+Complete+Guide&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Meadowbook+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88166-177-4&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft.au=Whalley%2C+Janet&rft.au=Keppler%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpregnancychildbi1993simk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Stages_of_human_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Stages of human development">Stages of human development</a> </b><br />Infancy </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddlerhood</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infants_and_their_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCBA4;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template talk:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infants_and_their_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infants</a> and their care</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health (<a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_food" title="Baby food">Baby food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">Birth weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_pump" title="Breast pump">Breast pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_medications" title="Breastfeeding and medications">Breastfeeding and medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle feeding">Bottle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">Cradle cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">Esotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_and_toddler_safety" title="Infant and toddler safety">Infant and toddler safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant bathing">Infant bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_feeding" title="Infant feeding">Infant feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_food_safety" title="Infant food safety">Infant food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">Infant formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_massage" title="Infant massage">Infant massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_sleep_training" title="Infant sleep training">Infant sleep training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">Neonatal intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_care_and_safety" title="Newborn care and safety">Newborn care and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedialyte" title="Pedialyte">Pedialyte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome" title="Shaken baby syndrome">Shaken baby syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_formula" title="Soy formula">Soy formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIDS" title="SIDS">SIDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby-led_weaning" title="Baby-led weaning">Baby-led weaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">Babbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Birth defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">Crawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_visual_development" title="Infant visual development">Infant visual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis" title="Irritant diaper dermatitis">Irritant diaper dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_cognitive_development" title="Infant cognitive development">Infant cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_crying" title="Infant crying">Infant crying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_care" title="Kangaroo care">Kangaroo care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_permanence" title="Object permanence">Object permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peekaboo" title="Peekaboo">Peekaboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Prenatal_development_table.svg" title="File:Prenatal development table.svg">Prenatal development table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teething" title="Teething">Teething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socialization and Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babysitting" title="Babysitting">Babysitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">UN Child rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent_visitation" title="Grandparent visitation">Grandparent visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_swimming" title="Infant swimming">Infant swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_milk_banking_in_North_America" title="Human milk banking in North America">Milk bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">Nanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">Wet nurse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant care and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_jumper" title="Baby jumper">Baby bouncer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_gate" title="Baby gate">Baby gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_monitor" title="Baby monitor">Baby monitor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hidden_camera" title="Hidden camera">Hidden camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_powder" title="Baby powder">Baby powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_shampoo" title="Baby shampoo">Baby shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_toy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baby toy (page does not exist)">Baby toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_walker" title="Baby walker">Baby walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bib_(garment)" title="Bib (garment)">Bib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(seat)" title="Swing (seat)">Baby swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">Baby transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassinet" title="Bassinet">Bassinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_seat_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Car seat safety">Car seat safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_diaper" title="Cloth diaper">Cloth diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle board">Cradle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">Diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_bag" title="Diaper bag">Diaper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_wipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby wipes">Baby wipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haberman_Feeder" title="Haberman Feeder">Haberman Feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_chair" title="High chair">High chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bed" title="Infant bed">Infant bed</a> <small><i>(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant carrier">Infant carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_clothing" title="Infant clothing">Infant clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifier" title="Pacifier">Pacifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playpen" title="Playpen">Playpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroller" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroller">Stroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_nursing_system" title="Supplemental nursing system">Supplemental nursing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaddling" title="Swaddling">Swaddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_diaper" title="Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teether" title="Teether">Teether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_cot" title="Travel cot">Travel cot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_shower" title="Baby shower">Baby shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babywearing" title="Babywearing">Babywearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_adoption" title="Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_room" title="Cry room">Cry room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_ear_piercing" title="Infant ear piercing">Infant ear piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_adoption" title="Open adoption">Open adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_child_abduction" title="Parental child abduction">Parental child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting_plan" title="Parenting plan">Parenting plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pregnancy" title="Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pregnancy" title="Template talk:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">Natural family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Conception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner-assisted_reproduction" title="Partner-assisted reproduction">partner-assisted reproduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCG_pregnancy_strip_test" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG pregnancy strip test">home testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Medical imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" title="Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_childbirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotherapy in childbirth">Hypnobirthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaze_technique" title="Lamaze technique">Lamaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Nesting instinct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newborn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_attendant" title="Birth attendant">Birth attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" title="Men's role in childbirth">Men's roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Perinatal nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" title="Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishop_score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">cervical effacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(obstetrics)" title="Position (obstetrics)">position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_show" title="Bloody show">Bloody show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">Vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">shoulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">Rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_positions" title="Childbirth positions">Childbirth positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Labor induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">Multiple birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">Natural childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" title="Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_birth" title="Water birth">Water birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">Placental expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prenatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundal_height" title="Fundal height">Fundal height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" title="Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li>Nutrition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">environmental toxicants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" title="Prenatal nutrition">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Prenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">Immunization</a></li> <li>Concomitant conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_in_pregnancy" title="Anemia in pregnancy">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Hypercoagulability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Substance use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Endocrine diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liver diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCV_in_children_and_pregnancy" title="HCV in children and pregnancy">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria" title="Pregnancy-associated malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Skin diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">Dermatoses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">Vaginal flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Pre-existing disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_and_sleep" title="Pregnancy and sleep">Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochia" title="Lochia">Lochia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_after_pregnancy" title="Sex after pregnancy">Sex after pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">Health visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_nurse" title="Monthly nurse">Monthly nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny#Maternity_nurse_/_newborn_care_specialists_/_confinement_nanny" title="Nanny">Confinement nanny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Congenital disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstetric history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_the_human_body" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_development" title="Template:Human development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_development" title="Template talk:Human development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_development" title="Early childhood development">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early years <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">Childhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging adulthood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">Adulthood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Elder adult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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