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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>STS-122 launch delays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STS-122_launch_delays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berthing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berthing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Berthing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berthing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_activities_and_payloads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_activities_and_payloads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Research activities and payloads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_activities_and_payloads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="كولومبوس (وحدة بمحطة الفضاء الدولية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبوس (وحدة بمحطة الفضاء الدولية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Кълъмбъс (модул) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кълъмбъс (модул)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori_orbital_Columbus" title="Laboratori orbital Columbus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laboratori orbital Columbus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(modul_ISS)" title="Columbus (modul ISS) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Columbus (modul ISS)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbusmodulet" title="Columbusmodulet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Columbusmodulet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS-Modul)" title="Columbus (ISS-Modul) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbus (ISS-Modul)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(moodul)" title="Columbus (moodul) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Columbus (moodul)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorio_Columbus" title="Laboratorio Columbus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laboratorio Columbus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C)" title="کلمبوس (آزمایشگاه فضایی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلمبوس (آزمایشگاه فضایی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Station_spatiale_internationale)" title="Columbus (Station spatiale internationale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbus (Station spatiale internationale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%AC%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%88" title="콜롬버스 모듈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜롬버스 모듈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(modul)" title="Columbus (modul) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Columbus (modul)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(modul_ISS)" title="Columbus (modul ISS) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Columbus (modul ISS)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(modulo)" title="Columbus (modulo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbus (modulo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C)" title="קולומבוס (מודול) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומבוס (מודול)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(SKS)" title="Columbus (SKS) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Columbus (SKS)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Orbital_Facility" title="Columbus Orbital Facility – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Columbus Orbital Facility" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS-module)" title="Columbus (ISS-module) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbus (ISS-module)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9_(ISS)" title="コロンバス (ISS) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンバス (ISS)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS-modul)" title="Columbus (ISS-modul) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbus (ISS-modul)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorium_kosmiczne_Columbus" title="Laboratorium kosmiczne Columbus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laboratorium kosmiczne Columbus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(m%C3%B3dulo_da_ISS)" title="Columbus (módulo da ISS) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Columbus (módulo da ISS)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%A1)" title="Коламбус (модуль МКС) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коламбус (модуль МКС)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS)" title="Columbus (ISS) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Columbus (ISS)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS)" title="Columbus (ISS) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columbus (ISS)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS)" title="Columbus (ISS) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columbus (ISS)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4)" title="โคลัมบัส (โมดูลของสถานีอวกาศนานาชาติ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคลัมบัส (โมดูลของสถานีอวกาศนานาชาติ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(UU%C4%B0)" title="Columbus (UUİ) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Columbus (UUİ)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%A1)" title="Колумбус (модуль МКС) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумбус (модуль МКС)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(m%C3%B4-%C4%91un_ISS)" title="Columbus (mô-đun ISS) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Columbus (mô-đun ISS)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E8%99%9F%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%89%99" title="哥倫布號實驗艙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥倫布號實驗艙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155935#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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Space Station</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Columbus</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/240px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/360px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/480px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2555" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Columbus</i> as seen by <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Module statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">Launch date</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 February 2008, 19:45<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">Berthed</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 February 2008 (<a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)"><i>Harmony</i></a> starboard)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_Columbus_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Interior_Columbus_module.jpg/220px-Interior_Columbus_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Interior_Columbus_module.jpg/330px-Interior_Columbus_module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Interior_Columbus_module.jpg/440px-Interior_Columbus_module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schlegel" title="Hans Schlegel">Hans Schlegel</a> working on outfitting <i>Columbus</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_artist%27s_concept_showing_the_International_Space_Station-RapidScat_instrument_against_the_station..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/An_artist%27s_concept_showing_the_International_Space_Station-RapidScat_instrument_against_the_station..jpg/220px-An_artist%27s_concept_showing_the_International_Space_Station-RapidScat_instrument_against_the_station..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/An_artist%27s_concept_showing_the_International_Space_Station-RapidScat_instrument_against_the_station..jpg/330px-An_artist%27s_concept_showing_the_International_Space_Station-RapidScat_instrument_against_the_station..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/An_artist%27s_concept_showing_the_International_Space_Station-RapidScat_instrument_against_the_station..jpg/440px-An_artist%27s_concept_showing_the_International_Space_Station-RapidScat_instrument_against_the_station..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>One instrument mounted on <i>Columbus</i> was ISS-RapidScat, and this graphic shows the location of <i>Columbus</i> and where that instrument was mounted on the Module. The instrument was installed in 2014 and operated until 2016.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Columbus</b></i> is a science laboratory that is part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) and is the largest single contribution to the ISS made by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA). </p><p>Like the <i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></i> modules, the <i>Columbus</i> laboratory was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a>. The functional equipment and software of the lab was designed by <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">EADS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It was also integrated in Bremen before being flown to the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Beluga" title="Airbus Beluga">Airbus Beluga</a>. It was launched aboard <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> on 7 February 2008, on flight <a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a>. It is designed for ten years of operation. The module is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a>, located at the <a href="/wiki/German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a> near <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany. </p><p>The European Space Agency has spent <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>1.4 billion (about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2 billion) on building <i>Columbus</i>, including the experiments it carries and the ground control infrastructure necessary to operate them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Columbus_logo.svg/220px-Columbus_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Columbus_logo.svg/330px-Columbus_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Columbus_logo.svg/440px-Columbus_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Columbus</i> logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_beluga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Columbus_beluga.jpg/220px-Columbus_beluga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Columbus_beluga.jpg/330px-Columbus_beluga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Columbus_beluga.jpg/440px-Columbus_beluga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Loading of <i>Columbus</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_Airport" title="Bremen Airport">Bremen airport</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Beluga" title="Airbus Beluga">Airbus Beluga</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS_1E_Configuration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ISS_1E_Configuration.jpg/220px-ISS_1E_Configuration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ISS_1E_Configuration.jpg/330px-ISS_1E_Configuration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ISS_1E_Configuration.jpg/440px-ISS_1E_Configuration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Columbus</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s position on the ISS</figcaption></figure> <p>The structure used for <i>Columbus</i> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">MPLM</a> module built for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> by Thales Alenia Space. In 2000 the pre-integrated module (structure including harness and tubing) was delivered to Bremen in Germany by the Co-prime contractor Alenia. The final integration and system testing was performed by the overall prime contractor EADS Astrium Space Transportation, after that the initial Payload was integrated and the overall complement checked-out.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 May 2006 <i>Columbus</i> was flown from <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany to <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> on board an Airbus Beluga. </p><p>The final schedule was much longer than originally planned due to development problems (several caused by the complex responsibility splitting between the Co-prime and the Overall prime contractor) and design changes introduced by ESA but being affordable due to the Shuttle problems delaying the <i>Columbus</i> launch for several years. The main design change was the addition of the <i>External Payload Facility</i> (EPF), which was driven by the different European Payload organizations being more interested in outer space than internal experiments. Also the addition of a terminal for direct communications to/from ground, which could have been used also as back-up for the ISS system, was studied but not implemented for cost reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESA chose <a href="/wiki/EADS_Astrium_Space_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS Astrium Space Transportation">EADS Astrium Space Transportation</a> as prime contractor for <i>Columbus</i> overall design, verification and integration. The <i>Columbus</i> structure, the micro-meteorite protection system, the active and passive thermal control, the environmental control, the harness and all the related ground support equipment were designed and qualified by <a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Alenia_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatel Alenia Space">Alcatel Alenia Space</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> as defined by the PICA – Principle (for definition see History below); the related hardware was pre-integrated and sent as PICA in September 2001 to Bremen. The lab was built and qualified on system level at the EADS Astrium Space Transportation facilities in <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen (city)">Bremen</a>, Germany, from where it was sent to NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch,_berthing_and_outfitting"><span id="Launch.2C_berthing_and_outfitting"></span>Launch, berthing and outfitting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Launch, berthing and outfitting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-122_Columbus_Loading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/STS-122_Columbus_Loading.jpg/220px-STS-122_Columbus_Loading.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/STS-122_Columbus_Loading.jpg/330px-STS-122_Columbus_Loading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/STS-122_Columbus_Loading.jpg/440px-STS-122_Columbus_Loading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Columbus</i> installed in <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s payload bay in preparation for launch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-122_docked_Columbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-122_docked_Columbus.jpg/220px-STS-122_docked_Columbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-122_docked_Columbus.jpg/330px-STS-122_docked_Columbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-122_docked_Columbus.jpg/440px-STS-122_docked_Columbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><i>Columbus</i> docked to the starboard side of <i>Harmony</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In November 2007, <i>Columbus</i> was moved out of the KSC <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Processing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Station Processing Facility">Space Station Processing Facility</a>, and installed into the payload bay of the <i>Atlantis</i> orbiter for launch on ISS assembly flight 1E (<a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STS-122_launch_delays">STS-122 launch delays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: STS-122 launch delays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During cryo-filling of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">Space Shuttle External Tank</a> (ET) with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> prior to the first launch attempt on 6 December 2007, two of four LH2 ECO sensors failed a test. Mission rules called for at least three of the four sensors to be in working order for a launch attempt to proceed. As a result of the failure, the Launch Director Doug Lyons postponed the launch, initially for 24 hours. This was later revised into a 72-hour delay, resulting in a next launch attempt set for Sunday 9 December 2007. This launch attempt was scrubbed when one of the ECO sensors again failed during fuelling. </p><p>The ECO sensors' external connector was changed on the Space Shuttle external tank, causing a two-month delay in the launch. <i>Columbus</i> was finally launched successfully on the third attempt at 2:45pm EST, 7 February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-release_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berthing">Berthing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Berthing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once at the station, <a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a> removed <i>Columbus</i> from the docked shuttle's cargo bay and attached it to the starboard hatch of <i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony Module">Harmony</a></i> (also known as Node 2), with the cylinder pointing outwards on 11 February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The laboratory is a cylindrical module, made from stainless steel, kevlar and hardened aluminum, with two end cones. It is 4.477 m (14 ft 8.3 in) in external diameter and 6.871 m (22 ft 6.5 in) in overall length, excluding the projecting external experiment racks. Its shape is very similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules</a> (MPLMs), since both were designed to fit in the cargo bay of a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>. The starboard end cone contains most of the laboratory's on-board computers. The port end cone contains the <a href="/wiki/Common_Berthing_Mechanism" title="Common Berthing Mechanism">Common Berthing Mechanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.jpg/220px-STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.jpg/330px-STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.jpg/440px-STS-134_EVA4_view_to_the_Space_Shuttle_Endeavour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><i>Columbus</i> module (right) pictured with the Space Shuttle <i>Endeavour</i> in May 2011</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Length: 7 m (23 ft)</li> <li>Diameter: 4.5 m (15 ft)</li> <li>Total mass: 10,300 kg (22,708 lb)</li> <li>Total payload mass 2,500 kg (5,512 lb)</li> <li>Total on-orbit mass 12,800 kg (28,219 lb)</li> <li>Construction details: <ul><li>Wall thickness 4mm<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>welded end cones<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>materials : Stainless steel, kevlar, aluminium<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_activities_and_payloads">Research activities and payloads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research activities and payloads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research on the ISS">Scientific research on the ISS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ELIPS:_European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="ELIPS: European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS: European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space</a></div> <p>Activities in the lab are controlled on the ground by the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus Control Center">Columbus Control Center</a> (at <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a> <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a> in Germany) and by the associated User Support Operations Centres throughout Europe. </p><p>The laboratory can accommodate ten active <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Payload_Rack" title="International Standard Payload Rack">International Standard Payload Racks</a> (ISPRs) for science payloads. Agreements with NASA allocate to ESA 51% usage of the <i>Columbus</i> Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESA is thus allocated five active rack locations, with the other five being allocated to NASA. Four active rack locations are on the forward side of the deck, four on the aft side, and two are in overhead locations. Three of the deck racks are filled with life support and cooling systems. The remaining deck rack and the two remaining overhead racks are storage racks. </p><p>In addition, four un-pressurized payload platforms can be attached outside the starboard cone, on the <i>Columbus</i> External Payload Facility (CEPF).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each external payload is mounted on an adaptor able to accommodate small instruments and experiments totalling up to 230 kilograms (507 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_exposed_facilities_on_LCC-lite_carrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Columbus_exposed_facilities_on_LCC-lite_carrier.jpg/220px-Columbus_exposed_facilities_on_LCC-lite_carrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Columbus_exposed_facilities_on_LCC-lite_carrier.jpg/330px-Columbus_exposed_facilities_on_LCC-lite_carrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Columbus_exposed_facilities_on_LCC-lite_carrier.jpg/440px-Columbus_exposed_facilities_on_LCC-lite_carrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>External payloads SOLAR and EuTEF installed on LCC-lite cargo carrier prior to launch on shuttle mission <a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The following European ISPRs have been initially installed inside <i>Columbus</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Science_Laboratory" title="Fluid Science Laboratory">Fluid Science Laboratory</a> (FSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Physiology_Modules" title="European Physiology Modules">European Physiology Modules</a> (EPM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Drawer_Rack_(EDR)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Drawer Rack (EDR)">European Drawer Rack</a> (EDR)</li> <li>European Stowage Rack<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The first external payloads were mounted on <i>Columbus</i> by crew members of the mission STS-122 mission. The three payloads mounted are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Technology_Exposure_Facility" title="European Technology Exposure Facility">European Technology Exposure Facility</a> (EuTEF) platform, which accommodates nine instruments: TRIBOLAB, PLEGPAY, MEDET, EUFIDE, DEBIE-2, FIPEX, EUTEMP, EXPOSE, DOSTEL, and the Earth Viewing Camera.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Monitoring_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Monitoring Observatory">Solar Monitoring Observatory</a> (SOLAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MISSE">MISSE-6</a> (NASA payload)</li></ul> <p>Planned additional external payloads: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Clock_Ensemble_in_Space" title="Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space">Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space</a> (ACES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPORT" title="EXPORT">EXPORT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere-Space_Interaction_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere-Space Interaction Monitor">Atmosphere-Space Interaction Monitor</a> (ASIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="European Data Relay Satellite">European Data Relay Satellite</a> (EDRS) Communications Terminal, Ka-band<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2014 the <a href="/wiki/ISS-RapidScat" title="ISS-RapidScat">ISS-RapidScat</a> instrument was installed, which was operated until late 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISS-RapidScat was transported to ISS by the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-4" title="SpaceX CRS-4">SpaceX CRS-4</a> spaceflight.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Transportation_Carrier_(ISS_Facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Transportation Carrier (ISS Facility)">European Transportation Carrier (ISS Facility)</a> (ETC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_%E2%80%93_External_Payload_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus – External Payload Facility">Columbus – External Payload Facility</a> (Columbus-EPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_%E2%80%93_External_Payload_Facility#Bartolomeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus – External Payload Facility">Bartolomeo facility</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarwood2008" class="citation web cs1">Harwood, William (11 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts122/080211fd5/index3.html">"Station arm pulls Columbus module from cargo bay"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airbus&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Airbus-built+Columbus+orbital+outpost%3A+10+years+in+space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2Fen%2F2018%2F02%2FColumbus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html">"Space Shuttle Mission STS-122: The Voyage of Columbus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726190430/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+Mission+STS-122%3A+The+Voyage+of+Columbus&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fshuttle%2Fmain%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113911/http://www.space-travel.com/reports/Shuttle_Launch_Now_Targeted_For_2nd_January_999.html">"Shuttle Launch Now Targeted For 2nd January"</a>. December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-travel.com/reports/Shuttle_Launch_Now_Targeted_For_2nd_January_999.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle+Launch+Now+Targeted+For+2nd+January&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-travel.com%2Freports%2FShuttle_Launch_Now_Targeted_For_2nd_January_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-release-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-release_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA2007" class="citation web cs1">NASA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/dec/HQ_07266_Atlantis_Scrub_Release.html">"NASA Postpones Space Shuttle Atlantis Launch; Aims for Friday"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073123/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/dec/HQ_07266_Atlantis_Scrub_Release.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Postpones+Space+Shuttle+Atlantis+Launch%3B+Aims+for+Friday&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2007%2Fdec%2FHQ_07266_Atlantis_Scrub_Release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition14/exp14_msb_012607.html">"Node 2, Columbus, Japanese Experiment Module and Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) installation animation"</a>. NASA. 26 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421224321/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition14/exp14_msb_012607.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Node+2%2C+Columbus%2C+Japanese+Experiment+Module+and+Special+Purpose+Dexterous+Manipulator+%28SPDM%29+installation+animation&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fexpeditions%2Fexpedition14%2Fexp14_msb_012607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESA-2007_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESA-2007_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/columbus/newspaper/ESA_ColumbusLab_newspaper_ENG.pdf">"A new European science laboratory in Earth orbit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ESA+Payloads+for+Columbus+%E2%80%93+A+bridge+between+the+ISS+and+exploration&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-05&rft.au=Giuseppe+Reibaldi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2Fesapub%2Fbulletin%2Fbulletin122%2Fbul122h_reibaldi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726033751/https://directory.eoportal.org/presentations/7111/10000771.html">"ISS Utilization: SOLAR and EuTEF – external payloads on the Columbus Lab"</a>. eoPortal. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA%27s+ISS+External+Payloads&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2002-03&rft.au=Steve+Feltham+%26+Giacinto+Gianfiglio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2Fesapub%2Fonstation%2Fos8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReibaldiManieriMundorfNasca" class="citation web cs1">Reibaldi, G.; Manieri, P.; Mundorf, H.; Nasca, R.; König, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet102/Reibaldi102.pdf">"The European Multi-User Facilities for the Columbus Laboratory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042431/http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet102/Reibaldi102.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Multi-User+Facilities+for+the+Columbus+Laboratory&rft.aulast=Reibaldi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Manieri%2C+P.&rft.au=Mundorf%2C+H.&rft.au=Nasca%2C+R.&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2Fesapub%2Fbulletin%2Fbullet102%2FReibaldi102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210501/http://www.cgspace.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=198">"EUTEF – European Technology Exposure Facility"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgspace.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=198">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EUTEF+%E2%80%93+European+Technology+Exposure+Facility&rft.pub=Carlo+Gavazzi+Space&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgspace.it%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200215005026/en/MDA-Developed-Columbus-Ka-Band-Terminal-COLKa-Starts-Journey">"MDA-Developed Columbus Ka-Band Terminal (COLKa) Starts Journey to the International Space Station"</a>. 15 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022172333/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200215005026/en/MDA-Developed-Columbus-Ka-Band-Terminal-COLKa-Starts-Journey">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MDA-Developed+Columbus+Ka-Band+Terminal+%28COLKa%29+Starts+Journey+to+the+International+Space+Station&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20200215005026%2Fen%2FMDA-Developed-Columbus-Ka-Band-Terminal-COLKa-Starts-Journey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archived_copy-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/11/nasa-calls-time-iss-rapidscat/">"NASA calls time on ISS-RapidScat"</a>. 28 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927130929/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/11/nasa-calls-time-iss-rapidscat/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+calls+time+on+ISS-RapidScat&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2016%2F11%2Fnasa-calls-time-iss-rapidscat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus+%28ISS+module%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus_(ISS_module)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Columbus_(ISS_module)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus (ISS module)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/Columbus_laboratory">ESA: <i>Columbus</i> Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/European_Columbus_laboratory">ESA: Technical specifications of the <i>Columbus</i> Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/Synergies_and_co-operation_help_make_savings_on_European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station">ESA: <i>Columbus</i> structure completed</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/columbus/newspaper/ESA_ColumbusLab_newspaper_ENG.pdf">"A new European science laboratory in Earth orbit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISS_modules" title="Template:ISS modules"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISS_modules" title="Template talk:ISS modules"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISS_modules" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISS modules"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Components_of_the_International_Space_Station" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)">Nauka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poisk_(ISS_module)" title="Poisk (ISS module)">Poisk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prichal_(ISS_module)" title="Prichal (ISS module)">Prichal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rassvet_(ISS_module)" title="Rassvet (ISS module)">Rassvet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">Zvezda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">US Segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module" title="Bigelow Expandable Activity Module">BEAM</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)" title="Destiny (ISS module)">Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(ISS_module)" title="Leonardo (ISS module)">Leonardo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Joint_Airlock" title="Quest Joint Airlock"><i>Quest</i> airlock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unity_(ISS_module)" title="Unity (ISS module)">Unity</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanoracks_Bishop_Airlock" title="Nanoracks Bishop Airlock">Bishop airlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Electrical system of the International Space Station">Electrical System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_Stowage_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="External Stowage Platform">External Stowage Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExPRESS_Logistics_Carrier" title="ExPRESS Logistics Carrier">ExPRESS Logistics Carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Docking_Adapter" title="International Docking Adapter">International Docking Adapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">Integrated Truss Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS" title="ISS ECLSS">Life Support System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Servicing_System" title="Mobile Servicing System">Mobile Servicing System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Boom_Sensor_System" title="Orbiter Boom Sensor System">Boom Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_Mating_Adapter" title="Pressurized Mating Adapter">Pressurized Mating Adapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)">Strela</a> cranes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Observational_Research_Facility" title="Window Observational Research Facility">Window Observational Research Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Experimental<br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Aerosol_Transport_System" title="Cloud Aerosol Transport System">CATS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ecosystem_Dynamics_Investigation_lidar" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation lidar">GEDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Earth_Viewing_cameras" title="High Definition Earth Viewing cameras">HDEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PK-3_Plus_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="PK-3 Plus (ISS Experiment)">PK-3 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE_III_on_ISS" title="SAGE III on ISS">SAGE III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS_blueprint.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ISS components"><img alt="ISS components" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ISS_blueprint.png/150px-ISS_blueprint.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ISS_blueprint.png/225px-ISS_blueprint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ISS_blueprint.png/300px-ISS_blueprint.png 2x" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="2723" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Majorcomponents" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Major<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirs_(ISS_module)" title="Pirs (ISS module)">Pirs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Orbital_Segment" title="Axiom Orbital Segment">Axiom Orbital Segment</a></li> <li>US Deorbit Vehicle</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Node_4" title="Node 4">Node 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expandable_Bigelow_Advanced_Station_Enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Expandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement">XBASE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spare<br />hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Control_Module" title="Interim Control Module">Interim Control Module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISS_Propulsion_Module" title="ISS Propulsion Module">Propulsion Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifuge_Accommodations_Module" title="Centrifuge Accommodations Module">Centrifuge Accommodations Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitation_Module" title="Habitation Module">Habitation Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Return_Vehicle" title="Crew Return Vehicle">Crew Return Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Power_Platform" title="Science Power Platform">Science Power Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Docking_Module" title="Universal Docking Module">Universal Docking Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Research_Module" title="Russian Research Module">Russian Research Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Power_Module-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-Power Module-1">Science Power Module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_of_the_International_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing of the International Space Station">Manufacturing of the ISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Assembly of the International Space Station">Assembly of the ISS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Components_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Category:Components of the International Space Station">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_human_spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_human_spaceflight" title="Template:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_human_spaceflight" title="Template talk:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_human_spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_human_spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps" title="European Astronaut Corps">European Astronaut Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Scientific_Research_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="ESA Scientific Research on the International Space Station">ISS research</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/88px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/132px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/176px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_(8182061318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/88px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/132px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/176px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/88px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/132px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/176px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2555" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/88px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/132px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/176px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-based research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Mars_Analog_Svalbard_Expedition" title="Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition">AMASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station#Winterovers" title="Concordia Station">Concordia winterovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Mars_Analog_Research_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="European Mars Analog Research Station">Euro-MARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELiSSA" title="MELiSSA">MELiSSA</a></li> <li><i>Zero-G</i> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">Airbus A310</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft used</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-MS">Soyuz-MS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DC4EU" class="mw-redirect" title="DC4EU">DC4EU</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">European Service Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired and cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TM" title="Soyuz-TM">Soyuz-TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-M" title="Soyuz TMA-M">Soyuz TMA-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mission highlights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromir" title="Euromir">Euromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a> programme</li> <li>Modules <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">European Retrievable Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Object_Camera" title="Faint Object Camera">Faint Object Camera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">Deutschland-2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethered_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethered Satellite System">Tethered Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESA_logo_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/20px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/30px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/40px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2007Orbital_launches_in_20082009_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight">← 2007</a></div><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2008</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2009_in_spaceflight" title="2009 in spaceflight">2009 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuraya#Satellites" title="Thuraya">Thuraya 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TecSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TecSAR">TecSAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress_AM-33" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspress AM-33">Ekspress AM-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-63" title="Progress M-63">Progress M-63</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></u> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_5" title="Thor 5">Thor 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WINDS" title="WINDS">Kizuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV" title="Jules Verne ATV"><i>Jules Verne</i> ATV</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō ELM-PS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab MD002</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-200" title="USA-200">USA-200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC-14" title="AMC-14">AMC-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-201" title="USA-201">USA-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T11_(satellite)" title="T11 (satellite)">DirecTV-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">Soyuz TMA-12</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendrell_Corporation#G1_satellite" title="Pendrell Corporation">ICO G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/NOFS" title="C/NOFS">C/NOFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasat-1" title="Vinasat-1">Vinasat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_One_C2" title="Star One C2">Star One C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian I-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE" title="GIOVE">GIOVE-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">Cartosat-2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubin-8" title="Rubin-8">Rubin-8</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AAUSat-2" title="AAUSat-2">AAUSat-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-6</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Compass-1" title="Compass-1">Compass-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7_%2B_APD_II" title="CUTE-1.7 + APD II">CUTE-1.7 + APD II</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Delfi-C3" title="Delfi-C3">Delfi-C3</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SEEDS-2" title="SEEDS-2">SEEDS-2</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos-3">Amos-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-64" title="Progress M-64">Progress M-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_18" title="Galaxy 18">Galaxy 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2437&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2437 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2437</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2438&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2438 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2438</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2439 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2439</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yubileiny" title="Yubileiny">Yubileiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 3A</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)#Pressurized_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō PM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ChinaSat 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_5C" title="Skynet 5C">Skynet 5C</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_3A" title="Türksat 3A">Türksat 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM29 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM29</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM37 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM37</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM38 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM38</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM39 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM39</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM40 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM40</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM41 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2440" title="Kosmos 2440">Kosmos 2440</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization#Arabsat-4" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Badr-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 25">ProtoStar 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_XI" title="EchoStar XI">EchoStar XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2441" title="Kosmos 2441">Kosmos 2441</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trailblazer_(satellite)" title="Trailblazer (satellite)">Trailblazer</a>, <a href="/wiki/NanoSail-D" title="NanoSail-D">NanoSail-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/PRESat" title="PRESat">PRESat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestis" title="Celestis">Explorers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-C2" title="Superbird-C2">Superbird-C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC-21" title="AMC-21">AMC-21</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_2008_Safir_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August 2008 Safir launch failure (page does not exist)">Omid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat-4_F3" title="Inmarsat-4 F3">Inmarsat-4 F3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachys_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachys (satellite) (page does not exist)">Tachys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mati (satellite) (page does not exist)">Mati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choma_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choma (satellite) (page does not exist)">Choma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choros_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choros (satellite) (page does not exist)">Choros</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochia_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochia (satellite) (page does not exist)">Trochia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huan_Jing_1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huan Jing 1A (page does not exist)">Huan Jing 1A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huan_Jing_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huan Jing 1B (page does not exist)">Huan Jing 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-65" title="Progress M-65">Progress M-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimiq-4" title="Nimiq-4">Nimiq-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2442" title="Kosmos 2442">Kosmos 2442</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2243 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2243</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2444" title="Kosmos 2444">Kosmos 2444</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Banxing" title="Banxing">Banxing-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratsat">Ratsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEOS_(satellite)" title="THEOS (satellite)">THEOS</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">Soyuz TMA-13</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">MIP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venesat-1" title="Venesat-1">Venesat-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuang_Xin_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuang Xin 1B (page does not exist)">Chuang Xin 1B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiyan_Weixing_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiyan Weixing 3 (page does not exist)">Shiyan Weixing 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1M" title="Astra 1M">Astra 1M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2445" title="Kosmos 2445">Kosmos 2445</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Leonardo MPLM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PSSC-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSSC-1 (page does not exist)">PSSC-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-01M" title="Progress M-01M">Progress M-01M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2446" title="Kosmos 2446">Kosmos 2446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Bird_13C" title="Hot Bird 13C">Hot Bird 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_48D" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutelsat 48D">Eutelsat W2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2447" title="Kosmos 2447">Kosmos 2447</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2448" title="Kosmos 2448">Kosmos 2448</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2449" title="Kosmos 2449">Kosmos 2449</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_stations_and_settlements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_stations" title="Template:Space stations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_stations" title="Template talk:Space stations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_stations_and_settlements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">settlements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_stations" title="List of space stations">List of space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_space_stations" title="List of commercial space stations">List of commercial space stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station (TSS)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/180px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/240px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a><sup>† ‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_557" title="Kosmos 557">Cosmos 557</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">I</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">II</a><sup>°</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Space_Station" title="Aurora Space Station">Aurora Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Bigelow Commercial Space Station">Bigelow Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Habitat" title="Deep Space Habitat">Deep Space Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Gateway_Platform" title="Exploration Gateway Platform">Exploration Gateway Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(spacecraft)" title="Galaxy (spacecraft)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industries_Incorporated" title="Space Industries Incorporated">Industrial Space Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus-X" title="Nautilus-X">Nautilus-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skylab_II" title="Skylab II">Skylab II</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/FlexCraft" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexCraft">FlexCraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundancer" title="Sundancer">Sundancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-3" title="Tiangong-3">Tiangong-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station <i>Freedom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">USOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer"><i>Columbus</i> MTFF</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Columbus</i> (ISS module)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">ROS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station" title="Russian Orbital Service Station">Russian Orbital Service Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiom Station">Axiom Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reef" title="Orbital Reef">Orbital Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlab_(space_station)" title="Starlab (space station)">Starlab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International(Western Aligned Nations only)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Station">Voyager Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">Rotating wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations" title="List of films featuring space stations">List of films featuring space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a></i> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo" title="Orphans of Apollo">Orphans of Apollo</a></i> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourists" title="Space Tourists">Space Tourists</a></i> (2009 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet" title="A Beautiful Planet">A Beautiful Planet</a></i> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155935#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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