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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body positions used in meditation</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meditation,_Shimla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg/170px-Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg/255px-Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg/340px-Meditation%2C_Shimla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana</a> is an ancient meditation seat.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Meditative postures</b> or <b>meditation seats</b> are the body positions or <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a>, usually sitting but also sometimes standing or reclining, used to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>. Best known in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> traditions are the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kneeling" title="Kneeling">kneeling</a> positions; other options include sitting on a chair, with the spine upright. </p><p>Meditation is sometimes practiced while walking, such as <a href="/wiki/Kinhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinhin">kinhin</a>, doing simple repetitive tasks, as in Zen <a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">samu</a>, or work which encourages <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postures_in_the_Yoga_Sutras">Postures in the <i>Yoga Sutras</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meditative_postures&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Postures in the Yoga Sutras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges,_Rishikesh_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh_cropped.jpg/170px-1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh_cropped.jpg/255px-1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh_cropped.jpg/340px-1_Sannyasi_in_yoga_meditation_on_the_Ganges%2C_Rishikesh_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana or Lotus pose</a> is among the twelve meditation <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> named in the <i>Bhasya</i> commentary accompanying the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i> describe <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">yoga as having eight limbs</a>, one being <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a>, the meditation seat. The sutras do not name any asanas, merely specifying the characteristics of a good asana, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>स्थिरसुखमासनम् ॥४६॥<br /><i>sthira sukham āsanam</i><br />Your [meditation] seat should be steady and comfortable. <i>Yoga Sutras</i> 2:46</p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Sutras</i> are embedded in the <i>Bhasya</i> commentary, which scholars including Philipp Maas now believe are by the same author;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it names 12 seated meditation asanas, possibly all cross-legged, including <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana</a>, Virasana, <a href="/wiki/Bhadrasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrasana">Bhadrasana</a> (now called Baddha Konasana), and <a href="/wiki/Svastikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Svastikasana">Svastikasana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sitting_on_the_ground">Sitting on the ground</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meditative_postures&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sitting on the ground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zafu2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Zafu2.jpg/220px-Zafu2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Zafu2.jpg/330px-Zafu2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Zafu2.jpg/440px-Zafu2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Zafu" title="Zafu">zafu</a> meditation cushion, often used in Buddhist practice</figcaption></figure> <p>Sitting positions, often cross-legged, provide a stable base for <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, and have been used for the purpose in Buddhism and Hinduism for many centuries. These include <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana</a> (full lotus), Ardha Padmasana (half lotus), <a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana or Muktasana</a> (also called Burmese posture, sitting with the knees on the ground and the feet tucked in close to the body),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhasana">Sukhasana</a> (any easy cross-legged position).<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other possibilities are the kneeling postures <a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana</a> (sitting between the heels) and <a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrasana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">Seiza</a> (sitting on the heels).<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another sitting posture, <a href="/wiki/Baddha_Konasana" title="Baddha Konasana">Baddha Konasana</a> (Cobbler's Pose), is suitable for people who can sit with the feet together and both knees on the ground; <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> states that to meditate in this position, the palms should be held in prayer position over the chest, which demands some practice for balance.<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_1966_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar_1966-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seymour Ginsburg, describing <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff</a> meditation, suggests that such compact positions help the meditator to "include the entire experience of ourself in our attention."<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E7%B5%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%E9%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E7%B5%8C.JPG/220px-%E9%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E7%B5%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%E9%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E7%B5%8C.JPG/330px-%E9%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E7%B5%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%E9%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E7%B5%8C.JPG/440px-%E9%9B%B2%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E7%B5%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist monk seated in <a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">Seiza</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%8D-ji_(Shizuoka)" title="Hōkō-ji (Shizuoka)">Hōkō-ji temple</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>The lotus position in particular can be extremely uncomfortable for Westerners who have not practised sitting cross-legged since early childhood. They may, in the words of the yoga and meditation teacher <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a>, be practising "self-torture ... apparently believing that bruising your inner thigh with your ankle is crucial to spiritual awakening."<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pose can cause beginners knee pain<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_1966_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar_1966-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and injury.<sup id="cite_ref-AcottCramer2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AcottCramer2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PenmanStevens2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PenmanStevens2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baddha Konasana is a safer alternative, provided the knees are not pushed down.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20170208_meditation-stool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/20170208_meditation-stool.jpg/220px-20170208_meditation-stool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/20170208_meditation-stool.jpg/330px-20170208_meditation-stool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/20170208_meditation-stool.jpg/440px-20170208_meditation-stool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>A simple modern meditation stool, used to assist in sitting with the back upright and the legs crossed</figcaption></figure> <p>Cushman notes that since meditation is not a posture, no particular posture is required. All the same, she writes, a formal method is helpful, and the asana chosen needs to be stable and comfortable, as the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> state: on the one side, few people would wish to hold strenuous postures like <a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Downward Dog">Downward Dog</a> for half an hour or more; on the other side, a restful posture like <a href="/wiki/Savasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Savasana">Savasana</a> (Corpse Pose) might be comfortable but would more likely lead to sleep than meditation. The cross-legged postures are simple and stable, restful for the muscles, but active enough to keep the practitioner awake. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spinal column</a> needs to be erect and in balance; this poise lets the muscles of the back relax, and this in turn allows the attention to be focussed on the breath.<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conditions can be met by a variety of postures with or without support, whether a cross-legged posture such as Muktasana, a kneeling posture, or sitting on a chair with the back vertical and the feet on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional support for sitting meditation is a <a href="/wiki/Zafu" title="Zafu">zafu</a> cushion; this elevates the hips above the knees, allowing practitioners with stiff hips to have the spine straight and upright.<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_postures">Other postures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meditative_postures&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other postures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walking_meditation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Walking_meditation.jpg/220px-Walking_meditation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Walking_meditation.jpg/330px-Walking_meditation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Walking_meditation.jpg/440px-Walking_meditation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief in <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Historical_Park" title="Sukhothai Historical Park">Sukhothai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> depicting monks during <a href="/wiki/Walking_meditation" title="Walking meditation">walking meditation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In various traditions people meditate in other postures. People who find sitting cross-legged uncomfortable can sit upright on a straight-backed chair, flat-footed and without back support, with the hands resting on the thighs, in what is sometimes called the Egyptian position.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> may practice the meditation of <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">hesychasm</a> sitting on a stool, as was recommended by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_of_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gregory of Sinai">Saint Gregory of Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhists sometimes vary their sitting meditation by meditating while walking, often very slowly so as to be mindful of each movement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standing meditation or <i><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang">zhan zhuang</a></i> is practised in the Chinese martial art training system <i><a href="/wiki/Yiquan" title="Yiquan">Yiquan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meditative_postures&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogapattasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogapattasana">Yogapattasana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meditative_postures&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPatanjali" class="citation book cs1">Patanjali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/hin/ysp/ysp04.htm"><i>Yoga Sutras</i></a>. p. Book 2:46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Sutras&rft.pages=Book+2%3A46&rft.au=Patanjali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fysp%2Fysp04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maas, Philipp A. (2006). <i>Samādhipāda. Das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert</i> [<i>Samādhipāda | The First Chapter of the Pātañjalayogaśāstra for the First Time Critically Edited</i>] (in German). Aachen: Shaker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sam%C4%81dhip%C4%81da.+Das+erste+Kapitel+des+P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra+zum+ersten+Mal+kritisch+ediert&rft.place=Aachen&rft.pub=Shaker&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Philipp+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀraṇya1983" class="citation book cs1">Āraṇya, Hariharānanda (1983). <i>Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 228 and footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873957281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873957281"><bdi>978-0873957281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Philosophy+of+Patanjali&rft.pages=228+and+footnotes&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0873957281&rft.aulast=%C4%80ra%E1%B9%87ya&rft.aufirst=Harihar%C4%81nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReninger2015" class="citation book cs1">Reninger, Elizabeth (2015). <i>Meditation Now: A Beginner's Guide: 10-Minute Meditations to Restore Calm and Joy Anytime, Anywhere</i>. Callisto Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1623154981" title="Special:BookSources/978-1623154981"><bdi>978-1623154981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditation+Now%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide%3A+10-Minute+Meditations+to+Restore+Calm+and+Joy+Anytime%2C+Anywhere&rft.pub=Callisto+Media&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1623154981&rft.aulast=Reninger&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Powers, Sarah</a> (2020). <i>Insight Yoga: An Innovative Synthesis of Traditional Yoga, Meditation, and Eastern Approaches to Healing and Well-Being</i>. Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0834822429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0834822429"><bdi>978-0834822429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+Yoga%3A+An+Innovative+Synthesis+of+Traditional+Yoga%2C+Meditation%2C+and+Eastern+Approaches+to+Healing+and+Well-Being&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0834822429&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginsburg_2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginsburg_2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginsburg_2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginsburg_2005_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg2005" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburg, Seymour B. 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Lighthouse Editions. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904998-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904998-01-3"><bdi>978-1-904998-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff+Unveiled%3A+An+Overview+and+Introduction+to+Gurdjieff%27s+Teaching&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Lighthouse+Editions&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904998-01-3&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Seymour+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQBAXndK3f8C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cushman_2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cushman_2014_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Cushman, Anne</a> (2014). <i>Moving into Meditation</i>. Shambhala. pp. 116–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-098-2"><bdi>978-1-61180-098-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+into+Meditation&rft.pages=116-126&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61180-098-2&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyengar_1966-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_1966_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_1966_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. 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Stevens, Philip; Cohen, Marc; Jackson, Sue (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410203">"Yoga in Australia: Results of a national survey"</a>. <i>International Journal of Yoga</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 92–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.98217">10.4103/0973-6131.98217</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-6131">0973-6131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410203">3410203</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22869991">22869991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Yoga&rft.atitle=Yoga+in+Australia%3A+Results+of+a+national+survey&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-101&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3410203%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0973-6131&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22869991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-6131.98217&rft.aulast=Penman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Philip&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Marc&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3410203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_2019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_2019_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2019" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Roger (5 February 2019) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/teach/protect-the-knees-in-lotus-and-related-postures">"How to Protect the Knees in Lotus and Related Postures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Protect+the+Knees+in+Lotus+and+Related+Postures&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fteach%2Fprotect-the-knees-in-lotus-and-related-postures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeditative+postures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallistos-Ware" class="citation web cs1">Kallistos-Ware, (Bishop). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxprayer.org/Articles_files/Ware-7%20Breathing%20Exercises.html">"Jesus Prayer - Breathing Exercises"</a>. <i>Orthodox Prayer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meditation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_activity_and_meditation" title="Brain activity and meditation">Brain activity and meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of meditation">History of meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation in popular culture">Meditation in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_meditation" title="Effects of meditation">Research on meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Taoist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancemeditation" title="Dancemeditation">Dancemeditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic meditation">Islamic meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Jewish meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#New_Age" title="Meditation">New Age meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Method" title="Silva Method">Silva Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental meditation (TM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Vipassanā (Silent meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang"><i>Zhan zhuang</i> (tai chi standing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Rhythms" title="5Rhythms">5Rhythms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwave_entrainment" title="Brainwave entrainment">Brainwave entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscious_breathing" title="Conscious breathing">Conscious breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided meditation">Guided meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_music" title="Meditation music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_poetry" title="Meditative poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">Samyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#Sound-based_meditation" title="Meditation">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Focused attention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Open awareness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Ch%C3%B6dr%C3%B6n" title="Pema Chödrön">Pema Chödrön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Piver" title="Susan Piver">Susan Piver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goleman" title="Daniel Goleman">Daniel Goleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Batchelor" title="Martine Batchelor">Martine Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_the_Meditative_Experience" title="The Varieties of the Meditative Experience">The Varieties of the Meditative Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_and_pain" title="Meditation and pain">Meditation and pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meditation" title="Category:Meditation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asanas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asanas" title="Template talk:Asanas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asanas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">Asanas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vinyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyasa">Vinyasa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Yoga as therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Backbend#Asanas" title="Backbend">Backbends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjaneyasana" title="Anjaneyasana">Anjaneyasana (crescent moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidalasana" title="Bidalasana">Bidalasana (cat)/Bitilasana (cow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujangasana" title="Bhujangasana">Bhujangasana (cobra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrasana" title="Chakrasana">Chakrasana (wheel) or Urdhva Dhanurasana (upward bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Dandasana" title="Viparita Dandasana">Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapotasana" title="Kapotasana">Kapotasana (pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka_Pada_Rajakapotasana" title="Eka Pada Rajakapotasana">Eka Pada Rajakapotasana (king pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustrasana" title="Ustrasana">Ushtrasana (camel)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapala_Asana_(headstand)_from_Jogapradipika_1830_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830"><img alt="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm balances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astavakrasana" title="Astavakrasana">Ashtavakrasana (8-angled)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakasana" title="Bakasana">Bakasana (crane) or Kakasana (crow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koundinyasana" title="Koundinyasana">Koundinyasana (the sage Kaundinya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutasana (cockerel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana (peacock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittibhasana" title="Tittibhasana">Tittibhasana (firefly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inverted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Adho Mukha Svanasana (downward dog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">Adho Mukha Vrkshasana (handstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halasana" title="Halasana">Halasana (plough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvangasana" title="Sarvangasana">Sarvangasana (shoulderstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Bandha_Sarvangasana" title="Setu Bandha Sarvangasana">Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirshasana" title="Shirshasana">Shirshasana (headstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani (legs up the wall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrischikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrischikasana">Vrischikasana (scorpion)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reclining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anantasana" title="Anantasana">Anantasana (Vishnu's couch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_Namaskara" title="Ashtanga Namaskara">Ashtanga Namaskara (eight-limbed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhekasana" title="Bhekasana">Bhekasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga_Dandasana" title="Chaturanga Dandasana">Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurasana" title="Dhanurasana">Dhanurasana (bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathara_Parivartanasana" title="Jathara Parivartanasana">Jathara Parivartanasana (belly twist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarasana" title="Makarasana">Makarasana (crocodile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyasana" title="Matsyasana">Matsyasana (fish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salabhasana" title="Salabhasana">Shalabhasana (locust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">Shavasana (corpse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasishtasana">Vasishtasana (side plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoganidrasana" title="Yoganidrasana">Yoganidrasana (yogic sleep)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sitting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meditation_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation seat">Meditation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baddha_Konasana" title="Baddha Konasana">Baddha Konasana (cobbler)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukhasana" title="Gomukhasana">Gomukhasana (cow face)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshasana" title="Gorakshasana">Gorakshasana (cowherd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana (lotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana (accomplished)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhasana" title="Simhasana">Simhasana (lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrasana (thunderbolt)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvajasana" title="Bharadvajasana">Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marichyasana" title="Marichyasana">Marichyasana (the sage Marichi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendrasana" title="Matsyendrasana">Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasasana" title="Pasasana">Pashasana (noose)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akarna_Dhanurasana" title="Akarna Dhanurasana">Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasana" title="Balasana">Balasana (child)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Pindasana" title="Garbha Pindasana">Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanumanasana" title="Hanumanasana">Hanumanasana (monkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraunchasana" title="Kraunchasana">Kraunchasana (heron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmasana" title="Kurmasana">Kurmasana (tortoise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasana" title="Malasana">Malasana (garland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukasana" title="Mandukasana">Mandukasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulabandhasana" title="Mulabandhasana">Mulabandhasana (root lock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navasana" title="Navasana">Navasana (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimottanasana" title="Paschimottanasana">Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(gymnastics)" title="Split (gymnastics)">Samakonasana (split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana (hero)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both legs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parighasana" title="Parighasana">Parighasana (gate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvottanasana" title="Parshvottanasana">Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasarita_Padottanasana" title="Prasarita Padottanasana">Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadasana" title="Tadasana">Tadasana (mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikonasana" title="Trikonasana">Trikonasana (triangle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkatasana" title="Utkatasana">Utkatasana (powerful)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttanasana" title="Uttanasana">Uttanasana (standing forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Parshvakonasana" title="Utthita Parshvakonasana">Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Virabhadrasana (warrior)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">One leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardha_chandrasana" title="Ardha chandrasana">Ardha Chandrasana (half moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasasana" title="Durvasasana">Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudasana" title="Garudasana">Garudasana (eagle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natarajasana" title="Natarajasana">Natarajasana (lord of the dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Padangusthasana" title="Utthita Padangusthasana">Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vriksasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vriksasana">Vrikshasana (tree)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meditative_postures&oldid=1241907248">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meditative_postures&oldid=1241907248</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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