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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology and nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Links_to_older_performance_arts:_Kutiyattam_and_Krishnanattam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_to_older_performance_arts:_Kutiyattam_and_Krishnanattam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Links to older performance arts: Kutiyattam and Krishnanattam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_to_older_performance_arts:_Kutiyattam_and_Krishnanattam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repertoire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Acting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs_and_musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs_and_musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Songs and musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs_and_musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Traditional plays</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_plays-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional plays subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offshoots_and_modern_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offshoots_and_modern_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Offshoots and modern adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offshoots_and_modern_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles:_Sampradayam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles:_Sampradayam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Styles: Sampradayam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles:_Sampradayam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_centres_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_centres_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Training centres and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training_centres_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training centres and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training_centres_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards_for_Kathakali_artistes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_for_Kathakali_artistes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Awards for Kathakali artistes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_for_Kathakali_artistes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_dance_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_dance_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related dance forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_dance_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kathakali</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="কথাকলি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কথাকলি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="কথাকলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কথাকলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کاتاکالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاتاکالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="કથકલી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કથકલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali_Nach" title="Kathakali Nach – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Kathakali Nach" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="कथकली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कथकली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="קתקאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתקאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಥಕ್ಕಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಥಕ್ಕಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Катакхали – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Катакхали" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kath%C3%A1kali" title="Kathákali – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kathákali" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="കഥകളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കഥകളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="कथकली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कथकली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="كاتاكالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتاكالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کاتاکالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاتاکالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="कथकली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कथकली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA" title="カタカリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタカリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80" title="କଥକଳୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଥକଳୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کتھاکلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتھاکلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Катхакали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катхакали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="कथाकेळिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कथाकेळिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92" title="කතකලි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කතකලි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kathakali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="கதகளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதகளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Classical Indian dance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary"><i>Kathakali</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_(197).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28197%29.jpg/220px-Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28197%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28197%29.jpg/330px-Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28197%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28197%29.jpg/440px-Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28197%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nickname">കഥകളി</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">southwestern India</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Kathakali</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Kathakaḷi <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">കഥകളി</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1c\/LL-Q36236_%28mal%29-Vis_M-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.wav\/LL-Q36236_%28mal%29-Vis_M-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-\u0d15\u0d25\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/LL-Q36236_%28mal%29-Vis_M-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.wav/LL-Q36236_%28mal%29-Vis_M-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q36236_(mal)-Vis_M-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.wav" title="File:LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-കഥകളി.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) is a traditional form of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Classical_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Classical Dance">Indian Classical Dance</a>, and one of the most complex forms of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_India" title="Theatre of India">Indian theatre</a>. It is a play of verses . These Verses called Kathakali literature or <i><a href="/wiki/Attakatha" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Attakatha">Attakatha</a></i> . Mostly played in the courts of Kings and Temple festivals . Hence it known as suvarna art forms . This performance uses the <i><a href="/wiki/Navarasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarasas">navarasas</a></i> of Bharathan, the Guru of Indian theatre . Makeup and costumes are very unique and huge . Normally it represent Kerala Art . <sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is native to the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>-language southwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and is almost entirely practiced by <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zarrilli17_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrilli17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathakali_BNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kathakali_BNC.jpg/220px-Kathakali_BNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kathakali_BNC.jpg/330px-Kathakali_BNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kathakali_BNC.jpg/440px-Kathakali_BNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3925" /></a><figcaption>Kathakali is one of the eight classical dances of India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hanuman_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg/220px-Hanuman_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hanuman_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg/330px-Hanuman_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hanuman_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg/440px-Hanuman_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman in Kathakali (FACT Jayadeva Varma)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fully developed style of Kathakali originated around the 16th century, but its roots are in the temple and folk arts (such as <a href="/wiki/Krishnanattam" title="Krishnanattam">Krishnanattam</a> and religious drama of the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>) of the southwestern Indian peninsula, which are traceable to at least the 1st millennium <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zarrilli191_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrilli191-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Kathakali performance, like all classical dance arts of India, synthesizes music, vocal performers, choreography and hand and facial gestures together to express ideas. However, Kathakali differs in that it also incorporates movements from ancient Indian martial arts and athletic traditions of South India.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zarrilli17_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrilli17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathakali also differs in that the structure and details of its art form developed in the courts and theatres of Hindu principalities, unlike other classical Indian dances which primarily developed in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> and monastic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zarrilli191_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrilli191-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Kathakali is typically called a 'temple art' and has always been organised and performed at temples until recently. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The traditional themes of the Kathakali are folk stories, religious legends and spiritual ideas from the Hindu epics and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zarrilli3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrilli3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocal performance has traditionally been performed in Sanskritised <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zarrilli191_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrilli191-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern compositions, Indian Kathakali troupes have included women artistes,<sup id="cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramarae2004p295-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adapted Western stories and plays such as those by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-daugherty52_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daugherty52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a performance expressing Christian doctrine was staged for the first time in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Kathakali</i> is derived from <i>katha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">കഥ, from Sanskrit</span>) which means "story or a conversation, or a traditional tale", and <i>kaḷi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">കളി</span>) which means "performance" or "play". The dance symbolises the eternal fight between good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-James_G._Lochtefeld_2002_358–359_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_G._Lochtefeld_2002_358–359-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p230-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elements and aspects of Kathakali are taken from ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zarrillinatya_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrillinatya-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Natya Shastra is attributed to sage <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata</a>, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BC and 200 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but estimates vary between 500 BC and 500 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures–all of which are part of Indian classical dances including Kathakali.<sup id="cite_ref-zarrillinatya_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrillinatya-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance and performance arts, states this ancient Hindu text,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-mog17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mog17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The roots of Kathakali are unclear. Jones and Ryan state it is more than 500 years old. Kathakali emerged as a distinct genre of performance art during the 16th and 17th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of Kathakali, states Mahinder Singh, are more ancient and some 1500 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_to_older_performance_arts:_Kutiyattam_and_Krishnanattam">Links to older performance arts: Kutiyattam and Krishnanattam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Links to older performance arts: Kutiyattam and Krishnanattam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathakali_vesham_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kathakali_vesham_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg/220px-Kathakali_vesham_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kathakali_vesham_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg/330px-Kathakali_vesham_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kathakali_vesham_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg/440px-Kathakali_vesham_by_FACT_Jayadeva_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>FACT Jayadeva Varma</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farley_Richmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farley Richmond (page does not exist)">Farley Richmond</a> and other scholars, Kathakali shares many elements such as costumes with ancient Indian performance arts such as <i>Kutiyattam</i> (classical Sanskrit drama) and medieval era <i>Krishnanattam</i>, even though a detailed examination shows differences.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kutiyattam</i>, adds Richmond, is "one of the oldest continuously performed theatre forms in India, and it may well be the oldest surviving art form of the ancient world".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kutiyattam</i>, traditionally, was performed in theatres specially designed and attached to Hindu temples, particularly dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond95_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond95-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designs of these theatres usually matched the dimensions and architecture recommended as "ideal" in the ancient <i>Natya Shastra</i>, and some of them could house 500 viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond95_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond95-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Krishnanattam</i> is the likely immediate precursor of Kathakali, states Zarrilli.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond317_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Krishnanattam</i> is dance-drama art form about the life and activities of Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, that developed under the sponsorship of Sri Manavedan Raja, the ruler of Calicut (1585-1658 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-richmond317_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional legend states that Kottarakkara Thampuran (also known as Vira Kerala Varma) requested the services of a <i>Krishnanattam</i> troupe, but his request was denied. So Kottarakkara Thampuran created another art form based on <i>Krishnanattam</i>, called it <i>Ramanattam</i> because the early plays were based on the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, which over time diversified beyond <i>Ramayana</i> and became popular as 'Kathakali'.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond317_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another related performance art is <i>Ashtapadiyattom</i>, a dance drama based on the Gita Govinda of the twelfth-century poet <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>, told the story of Krishna embodied as a humble cowherd, his consort Radha, and three cow girls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199331–34_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199331–34-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathakali also incorporates several elements from other traditional and ritualistic art forms like Mudiyettu, Theyyam and Padayani besides folk arts such as Porattu Nadakam that shares ideas with the Tamil <i>Therukoothu</i> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The south Indian martial art of <i><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalarippayattu</a></i> has also influenced Kathakali.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the links, <i>Kathakali</i> is different from temple-driven arts such as "Krishnanattam", <i>Kutiyattam</i> and others because unlike the older arts where the dancer-actor also had to be the vocal artist, <i>Kathakali</i> separated these roles allowing the dancer-actor to excel in and focus on choreography while the vocal artists focused on delivering their lines.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond317_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kathakali</i> also expanded the performance repertoire, style and standardized the costume making it easier for the audience to understand the various performances and new plays.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond317_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kathakali</i> is structured around plays called <i><b>Attakatha</b></i> (literally, "enacted story"<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), written in Sanskritized Malayalam.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-richmond326_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond326-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plays are written in a particular format that helps identify the "action" and the "dialogue" parts of the performance.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond326_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond326-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Sloka</i> part is the metrical verse, written in third person – often entirely in Sanskrit - describing the action part of the choreography.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-richmond326_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond326-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Pada</i> part contains the dialogue part.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond326_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond326-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>Attakatha</i> texts grant considerable flexibility to the actors to improvise. Historically, all these plays were derived from Hindu texts such as the <i>Ramayana</i>, the <i>Mahabharata</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>Kathakali</i> repertoire is an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operatic</a> performance where an ancient story is playfully dramatized.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, a Kathakali performance is long, starting at dusk and continuing through dawn, with interludes and breaks for the performers and audience.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plays continued over several nights, starting at dusk every day. Modern performances are shorter. The stage with seating typically in open grounds outside a temple, but in some places, special theatres called <i>Kuttampalam</i> built inside the temple compounds have been in use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stage is mostly bare, or with a few drama-related items.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One item, called a Kalivilakku (kali meaning dance; <i>vilakku</i> meaning lamp), can be traced back to Kutiyattam. In both traditions, the performance happens in the front of a huge Kalivilakku with its thick wick sunk in coconut oil, burning with a yellow light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, before the advent of electricity, this special large lamp provided light during the night. As the play progressed, the actor-dancers would gather around this lamp so that the audience could see what they are expressing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The performance involves actor-dancers in the front, supported by musicians in the background stage on right (audience's left) and with vocalists in the front of the stage (historically so they could be heard by the audience before the age of microphone and speakers).<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, all roles are played by male actor-dancers, though in modern performances, women have been welcomed into the Kathakali tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramarae2004p295-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costumes">Costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamandalam_k_g_vasudevan_nair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kalamandalam_k_g_vasudevan_nair.jpg/220px-Kalamandalam_k_g_vasudevan_nair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kalamandalam_k_g_vasudevan_nair.jpg/330px-Kalamandalam_k_g_vasudevan_nair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kalamandalam_k_g_vasudevan_nair.jpg/440px-Kalamandalam_k_g_vasudevan_nair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Kathakali artist K.G. Vasudevan Nair</figcaption></figure> <p>Of all classical Indian dances, Kathakali has the most elaborate costuming consisting of head dresses, face masks and vividly painted faces.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p230-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–56_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–56-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically takes several evening hours to prepare a Kathakali troupe to get ready for a play.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200057–58_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200057–58-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costumes have made Kathakali's popularity extend beyond adults, with children absorbed by the colors, makeup, lights and sounds of the performances.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond317_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The makeup follows an accepted code, that helps the audience easily identify the archetypal characters such as gods, goddesses, demons, demonesses, saints, animals and characters of a story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven basic makeup types are used in Kathakali, namely <i>Pachcha</i> (green), <i>Pazhuppu</i> (ripe), <i>Kathi</i>, <i>Kari</i>, <i>Thaadi</i>, <i>Minukku</i> and <i>Teppu (red)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vary with the styles and the predominant colours made from rice paste and vegetable colors that are applied on the face.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p230-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200050–58_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200050–58-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pachcha (green) with lips painted brilliant coral red portrays noble characters and sages such as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nala" title="Nala">Nala</a> and philosopher-kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–54_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–54-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Thaadi</i> (red) is the code for someone with an evil streak such as <a href="/wiki/Dushasana" title="Dushasana">Dushasana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>. Some characters have a green face (representing heroic or excellence as a warrior) with red dots or lines on their cheeks or red-coloured moustache or red-streaked beard (representing evil inner nature), while others have a full face and beard coloured red, the latter implying excessively evil characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kari (black) is the code for forest dwellers, hunters, and middle ground character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonesses and treacherous characters are also painted black but with streaks or patches of red.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yellow is the code for monks, mendicants, and women. <i>Minukka</i> (radiant, shining) with a warm yellow, orange or saffron typifies noble, virtuous feminine characters such as <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, Panchali and Mohini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men who act the roles of women also add a false top knot to their left and decorate it in a style common to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vella Thadi (white beard) represents a divine being, someone with virtuous inner state and consciousness such as <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Teppu</i> is for special characters found in Hindu mythologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, Jatayu and <a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a> who act as messengers or carriers, but do not fit the other categories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Face masks and headgear is added to accentuate the inner nature of the characters. The garments colours have a similar community accepted code of silent communication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054–55_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054–55-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MINUKKA,_the_feminine_character_of_Kathakali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MINUKKA%2C_the_feminine_character_of_Kathakali.jpg/220px-MINUKKA%2C_the_feminine_character_of_Kathakali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MINUKKA%2C_the_feminine_character_of_Kathakali.jpg/330px-MINUKKA%2C_the_feminine_character_of_Kathakali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MINUKKA%2C_the_feminine_character_of_Kathakali.jpg/440px-MINUKKA%2C_the_feminine_character_of_Kathakali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="4248" /></a><figcaption><i>Minukka</i>, the feminine character</figcaption></figure> <p>The character types, states Zarrilli, reflect the <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a> theory of personalities in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055–57_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055–57-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three Guṇas, according to this philosophy, that have always been and continue to be present in all things and beings in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-jamesg_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamesg-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three <i>Guṇas</i> are <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a></i></span></i> (goodness, constructive, harmonious, virtuous), <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a></i></span></i> (passion, aimless action, dynamic, egoistic), and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a></i></span></i> (darkness, destructive, chaotic, viciousness). All of these three <i>gunas</i> (good, evil, active) are present in everyone and everything, it is the proportion that is different, according to the Hindu worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-jamesg_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamesg-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interplay of these <i>gunas</i> defines the character of someone or something,<sup id="cite_ref-jamesg_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamesg-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the costumes and face colouring in Kathakali often combines the various colour codes to give complexity and depth to the actor-dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055–57_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055–57-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acting">Acting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Acting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg/220px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg/330px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg/440px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption><i> Sringara</i>, one of the nine facial expressions mentioned in Natyasastra</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many classical Indian arts, Kathakali is choreography as much as it is acting. It is said to be one of the most difficult styles to execute on stage, with young artists preparing for their roles for several years before they get a chance to do it on stage. The actors speak a "<a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>", where the word part of the character's dialogue is expressed through "hand signs (mudras)", while emotions and mood is expressed through "facial and eye" movements.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, vocalists in the background sing rhythmically the play, matching the beats of the orchestra playing, thus unifying the ensemble into a resonant oneness.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several ancient Sanskrit texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> and <i>Hastha Lakshanadeepika</i> discuss hand gestures or mudras. Kathakali follows the <i>Hastha Lakshanadeepika</i> most closely, unlike other classical dances of India.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zarrilli17_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zarrilli17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 24 main <a href="/wiki/Mudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudras">mudras</a>, and numerous more minor ones in Kathakali.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p230-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200073–79,_93_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200073–79,_93-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are nine facial expressions called <i><a href="/wiki/Navarasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarasas">Navarasas</a></i>, which each actor masters through facial muscle control during his education, in order to express the emotional state of the character in the play.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200073–79,_93_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200073–79,_93-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory behind the <i>Navarasas</i> is provided by classical Sanskrit texts such as Natya Shastra, but sometimes with different names, and these are found in other classical Indian dances as well. The <i>Navarasas</i> express nine <i>bhava-</i>s (emotions) in Kathakali as follows: </p> <ol><li><i>Sringara</i> expresses <i>Rati</i> (love, pleasure, delight)</li> <li><i>Hasya</i> expresses <i>Hasa</i> (comic, laugh, mocking)</li> <li><i>Karuna</i> expresses <i>Shoka</i> (pathetic, sad)</li> <li><i>Raudra</i> expresses <i>Krodha</i> (anger, fury)</li> <li><i>Vira</i> expresses <i>Utsaha</i> (vigor, enthusiasm, heroic)</li> <li><i>Bhayanaka</i> expresses <i>Bhaya</i> (fear, concern, worry)</li> <li><i>Bibhatsa</i> expresses <i>Jugupsa</i> (disgust, repulsive)</li> <li><i>Adbhuta</i> expresses <i>Vismaya</i> (wondrous, marvel, curious)</li> <li><i>Shanta</i> expresses <i>Sama</i> (peace, tranquility).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984134_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984134-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence">Sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_(190).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28190%29.jpg/220px-Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28190%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28190%29.jpg/330px-Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28190%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28190%29.jpg/440px-Kathakali_of_Kerala_at_Nishagandhi_dance_festival_2024_%28190%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A Kathakali performance typically starts with artists tuning their instruments and warming up with beats, signalling to the arriving audience that the artists are getting ready and the preparations are on. The repertoire includes a series of performances. First comes the <i>Thodayam</i> and <i>Purappadu</i> performances, which are preliminary 'pure' (abstract) dances that emphasize skill and pure motion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Thodayam</i> is performed behind a curtain and without all the costumes, while <i>Purappadu</i> is performed without the curtain and in full costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expressive part of the performance, which constitutes the dance-drama, is split into four types: <i>Kalasham</i> (major and most common), <i>Iratti</i> (special, used with battles-related <i>Chempata</i> rhythm), <i>Thonkaram</i> (similar to <i>Iratti</i> but different music), and <i>Nalamiratti</i> (used for exits or link between the chapters of the play).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entrance of characters onto the Kathakali stage can be varied. Many of these ways are not found in other major Indian classical dance traditions. Kathakali employs several methods: </p> <ol><li>direct without special effects or curtain</li> <li>through the audience, a method that engages the audience, led by torchbearers since Kathakali is typically a night performance</li> <li>tease and suspense called <i>nokku</i> or <i>thirasheela</i> or <i>tiranokku</i>, where the character is slowly revealed by the use of a curtain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984166_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984166-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "tease" method is typically used for characters with hidden, dangerous intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984166_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984166-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Songs_and_musical_instruments">Songs and musical instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Songs and musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:417px;max-width:417px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maddalam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maddalam.jpg/170px-Maddalam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maddalam.jpg/255px-Maddalam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maddalam.jpg/340px-Maddalam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenda_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chenda_1.JPG/150px-Chenda_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chenda_1.JPG/225px-Chenda_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chenda_1.JPG/300px-Chenda_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.JPG/85px-%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.JPG/128px-%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.JPG/170px-%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Three types of drums of Kathakali: <i>Maddalam</i> (left), <i>Chenda</i> and <i>Idakka</i> (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>The play is in the form of verses that are metered and lyrical, sung by vocalists whose voice has been trained to various melodies (<i>ragas</i>), music and synchronized with the dance-acting on the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058–60_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058–60-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocalists not only deliver the lines, but help set the context and express the inner state of the character by modulating their voice. For example, anger is expressed by the use of sharp high voice and pleading is expressed by the use of a sad tone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music is central to a Kathakali performance. It sets the mood and triggers emotions resonant with the nature of the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also sets the rhythm to which the actor-dancers perform the choreography and scenes. Some major musical patterns, according to Clifford and Betty, that go with the moods and content of the scene are: <i><b>Chempada</b></i> (most common and default that applies to a range of moods, in battles and fights between good and evil, also to conclude a scene); <i>Chempa</i> music (depict tension, dispute, disagreement between lovers or competing ideas); <i>Panchari</i> (for odious, preparatory such as sharpening a sword); <i>Triputa</i> (thought-provoking, scenes involving sages and teachers); <i><b>Adantha</b></i> (scenes involving kings or divine beings); <i><b>Muri Adantha</b></i> musical style (for comic, light-hearted, or fast-moving scenes involving heroic or anger-driven activity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many musical instruments are used in Kathakali. Three major drums found are <i>Maddalam</i>(barrel-shaped), Chenda (cylindrical drum played with curved sticks) and <i>Idakka</i> (<a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Idakka</a>, hourglass-shaped drum with muted and melodious notes played when female characters perform).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_plays">Traditional plays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Traditional plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aattakatha_(performance)" title="Aattakatha (performance)">Aattakatha (performance)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sree_Rama_Pattabhishekam_Kathakali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sree_Rama_Pattabhishekam_Kathakali.jpg/220px-Sree_Rama_Pattabhishekam_Kathakali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sree_Rama_Pattabhishekam_Kathakali.jpg/330px-Sree_Rama_Pattabhishekam_Kathakali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sree_Rama_Pattabhishekam_Kathakali.jpg/440px-Sree_Rama_Pattabhishekam_Kathakali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>SreeRama Pattabhishekam Kathakali</figcaption></figure> <p>Over five hundred Kathakali plays (<i><a href="/wiki/Aattakatha_(performance)" title="Aattakatha (performance)">Aattakatha</a></i>) exist, most of which were written before the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459–60_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459–60-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, about four dozen are most actively performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plays are sophisticated literary works, states Zarrilli, and only five authors have written more than two plays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late 17th century <a href="/wiki/Unnayi_Variyar" title="Unnayi Variyar">Unnayi Variyar</a>, in his short life, produced four plays which are traditionally considered the most expressive of the Kathakali <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwrights</a>. Typically, his four plays are performed on four nights, and they relate to the mythical Hindu love story of <a href="/wiki/Nala" title="Nala">Nala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damayanti" title="Damayanti">Damayanti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nala-Damayanti story has roots in the texts of 1st millennium BCE and is found in the Mahabharata, but the Kathakali play version develops the characters, their inner states, the emotions and their circumstances far more than the older texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tradition Kathakali play typically consists of two interconnected parts, the third-person <i>Shlokas</i> and first-person <i>Padams</i>. The <i>Shlokas</i> are in Sanskrit and describe the action in the scene, while <i>Padams</i> are dialogues in Malayalam (Sanskritized) for the actors to interpret and play.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Padam</i> consists of three parts: a <i><a href="/wiki/Pallavi" title="Pallavi">Pallavi</a></i> (refrain), <i><a href="/wiki/Anupallavi_(music)" title="Anupallavi (music)">Anupallavi</a></i> (subrefrain) and <i><a href="/wiki/Charanam" title="Charanam">Charanam</a></i> (foot), all of which are set to one of the ancient <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Ragas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">musical mode</a>), based on the mood and context as outlined in ancient Sanskrit texts such as the <i>Natya Shastra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200041–44_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200041–44-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historic practice of a play performance, each <i>Padam</i> was enacted twice by the actor while the vocalists sang the lines repeatedly as the actor-dancer played his role out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200041–44_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200041–44-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional plays were long, many written to be performed all night, some such as those based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> written to be performed for many sequential nights. However, others such as the <i>Prahlada Charitham</i> have been composed so that they can be performed within four hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern productions have extracted parts of these legendary plays, to be typically performed within 3 to 4 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461–62_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461–62-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offshoots_and_modern_adaptations">Offshoots and modern adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Offshoots and modern adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kathakali is still practiced in its Traditional ways and there are experimental plays based on European classics and Shakespeare's plays. Recent productions have adapted stories from other cultures and mythologies, such as those of Miguel de Cervantes,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-daugherty52_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daugherty52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles:_Sampradayam">Styles: Sampradayam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Styles: Sampradayam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kathakali has lineages or distinctive schools of play interpretation and dance performance called <i>Sampradayam</i>. These developed in part because of the <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">gurukula</a> system of transmission from one generation to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 19th-century, many such styles were in vogue in Kerala, of which two major styles have crystallized and survived into the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199335–38_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199335–38-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kidangoor</i> style is one of the two, that developed in <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, and it is strongly influenced by <i>Kutiyattam</i>, while also drawing elements of <i>Ramanattam</i> and <i>Kalladikkotan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is traditionally attributed to Nalanunni, under the patronage of Utram Tirunal Maharaja (1815-1861).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kalluvazhi</i> style is second of the two, which developed in <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olappamanna_Mana" title="Olappamanna Mana">Olappamanna Mana</a>) in central Kerala,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Treasure_Chest_of_Cultural_Patronage_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Treasure_Chest_of_Cultural_Patronage-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is a synthesis of the older <i>Kaplingadan</i> and <i>Kalladikkotan</i> performance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199335–38_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199335–38-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is traditionally attributed to Unniri Panikkar, in a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> household (~1850), and became the dominant style established in <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a> – a school of performance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_centres_and_awards">Training centres and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Training centres and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C.jpg/330px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C.jpg/440px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a> is a major centre for Kathakali studies.</figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathakali has traditionally been an art that has continued from one generation to the next through a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>-disciples <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">(<i>gurukkula</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198475–76_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198475–76-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) based training system.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond318_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond318-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist families tended to pick promising talent from within their own extended families, sometimes from outside the family, and the new budding artist typically stayed with his guru as a student and treated like a member of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond318_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond318-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guru provided both the theoretical and practical training to the student, and the disciple would accompany the guru to formal performances.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond318_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond318-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, professional schools train students of Kathakali, with some such as those in Trivandrum Margi school emphasizing a single teacher for various courses, while others such as the Kerala Kalamandalam school wherein students learn subjects from different teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond318_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond318-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathakali schools are now found all over India, as well as in parts of Western Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond318_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond318-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical Kathakali training centre auditions for students, examining health and physical fitness necessary for the aerobic and active stage performance, the body flexibility, sense of rhythm and an interview to gauge how sincere the student is in performance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond320_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond320-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical course work in Kathakali emphasizes physical conditioning and daily exercises,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yoga and body massage to tone the muscles and sculpt the growing body,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with studies and dance practice.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond320_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond320-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per ancient Indian tradition, young students continue to start their year by giving symbolic gifts to the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, such as a few coins with betel leaves, while the teacher gives the student a loincloth, a welcome and blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-richmond320_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richmond320-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kathakali is still hugely male-dominated, but since the 1970s, women have made entry into the art form on a recognisable scale. The central Kerala temple town of <a href="/wiki/Tripunithura" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripunithura">Tripunithura</a> has a ladies' troupe (<a href="/wiki/Tripunithura_Kathakali_Kendram_Ladies_Troupe" title="Tripunithura Kathakali Kendram Ladies Troupe">Tripunithura Kathakali Kendram Ladies Troupe</a>) who perform Kathakali. The troupe won a national award, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Nari_Shakti_Puraskar" title="Nari Shakti Puraskar">Nari Shakti Puraskar</a>, for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_for_Kathakali_artistes">Awards for Kathakali artistes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards for Kathakali artistes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Awards_for_Kathakali_artistes" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards for Kathakali artistes">Awards for Kathakali artistes</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a> Awardees - Kathakali (1956–2005)</li> <li>Nambeesan Smaraka Awards — For artistic performances related kathakali (1992–2008)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Centre for Kathakali Award</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_dance_forms">Related dance forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related dance forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:362px;max-width:362px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Renjishi_by_Heisei_Nakamura-za_during_the_APEC_Summit_week.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Renjishi_by_Heisei_Nakamura-za_during_the_APEC_Summit_week.jpg/170px-Renjishi_by_Heisei_Nakamura-za_during_the_APEC_Summit_week.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Renjishi_by_Heisei_Nakamura-za_during_the_APEC_Summit_week.jpg/255px-Renjishi_by_Heisei_Nakamura-za_during_the_APEC_Summit_week.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Renjishi_by_Heisei_Nakamura-za_during_the_APEC_Summit_week.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peking_Opera_Bao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Peking_Opera_Bao.jpg/184px-Peking_Opera_Bao.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Peking_Opera_Bao.jpg/276px-Peking_Opera_Bao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Peking_Opera_Bao.jpg/368px-Peking_Opera_Bao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Japanese performance arts<i> <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a>/<a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></i> and Chinese performance art <a href="/wiki/Peking_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking Opera">Peking Opera</a> are similar in many ways to Kathakali.</div></div></div></div> <p>The theory and foundations of <i>Kathakali</i> are same as other major classical Indian dances, traceable to Sanskrit texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i>, but the expression style in each is very different and distinctive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramarae2004p295-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kathakali</i> is different from a similar-sounding <i><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></i>, though both are Indian classical dance traditions of "story play" wherein the stories have been traditionally derived from the Hindu epics and the Puranas. Kathak is an ancient performance art that emerged in North India, with roots in traveling bards retelling mythical and spiritual stories through dance-acting.<sup id="cite_ref-James_G._Lochtefeld_2002_358–359_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_G._Lochtefeld_2002_358–359-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathak traditionally has included female actor-dancers, unlike Kathakali which has traditionally been performed by an all-male troupe.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kathak deploys much simpler costumes, makeup and no face masks. Both dance forms employ choreography, face and hand gestures traceable to the <i>Natya Shastra</i>, but <i>Kathak</i> generally moves around a straight leg and torso movements, with no martial art leaps and jumps like Kathakali. Kathak uses the stage space more, and does not typically include separate vocalists. Both deploy a host of similar traditional Indian musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kathakali-style, costume rich, musical drama are found in other cultures. For example, the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></i> (能) integrates masks, costumes and various props in a dance-based performance, requiring highly trained actors and musicians. Emotions are primarily conveyed by stylized gestures while the costumes communicate the nature of the characters in a <i>Noh</i> performance, as in Kathakali.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both, costumed men have traditionally performed all the roles including those of women in the play.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training regimen and initiation of the dance-actors in both cultures have many similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a>, another Japanese art form, has similarities to Kathakali.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Jīngjù</a>, a Chinese art of dance-acting (<i>zuo</i>), like Kathakali presents artists with elaborate masks, costumes and colorfully painted faces.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Balinese dance</a> as well as tibetan art forms also shares similarities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanattam" title="Krishnanattam">Krishnanattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangiar_koothu" title="Nangiar koothu">Nangiar koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudan_Thookkam" title="Garudan Thookkam">Garudan Thookkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottan_Thullal" title="Ottan Thullal">Ottan Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothambalam" title="Koothambalam">Koothambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking Opera">Peking Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugaku" title="Bugaku">Bugaku</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The gender exclusivity is one of the significant differences between Kathakalī and other classical Indian dances which either included or favored female actor-dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramarae2004p295-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern performances with microphone and speakers sometimes position the vocalists in the back.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p359-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p359_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-claus2003p332-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-claus2003p332_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 332–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=332-333&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramarae2004p295-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramarae2004p295_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheris_KramaraeDale_Spender2004" class="citation book cs1">Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ"><i>Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 295–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6"><bdi>978-1-135-96315-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Women%3A+Global+Women%27s+Issues+and+Knowledge&rft.pages=295-296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96315-6&rft.au=Cheris+Kramarae&rft.au=Dale+Spender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAOUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zarrilli17-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zarrilli17_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zarrilli17_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zarrilli17_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_B._Zarrilli2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillip B. Zarrilli (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr"><i>Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. xi, 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4"><bdi>978-0-415-13109-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=xi%2C+17-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13109-4&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkathakalidancedr0000zarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zarrilli191-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zarrilli191_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zarrilli191_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zarrilli191_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_B._Zarrilli2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillip B. Zarrilli (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr"><i>Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/22">22</a>–25, 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4"><bdi>978-0-415-13109-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=22-25%2C+191&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13109-4&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkathakalidancedr0000zarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zarrilli3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zarrilli3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_B._Zarrilli2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillip B. Zarrilli (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr"><i>Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4"><bdi>978-0-415-13109-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13109-4&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkathakalidancedr0000zarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote:</b> "Like most traditional modes of storytelling and performance in India, Kathakali plays enact one or more episodes from regional versions of the pan-Indian religious epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata) and Puranas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daugherty52-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daugherty52_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daugherty52_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty2005" class="citation journal cs1">Daugherty, Diane (2005). "The Pendulum of Intercultural Performance: Kathakalī King Lear at Shakespeare's Globe". <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 52–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fatj.2005.0004">10.1353/atj.2005.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161340863">161340863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Pendulum+of+Intercultural+Performance%3A+Kathakal%C4%AB+King+Lear+at+Shakespeare%27s+Globe&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-72&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2005.0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161340863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/archives/kathakali-makes-christian-debut-2429628">"Kathakali makes Christian debut"</a>. 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kathakali+makes+Christian+debut&rft.date=2011-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Famp%2Fstory%2Farchives%2Fkathakali-makes-christian-debut-2429628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_G._Lochtefeld_2002_358–359-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_G._Lochtefeld_2002_358–359_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_G._Lochtefeld_2002_358–359_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 358–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=358-359&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesRyan2006p230-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p230_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zarrillinatya-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zarrillinatya_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zarrillinatya_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_B._Zarrilli2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillip B. Zarrilli (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr"><i>Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/25">25</a>–29, 37, 49–56, 68, 88–94, 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4"><bdi>978-0-415-13109-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=25-29%2C+37%2C+49-56%2C+68%2C+88-94%2C+133-134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13109-4&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkathakalidancedr0000zarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014">Natalia Lidova 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995">Tarla Mehta 1995</a>, pp. xxiv, 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace_Dace1963">Wallace Dace 1963</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974">Emmie Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 1–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001">Kapila Vatsyayan 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ"><i>Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2"><bdi>978-1-61117-108-2</bdi></a>. <q><b>Quote:</b> "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Liturgy%3A+Ritual+and+Music+in+Hindu+Tradition&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61117-108-2&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzUMCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mog17-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mog17_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoormaraswamy_and_Duggirala1917" class="citation web cs1">Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up">"The Mirror of Gesture"</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Gesture&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Coormaraswamy+and+Duggirala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924012568535%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span>; Also see chapter 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_B._Zarrilli2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillip B. Zarrilli (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr"><i>Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. xi, 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13109-4"><bdi>978-0-415-13109-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=xi%2C+3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13109-4&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkathakalidancedr0000zarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahinder_Singh1972" class="citation journal cs1">Mahinder Singh (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs8-AQAAIAAJ">"Kathakali"</a>. <i>Interscæna, Acta Scænographica</i>. <b>2</b>. Scénografický ústav v Praze: 1–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intersc%C3%A6na%2C+Acta+Sc%C3%A6nographica&rft.atitle=Kathakali&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Mahinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs8-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richmond95-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richmond95_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond95_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richmond317-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richmond317_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond317_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond317_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond317_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond317_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond317_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 317–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=317-318&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199331–34-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199331–34_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker1993">D. Appukuttan Nair, Ayyappa K. Paniker 1993</a>, pp. 31–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyappappanikkar1997" class="citation book cs1">Ayyappappanikkar (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA317"><i>Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5"><bdi>978-81-260-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0365-5&rft.au=Ayyappappanikkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnanda_Lal2004" class="citation book cs1">Ananda Lal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564446-3"><bdi>978-0-19-564446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Indian+Theatre&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564446-3&rft.au=Ananda+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDftkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p331-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p331_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 57, 332–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=57%2C+332-333&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._HardingC._Rosenthal2011" class="citation book cs1">J. Harding; C. Rosenthal (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvRZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>The Rise of Performance Studies: Rethinking Richard Schechner's Broad Spectrum</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30605-9"><bdi>978-0-230-30605-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Performance+Studies%3A+Rethinking+Richard+Schechner%27s+Broad+Spectrum&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30605-9&rft.au=J.+Harding&rft.au=C.+Rosenthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvRZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richmond326-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richmond326_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond326_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond326_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond326_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 326–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=326-328&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_J._Wetmore,_Jr.Siyuan_LiuErin_B._Mee2014" class="citation book cs1">Kevin J. Wetmore, Jr.; Siyuan Liu; Erin B. Mee (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o68AAwAAQBAJ"><i>Modern Asian Theatre and Performance 1900-2000</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7720-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-7720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Asian+Theatre+and+Performance+1900-2000&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-7720-4&rft.au=Kevin+J.+Wetmore%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Siyuan+Liu&rft.au=Erin+B.+Mee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do68AAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200049–50_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–56-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–56_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 53–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanelle_G._ReineltJoseph_R._Roach2007" class="citation book cs1">Janelle G. Reinelt; Joseph R. Roach (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asORYuvznpQC"><i>Critical Theory and Performance</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06886-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06886-9"><bdi>978-0-472-06886-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Theory+and+Performance&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06886-9&rft.au=Janelle+G.+Reinelt&rft.au=Joseph+R.+Roach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DasORYuvznpQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C"><i>Between Theater and Anthropology</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Theater+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoEaulAxbu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200057–58-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200057–58_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200050–58-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200050–58_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 50–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–54-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200053–54_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054–55-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200054–55_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055–57-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055–57_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200055–57_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 55–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamesg-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jamesg_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamesg_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamesg_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8">978-0-8239-3179-8</a>, page 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Innes-Brown and S Chatterjee (1999), The Relevance of the Guna Theory in the Congruence of Eastern Values and Western Management Practice, Journal of Human Values, 5(2), pages 93-102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N Pani (2009), Hinduism, in Handbook of Economics and Ethics (Editors: Jan Peil and Irene Staveren), Edward Elgar, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-936-2">978-1-84542-936-2</a>, 216-221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Boner1996" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGt1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Kathakali</i></a>. Museum Rietberg (Zürich). pp. 36–38. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/603847011">603847011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=Museum+Rietberg+%28Z%C3%BCrich%29&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F603847011&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGt1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200073–79,_93-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200073–79,_93_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200073–79,_93_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 73–79, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984134-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984134_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200062_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984166-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984166_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli1984166_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058–60-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058–60_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200061_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200058_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459–60-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198459–60_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198460_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200041–44-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200041–44_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillip_Zarrilli200041–44_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000">Phillip Zarrilli 2000</a>, pp. 41–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461–62-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198461–62_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/culturas/201607/25/quijote-medio-camino-entre-20160721111257.html">"Don Quijote viaja a la India en 'Kijote Kathakali'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>El Norte de Castilla</i> (in European Spanish). 25 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Norte+de+Castilla&rft.atitle=Don+Quijote+viaja+a+la+India+en+%27Kijote+Kathakali%27&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnortedecastilla.es%2Fculturas%2F201607%2F25%2Fquijote-medio-camino-entre-20160721111257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426–27_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199335–38-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199335–38_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker199335–38_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker1993">D. Appukuttan Nair, Ayyappa K. Paniker 1993</a>, pp. 35–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198426_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Treasure_Chest_of_Cultural_Patronage-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Treasure_Chest_of_Cultural_Patronage_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webindia123.com/user_interaction/asp/article/article.asp?a_no=2267&article=Olappamanna+Mana+%7C+The+Treasure+Chest+of+Cultural+Patronage%21+">"The Treasure Chest of Cultural Patronage"</a>. <i>webindia123.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webindia123.com&rft.atitle=The+Treasure+Chest+of+Cultural+Patronage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webindia123.com%2Fuser_interaction%2Fasp%2Farticle%2Farticle.asp%3Fa_no%3D2267%26article%3DOlappamanna%2BMana%2B%257C%2BThe%2BTreasure%2BChest%2Bof%2BCultural%2BPatronage%2521%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNambudiri2017" class="citation news cs1">Nambudiri, Haripriya (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/on-women-artistes-in-kathakali/article19313819.ece">"The woman's role in Kathakali"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+woman%27s+role+in+Kathakali&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Nambudiri&rft.aufirst=Haripriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftheatre%2Fon-women-artistes-in-kathakali%2Farticle19313819.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198475–76-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Zarrilli198475–76_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984">Philip Zarrilli 1984</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richmond318-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richmond318_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond318_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond318_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond318_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond318_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 318–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=318-319&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richmond320-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richmond320_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond320_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond320_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 320–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&rft.pages=320-321&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C"><i>Between Theater and Anthropology</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 213–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Theater+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=213-218&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoEaulAxbu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C"><i>Between Theater and Anthropology</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 100–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Theater+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=100-102&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoEaulAxbu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcd.nic.in/nari-shakti-awardees-tripunithura-kathakali-kendram-ladies-troupe-kerela">"Nari Shakti Awardees - Tripunithura Kathakali Kendram Ladies Troupe, Kerela | Ministry of Women & Child Development"</a>. <i>wcd.nic.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wcd.nic.in&rft.atitle=Nari+Shakti+Awardees+-+Tripunithura+Kathakali+Kendram+Ladies+Troupe%2C+Kerela+%7C+Ministry+of+Women+%26+Child+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcd.nic.in%2Fnari-shakti-awardees-tripunithura-kathakali-kendram-ladies-troupe-kerela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kathakaliclubchalakudy.com/awards.htm">Nambeesan Smaraka Awards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722200324/http://www.kathakaliclubchalakudy.com/awards.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kathakali Club Awards</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Banham1995" class="citation book cs1">Martin Banham (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh"><i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/522">522</a>–525. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9"><bdi>978-0-521-43437-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.pages=522-525&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43437-9&rft.au=Martin+Banham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeguideto0000banh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheris_KramaraeDale_Spender2004" class="citation book cs1">Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ"><i>Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge</i></a>. Routledge. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6"><bdi>978-1-135-96315-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Women%3A+Global+Women%27s+Issues+and+Knowledge&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96315-6&rft.au=Cheris+Kramarae&rft.au=Dale+Spender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAOUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_NettlRuth_M._Stone,_James_Porter_and_Timothy_Rice1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl; Ruth M. Stone, James Porter and Timothy Rice (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 331–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=331-343&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone%2C+James+Porter+and+Timothy+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_C._Rath2004" class="citation book cs1">Eric C. Rath (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6gbAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Ethos of Noh: Actors and Their Art</i></a>. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 1–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01397-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01397-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01397-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethos+of+Noh%3A+Actors+and+Their+Art&rft.pages=1-27&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01397-1&rft.au=Eric+C.+Rath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6gbAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmighZarrilli1986" class="citation journal cs1">Emigh, John; Zarrilli, Phillip (1986). "Beyond the Kathakalī Mystique". <i>The Drama Review</i>. <b>30</b> (2). MIT Press: 172–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1145740">10.2307/1145740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145740">1145740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drama+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Kathakal%C4%AB+Mystique&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-175&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1145740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1145740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Emigh&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Zarrilli%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_SchechnerWilla_Appel1990" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner; Willa Appel (25 May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfPLCgAAQBAJ"><i>By Means of Performance: Intercultural Studies of Theatre and Ritual</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–132, 142–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58330-2"><bdi>978-1-316-58330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Means+of+Performance%3A+Intercultural+Studies+of+Theatre+and+Ritual&rft.pages=131-132%2C+142-143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990-05-25&rft.isbn=978-1-316-58330-2&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft.au=Willa+Appel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfPLCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWootten2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wootten, Claire F. (2009). "Navigating Liminal Space in the Feminist Ballet Class". <i>CORD: Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings</i>. <b>41</b> (S1). Cambridge University Press: 122–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs204912550000100x">10.1017/s204912550000100x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CORD%3A+Congress+on+Research+in+Dance+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Navigating+Liminal+Space+in+the+Feminist+Ballet+Class&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=122-129&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs204912550000100x&rft.aulast=Wootten&rft.aufirst=Claire+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwan_Fernie2005" class="citation book cs1">Ewan Fernie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuoTDAAAQBAJ"><i>Reconceiving the Renaissance: A Critical Reader</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926557-2"><bdi>978-0-19-926557-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconceiving+the+Renaissance%3A+A+Critical+Reader&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926557-2&rft.au=Ewan+Fernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuoTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akSAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT376"><i>Performance Theory</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 376 footnote 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37943-9"><bdi>978-1-134-37943-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+Theory&rft.pages=376+footnote+11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-37943-9&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakSAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Wichmann1991" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Wichmann (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ok0dxV9K10C"><i>Listening to Theatre: The Aural Dimension of Beijing Opera</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1221-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-1221-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+to+Theatre%3A+The+Aural+Dimension+of+Beijing+Opera&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1221-8&rft.au=Elizabeth+Wichmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Ok0dxV9K10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmann1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wichmann, Elizabeth (1990). "Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary Beijing Opera Performance". <i>TDR</i>. <b>34</b> (1). MIT Press: 146–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1146013">10.2307/1146013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1146013">1146013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TDR&rft.atitle=Tradition+and+Innovation+in+Contemporary+Beijing+Opera+Performance&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=146-178&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1146013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1146013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wichmann&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVellinezhi_Achuthankutty2013" class="citation book cs1">Vellinezhi Achuthankutty (2013). <i>Kathakaliyute Kaipusthakam</i>. Thiranottam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5279-490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5279-490-4"><bdi>978-93-5279-490-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakaliyute+Kaipusthakam&rft.pub=Thiranottam&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-5279-490-4&rft.au=Vellinezhi+Achuthankutty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Alice Boner (1935), "Kathakali", <i>Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art</i>, June 1935, pp 1–14.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Appukuttan_Nair,_Ayyappa_K._Paniker1993" class="citation cs2">D. Appukuttan Nair, Ayyappa K. Paniker (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0jkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kathakali: The Art of the Non-Worldly</i></a>, Marg Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-22-0"><bdi>978-81-85026-22-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali%3A+The+Art+of+the+Non-Worldly&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-22-0&rft.au=D.+Appukuttan+Nair%2C+Ayyappa+K.+Paniker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0jkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Boner1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Boner" title="Alice Boner">Alice Boner</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGt1AAAAIAAJ"><i>On Kathakali</i></a>. Alice Boner Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Kathakali&rft.pub=Alice+Boner+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGt1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalamandalam_Govindan_Kutty1999" class="citation book cs1">Kalamandalam Govindan Kutty (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYwnAQAAIAAJ"><i>Kathakali, the dance theatre</i></a>. Asiatic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali%2C+the+dance+theatre&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Kalamandalam+Govindan+Kutty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYwnAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Zarrilli1984" class="citation book cs1">Philip Zarrilli (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwYysH2ZQIC"><i>The Kathakali Complex: Performance & Structure</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-187-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-187-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-187-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kathakali+Complex%3A+Performance+%26+Structure&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-187-4&rft.au=Philip+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjwYysH2ZQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Zarrilli2000" class="citation cs2">Phillip Zarrilli (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHCnqglqyoC"><i>Kathakali Dance-Drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-19766-0"><bdi>978-0-203-19766-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-Drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-203-19766-0&rft.au=Phillip+Zarrilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVHCnqglqyoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (2014). <i>Natyashastra</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natyashastra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071&rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova1994" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C"><i>Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drama+and+Ritual+of+Early+Hinduism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1234-5&rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TKarwqJJP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Drid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf">"In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Visual Anthropology</i>. <b>17</b> (1). Routledge: 69–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08949460490274013">10.1080/08949460490274013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29065670">29065670</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Anthropology&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Hollywood+Orientalism%3A+Authentic+East+Indian+Dancing&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-98&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08949460490274013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29065670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Drid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjashm.press.illinois.edu%2F12.3%2F12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995" class="citation book cs1">Tarla Mehta (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC"><i>Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Play+Production+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1057-0&rft.au=Tarla+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7naMj1UxIkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmie_te_Nijenhuis" title="Emmie te Nijenhuis">Emmie Te Nijenhuis</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music: History and Structure</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3"><bdi>90-04-03978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=90-04-03978-3&rft.au=Emmie+Te+Nijenhuis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ"><i>Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6"><bdi>978-81-260-1220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bharata%2C+the+N%C4%81%E1%B9%ADya%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1220-6&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKW1PAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1977" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1977). <i>Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts</i>. Sangeet Natak Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233639306">233639306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+dance+in+literature+and+the+arts&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233639306&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf">Table of Contents</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1974). <i>Indian classical dance</i>. Sangeet Natak Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2238067">2238067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+classical+dance&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2238067&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (2008). <i>Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187586357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187586357"><bdi>978-8187586357</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/286469807">286469807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+theories+and+forms+in+Indian+tradition&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F286469807&rft.isbn=978-8187586357&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC"><i>Dance In Indian Painting</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-153-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-153-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-153-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+In+Indian+Painting&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-153-9&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58fUibaZdGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace_Dace1963" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace Dace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". <i>Educational Theatre Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 249–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3204783">10.2307/3204783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3204783">3204783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+%22Rasa%22+in+Sanskrit+Dramatic+Theory&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-254&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3204783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3204783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wallace+Dace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.K._Gopalakrishnan2016" class="citation book cs1">K.K. Gopalakrishnan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/27917038"><i>Kathakali Dance-Theatre: A Visual Narrative of Sacred Indian Mime</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Books" title="Niyogi Books">Niyogi Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385285011" title="Special:BookSources/9789385285011"><bdi>9789385285011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-Theatre%3A+A+Visual+Narrative+of+Sacred+Indian+Mime&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789385285011&rft.au=K.K.+Gopalakrishnan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F27917038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeela_Venkataraman2015" class="citation book cs1">Leela Venkataraman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25371954"><i>Indian Classical Dance: The Renaissance and Beyond</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Books" title="Niyogi Books">Niyogi Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789383098644" title="Special:BookSources/9789383098644"><bdi>9789383098644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Classical+Dance%3A+The+Renaissance+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789383098644&rft.au=Leela+Venkataraman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F25371954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._P._Padmanabhan_Tampy1963" class="citation book cs1">K. P. Padmanabhan Tampy (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycpRvhe_3QC"><i>Kathakali: an indigenous art-form of Kerala</i></a>. Indian Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali%3A+an+indigenous+art-form+of+Kerala&rft.pub=Indian+Publications&rft.date=1963&rft.au=K.+P.+Padmanabhan+Tampy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ycpRvhe_3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKathakali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathakali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dance_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance_in_India" title="Template talk:Dance in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Dance in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perini_Sivatandavam" title="Perini Sivatandavam">Perini Sivatandavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai_Attam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parai Attam">Parai Attam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranatyam" title="Veeranatyam">Veeranatyam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deknni" title="Deknni">Deknni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divine forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasya" title="Lasya">Lasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">Folk</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baagh_Naach" class="mw-redirect" title="Baagh Naach">Baagh Naach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Chham" title="Bardo Chham">Bardo Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardwi_Sikhla" title="Bardwi Sikhla">Bardwi Sikhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedara_Vesha" title="Bedara Vesha">Bedara Vesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bommalattam" title="Bommalattam">Bommalattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_dance" title="Chang dance">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Lo" title="Chang Lo">Chang Lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraw_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheraw dance">Cheraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chheih_Lam" title="Chheih Lam">Chheih Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chholiya" title="Chholiya">Chholiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corridinho" title="Corridinho">Corridinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalo" title="Dhalo">Dhalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunuchi_Nritya" title="Dhunuchi Nritya">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollu_Kunitha" title="Dollu Kunitha">Dollu Kunitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domni" title="Domni">Domni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumhal" title="Dumhal">Dumhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugdi" title="Fugdi">Fugdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garadi" title="Garadi">Garadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">Garba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoomar" title="Ghoomar">Ghoomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumura_dance" title="Ghumura dance">Ghumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grida_dance" title="Grida dance">Grida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojagiri">Hojagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulivesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulivesha">Hulivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhijhiya" title="Jhijhiya">Jhijhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumar" title="Jhumar">Jhumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachchhi_Ghodi_dance" title="Kachchhi Ghodi dance">Kachhi Ghodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Naach" title="Karma Naach">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisabadi" title="Keisabadi">Keisabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khual_Lam" title="Khual Lam">Khual Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkli" title="Kikkli">Kikkli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolattam" title="Kolattam">Kolattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummi" title="Kummi">Kummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahasua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahasua">Lahasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezim" title="Lezim">Lezim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maach" title="Maach">Maach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_Giddha" title="Malwai Giddha">Malwai Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardana_Jhumair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardana Jhumair">Mardana Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matki_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Matki Dance">Matki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayilattam" title="Mayilattam">Mayilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoll" title="Mussoll">Mussoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacn%C4%AB" title="Nacnī">Nacnī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nati_(dance)" title="Nati (dance)">Nati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paampu_attam" title="Paampu attam">Paampattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavri_Nach" title="Pavri Nach">Pavri Nach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulpati_dance" title="Phulpati dance">Phulpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Poikkal Kuthiraiattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyattam" title="Puliyattam">Puliyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raut_Nacha" title="Raut Nacha">Raut Nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saang" title="Saang">Saang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhi_Chham" title="Singhi Chham">Singhi Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertali" title="Tertali">Tertali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thitambu_Nritham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thitambu Nritham">Thitambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippani" title="Tippani">Tippani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema#Song_and_dance" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema song and dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_dance_music" title="Hindi dance music">Hindi dance songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">Nautch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(dance)" title="List of mudras (dance)">Mudras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dances_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_forms_of_Odisha" title="Folk dance forms of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Tripura" title="Dances of Tripura">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambu" title="Silambu">Silambu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Kerala" title="Template:Culture of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Culture of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture of Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts Promotion Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Lalitakala_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Lalitakala Academy">Kerala Lalitakala Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sangeetha_Nataka_Akademi" title="Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi">Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Folklore_Academy" title="Kerala Folklore Academy">Kerala Folklore Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_Koothu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakyar Koothu">Chakyar Koothu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Natanam" title="Kerala Natanam">Kerala Natanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangiar_Koothu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangiar Koothu">Nangiar Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parayan_thullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parayan thullal">Parayan thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheethankan_Thullal" title="Sheethankan Thullal">Sheethankan Thullal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kshetram_vadyam" title="Kshetram vadyam">Kshetram vadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhal_Pattu" title="Kuzhal Pattu">Kuzhal Pattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Paattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila Paattu">Mappila Paattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandi_Melam" title="Pandi Melam">Pandi Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisha_Vadyam" title="Parisha Vadyam">Parisha Vadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulluvan_Paattu" title="Pulluvan Paattu">Pulluvan Paattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravana">Arabana muttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadupinnikkali" title="Charadupinnikkali">Charadupinnikkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavittu_Nadakam" title="Chavittu Nadakam">Chavittu Nadakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chozhikali" title="Chozhikali">Chozhikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Muttu" class="mw-redirect" title="Duff Muttu">Duff Muttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruthukali" title="Eruthukali">Eruthukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhika" title="Gadhika">Gadhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudan_Thookkam" title="Garudan Thookkam">Garudan Thookkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam_Thullal" title="Kolam Thullal">Kolam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothammuriyattam" title="Kothammuriyattam">Kothammuriyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummattikali" title="Kummattikali">Kummattikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthiyottam" title="Kuthiyottam">Kuthiyottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapulayattam" title="Malapulayattam">Malapulayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavazhiyattam" title="Malavazhiyattam">Malavazhiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayikuthu" title="Malayikuthu">Malayikuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalamkali" title="Mangalamkali">Mangalamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathukali" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathukali">Marathukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margam_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Margam Kali">Margam Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiyett" title="Mudiyett">Mudiyett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayadikali" title="Nayadikali">Nayadikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parichamuttukali" title="Parichamuttukali">Parichamuttukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poorakkali" title="Poorakkali">Poorakkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poothan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poothan">Poothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poothamkali" title="Poothamkali">Poothamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slama_Carol" title="Slama Carol">Slamakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thacholikali" title="Thacholikali">Thacholikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyannam" title="Theyyannam">Theyyannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiriyuzhichil" title="Thiriyuzhichil">Thiriyuzhichil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiyyattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyyattu">Thiyyattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholpavakoothu" title="Tholpavakoothu">Tholpavakoothu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fine arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_mural_painting" title="Kerala mural painting">Kerala mural painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aanayoottu" title="Aanayoottu">Aanayoottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaraattu" title="Aaraattu">Aaraattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva_Sivarathri_festival" title="Aluva Sivarathri festival">Aluva Sivarathri festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram" title="Arattupuzha Pooram">Arattupuzha Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkunni_Uthram_Vilakku" title="Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku">Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvanpattu" title="Gandharvanpattu">Gandharvanpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilanjithara_Melam" title="Ilanjithara Melam">Ilanjithara Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur_Anyonyam" title="Kadavallur Anyonyam">Kadavallur Anyonyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarkali" title="Kanyarkali">Kanyarkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karivela" title="Karivela">Karivela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keralotsavam" title="Keralotsavam">Keralotsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_pooram" title="Kottakkal pooram">Kottakkal pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machad_Mamangam" title="Machad Mamangam">Machad Mamangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalukulangara_Pooram" title="Nalukulangara Pooram">Nalukulangara Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Ratholsavam" title="Kalpathi Ratholsavam">Kalpathi Ratholsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenmara_Vallanghy_Vela" title="Nenmara Vallanghy Vela">Nenmara Vallanghy Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onathallu_or_Avittathallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Onathallu or Avittathallu">Onathallu or Avittathallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattamangalam_Kuthira_Vela" title="Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela">Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumandhamkunnu_Pooram" title="Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram">Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvathira" title="Thiruvathira">Thiruvathira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthralikavu_Pooram" title="Uthralikavu Pooram">Uthralikavu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velakali" title="Velakali">Velakali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Idakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timila" title="Timila">Timila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarpa_Kavu" title="Sarpa Kavu">Sarpa Kavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharavad" title="Tharavad">Tharavad</a></li></ul> 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id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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