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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occurrence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Basicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_fluoride_salts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_fluoride_salts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Structure of fluoride salts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_fluoride_salts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naked_fluoride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naked_fluoride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Naked fluoride</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naked_fluoride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organofluorine_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organofluorine_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Organofluorine chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organofluorine_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_metals_and_their_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_metals_and_their_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Production of metals and their compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_metals_and_their_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavity_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavity_prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cavity prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavity_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_reagent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_reagent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Laboratory reagent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_reagent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dietary recommendations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimated_daily_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimated_daily_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Estimated daily intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimated_daily_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ingestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ingestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hazard_maps_for_fluoride_in_groundwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazard_maps_for_fluoride_in_groundwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Hazard maps for fluoride in groundwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazard_maps_for_fluoride_in_groundwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Topical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluoride</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoried" title="Fluoried – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fluoried" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="فلوريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلوريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="فلورید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلورید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="ফ্লোরাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্লোরাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD-kho_%C3%AA_hu%CC%8Dt-ho%C3%A0-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khí-kho ê hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khí-kho ê hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorur" title="Fluorur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fluorur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridy" title="Fluoridy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fluoridy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fluoride" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ފްލޮރައިޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފްލޮރައިޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoriidid" title="Fluoriidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fluoriidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoruro" title="Fluoruro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fluoruro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoruro" title="Fluoruro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fluoruro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="فلورید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلورید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorure" title="Fluorure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fluorure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluair%C3%ADd" title="Fluairíd – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fluairíd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%B0%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="플루오린화물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루오린화물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆտորիդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆտորիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorida" title="Fluorida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fluorida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoruro" title="Fluoruro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fluoruro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93" title="פלואוריד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלואוריד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ფთორიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფთორიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridas" title="Fluoridas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fluoridas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorida" title="Fluorida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fluorida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fluoride" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="フッ化物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フッ化物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoriid" title="Fluoriid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fluoriid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftoridlar" title="Ftoridlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ftoridlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorki" title="Fluorki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fluorki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoreto" title="Fluoreto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fluoreto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorur%C4%83" title="Fluorură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fluorură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Фториды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фториды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fluoride" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorid" title="Fluorid – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fluorid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorid" title="Fluorid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fluorid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorid" title="Fluorid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fluorid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridi" title="Fluoridi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fluoridi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorid" title="Fluorid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fluorid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="புளோரைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளோரைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%C3%BCr" title="Florür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Florür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Фториди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фториди" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ion of fluorine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fluoride ion. For a review of fluorine compounds, see <a href="/wiki/Compounds_of_fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compounds of fluorine">Compounds of fluorine</a>. For the fluoride additive used in toothpaste, see <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy" title="Fluoride therapy">Fluoride therapy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Floride_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Floride (disambiguation)">Floride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Fluoride </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F-_crop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/F-_crop.svg/100px-F-_crop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/F-_crop.svg/150px-F-_crop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/F-_crop.svg/200px-F-_crop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="28" data-file-height="24" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluoride_ion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fluoride_ion.svg/100px-Fluoride_ion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fluoride_ion.svg/150px-Fluoride_ion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fluoride_ion.svg/200px-Fluoride_ion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Fluoride<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=16984-48-8">16984-48-8</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BF-%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=17051">CHEBI:17051</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1362">ChEMBL1362</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.26214.html">26214</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>14905 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00742">C00742</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Fluoride">Fluoride</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/28179">28179</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/Q80VPU408O">Q80VPU408O</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/FH/h1H/p-1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[F-]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">F<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001189984031630000♠"></span>18.998<span style="margin-left:.25em;">403</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">163</span></span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar<br />entropy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>S</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>145.58 J/mol K (gaseous)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−333 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">Iodide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Fluoride</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-wells313_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wells313-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monatomic_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic ion">monatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">anion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">F<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> (also written <span class="chemf nowrap">[F]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>), whose salts are typically white or colorless. Fluoride salts typically have distinctive bitter tastes, and are odorless. Its salts and minerals are important <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">chemical reagents</a> and industrial chemicals, mainly used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">fluorocarbons</a>. Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin. </p><p>Fluoride is the simplest fluorine <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> resembles the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ion. Fluoride ions occur on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in several minerals, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, but are present only in trace quantities in bodies of water in nature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does not distinguish these situations. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrafluoride" title="Carbon tetrafluoride">carbon tetrafluoride</a> are not sources of fluoride ions under ordinary conditions. </p><p>The systematic name <i>fluoride</i>, the valid <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> name, is determined according to the additive nomenclature. However, the name <i>fluoride</i> is also used in compositional IUPAC nomenclature which does not take the nature of bonding involved into account. <i>Fluoride</i> is also used non-systematically, to describe compounds which release fluoride upon dissolving. Hydrogen fluoride is itself an example of a non-systematic name of this nature. However, it is also a <a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">trivial name</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">preferred IUPAC name</a> for <i>fluorane</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_sur_fluorine_(USA)_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Calcite_sur_fluorine_%28USA%29_1.JPG/220px-Calcite_sur_fluorine_%28USA%29_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Calcite_sur_fluorine_%28USA%29_1.JPG/330px-Calcite_sur_fluorine_%28USA%29_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Calcite_sur_fluorine_%28USA%29_1.JPG/440px-Calcite_sur_fluorine_%28USA%29_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4009" data-file-height="2629" /></a><figcaption>Fluorite crystals</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> is estimated to be the 13th-most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">abundant element</a> in Earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, entirely in the form of fluorides. The vast majority is held in <a href="/wiki/Category:Fluorine_minerals" title="Category:Fluorine minerals">mineral deposits</a>, the most commercially important of which is <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> (CaF<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aigueperse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural weathering of some kinds of rocks,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as human activities, releases fluorides into the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> through what is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Fluorine_cycle" title="Fluorine cycle">fluorine cycle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_water">In water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluoride is naturally present in groundwater, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saltwater</a> sources, as well as in rainwater, particularly in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seawater fluoride levels are usually in the range of 0.86 to 1.4 mg/L, and average 1.1 mg/L<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (milligrams per <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a>). For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> concentration in seawater is about 19 g/L. The low concentration of fluoride reflects the insolubility of the <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a> fluorides, e.g., CaF<sub>2</sub>. </p><p>Concentrations in fresh water vary more significantly. <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a> such as rivers or lakes generally contains between 0.01 and 0.3 mg/L.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> (well water) concentrations vary even more, depending on the presence of local fluoride-containing minerals. For example, natural levels of under 0.05 mg/L have been detected in parts of Canada but up to 8 mg/L in parts of China; in general levels rarely exceed 10 mg/litre<sup id="cite_ref-Fawell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In parts of Asia the groundwater can contain dangerously high levels of fluoride, leading to serious <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_toxicity#Chronic_toxicity" title="Fluoride toxicity">health problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Worldwide, 50 million people receive water from water supplies that naturally have close to the "optimal level".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In other locations the level of fluoride is very low, sometimes leading to <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">fluoridation</a> of public water supplies to bring the level to around 0.7–1.2 ppm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> can increase local fluoride levels<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Fluoride can be present in rain, with its concentration increasing significantly upon exposure to volcanic activity<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or atmospheric pollution derived from burning fossil fuels or other sorts of industry,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium smelter">aluminium smelters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_plants">In plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All vegetation contains some fluoride, which is absorbed from soil and water.<sup id="cite_ref-Fawell_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plants concentrate fluoride from their environment more than others. All tea leaves contain fluoride; however, mature leaves contain as much as 10 to 20 times the fluoride levels of young leaves from the same plant.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18078704_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18078704-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basicity">Basicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluoride can act as a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>. It can combine with a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> (<span class="Unicode"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a>): </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">F<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> + H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> → HF</span></dd></dl> <p>This neutralization reaction forms <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> (HF), the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">conjugate acid</a> of fluoride. </p><p>In aqueous solution, fluoride has a <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">p<i>K</i><sub>b</sub></a> value of 10.8. It is therefore a <a href="/wiki/Weak_base" title="Weak base">weak base</a>, and tends to remain as the fluoride ion rather than generating a substantial amount of hydrogen fluoride. That is, the following equilibrium favours the left-hand side in water: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">F<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O ⇌ HF + HO<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></dd></dl> <p>However, upon prolonged contact with moisture, soluble fluoride salts will decompose to their respective hydroxides or oxides, as the hydrogen fluoride escapes. Fluoride is distinct in this regard among the halides. The identity of the solvent can have a dramatic effect on the equilibrium shifting it to the right-hand side, greatly increasing the rate of decomposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_fluoride_salts">Structure of fluoride salts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure of fluoride salts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salts containing fluoride are numerous and adopt myriad structures. Typically the fluoride anion is surrounded by four or six cations, as is typical for other halides. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> adopt the same structure. For compounds containing more than one fluoride per cation, the structures often deviate from those of the chlorides, as illustrated by the main fluoride mineral <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> (CaF<sub>2</sub>) where the Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions are surrounded by eight F<sup>−</sup> centers. In CaCl<sub>2</sub>, each Ca<sup>2+</sup> ion is surrounded by six Cl<sup>−</sup> centers. The difluorides of the transition metals often adopt the <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> structure whereas the dichlorides have <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">cadmium chloride</a> structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon treatment with a standard acid, fluoride salts convert to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> and metal <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>. With strong acids, it can be doubly protonated to give <a href="/wiki/Fluoronium" title="Fluoronium"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>F<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></a>. Oxidation of fluoride gives fluorine. Solutions of inorganic fluorides in water contain F<sup>−</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bifluoride" title="Bifluoride">bifluoride</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">HF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few inorganic fluorides are soluble in water without undergoing significant hydrolysis. In terms of its reactivity, fluoride differs significantly from <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> and other halides, and is more strongly solvated in <a href="/wiki/Protic_solvent" title="Protic solvent">protic solvents</a> due to its smaller radius/charge ratio. Its closest chemical relative is <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a>, since both have similar geometries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naked_fluoride">Naked fluoride</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Naked fluoride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most fluoride salts dissolve to give the bifluoride (<span class="chemf nowrap">HF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) anion. Sources of true F<sup>−</sup> anions are rare because the highly basic fluoride anion abstracts protons from many, even adventitious, sources. Relative <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">unsolvated</a> fluoride, which does exist in aprotic solvents, is called "naked". <b>Naked fluoride</b> is a strong <a href="/wiki/Lewis_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis base">Lewis base</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a powerful nucleophile. Some quaternary ammonium salts of naked fluoride include <a href="/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_fluoride" title="Tetramethylammonium fluoride">tetramethylammonium fluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetrabutylammonium_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrabutylammonium fluoride">tetrabutylammonium fluoride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dimagno_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimagno-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cobaltocenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobaltocenium">Cobaltocenium</a> fluoride is another example.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they all lack structural characterization in aprotic solvents. Because of their high basicity, many so-called naked fluoride sources are in fact bifluoride salts. In late 2016 <a href="/wiki/Imidazolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Imidazolium">imidazolium</a> fluoride was synthesized that is the closest approximation of a thermodynamically stable and structurally characterized example of a "naked" fluoride source in an aprotic solvent (acetonitrile).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sterically demanding imidazolium cation stabilizes the discrete anions and protects them from polymerization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At physiological pHs, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> is usually fully ionised to fluoride. In <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, fluoride and hydrogen fluoride are equivalent. Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrient</a> for human health, necessary to prevent dental cavities, and to promote healthy bone growth.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tea plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a></i> L.) is a known accumulator of fluorine compounds, released upon forming infusions such as the common beverage. The fluorine compounds decompose into products including fluoride ions. Fluoride is the most bioavailable form of fluorine, and as such, tea is potentially a vehicle for fluoride dosing.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately, 50% of absorbed fluoride is excreted renally with a twenty-four-hour period. The remainder can be retained in the oral cavity, and lower digestive tract. Fasting dramatically increases the rate of fluoride absorption to near 100%, from a 60% to 80% when taken with food.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2013_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per a 2013 study, it was found that consumption of one litre of tea a day, can potentially supply the daily recommended intake of 4 mg per day. Some lower quality brands can supply up to a 120% of this amount. Fasting can increase this to 150%. The study indicates that tea drinking communities are at an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_fluorosis" title="Skeletal fluorosis">skeletal fluorosis</a>, in the case where water fluoridation is in effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2013_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluoride ion in low doses in the mouth reduces tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, it is used in toothpaste and water fluoridation. At much higher doses and frequent exposure, fluoride causes health complications and can be toxic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fluorochemical_industry" title="Fluorochemical industry">Fluorochemical industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_aspects_of_fluorine" title="Biological aspects of fluorine">Biological aspects of fluorine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></div> <p>Fluoride salts and hydrofluoric acid are the main fluorides of industrial value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organofluorine_chemistry">Organofluorine chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organofluorine chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organofluorine_chemistry" title="Organofluorine chemistry">Organofluorine chemistry</a></div> <p>Organofluorine compounds are pervasive. Many drugs, many polymers, refrigerants, and many inorganic compounds are made from fluoride-containing reagents. Often fluorides are converted to hydrogen fluoride, which is a major reagent and precursor to reagents. Hydrofluoric acid and its anhydrous form, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a>, are particularly important.<sup id="cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aigueperse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_metals_and_their_compounds">Production of metals and their compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production of metals and their compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main uses of fluoride, in terms of volume, are in the production of cryolite, Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" title="Aluminium smelting">aluminium smelting</a>. Formerly, it was mined, but now it is derived from hydrogen fluoride. Fluorite is used on a large scale to separate slag in steel-making. Mined <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> (CaF<sub>2</sub>) is a commodity chemical used in steel-making. <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">Uranium hexafluoride</a> is employed in the purification of uranium isotopes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavity_prevention">Cavity prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cavity prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy" title="Fluoride therapy">Fluoride therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">Water fluoridation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg/220px-Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg/330px-Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg/440px-Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Fluoride is sold in tablets for cavity prevention.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluoride-containing compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">sodium fluoride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_monofluorophosphate" title="Sodium monofluorophosphate">sodium monofluorophosphate</a> are used in topical and systemic <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy" title="Fluoride therapy">fluoride therapy</a> for preventing <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">tooth decay</a>. They are used for <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a> and in many products associated with <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdonagh2000_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdonagh2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, sodium fluoride was used to fluoridate water; <a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid">hexafluorosilicic acid</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>) and its salt <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluorosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium hexafluorosilicate">sodium hexafluorosilicate</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>) are more commonly used additives, especially in the United States. The fluoridation of water is known to prevent tooth decay<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> to be "one of 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries where large, centralized water systems are uncommon, fluoride is delivered to the populace by fluoridating table salt. For the method of action for cavity prevention, see <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy" title="Fluoride therapy">Fluoride therapy</a>. Fluoridation of water has its critics <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluoridated <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a> is in common use. <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a> show the efficacy of 500 ppm fluoride in toothpastes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no beneficial effect can be detected when more than one fluoride source is used for daily oral care.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_reagent">Laboratory reagent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Laboratory reagent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluoride salts are commonly used in biological assay processing to <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibit</a> the activity of <a href="/wiki/Phosphatases" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphatases">phosphatases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a> phosphatases.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluoride mimics the <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ion in these enzymes' active sites.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium_fluoride" title="Beryllium fluoride">Beryllium fluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_fluoride" title="Aluminium fluoride">aluminium fluoride</a> are also used as phosphatase inhibitors, since these compounds are structural mimics of the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> group and can act as analogues of the <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition state</a> of the reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dietary recommendations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for some minerals in 1997. Where there was not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) was used instead. AIs are typically matched to actual average consumption, with the assumption that there appears to be a need, and that need is met by what people consume. The current AI for women 19 years and older is 3.0 mg/day (includes pregnancy and lactation). The AI for men is 4.0 mg/day. The AI for children ages 1–18 increases from 0.7 to 3.0 mg/day. The major known risk of <a href="/wiki/Fluorine_deficiency" title="Fluorine deficiency">fluoride deficiency</a> appears to be an increased risk of bacteria-caused tooth cavities. As for safety, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of fluoride the UL is 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a> (DRIs).<sup id="cite_ref-DRItext_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRItext-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women ages 18 and older the AI is set at 2.9 mg/day (including pregnancy and lactation). For men, the value is 3.4 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.6 to 3.2 mg/day. These AIs are comparable to the U.S. AIs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EFSA reviewed safety evidence and set an adult UL at 7.0 mg/day (lower for children).<sup id="cite_ref-EFSAtext_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSAtext-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount of a vitamin or mineral in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). Although there is information to set Adequate Intake, fluoride does not have a Daily Value and is not required to be shown on food labels.<sup id="cite_ref-FedReg_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedReg-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estimated_daily_intake">Estimated daily intake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Estimated daily intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daily intakes of fluoride can vary significantly according to the various sources of exposure. Values ranging from 0.46 to 3.6–5.4 mg/day have been reported in several studies (IPCS, 1984).<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas where water is <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">fluoridated</a> this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturally present in virtually all foods and beverages at a wide range of concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum safe daily consumption of fluoride is 10 mg/day for an adult (U.S.) or 7 mg/day (European Union).<sup id="cite_ref-DRItext_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRItext-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFSAtext_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSAtext-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper limit of fluoride intake from all sources (fluoridated water, food, beverages, fluoride dental products and dietary fluoride supplements) is set at 0.10 mg/kg/day for infants, toddlers, and children through to 8 years old. For older children and adults, who are no longer at risk for dental fluorosis, the upper limit of fluoride is set at 10 mg/day regardless of weight.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of fluoride content </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Food/Drink</th> <th>Fluoride<br />(mg per 1000g/ppm)</th> <th>Portion</th> <th>Fluoride<br />(mg per portion) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black tea (brewed)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3.73</td> <td>1 cup, 240 g (8 fl oz)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.884 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Raisins, seedless</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2.34</td> <td>small box, 43 g (1.5 oz)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Table wine</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.53</td> <td>Bottle, 750 mL (26 imp fl oz)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1.150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Municipal tap-water,<br />(Fluoridated)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.81</td> <td>Recommended daily intake,<br /> 3 litres (0.79 US gal)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2.433 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baked potatoes, Russet</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.45</td> <td>Medium potato, 140 g (0.31 lb)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.078 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lamb</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.32</td> <td>Chop, 170 g (6.0 oz)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.054 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carrots</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.03</td> <td>1 large carrot, 72 g (2.5 oz)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.002 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">Source: Data taken from United States Department of Agriculture, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?component=0">National Nutrient Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301101828/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/index">Archived</a> 2014-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_toxicity" title="Fluoride toxicity">Fluoride toxicity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingestion">Ingestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ingestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Dietary Reference Intakes, which is the "highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects" specify 10 mg/day for most people, corresponding to 10 L of fluoridated water with no risk. For young children the values are smaller, ranging from 0.7 mg/d to 2.2 mg/d for infants.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soluble fluoride salts, of which <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">sodium fluoride</a> is the most common, are toxic, and have resulted in both accidental and self-inflicted deaths from <a href="/wiki/Acute_toxicity" title="Acute toxicity">acute poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aigueperse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g (which is equivalent to 32 to 64 mg elemental fluoride per kg body weight).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of sodium fluoride is documented,<sup id="cite_ref-acute_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acute-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a dose of 120 g sodium fluoride has been survived.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorosilicate" title="Sodium fluorosilicate">sodium fluorosilicate</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>), the <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD<sub>50</sub>) orally in rats is 125 mg/kg, corresponding to 12.5 g for a 100 kg adult.<sup id="cite_ref-merck_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merck-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment may involve oral administration of dilute <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a> to prevent further absorption, and injection of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">calcium gluconate</a> to increase the calcium levels in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-acute_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acute-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a> is more dangerous than salts such as NaF because it is corrosive and volatile, and can result in fatal exposure through inhalation or upon contact with the skin; calcium gluconate gel is the usual antidote.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the higher doses used to treat <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, sodium fluoride can cause pain in the legs and incomplete stress fractures when the doses are too high; it also irritates the stomach, sometimes so severely as to cause ulcers. Slow-release and <a href="/wiki/Enteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteric">enteric</a>-coated versions of sodium fluoride do not have gastric side effects in any significant way, and have milder and less frequent complications in the bones.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the lower doses used for <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a>, the only clear adverse effect is <a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">dental fluorosis</a>, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during <a href="/wiki/Human_tooth_development" title="Human tooth development">tooth development</a>; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluoride was known to enhance bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, but it was not effective for vertebral fractures and provoked more nonvertebral fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas that have naturally occurring high levels of fluoride in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> which is used for <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_fluorosis" title="Skeletal fluorosis">skeletal fluorosis</a> can be prevalent and severe.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hazard_maps_for_fluoride_in_groundwater">Hazard maps for fluoride in groundwater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hazard maps for fluoride in groundwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around one-third of the human population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10%, approximately 300 million people, obtain water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These trace elements derive mainly from minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maps locating potential problematic wells are available.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical">Topical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Topical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concentrated fluoride solutions are corrosive.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gloves made of <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">nitrile rubber</a> are worn when handling fluoride compounds. The hazards of solutions of fluoride salts depend on the concentration. In the presence of <a href="/wiki/Strong_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong acid">strong acids</a>, fluoride salts release <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a>, which is corrosive, especially toward glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aigueperse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_derivatives">Other derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organic and inorganic anions are produced from fluoride, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bifluoride" title="Bifluoride">Bifluoride</a>, used as an etchant for glass<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroberyllate" title="Tetrafluoroberyllate">Tetrafluoroberyllate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluoroplatinate" title="Hexafluoroplatinate">Hexafluoroplatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroborate" title="Tetrafluoroborate">Tetrafluoroborate</a> used in organometallic synthesis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluorophosphate" title="Hexafluorophosphate">Hexafluorophosphate</a> used as an electrolyte in commercial secondary batteries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethanesulfonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifluoromethanesulfonate">Trifluoromethanesulfonate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine-19_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoride deficiency">Fluoride deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_selective_electrode" title="Fluoride selective electrode">Fluoride selective electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy" title="Fluoride therapy">Fluoride therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_monofluorophosphate" title="Sodium monofluorophosphate">Sodium monofluorophosphate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=28179">"Fluorides – PubChem Public Chemical Database"</a>. <i>The PubChem Project</i>. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Identification.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+PubChem+Project&rft.atitle=Fluorides+%E2%80%93+PubChem+Public+Chemical+Database&rft.pages=Identification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsummary%2Fsummary.cgi%3Fcid%3D28179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1998" class="citation web cs1">Chase, M. W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C16984488&Mask=1#Thermo-Gas">"Fluorine anion"</a>. NIST. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fluorine+anion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E1951&rft.pub=NIST&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DC16984488%26Mask%3D1%23Thermo-Gas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wells313-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wells313_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, J.C. (2008). <i>Longman pronunciation dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited/Longman. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+pronunciation+dictionary&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.pages=313&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited%2FLongman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span>. According to this source, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> is a possible pronunciation in British English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aigueperse-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aigueperse_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAigueperseMollardDevilliersChemla2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aigueperse, Jean; Mollard, Paul; Devilliers, Didier; Chemla, Marius; Faron, Robert; Romano, René; Cuer, Jean Pierre (2000). 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"Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater of Zarand region, Kerman province, Iran". <i>Fluoride</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fluoride&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+fluoride+in+groundwater+of+Zarand+region%2C+Kerman+province%2C+Iran&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Derakhshani&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Tavallaie%2C+M&rft.au=Malek+Mohammad%2C+T&rft.au=Abbasnejad%2C+A&rft.au=Haghdoost%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=210&tid=38">"Public Health Statement for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ATSDR" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSDR">ATSDR</a>. September 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Health+Statement+for+Fluorides%2C+Hydrogen+Fluoride%2C+and+Fluorine&rft.pub=ATSDR&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Fphs%2Fphs.asp%3Fid%3D210%26tid%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035152/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/fluoride/fluoridetoo-01.html">"Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Fluoride"</a>. Government of British Columbia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/fluoride/fluoridetoo-01.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambient+Water+Quality+Criteria+for+Fluoride&rft.pub=Government+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.gov.bc.ca%2Fwat%2Fwq%2FBCguidelines%2Ffluoride%2Ffluoridetoo-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiteploGomesHoweMalcolm2002" class="citation book cs1">Liteplo, Dr R.; Gomes, R.; Howe, P.; Malcolm, Heath (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm#1.4"><i>FLUORIDES - Environmental Health Criteria 227 : 1st draft</i></a>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9241572279" title="Special:BookSources/978-9241572279"><bdi>978-9241572279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FLUORIDES+-+Environmental+Health+Criteria+227+%3A+1st+draft&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9241572279&rft.aulast=Liteplo&rft.aufirst=Dr+R.&rft.au=Gomes%2C+R.&rft.au=Howe%2C+P.&rft.au=Malcolm%2C+Heath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Fehc%2Fehc%2Fehc227.htm%231.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fawell-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fawell_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fawell_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/96" class="citation web cs1">Fawell, J.K.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/fluoride.pdf">"Fluoride in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fluoride+in+Drinking-water+Background+document+for+development+of+WHO+Guidelines+for+Drinking-water+Quality&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=Fawell%2C+J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwater_sanitation_health%2Fdwq%2Fchemicals%2Ffluoride.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadavKumarPhamGupta2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav, Krishna Kumar; Kumar, Sandeep; Pham, Quoc Bao; Gupta, Neha; Rezania, Shahabaldin; Kamyab, Hesam; Yadav, Shalini; Vymazal, Jan; Kumar, Vinit; Tri, Doan Quang; Talaiekhozani, Amirreza; Prasad, Shiv; Reece, Lisa M.; Singh, Neeraja; Maurya, Pradip Kumar; Cho, Jinwoo (October 2019). 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Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">288–</span>313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F5776">10.17226/5776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06403-3"><bdi>978-0-309-06403-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23115811">23115811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fluoride&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Calcium%2C+Phosphorus%2C+Magnesium%2C+Vitamin+D+and+Fluoride&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E288-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23115811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F5776&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06403-3&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F5776%2Fchapter%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf">"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+on+Dietary+Reference+Values+for+the+EU+population+as+derived+by+the+EFSA+Panel+on+Dietetic+Products%2C+Nutrition+and+Allergies&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2FDRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFSAtext-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EFSAtext_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFSAtext_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf"><i>Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, European Food Safety Authority, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolerable+Upper+Intake+Levels+For+Vitamins+And+Minerals&rft.pub=European+Food+Safety+Authority&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fefsa_rep%2Fblobserver_assets%2Fndatolerableuil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FedReg-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FedReg_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf">"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Register+May+27%2C+2016+Food+Labeling%3A+Revision+of+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels.+FR+page+33982.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-2016-05-27%2Fpdf%2F2016-11867.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140526022117/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report?nutrient1=313&nutrient2=&nutrient3=&fg=&max=25&subset=0&offset=0&sort=c&totCount=563&measureby=g">"Nutrient Lists"</a>. Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report?nutrient1=313&nutrient2=&nutrient3=&fg=&max=25&subset=0&offset=0&sort=c&totCount=563&measureby=g">the original</a> on 26 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrient+Lists&rft.pub=Agricultural+Research+Service+United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Fnutrients%2Freport%3Fnutrient1%3D313%26nutrient2%3D%26nutrient3%3D%26fg%3D%26max%3D25%26subset%3D0%26offset%3D0%26sort%3Dc%26totCount%3D563%26measureby%3Dg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyGuha-Chowdhury1999" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Steven M.; Guha-Chowdhury, Nupur (1999). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&offset=0&totCount=0&nutrient1=313&nutrient2=&subset=0&sort=c&measureby=g">the original</a> on 5 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Composition+Databases%3A+Food+Search%3A+Fluoride&rft.pub=Agricultural+Research+Service%2C+United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Fnutrients%2Freport%2Fnutrientsfrm%3Fmax%3D25%26offset%3D0%26totCount%3D0%26nutrient1%3D313%26nutrient2%3D%26subset%3D0%26sort%3Dc%26measureby%3Dg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-tables-and-application-reports">"Dietary Reference Intakes: EAR, RDA, AI, Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges, and UL"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes%3A+EAR%2C+RDA%2C+AI%2C+Acceptable+Macronutrient+Distribution+Ranges%2C+and+UL&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffnic.nal.usda.gov%2Fdietary-guidance%2Fdietary-reference-intakes%2Fdri-tables-and-application-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002420.htm">"Fluoride in diet"</a>. 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Foster City (CA): Biomedical Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">636–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9626523-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9626523-7-0"><bdi>978-0-9626523-7-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disposition+of+toxic+drugs+and+chemicals+in+man&rft.place=Foster+City+%28CA%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E636-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Biomedical+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9626523-7-0&rft.aulast=Baselt&rft.aufirst=RC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdispositionoftox0000base_v7n5%2Fpage%2F636%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCS2002" class="citation book cs1">IPCS (2002). <i>Environmental health criteria 227 (Fluoride)</i>. 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Fluoride therapy for osteoporosis"</a>. <i>CMAJ</i>. <b>155</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">949–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1335460">1335460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8837545">8837545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Prevention+and+management+of+osteoporosis%3A+consensus+statements+from+the+Scientific+Advisory+Board+of+the+Osteoporosis+Society+of+Canada.+7.+Fluoride+therapy+for+osteoporosis&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E949-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1335460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8837545&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.au=Ste-Marie%2C+LG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1335460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council_(Australia)2007" class="citation book cs1">National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014191758/http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/Eh41_Flouridation_PART_A.pdf"><i>A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86496-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86496-415-8"><bdi>978-1-86496-415-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/Eh41_Flouridation_PART_A.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+efficacy+and+safety+of+fluoridation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86496-415-8&rft.au=National+Health+and+Medical+Research+Council+%28Australia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnhmrc.gov.au%2F_files_nhmrc%2Ffile%2Fpublications%2Fsynopses%2FEh41_Flouridation_PART_A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span> Summary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung_CA2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yeung CA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ebd.6400578">"A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation"</a>. <i>Evid.-Based Dent</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ebd.6400578">10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18584000">18584000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evid.-Based+Dent.&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+efficacy+and+safety+of+fluoridation&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ebd.6400578&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18584000&rft.au=Yeung+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ebd.6400578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaguenauerWelch,_VShea,_BTugwell,_P2000" class="citation journal cs1">Haguenauer, D; Welch, V; Shea, B; Tugwell, P; Adachi, JD; Wells, G (2000). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=Effect+of+fluoride+concentration+and+pH+on+corrosion+behavior+of+titanium+for+dental+use&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1568-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32650790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10512392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220345990780091201&rft.aulast=Nakagawa&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Matsuya%2C+S&rft.au=Shiraishi%2C+T&rft.au=Ohta%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.chimko.com/item29/">"Ammonium bifluoride in the glass industry - Chimex Ltd"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ammonium+bifluoride+in+the+glass+industry+-+Chimex+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.chimko.com%2Fitem29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluoride" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoride&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fluorides" title="Template:Fluorides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fluorides" title="Template talk:Fluorides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fluorides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fluorides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_fluoride_ion117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">fluoride</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>?<a href="/wiki/Helium_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium difluoride">HeF<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">LiF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_fluoride" title="Beryllium fluoride">BeF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_monofluoride" title="Boron monofluoride">BF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluoride" title="Boron trifluoride">BF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diboron_tetrafluoride" title="Diboron tetrafluoride">B<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Borate_fluoride" title="Borate fluoride">+BO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrafluoride" title="Carbon tetrafluoride">CF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">C<sub>x</sub>F<sub>y</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbonate" title="Fluorocarbonate">+CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">NF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">FN<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_difluoride" title="Dinitrogen difluoride">N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monofluoride" title="Nitrogen monofluoride">NF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tetrafluorohydrazine" title="Tetrafluorohydrazine">N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_difluoride" title="Nitrogen difluoride">NF<sub>2</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentafluoride" title="Nitrogen pentafluoride">NF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride" title="Oxygen difluoride">OF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">O<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_monofluoride" title="Oxygen monofluoride">OF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trioxygen_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioxygen difluoride">O<sub>3</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen_difluoride" title="Tetraoxygen difluoride">O<sub>4</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a><br />?OF<sub>4</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">NaF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">MgF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">AlF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_fluoride" title="Aluminium fluoride">AlF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride" title="Silicon tetrafluoride">SiF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus_tetrafluoride" title="Diphosphorus tetrafluoride">P<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trifluoride" title="Phosphorus trifluoride">PF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentafluoride" title="Phosphorus pentafluoride">PF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_difluoride" title="Disulfur difluoride">S<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_difluoride" title="Sulfur difluoride">SF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_tetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfur tetrafluoride">S<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trifluoride" title="Sulfur trifluoride">SF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_tetrafluoride" title="Sulfur tetrafluoride">SF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_decafluoride" title="Disulfur decafluoride">S<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">SF<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_fluoride" title="Sulfate fluoride">+SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monofluoride" title="Chlorine monofluoride">ClF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">ClF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_pentafluoride" title="Chlorine pentafluoride">ClF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td>?<a href="/wiki/Argon_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon difluoride">ArF<sub>2</sub></a><br />?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Argon_tetrafluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argon tetrafluoride (page does not exist)">ArF<sub>4</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_fluoride" title="Potassium fluoride">KF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium(I)_fluoride" title="Calcium(I) fluoride">CaF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">CaF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium_fluoride" title="Scandium fluoride">ScF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(II)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(II) fluoride (page does not exist)">TiF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_fluoride" title="Titanium(III) fluoride">TiF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrafluoride" title="Titanium tetrafluoride">TiF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_fluoride" title="Vanadium(II) fluoride">VF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_fluoride" title="Vanadium(III) fluoride">VF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_tetrafluoride" title="Vanadium tetrafluoride">VF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_pentafluoride" title="Vanadium pentafluoride">VF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_fluoride" title="Chromium(II) fluoride">CrF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_fluoride" title="Chromium(III) fluoride">CrF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_fluoride" title="Chromium(IV) fluoride">CrF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium_pentafluoride" title="Chromium pentafluoride">CrF<sub>5</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Chromium_hexafluoride" title="Chromium hexafluoride">CrF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_fluoride" title="Manganese(II) fluoride">MnF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_fluoride" title="Manganese(III) fluoride">MnF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_fluoride" title="Manganese(IV) fluoride">MnF<sub>4</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Manganese(V)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(V) fluoride">MnF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_fluoride" title="Iron(II) fluoride">FeF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_fluoride" title="Iron(III) fluoride">FeF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron_tetrafluoride" title="Iron tetrafluoride">FeF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(II) fluoride">CoF<sub>2</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(III) fluoride">CoF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetrafluoride" title="Cobalt tetrafluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CoF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_fluoride" title="Nickel(II) fluoride">NiF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_fluoride" title="Nickel(III) fluoride">NiF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nickel_tetrafluoride" title="Nickel tetrafluoride">NiF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_fluoride" title="Copper(I) fluoride">CuF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_fluoride" title="Copper(II) fluoride">CuF<sub>2</sub></a><br />?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(III)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(III) fluoride (page does not exist)">CuF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_fluoride" title="Zinc fluoride">ZnF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium_difluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallium difluoride (page does not exist)">GaF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_fluoride" title="Gallium(III) fluoride">GaF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium_difluoride" title="Germanium difluoride">GeF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Germanium_tetrafluoride" title="Germanium tetrafluoride">GeF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trifluoride" title="Arsenic trifluoride">AsF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentafluoride" title="Arsenic pentafluoride">AsF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenium_monofluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenium monofluoride (page does not exist)">Se<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium_tetrafluoride" title="Selenium tetrafluoride">SeF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium_hexafluoride" title="Selenium hexafluoride">SeF<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Selenite_fluoride" title="Selenite fluoride">+SeO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monofluoride" title="Bromine monofluoride">BrF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bromine_trifluoride" title="Bromine trifluoride">BrF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bromine_pentafluoride" title="Bromine pentafluoride">BrF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton_difluoride" title="Krypton difluoride">KrF<sub>2</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Krypton_tetrafluoride" title="Krypton tetrafluoride">KrF<sub>4</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Krypton_hexafluoride" title="Krypton hexafluoride">KrF<sub>6</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_fluoride" title="Rubidium fluoride">RbF</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_monofluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium monofluoride (page does not exist)">SrF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Strontium_fluoride" title="Strontium fluoride">SrF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_fluoride" title="Yttrium(III) fluoride">YF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_difluoride" title="Zirconium difluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(III) fluoride">ZrF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetrafluoride" title="Zirconium tetrafluoride">ZrF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium(IV)_fluoride" title="Niobium(IV) fluoride">NbF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_fluoride" title="Niobium(V) fluoride">NbF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(IV)_fluoride" title="Molybdenum(IV) fluoride">MoF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(V)_fluoride" title="Molybdenum(V) fluoride">MoF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexafluoride" title="Molybdenum hexafluoride">MoF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium(IV)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technetium(IV) fluoride (page does not exist)">TcF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Technetium_pentafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium pentafluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">TcF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span></span></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Technetium_hexafluoride" title="Technetium hexafluoride">TcF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(III)_fluoride" title="Ruthenium(III) fluoride">RuF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_fluoride" title="Ruthenium(IV) fluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">RuF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_pentafluoride" title="Ruthenium pentafluoride">RuF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_hexafluoride" title="Ruthenium hexafluoride">RuF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium_trifluoride" title="Rhodium trifluoride">RhF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(IV)_fluoride" title="Rhodium(IV) fluoride">RhF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhodium_pentafluoride" title="Rhodium pentafluoride">RhF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhodium_hexafluoride" title="Rhodium hexafluoride">RhF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_fluoride" title="Palladium(II) fluoride">PdF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II,IV)_fluoride" title="Palladium(II,IV) fluoride">Pd[PdF<sub>6</sub>]</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Palladium_tetrafluoride" title="Palladium tetrafluoride">PdF<sub>4</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Palladium_hexafluoride" title="Palladium hexafluoride">PdF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_subfluoride" title="Silver subfluoride">Ag<sub>2</sub>F</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_fluoride" title="Silver(I) fluoride">AgF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silver(II)_fluoride" title="Silver(II) fluoride">AgF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silver(III)_fluoride" title="Silver(III) fluoride">AgF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_fluoride" title="Cadmium fluoride">CdF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indium(I)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indium(I) fluoride (page does not exist)">InF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_fluoride" title="Indium(III) fluoride">InF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_fluoride" title="Tin(II) fluoride">SnF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_fluoride" title="Tin(IV) fluoride">SnF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trifluoride" title="Antimony trifluoride">SbF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentafluoride" title="Antimony pentafluoride">SbF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_tetrafluoride" title="Tellurium tetrafluoride">TeF<sub>4</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Ditellurium_decafluoride" title="Ditellurium decafluoride">Te<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_hexafluoride" title="Tellurium hexafluoride">TeF<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tellurite_fluoride" title="Tellurite fluoride">+TeO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monofluoride" title="Iodine monofluoride">IF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iodine_trifluoride" title="Iodine trifluoride">IF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentafluoride" title="Iodine pentafluoride">IF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iodine_heptafluoride" title="Iodine heptafluoride">IF<sub>7</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iodate_fluoride" title="Iodate fluoride">+IO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon_difluoride" title="Xenon difluoride">XeF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetrafluoride" title="Xenon tetrafluoride">XeF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon_hexafluoride" title="Xenon hexafluoride">XeF<sub>6</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Xenon_octafluoride" title="Xenon octafluoride">XeF<sub>8</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_fluoride" title="Caesium fluoride">CsF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_fluoride" title="Barium fluoride">BaF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_fluoride" title="Lutetium(III) fluoride">LuF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_tetrafluoride" title="Hafnium tetrafluoride">HfF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum pentafluoride">TaF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_fluoride" title="Tungsten(IV) fluoride">WF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentafluoride" title="Tungsten pentafluoride">WF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexafluoride" title="Tungsten hexafluoride">WF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_tetrafluoride" title="Rhenium tetrafluoride">ReF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_pentafluoride" title="Rhenium pentafluoride">ReF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_hexafluoride" title="Rhenium hexafluoride">ReF<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_heptafluoride" title="Rhenium heptafluoride">ReF<sub>7</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium(IV)_fluoride" title="Osmium(IV) fluoride">OsF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Osmium_pentafluoride" title="Osmium pentafluoride">OsF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Osmium_hexafluoride" title="Osmium hexafluoride">OsF<sub>6</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Osmium_heptafluoride" title="Osmium heptafluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">OsF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span></span></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Osmium_octafluoride" title="Osmium octafluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">OsF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium(II)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium(II) fluoride (page does not exist)">IrF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium(III) fluoride">IrF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetrafluoride" title="Iridium tetrafluoride">IrF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium(V)_fluoride" title="Iridium(V) fluoride">IrF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium_hexafluoride" title="Iridium hexafluoride">IrF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum(II)_fluoride" title="Platinum(II) fluoride">PtF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinum(II,IV)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinum(II,IV) fluoride (page does not exist)">Pt[PtF<sub>6</sub>]</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Platinum_tetrafluoride" title="Platinum tetrafluoride">PtF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Platinum_pentafluoride" title="Platinum pentafluoride">PtF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Platinum_hexafluoride" title="Platinum hexafluoride">PtF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_fluoride" title="Gold(I) fluoride">AuF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_fluoride" title="Gold(III) fluoride">AuF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gold(V)_fluoride" title="Gold(V) fluoride">Au<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Gold_hexafluoride" title="Gold hexafluoride">AuF<sub>6</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gold_heptafluoride" title="Gold heptafluoride">AuF<sub>5</sub>•F<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_fluoride" title="Mercury(I) fluoride">Hg<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_fluoride" title="Mercury(II) fluoride">HgF<sub>2</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Mercury(IV)_fluoride" title="Mercury(IV) fluoride">HgF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_fluoride" title="Thallium(I) fluoride">TlF</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thallium_trifluoride" title="Thallium trifluoride">TlF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_fluoride" title="Lead(II) fluoride">PbF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lead_tetrafluoride" title="Lead tetrafluoride">PbF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_trifluoride" title="Bismuth trifluoride">BiF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentafluoride" title="Bismuth pentafluoride">BiF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td>?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_difluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium difluoride (page does not exist)">PoF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_tetrafluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium tetrafluoride (page does not exist)">PoF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hexafluoride" title="Polonium hexafluoride">PoF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astatine_monofluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astatine monofluoride (page does not exist)">AtF</a><br />?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astatine_trifluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astatine trifluoride (page does not exist)">AtF<sub>3</sub></a><br />?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astatine_pentafluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astatine pentafluoride (page does not exist)">AtF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon_difluoride" title="Radon difluoride">RnF<sub>2</sub></a><br />?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radon_tetrafluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radon tetrafluoride (page does not exist)"><span class="chemf nowrap">RnF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Radon_hexafluoride" title="Radon hexafluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">RnF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>FrF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_fluoride" title="Radium fluoride">RaF<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrencium_trifluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrencium trifluoride (page does not exist)">LrF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">↓ </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="14"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" rowspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_trifluoride" title="Lanthanum trifluoride">LaF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_fluoride" title="Cerium(III) fluoride">CeF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_fluoride" title="Cerium(IV) fluoride">CeF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_fluoride" title="Praseodymium(III) fluoride">PrF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(IV)_fluoride" title="Praseodymium(IV) fluoride">PrF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(II)_fluoride" title="Neodymium(II) fluoride">NdF<sub>2</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_fluoride" title="Neodymium(III) fluoride">NdF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium(IV)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium(IV) fluoride (page does not exist)">NdF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_fluoride" title="Promethium(III) fluoride">PmF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium(I)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium(I) fluoride (page does not exist)">SmF</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_fluoride" title="Samarium(II) fluoride">SmF<sub>2</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_fluoride" title="Samarium(III) fluoride">SmF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_fluoride" title="Europium(II) fluoride">EuF<sub>2</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_fluoride" title="Europium(III) fluoride">EuF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_fluoride" title="Gadolinium(III) fluoride">GdF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_fluoride" title="Terbium(III) fluoride">TbF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Terbium(IV)_fluoride" title="Terbium(IV) fluoride">TbF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium(II)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium(II) fluoride (page does not exist)">DyF<sub>2</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_fluoride" title="Dysprosium(III) fluoride">DyF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium(IV)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium(IV) fluoride (page does not exist)">DyF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_fluoride" title="Holmium(III) fluoride">HoF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_fluoride" title="Erbium(III) fluoride">ErF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium(II)_fluoride" title="Thulium(II) fluoride">TmF<sub>2</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_fluoride" title="Thulium(III) fluoride">TmF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_fluoride" title="Ytterbium(II) fluoride">YbF<sub>2</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_fluoride" title="Ytterbium(III) fluoride">YbF<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_fluoride" title="Actinium(III) fluoride">AcF<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium_trifluoride" title="Thorium trifluoride">ThF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thorium_tetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium tetrafluoride">ThF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium(IV) fluoride">PaF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(V)_fluoride" title="Protactinium(V) fluoride">PaF<sub>5</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trifluoride" title="Uranium trifluoride">UF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrafluoride" title="Uranium tetrafluoride">UF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium_pentafluoride" title="Uranium pentafluoride">UF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">UF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(III)_fluoride" title="Neptunium(III) fluoride">NpF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_fluoride" title="Neptunium(IV) fluoride">NpF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(V)_fluoride" title="Neptunium(V) fluoride">NpF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(VI)_fluoride" title="Neptunium(VI) fluoride">NpF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(III)_fluoride" title="Plutonium(III) fluoride">PuF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_tetrafluoride" title="Plutonium tetrafluoride">PuF<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_pentafluoride" title="Plutonium pentafluoride">PuF<sub>5</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hexafluoride" title="Plutonium hexafluoride">PuF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium(II)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium(II) fluoride (page does not exist)">AmF<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_fluoride" title="Americium(III) fluoride">AmF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Americium(IV)_fluoride" title="Americium(IV) fluoride">AmF<sub>4</sub></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Americium_hexafluoride" title="Americium hexafluoride">AmF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium(III)_fluoride" title="Curium(III) fluoride">CmF<sub>3</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Curium(IV)_fluoride" title="Curium(IV) fluoride">CmF<sub>4</sub></a><br /> ?<a href="/wiki/Curium_hexafluoride" title="Curium hexafluoride">CmF<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium_trifluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium trifluoride">BkF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Berkelium_tetrafluoride" title="Berkelium tetrafluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">BkF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium fluoride">CfF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Californium_tetrafluoride" title="Californium tetrafluoride">CfF<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_trifluoride" title="Einsteinium trifluoride">EsF<sub>3</sub></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_tetrafluoride" title="Einsteinium tetrafluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">EsF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a><br />?<a href="/wiki/Einsteinium_hexafluoride" title="Einsteinium hexafluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">EsF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monatomic_anion_compounds245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monatomic_anion_compounds" title="Template:Monatomic anion compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monatomic_anion_compounds" title="Template talk:Monatomic anion compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monatomic_anion_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monatomic anion compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monatomic_anion_compounds245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monatomic_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic ion">Monatomic anion</a> <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Group 1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">Group 13</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boride" title="Boride">B</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminide" title="Aluminide">Al</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallide (page does not exist)">Ga</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indide (page does not exist)">In</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallide" title="Thallide">Tl</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">Group 14</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">C</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicide" title="Silicide">Si</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanide" title="Germanide">Ge</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stannide" title="Stannide">Sn</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plumbide" title="Plumbide">Pb</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">Group 15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pnictide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictide">Pnictides</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">N<sup>3−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphide" title="Phosphide">P<sup>3−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">As<sup>3−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimonide" title="Antimonide">Sb<sup>3−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuthide" title="Bismuthide">Bi<sup>3−</sup></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">Group 16</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">Chalcogenides</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">O<sup>2−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">S<sup>2−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">Se<sup>2−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">Te<sup>2−</sup></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonide" title="Polonide">Po<sup>2−</sup></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Group 17</a> 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