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href="#La_Decadència"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>La Decadència</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Decadència-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaixença" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaixença"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Renaixença</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaixença-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modernisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noucentisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noucentisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Noucentisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noucentisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francoist_Spain,_exile_and_political_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francoist_Spain,_exile_and_political_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Francoist Spain, exile and political transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francoist_Spain,_exile_and_political_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_Catalan-language_writers_and_poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_Catalan-language_writers_and_poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lists of Catalan-language writers and poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_Catalan-language_writers_and_poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>E-books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أدب كاتالوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب كاتالوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_catalana" title="Literatura catalana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura catalana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenyddiaeth_Gatalaneg" title="Llenyddiaeth Gatalaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenyddiaeth Gatalaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanische_Literatur" title="Katalanische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katalanische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaani_kirjandus" title="Katalaani kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katalaani kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Καταλανική λογοτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταλανική λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_en_catal%C3%A1n" title="Literatura en catalán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura en catalán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalunlingva_literaturo" title="Katalunlingva literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katalunlingva literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanezko_literatura" title="Katalanezko literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalanezko literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_catalane" title="Littérature catalane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature catalane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteratur_catalan" title="Leteratur catalan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leteratur catalan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%A1n_irodalom" title="Katalán irodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katalán irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="カタルーニャ語文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタルーニャ語文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9thatuthe_Catalanne" title="Littéthatuthe Catalanne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Littéthatuthe Catalanne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_catalana" title="Literatura catalana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Literatura catalana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_catal%C3%A3" title="Literatura catalã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura catalã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Каталонская литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каталонская литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaaninkielinen_kirjallisuus" title="Katalaaninkielinen kirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katalaaninkielinen kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalansk_litteratur" title="Katalansk litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katalansk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Каталонська література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каталонська література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="line-height:1.2; font-size:140%;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></span> <span class="nowrap">cultural domain</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirant_lo_blanc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tirant_lo_blanc.jpg/200px-Tirant_lo_blanc.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tirant_lo_blanc.jpg/300px-Tirant_lo_blanc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tirant_lo_blanc.jpg/400px-Tirant_lo_blanc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="686" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirant lo Blanc">Tirant lo Blanc</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a>,<br /> the 1490 edition</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History of Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aragon">History of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Balearic Islands">History of the Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalonia" title="History of Catalonia">History of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roussillon">History of Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Valencian Community">History of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Catalan constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furs_of_Valencia" title="Furs of Valencia">Furs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran people">Andorrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_people" title="Aragonese people">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic people">Balearics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan people">Ibizans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan people">Majorcans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorcan people">Minorcans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alguerese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alguerese people">Alguerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Dialects and varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a></small> (<small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Geo-political divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">El Carxe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">L'Alguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a> <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Government and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of Andorra">General Council of Andorra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Courts of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Aragon">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Government of the Balearic Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Balearic Islands">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat of Catalonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Pyrénées-Orientales">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat of Valencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Valencian Community">Politics</a>) <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanophobia">Catalanophobia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castells</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonfires_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires of Saint John">Fogueres de Sant Joan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantes_y_cabezudos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes y cabezudos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_cristianos" title="Moros y cristianos">Moros i cristians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muixeranga" title="Muixeranga">Muixeranga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day#Spain" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana">Sardana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan cuisine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">Coca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensa%C3%AFmada" title="Ensaïmada">Ensaïmada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pa_amb_tom%C3%A0quet" title="Pa amb tomàquet">Pa amb tomàquet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Catalan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquim Sorolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Valencia">Segle d'or</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Decad%C3%A8ncia" title="La Decadència">Decadència</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Music and performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan music">Music</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_can%C3%A7%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova cançó">Nova cançó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_catal%C3%A0" title="Rock català">Rock català</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Rumba catalana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sport</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Catalonia" title="Sport in Catalonia">Sport in Catalonia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Catalonia" title="National symbols of Catalonia">National symbols of Catalonia</a></li> <li>Flags <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Flag of the Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="Flag of the Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coats of Arms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra" title="Coat of arms of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Balearic_Islands" title="Coat of arms of Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Gran_Carlemany" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gran Carlemany">El Gran Carlemany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Segadors" title="Els Segadors">Els Segadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Balanguera" title="La Balanguera">La Balanguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himne_de_l%27Exposici%C3%B3" title="Himne de l'Exposició">Himne de l'Exposició</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template talk:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a><br /><span class="nobold">by era</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">corpora</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient literature">Bronze Age</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language#History" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language#Vocabulary_and_texts" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language#Sample_text_and_vocabulary" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugarit</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Classical_Antiquity" title="Ancient literature">Classical</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">Ancient Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ancient Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Classical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Attestations" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature#Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods" title="Persian literature">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Old Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_literature" title="Early medieval literature">Early medieval</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language#Records" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language#Buddhist_manuscripts_in_Gāndhāri" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez#History_and_literature" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature#Heian_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit#Early_literature" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages#Pre-Proto-Mongolic" title="Mongolic languages">Pre-Proto-Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer#Attestation_and_History" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Old_Malay" title="History of the Malay language">Old Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic#Literary_works" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language#Texts" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language#Discovery_of_Sogdian_texts" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Welsh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_literature" title="10th century in literature">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_century_in_literature" title="11th century in literature">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_literature" title="12th century in literature">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century_in_literature" title="14th century in literature">14th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_literature" title="Early modern literature">Early modern</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_century_in_literature" title="15th century in literature">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_literature" title="19th century in literature">19th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_literature" title="Contemporary literature">Contemporary</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_in_literature" title="21st century in literature">21st</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Template:History of literature by era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Template talk:History of literature by era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of literature by era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Catalan literature</b> (or <b>Valencian literature</b>) is the name conventionally used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>. The focus of this article is not just the literature of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, but literature written in Catalan from anywhere, so that it includes writers from <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and other territories where any Catalan variant is spoken. </p><p>The Catalan literary tradition is extensive, starting in the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">revivalist</a> movement of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a>, classified Catalan literature in periods. The centuries long chapter known as <i>Decadència</i> that followed the golden age of <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian</a> literature, was perceived as extremely poor and lacking literary works of quality. Further attempts to explain why this happened (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalonia" title="History of Catalonia">History of Catalonia</a>) have motivated new critical studies of the period, and nowadays a revalorisation of this early modern age is taking place. Catalan literature reemerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries, to experience troubled times from the start of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on. Many intellectuals were forced into exile and Catalan culture was repressed. However, this repression began to temper after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Catalan was repressed until Francisco Franco's death and the end of his dictatorship in 1975. Then, a development towards officiality and presence in schools and media started to this day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalan, a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>, evolved from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when it became a separate language from Latin. Literary use of the Catalan language is generally said to have started with the religious text known as <a href="/wiki/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0" title="Homilies d'Organyà">Homilies d'Organyà</a>, written either in late 11th or early 12th century, though the earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%B3_de_Santa_Fe" title="Cançó de Santa Fe">Cançó de Santa Fe</a></i>, from 1054–76, may be Catalan or <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>. Another early Catalan poem is the mid-13th century <i><a href="/wiki/Augats,_sey%C3%B3s_qui_credets_D%C3%A9u_lo_Payre" title="Augats, seyós qui credets Déu lo Payre">Augats, seyós qui credets Déu lo Payre</a></i>, a <i>planctus Mariae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">lament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> (13th century), one of the major medieval Majorcan writers in the Catalan language is not only saluted for starting a Catalan literary tradition clearly separated from the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>-speaking world of the time, but also credited with enriching the language with his coining of a large number of words, and his <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llibre_de_Meravelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llibre de Meravelles (page does not exist)">Llibre de Meravelles</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8lix_o_Llibre_de_meravelles" class="extiw" title="ca:Fèlix o Llibre de meravelles">ca</a>]</span> (including the famed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llibre_de_les_b%C3%A8sties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llibre de les bèsties (page does not exist)">Llibre de les bèsties</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_de_les_b%C3%A8sties" class="extiw" title="ca:Llibre de les bèsties">ca</a>]</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Blanquerna" title="Blanquerna">Blanquerna</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Llibre_d%27Amic_e_Amat" class="mw-redirect" title="Llibre d'Amic e Amat">Llibre d'Amic e Amat</a>) for more details on his works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_quatre_grans_cròniques"><span id="Les_quatre_grans_cr.C3.B2niques"></span><i>Les quatre grans cròniques</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Les quatre grans cròniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These four major literary works are chronicles written between the 13th and 14th centuries narrating the deeds of the monarchs and leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. They are the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2nica_de_Jaume_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Crònica de Jaume I">Crònica de Jaume I</a>, also known as "The book of deeds" (see External links)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2nica_de_Bernat_Desclot" class="mw-redirect" title="Crònica de Bernat Desclot">Crònica de Bernat Desclot</a>, also known as "Book of the king, Peter of Aragon".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Muntaner" title="Chronicle of Muntaner">Crònica de Ramon Muntaner</a></li> <li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B2nica_de_Pere_el_Cerimoni%C3%B3s" class="extiw" title="ca:Crònica de Pere el Cerimoniós">Crònica de Pere el Cerimoniós</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyric_poetry">Lyric poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lyric poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first widespread vernacular writing in any Romance language was the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadours" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubadours">troubadours</a>, who composed in <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>. Since Occitan and Catalan are often indistinguishable before the 14th century, it is not surprising that many Catalans composed in the Occitan poetic koiné. The first Catalan troubadour (<i>trobadors</i>) may be <a href="/wiki/Berenguier_de_Palazol" title="Berenguier de Palazol">Berenguier de Palazol</a>, active around 1150, who wrote only <i><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">cançons</a></i> (love songs in the <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly tradition</a>). <a href="/wiki/Guerau_III_de_Cabrera" title="Guerau III de Cabrera">Guerau III de Cabrera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillem_de_Bergued%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillem de Berguedà">Guillem de Berguedà</a>, active in the generation after, were noted exponents of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ensenhamen" title="Ensenhamen">ensenhamen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes">sirventes</a></i> genres respectively. During this early period Occitan literature was patronised by the rulers of Catalonia—not surprisingly considering their wide involvement in Occitanian politics and as <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Provence">Counts of Provence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a> patronised many composers, not just from Catalonia, and even wrote Occitan poetry himself. The tradition of royal troubadours continued with his descendants <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a>, the anonymous known only as "<a href="/wiki/Lo_bord_del_rei_d%27Arago" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo bord del rei d'Arago">Lo bord del rei d'Arago</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick II of Sicily</a>. The most prolific Catalan troubadour during the ascendancy of Occitan as language of literature, was <a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a>, who left behind more than one hundred works. He was the most prolific troubadour of any nationality. </p><p>In the early 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Raimon_Vidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon Vidal">Raimon Vidal</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Besal%C3%BA" title="Besalú">Besalú</a>, composed his poetic grammar, the <i>Razos de trobar</i> ("Purposes of Composition"). This was the earliest and perhaps most influential Occitan lyric treatise. The troubadour lyric followed the Catalans to Sicily later in the century, where <a href="/wiki/Jaufre_de_Foixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaufre de Foixa">Jaufre de Foixa</a> composed a <i>Regles de trobar</i> ("Rules for Composing") modelled on Vidal's earlier work. A third Catalan treatise on the language of the troubadours and composing lyric poetry, the <i>Mirall de trobar</i> ("Mirror of Composition"), was written by a <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorcan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berenguer_d%27Anoia" title="Berenguer d'Anoia">Berenguer d'Anoia</a>. </p><p>The first golden age of this language was developed in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a> around the 15th century under the variant of "Valenciano" . The Catalan language consolidated and clearly differentiated, even in lyrical poetry, from Occitan language. The prose is widely cultivated, with influences from Italian humanism. Authors as the humanist <a href="/wiki/Bernat_Metge" title="Bernat Metge">Bernat Metge</a> the preacher <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Turmeda" title="Anselm Turmeda">Anselm Turmeda</a> write works now considered as classical models of Catalan prose. The narrative and the fiction are shown in novels as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Jacob_Xalab%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Història de Jacob Xalabín (page does not exist)">Història de Jacob Xalabín</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Jacob_Xalab%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="ca:Història de Jacob Xalabín">ca</a>]</span></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_e_Viana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris e Viana (page does not exist)">Paris e Viana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_e_Viana" class="extiw" title="ca:Paris e Viana">ca</a>]</span></i> or the chivalric roman <i><a href="/wiki/Curial_i_G%C3%BCelfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Curial i Güelfa">Curial i Güelfa</a></i>. In the 15th century the main centre of literary production is <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>: the lyric poetry has outstanding Petrarchian poets: <a href="/wiki/Jordi_de_Sant_Jordi" title="Jordi de Sant Jordi">Jordi de Sant Jordi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ausi%C3%A0s_Marc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausiàs Marc">Ausiàs Marc</a>, or the elaborate poetry and prose of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Ro%C3%ADs_de_Corella" title="Joan Roís de Corella">Joan Roís de Corella</a>. In fiction could be outlined <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Roig" title="Jaume Roig">Jaume Roig</a>'s <i>Espill</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirant lo Blanc">Tirant lo Blanc</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tirant_lo_Blanc">Tirant lo Blanc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tirant lo Blanc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirant lo Blanc">Tirant lo Blanc</a></div> <p>Written by the Valencian writer <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a> was among its time's most influential novels, and possibly the last major book in Catalan literature until the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Decadència"><span id="La_Decad.C3.A8ncia"></span>La Decadència</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: La Decadència"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Decad%C3%A8ncia" title="La Decadència">La Decadència</a></div> <p>The early modern period (late 15th-18th centuries), while extremely productive for Castilian writers of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>, was termed <i>La Decadència</i> by 19th century Catalan scholars and writers. This "decadent" period in Catalan literature came about because of a general decline in the use of the vernacular language and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> among the nobility as Aragonese institutions declined. The Catalan-language decadence accompanied the rise of Catalan commercial influence in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in which the use of Spanish language was essential after the dynastic union that resulted from the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> in 1474. Today, this is seen as a romantic view made popular by writers and thinkers of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">national awakening</a> movement known as <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a>. The presumed period of decadence is being contested with the appearance of recent cultural and literary studies showing that there were indeed literary works of note in the period, from authors such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B2for_Despuig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristòfor Despuig (page does not exist)">Cristòfor Despuig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B2for_Despuig" class="extiw" title="ca:Cristòfor Despuig">ca</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pere_Seraf%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pere Serafí (page does not exist)">Pere Serafí</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Seraf%C3%AD" class="extiw" title="ca:Pere Serafí">ca</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Vicen%C3%A7_Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Vicenç Garcia">Francesc Vicenç Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Fontanella" title="Francesc Fontanella">Francesc Fontanella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ramis" title="Juan Ramis">Joan Ramis</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaixença"><span id="Renaixen.C3.A7a"></span>Renaixença</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renaixença"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_(fcm).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_%28fcm%29.jpg/170px-Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_%28fcm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_%28fcm%29.jpg/255px-Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_%28fcm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_%28fcm%29.jpg/340px-Santa_Cruz_Statue_des_Angel_Guimera_vor_dem_Theater_%28fcm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%80ngel_Guimer%C3%A0" title="Àngel Guimerà">Àngel Guimerà</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Romantics in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> as their language, and did not resort to using the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> until a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">national awakening</a> movement, kickstarted by <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a>, appeared. The foundation of the basis of the movement is most often credited to <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Carles_Aribau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonaventura Carles Aribau">Bonaventura Carles Aribau</a> with his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oda_a_la_P%C3%A0tria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oda a la Pàtria (page does not exist)">Oda a la Pàtria</a></i>. <i>Renaixença</i> or "rebirth". Literary Renaixença shares with <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> most of its traits, but created a style of its own through its admiration of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and its will to embellish the language and the need to create a new common standard. <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalism</a> deeply influenced later authors. Their most important adherents were indeed <a href="/wiki/Jacint_Verdaguer" title="Jacint Verdaguer">Jacint Verdaguer</a>, who penned <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ngel_Guimer%C3%A0" title="Àngel Guimerà">Àngel Guimerà</a>, whose plays were translated and performed around Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernisme">Modernisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modernisme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></div> <p>Literary Catalan <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">modernisme</a> was the natural follow-up of Renaixença, still showing <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> traits and influences while focusing on dark themes, such as violence or the dark side of life and nature. As for poetry, it closely followed the style of <a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolists</a>. The movement was subdivided into authors in whose work prevailed darker <a href="/wiki/Decadentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decadentism">decadentism</a> themes, classed under the name <i>Bohèmia Negra</i>, and those whose career embraced <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a>, known as participants of <i>Bohèmia Daurada</i> or <i>Bohèmia Rosa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Rusi%C3%B1ol" title="Santiago Rusiñol">Santiago Rusiñol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Maragall" title="Joan Maragall">Joan Maragall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Puig_i_Ferreter" title="Joan Puig i Ferreter">Joan Puig i Ferreter</a> were some of its most influential adherents. Furthermore, it is necessary to allude to the seminal work of <a href="/wiki/Miquel_Costa_i_Llobera" title="Miquel Costa i Llobera">Miquel Costa i Llobera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Alcover" title="Joan Alcover">Joan Alcover</a>, poets who developed their work parallel to the heyday of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, whilst raising a conception of literature certainly antagonistic relative to them, and more comparable to classical poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Noucentisme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></div> <p>The cultural and political movement known as <a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a> appeared in the early 20th century, a time of great economic growth in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, as a mostly <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> reaction against <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avantgarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avantgarde">Avantgarde</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> was framed as a "return to <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>." The love of elaborated form, along with its much sought perfection of language, was accused by <i>modernistes</i> of being excessively affected and artificial. Poetry was its preferred genre, as evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Josep_Carner" title="Josep Carner">Josep Carner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carles_Riba" title="Carles Riba">Carles Riba</a>'s masterpieces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francoist_Spain,_exile_and_political_transition"><span id="Francoist_Spain.2C_exile_and_political_transition"></span>Francoist Spain, exile and political transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Francoist Spain, exile and political transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After what seemed to be a period of hope and rapid growth, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> (starting in 1939) forced many Catalan leftist intellectuals into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>, as many of them faced political persecution. </p><p>During the initial years of Francoist Spain the use of Catalan in the media became frowned upon. Publishing in Catalan never ceased completely, though, even though only a few notable authors like <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Espriu" title="Salvador Espriu">Salvador Espriu</a> did publish in this language in the first years of Francoist Spain. Those initial political restrictions on publishing in Catalan relaxed over time. By the 1950s publishing in Catalan was no longer extraordinary; by the 1960s it had become possible without restrictions<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other than the ideological ones which applied to all of Spain. </p><p>Some literary awards in Catalan had been established as early as 1947 (<i>Premi Joanot Martorell</i>). Also by the end of the 1940s well known authors such as <a href="/wiki/Josep_Maria_de_Sagarra" title="Josep Maria de Sagarra">Josep Maria de Sagarra</a> were publishing again in Catalan (among others, <i>El prestigi dels morts</i>, 1946, <i>L'Hereu i la forastera</i>, 1949). Many other literary awards followed, like the <i>Premi Carles de la Riba</i> (1950), the <i>Victor Català</i> (1953) or the <i>Lletra d'Or</i> (1956). Since 1951, the most remarkable literary contest in Catalonia at the time (the <i>Premio Ciudad de Barcelona</i>) accepted originals in Catalan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Merc%C3%A8_Rodoreda" title="Mercè Rodoreda">Mercè Rodoreda</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Doves" title="The Time of the Doves">The Time of the Doves</a></i>, possibly the book which paved the way of modern Catalan literature, since it could enjoy wider recognition due to the new media and the spreading of literacy in this language. In 1963, Spain won an international song contest with a piece sung in Catalan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on that decade <a href="/wiki/Josep_Pla" title="Josep Pla">Josep Pla</a> published what has been considered the masterpiece of the contemporary literature in Catalan, the seminal <i>El Quadern Gris</i> (1966). The Catalan cultural association <a href="/wiki/%C3%92mnium_Cultural" title="Òmnium Cultural">Òmnium Cultural</a>, which had been established in 1961, could begin its work in favour of Catalan literature by 1967 onwards. Salvador Espriu, who had published most of his works in Catalan, was a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1971. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">transition to democracy</a> (1975–1978) and the restoration of the Catalan regional government <i><a href="/wiki/Generalitat" title="Generalitat">Generalitat</a></i> (1980), literary life and the editorial market have returned to normality and literary production in Catalan is being bolstered with a number of language policies intended to protect Catalan culture. Besides the aforementioned authors, other relevant 20th-century writers of the Francoist and democracy periods include <a href="/wiki/Joan_Brossa" title="Joan Brossa">Joan Brossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%AD_Bartra" title="Agustí Bartra">Agustí Bartra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Pedrolo" title="Manuel de Pedrolo">Manuel de Pedrolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pere_Calders" title="Pere Calders">Pere Calders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quim_Monz%C3%B3" title="Quim Monzó">Quim Monzó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Moncada" title="Jesús Moncada">Jesús Moncada</a> or, in 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Cabr%C3%A9" title="Jaume Cabré">Jaume Cabré</a> or <a href="/wiki/Albert_S%C3%A1nchez_Pi%C3%B1ol" title="Albert Sánchez Piñol">Albert Sánchez Piñol</a>. The number of twenty-first century women writers increases like Dolors Miquel, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_Perpiny%C3%A0" title="Núria Perpinyà">Núria Perpinyà</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irene_Sol%C3%A0" title="Irene Solà">Irene Solà</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_Catalan-language_writers_and_poets">Lists of Catalan-language writers and poets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lists of Catalan-language writers and poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catalan-language_writers" title="List of Catalan-language writers">List of Catalan-language writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catalan-language_poets" title="List of Catalan-language poets">List of Catalan-language poets</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llegim.ara.cat/reportatges/Sha-acabat-parlar-Decadencia_0_1807619331.html">"S'ha acabat parlar de Decadència"</a>. <i>Ara.cat</i> (in Catalan). 2017-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ara.cat&rft.atitle=S%27ha+acabat+parlar+de+Decad%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fllegim.ara.cat%2Freportatges%2FSha-acabat-parlar-Decadencia_0_1807619331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranchadell2012" class="citation news cs1">Branchadell, Albert (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/02/22/catalunya/1329940175_646779.html">"La il·lusió catalana"</a>. <i>El País</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+il%C2%B7lusi%C3%B3+catalana&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Branchadell&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccaa.elpais.com%2Fccaa%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2Fcatalunya%2F1329940175_646779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranchadell2012" class="citation news cs1">Branchadell, Albert (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/02/22/catalunya/1329940175_646779.html">"La il·lusió catalana"</a>. <i>El País</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+il%C2%B7lusi%C3%B3+catalana&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Branchadell&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccaa.elpais.com%2Fccaa%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2Fcatalunya%2F1329940175_646779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGámez2013" class="citation news cs1">Gámez, Carles (3 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/11/01/actualidad/1383304000_940673.html">"La canción que le metió un gol al franquismo"</a>. <i>El País</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+canci%C3%B3n+que+le+meti%C3%B3+un+gol+al+franquismo&rft.date=2013-11-03&rft.aulast=G%C3%A1mez&rft.aufirst=Carles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcultura.elpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2013%2F11%2F01%2Factualidad%2F1383304000_940673.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Comas, Antoni. <i>La decadència</i>. Sant Cugat del Vallès: A. Romero, 1986.</li> <li>Elliott, J. H. <i>Imperial Spain 1469-1716</i>. London: Penguin, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_de_Riquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martí de Riquer">Riquer, Martí de</a>. <i>Història de la literatura catalana</i>. 6 vols. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1980.</li> <li>Rossich, Albert. "És valid avui el concepte de decadència de la cultura catalana de l'època moderna? Es pot identificar decadència amb castellanizació?" <i>Manuscrits</i> 15 (1997), 127-34.</li> <li>Terry, Arthur. <i>A Companion to Catalan Literature</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K. / Rochester, N.Y.: Tamesis, 2003.</li> <li>Jad Hatem, <i>Le temps dans la poésie catalane contemporaine</i>, Paris, Éd. du Cygne, 2011</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 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literature</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lletra.uoc.edu/especials/folch/">Catalan Poetry Selection (800 poems, 176 poets, 42 bios, 37 English versions)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lletra.net">LletrA, Catalan Literature Online (Open University of Catalonia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/catstudrefsrc/catrefs.html">Catalan literature at the British Library website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001010123/http://cultura.gencat.net/ilc/literaturacatalana800/en/popup222080.htm">Relazioni fra la cultura catalana e quella italiana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-books">E-books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: E-books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/jaume_forster.pdf">James I the Conqueror's Chronicle (in English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/muntaner_goodenough.pdf">Muntaner's Chronicle (in English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/378">Tirant lo Blanc (in English)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Geo-political distribution (<i>Països Catalans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/50px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/75px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/100px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a> (Roussillonese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Valencian" title="Northern Valencian">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valencian" title="Central Valencian">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Valencian" title="Southern Valencian">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Catalan">Insular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Alguerese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan dialect">Ibizan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan dialect">Majorcan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Minorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorcan dialect">Minorcan</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Catalan Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_literature" title="Template:European literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_literature" title="Template talk:European literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_literature" title="Aragonese literature">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_literature" title="Aromanian literature">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_literature" title="Asturian literature">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian literature">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_literature" title="Chuvash literature">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English <span style="font-size:85%;">(Anglo-Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_literature" title="Flemish literature">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_literature" title="Frisian literature">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_literature" title="Friulian literature">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagauz_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagauz literature (page does not exist)">Gagauz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Гагаузская литература">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-language_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-language literature">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Literature of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_literature" title="Kashubian literature">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_literature" title="Latvian literature">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_literature" title="Lithuanian literature">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg literature">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_literature" title="Maltese literature">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Moldova" title="Literature of Moldova">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_literature" title="Occitan literature">Occitan <span style="font-size:85%;">(Provençal)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_literature" title="Ossetian literature">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_literature" title="Sardinian literature">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots-language_literature" title="Scots-language literature">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian literature (page does not exist)">Silesian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_literatura" class="extiw" title="cs:Slezská literatura">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus#Literature" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_literature" title="Venetian literature">Venetian</a></li> <li>Welsh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">in Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard literature">Western Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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