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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">===Francoist Spain, exile and political transition=== After what seemed to be a period of hope and rapid growth, the [[Spanish Civil War]] and the establishment of [[Francoist Spain]] (starting in 1939) forced many Catalan leftist intellectuals into [[exile]], as many of them faced political persecution. During the initial years of Francoist Spain the use of Catalan in the media became frowned upon. Publishing in Catalan never ceased completely, though, even though only a few notable authors like [[Salvador Espriu]] did publish in this language in the first years of Francoist Spain. Those initial political restrictions on publishing in Catalan relaxed over time. By the 1950s publishing in Catalan was no longer extraordinary; by the 1960s it had become possible without restrictions<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/02/22/catalunya/1329940175_646779.html|title = La il·lusió catalana|newspaper = El País|date = 23 February 2012|last1 = Branchadell|first1 = Albert}}</ref> other than the ideological ones which applied to all of Spain. Some literary awards in Catalan had been established as early as 1947 (''Premi Joanot Martorell''). Also by the end of the 1940s well known authors such as [[Josep Maria de Sagarra]] were publishing again in Catalan (among others, ''El prestigi dels morts'', 1946, ''L'Hereu i la forastera'', 1949). Many other literary awards followed, like the ''Premi Carles de la Riba'' (1950), the ''Victor Català'' (1953) or the ''Lletra d'Or'' (1956). Since 1951, the most remarkable literary contest in Catalonia at the time (the ''Premio Ciudad de Barcelona'') accepted originals in Catalan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/02/22/catalunya/1329940175_646779.html|title = La il·lusió catalana|newspaper = El País|date = 23 February 2012|last1 = Branchadell|first1 = Albert}}</ref> In 1962, [[Mercè Rodoreda]] published ''[[The Time of the Doves]]'', possibly the book which paved the way of modern Catalan literature, since it could enjoy wider recognition due to the new media and the spreading of literacy in this language. In 1963, Spain won an international song contest with a piece sung in Catalan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/11/01/actualidad/1383304000_940673.html|title=La canción que le metió un gol al franquismo|newspaper=El País|date=3 November 2013|last1=Gámez|first1=Carles}}</ref> Later on that decade [[Josep Pla]] published what has been considered the masterpiece of the contemporary literature in Catalan, the seminal ''El Quadern Gris'' (1966). The Catalan cultural association [[Òmnium Cultural]], which had been established in 1961, could begin its work in favour of Catalan literature by 1967 onwards. Salvador Espriu, who had published most of his works in Catalan, was a candidate for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1971. After the [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]] (1975–1978) and the restoration of the Catalan regional government ''[[Generalitat]]'' (1980), literary life and the editorial market have returned to normality and literary production in Catalan is being bolstered with a number of language policies intended to protect Catalan culture. Besides the aforementioned authors, other relevant 20th-century writers of the Francoist and democracy periods include [[Joan Brossa]], [[Agustí Bartra]], [[Manuel de Pedrolo]], [[Pere Calders]] or [[Quim Monzó]], [[Jesús Moncada]] or, in 21st century, [[Jaume Cabré]] or [[Albert Sánchez Piñol]]. The number of twenty-first century women writers increases like Dolors Miquel, [[Núria Perpinyà]] or [[Irene Solà]]. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan literature</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_literature">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_literature</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalan_literature&action=edit&section=11&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-78s75","wgBackendResponseTime":285,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.078","walltime":"0.104","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 71.252 1 -total"," 99.83% 71.131 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 43.71% 31.145 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 40.72% 29.015 1 Template:Hidden"," 37.20% 26.504 2 Template:Replace"," 18.02% 12.841 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 16.24% 11.570 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.36% 1.682 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.10% 1.498 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"," 2.10% 1.494 1 Template:Hidden_end"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.015","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043310,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-78s75","timestamp":"20241124052838","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>