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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:C.monarchist28" class="mw-userlink" title="User:C.monarchist28" data-mw-revid="1257912400"><bdi>C.monarchist28</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:C.monarchist28" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:C.monarchist28">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/C.monarchist28" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/C.monarchist28">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>1,711</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit">Mobile web edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_ethnicity&diff=next&oldid=1257912400" title="Canadian ethnicity" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|+ Canadian ethnic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|+ Canadian ethnic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">origin</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>! Year !! Total !! Percentage of population</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>! Year !! Total !! Percentage of population</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 06:12, 17 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">"Canadian" as an ethnic identity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Canadian ethnicity</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>5,677,205</b> <br /> 15.6% of Canada's population (2021)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (Mainly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Canada" title="Protestantism in Canada">Protestantism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Canadian ethnicity</b> refers to the self-identification of one's <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic origin</a> or ancestral roots as being <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was added as a possible response for an ethnic origin in the <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Canada" title="Census in Canada">Canadian census</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-1996_handbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996_handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification is attributed to <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> Canadians who do not identify with their ancestral ethnic origins due to generational distance from European ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification is more common in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">eastern</a> parts of the country that were first settled by Europeans than in the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadians with ancestral roots in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> are the most likely groups to identify their ethnic origin as Canadian.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As their languages, traditions, and cultural practices largely define <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Canadian society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many do not see themselves as linked to any other nation or ethnic group. French-speaking Canadians <a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">with settler roots</a> are more likely to perceive their ethnic origin as Canadian than as French, while most English-speaking "<a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a>" identify with their European ethnic ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous Canadians</a> do not identify their ethnic origin as Canadian, as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a> originated with European settlers and does not reflect <a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_peoples_in_Canada" title="List of First Nations peoples in Canada">Indigenous nations</a> which possess their own languages, cultures, and identities. Indigenous peoples identify their ethnicity with their <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> group, as <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, or as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>. </p><p>"Canadian" was the most common ethnic or cultural origin reported in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, reported alone or in combination with other origins by 5.67 million people or 15.6% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_des_premiers_colons_de_Quebec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plaque_des_premiers_colons_de_Quebec.jpg/200px-Plaque_des_premiers_colons_de_Quebec.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plaque_des_premiers_colons_de_Quebec.jpg/300px-Plaque_des_premiers_colons_de_Quebec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plaque_des_premiers_colons_de_Quebec.jpg/400px-Plaque_des_premiers_colons_de_Quebec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4749" /></a><figcaption>Several surnames of the first French settlers of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> ceased to exist in France but became well-established in North America (mainly in Quebec), such as <a href="/wiki/Gagnon_(surname)" title="Gagnon (surname)">Gagnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloutier" title="Cloutier">Cloutier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corriveau" title="Corriveau">Corriveau</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There exists a contrast in the meaning of ethnicity between <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Canadians" title="Francophone Canadians">French-speaking</a> Canadians. Social scientist <a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Howard-Hassmann" title="Rhoda Howard-Hassmann">Rhoda Howard-Hassmann</a> has stated that among English-speaking Canadians, ethnic identity is frequently misunderstood as meaning biological ancestry, "so that everyone's <i>true</i> identity is presumed to be rooted somewhere else".<sup id="cite_ref-Howard-Hassmann_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-Hassmann-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French-speaking Canadians more frequently associate their ethnic origin with their <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, rooted in heritage rather than biological ancestry. </p><p>Canadian identity in English and in French emerged separately from one another and tends to hold different undertones or meanings to speakers of these languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian identity tends to have a more historic connotation to it in French due to its earlier usage among ethnic French Canadians. In the 1690s, French settlers in <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a>, which then was a colony within <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, adopted the term <i>Canadien</i> to distinguish themselves from the people of France. During this time, the identity was unique to French settlers. Following the arrival of <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a> to <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">British North America</a> in the late 18th century, <i>Canadian</i> identity was adopted by English-speakers and was made equivalent to the French term <i>Canadien</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of 17th and 18th century French settlers began using "French Canadian" and <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">since the 1960s</a> "<a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a>" to distinguish themselves from other Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistical_data">Statistical data</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1996_Canadian_census" title="1996 Canadian census">1996 census</a> was the first where Statistics Canada allowed "Canadian" as a valid ethnic origin response. It immediately became the most common origin reported and was correlated with a significant decline in English and French origin responses. People with Scottish or Irish origins were likely to list them alongside with "Canadian" and the number of responses for them did not significantly change. By 2001, English and French responses had each declined by more than 3 million from 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 5.67 million people who identified their ethnic origin as Canadian in the 2021 census, 4.18 million reported it as a single origin and 1.49 million reported it in combination with other origins.<sup id="cite_ref-single_responses_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-single_responses-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across all provinces, people living in non-metropolitan areas are significantly more likely to identify Canadian ethnicity than <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> residents. People with lower levels of educational attainment are also more likely to identify Canadian ethnicity than people with higher levels of education. There was a disparity of 32% and 20% in 2001 comparing people with a high school education or less and people with a bachelor's degree or higher (counting those who identified Canadian as their only ethnic origin).<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to other countries <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settled</a> by Europeans, Canadians are more likely than Americans but less likely than Australians to identify their nationality as their ancestral origin. 5.3% of the U.S. population reported <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a> in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 29.9% of respondents reported Australian ancestry in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 Australian census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/330px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/495px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/660px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Largest ethnic or cultural origin by census division in 2021.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"> <caption>Canadian ethnic origin </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Total</th> <th>Percentage of population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Canadian_census" title="1996 Canadian census">1996</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>8,806,275</td> <td>30.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>11,682,680</td> <td>39.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_census" title="2006 Canadian census">2006</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>10,066,290</td> <td>32.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>10,563,805</td> <td>32.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>11,135,965</td> <td>32.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5,677,205</td> <td>15.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The decline in Canadian ethnic origin responses in 2021 is largely due to changes in the format of the ethnic origin question in the census. Each census questionnaire between 1996 and 2016 included a list of examples of ethnic origins to enter, all with "Canadian" as the first example listed, except in 1996 when it was the fifth example. The 2021 census did not list any examples, negatively affecting a respondent's likelihood of entering "Canadian" as an origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnocultural_Diversity_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnocultural_Diversity-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less consequentially, prior to the 2021 census, a respondent answering "<a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadian</a>" would be counted once for <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and once for Canadian. New ethnic categories were created for the 2021 census, including "French Canadian" as a single ethnic group, reported by 906,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2016 and 2021, the number of people reporting "Canadian" as their only ethnic origin declined from 6.43 million to 4.18 million, while it declined more significantly from 11.13 million to 5.67 million when including responses with other origins.<sup id="cite_ref-single_responses_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-single_responses-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between these years, there was a significant increase in other non-Indigenous North American origins. Responses for "Québécois" increased from 195,000 to 982,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnocultural_Diversity_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnocultural_Diversity-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 2006 census, Statistics Canada stated "ethnic origin responses in the census are a reflection of each respondent's perception of their ethnic ancestry".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the 2021 census, Statistics Canada stated "<i>ethnic or cultural origins</i> refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. Ancestors may have Indigenous origins, or origins that refer to different countries, or other origins that may not refer to different countries".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h3></div> <p>Canadian ethnic identification is most prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>, which were the first parts of the country to be settled by Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identification is particularly high in Quebec among the majority French Canadian population, who trace their ancestry to colonists who arrived to <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> from the <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_early_modern_period" title="France in the early modern period">Kingdom of France</a> beginning in 1608 and ending in <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">1760</a>. Approximately 33,500 colonists arrived from France during this time, though only about 8,500 did not die early due to harsh winters or return to France and had at least one child in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through <a href="/wiki/La_Revanche_des_berceaux" title="La Revanche des berceaux">historically high birth rates</a>, there are about seven million French Canadians today descended almost entirely from these original 8,500 settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> were largely populated by Europeans for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Last_Best_West" title="Last Best West">early 20th century</a>, considerably later than Quebec and the four Atlantic provinces. This leads to the lower number of people in Western provinces today who consider their ancestral origin Canadian.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Europeans to populate Western Canada were generally considered immigrants and not settlers, in contrast to the first Europeans to populate Eastern Canada. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Canadian%22_ethnic_or_cultural_origin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%22Canadian%22_ethnic_or_cultural_origin.png/330px-%22Canadian%22_ethnic_or_cultural_origin.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%22Canadian%22_ethnic_or_cultural_origin.png/495px-%22Canadian%22_ethnic_or_cultural_origin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%22Canadian%22_ethnic_or_cultural_origin.png/660px-%22Canadian%22_ethnic_or_cultural_origin.png 2x" data-file-width="6900" data-file-height="5370" /></a><figcaption>Canadian ethnic identity is most prevalent along the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> in Quebec, populated primarily by French Canadians.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 100%;"> <caption>Provinces & territories<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province/Territory</th> <th>Percent</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>29.0%</td> <td>2,412,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td>24.9%</td> <td>125,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td>23.0%</td> <td>174,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td>15.8%</td> <td>151,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></td> <td>15.2%</td> <td>22,825 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td>11.8%</td> <td>4,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td>11.6%</td> <td>484,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>11.6%</td> <td>1,621,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td>9.7%</td> <td>107,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td>9.3%</td> <td>459,320 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td> <td>8.4%</td> <td>3,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td>8.4%</td> <td>109,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>1,025 </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b> — <i>Total</i></th> <th>15.6%</th> <th>5,677,205 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_countries">In other countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans" title="French-Canadian Americans">French-Canadian Americans</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_census" title="New Zealand census">New Zealand census</a>, "Canadian" is an ethnicity listed in the "European" category. In <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018</a>, it was reported by 7,797 respondents.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a>, "Canadian" and "French Canadian" (which includes responses for Québécois) are ancestral origins listed in the "Other White" category.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2020 American Community Survey, more than 640,000 respondents reported Canadian ancestry and more than 1.9 million reported French Canadian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest concentration of respondents for both categories is in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Addition_to_the_census">Addition to the census</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_Canadian_Census,_Question_on_Ethnic_Origin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1991_Canadian_Census%2C_Question_on_Ethnic_Origin.png/290px-1991_Canadian_Census%2C_Question_on_Ethnic_Origin.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1991_Canadian_Census%2C_Question_on_Ethnic_Origin.png/435px-1991_Canadian_Census%2C_Question_on_Ethnic_Origin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1991_Canadian_Census%2C_Question_on_Ethnic_Origin.png/580px-1991_Canadian_Census%2C_Question_on_Ethnic_Origin.png 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>The 1991 census question on ethnic origin discouraged the entry of "Canadian".</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to 1996, "Canadian" as a response for an ethnic origin was explicitly discouraged in the census. Respondents were instructed to enter only <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> or Indigenous ethnic origins, and were allowed to record Canadian only if the respondent "insisted".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, 112,830 people reported Canadian as their ethnic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A campaign named "Count Me Canadian" was organized in 1990 with the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a> encouraging the entry of "Canadian" to the 1991 census ethnic origin question. The campaign was initiated by the belief that ethnic differences were the cause of the "national unity crisis" amid the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> several years before the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec independence referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jedwab_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jedwab-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over one million respondents (two-thirds from <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) entered "Canadian" as their ethnic origin, making it the fifth most common origin response.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to changes to the following 1996 census ethnic origin question. It became open-ended, prompting respondents to write-in their answer rather than checking a box from a list, with "Canadian" listed fifth alongside other examples of responses.<sup id="cite_ref-1996_handbook_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996_handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Pure laine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharie_Cloutier" title="Zacharie Cloutier">Zacharie Cloutier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Brandeau" title="Esther Brandeau">Esther Brandeau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Often referred to as a person's ancestral "roots," ethnic or cultural origins should not be confused with citizenship, nationality, language or place of birth." In the 2021 Census, the terms "origins" and "ancestry" are used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Australian census does not include "Australian" as an example of an ancestral origin, making it comparable to Canada's 2021 census and not 1996-2016 censuses.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDerrick_Thomas2005" class="citation web cs1">Derrick Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11-008-x/2004004/article/7774-eng.pdf?st=2SZy_aIt">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I am Canadian"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22I+am+Canadian%22&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Derrick+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fen%2Fpub%2F11-008-x%2F2004004%2Farticle%2F7774-eng.pdf%3Fst%3D2SZy_aIt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeEdmonston2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Sharon M.; Edmonston, Barry (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/78/article/482290">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Canadian" as National Ethnic Origin: Trends and Implications"</a>. <i>Canadian Ethnic Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 77–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fces.2010.0040">10.1353/ces.2010.0040</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Ethnic+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Canadian%22+as+National+Ethnic+Origin%3A+Trends+and+Implications&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77-108&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fces.2010.0040&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sharon+M.&rft.au=Edmonston%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F78%2Farticle%2F482290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/98-500/008/98-500-x2021008-eng.cfm">"Ethnic or Cultural Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Ethnic+or+Cultural+Origin+Reference+Guide%2C+Census+of+Population%2C+2021&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fref%2F98-500%2F008%2F98-500-x2021008-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1996_handbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1996_handbook_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1996_handbook_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/statcan/rh-hc/CS92-352-1997-eng.pdf"><i>1996 Census Handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics Canada. June 1997. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-16664-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-16664-X"><bdi>0-660-16664-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1996+Census+Handbook&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=1997-06&rft.isbn=0-660-16664-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2012%2Fstatcan%2Frh-hc%2FCS92-352-1997-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezansonWebber2016" class="citation book cs1">Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455"><i>Rethinking Society in the 21st Century</i></a> (4th ed.). Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 455–456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-936-1"><bdi>978-1-55130-936-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Society+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=455-456&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-936-1&rft.aulast=Bezanson&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Webber%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWO_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonstonFong2011" class="citation book cs1">Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA294"><i>The Changing Canadian Population</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 294–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3793-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3793-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-3793-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Canadian+Population&rft.pages=294-296&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4&rft.aulast=Edmonston&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Fong%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVYOgvFPvBEC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canada's_ethnocultural_portrait_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/analytic/companion/etoimm/canada.cfm">"Canada's ethnocultural portrait: The changing mosaic"</a>. <i>www.statcan.gc.ca</i>. Statistics Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+ethnocultural+portrait%3A+The+changing+mosaic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fanalytic%2Fcompanion%2Fetoimm%2Fcanada.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/discover-canada/read-online/who-are-canadians.html">"Discover Canada - Who We Are"</a>. <i>www.canada.ca</i>. Government of Canada. 2015-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>Canadian society today stems largely from the English-speaking and French-speaking Christian civilizations that were brought here from Europe by settlers. English and French define the reality of day-to-day life for most people and are the country's official languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Discover+Canada+-+Who+We+Are&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fimmigration-refugees-citizenship%2Fcorporate%2Fpublications-manuals%2Fdiscover-canada%2Fread-online%2Fwho-are-canadians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. 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Ethnic origin shifts in the Canadian census"</a>. <i>Canadian Ethnic Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>However, to consider "Canadien" and "Canadian" as equivalent in their meanings and symbolic undertones is akin to calling the "Montreal Canadiens" the "Montreal Canadians." "Canadien" carries a different resonance than "Canadian." The early history of Canadian colonisation by European powers was initially a history of French settlement. 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March 1994. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-14311-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-14311-9"><bdi>0-660-14311-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1991+Census+Highlights&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=1994-03&rft.isbn=0-660-14311-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2013%2Fstatcan%2Frh-hc%2FCS96-304-1994-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jedwab-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jedwab_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedwab2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jedwab, Jack (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acs-metropolis.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CanadianDiversity_the-experience-of-second-generation-canadian_pdf.pdf">"The Rise of the Unmeltable Canadians? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Ethnic+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Coming+to+our+census%3A+the+need+for+continued+inquiry+into+Canadians%27+ethnic+origins&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jedwab&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA110962130%2FAONE%3Fu%3Danon~5110b418%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26xid%3D49c51e9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-LabanStasiulis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; Stasiulis, Daiva (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3552613">"Constructing 'Ethnic Canadians': The Implications for Public Policy and Inclusive Citizenship"</a>. <i>Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques</i>. <b>26</b> (4). [University of Toronto Press, Canadian Public Policy]: 477–487. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0317-0861">0317-0861</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3552613">3552613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Public+Policy+%2F+Analyse+de+Politiques&rft.atitle=Constructing+%27Ethnic+Canadians%27%3A+The+Implications+for+Public+Policy+and+Inclusive+Citizenship&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-487&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3552613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0317-0861&rft.aulast=Abu-Laban&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen&rft.au=Stasiulis%2C+Daiva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3552613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+ethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_people" title="Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_people" title="Template talk:Canadian people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnic origins of people in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_band_governments" title="List of First Nations band governments">by band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadian ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundlander">Newfoundlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist#Nova_Scotia" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horn of Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Canadians" title="Eritrean Canadians">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians" title="Ethiopian Canadians">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Canadians" title="Algerian Canadians">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Canadians" title="Libyan Canadians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Canadians" title="Moroccan Canadians">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Canadians" title="Egyptian Canadians">Egyptian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Canadians" title="South Sudanese Canadians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Canadians" title="Sudanese Canadians">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Canadians" title="South African Canadians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Canadians" title="Zimbabwean Canadians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Canadians" title="Ghanaian Canadians">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Canadians" title="Nigerian Canadians">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadians" title="Igbo Canadians">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Canadians" title="Barbadian Canadians">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Canadians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Canadians">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese Canadians">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Canadians">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Canadians" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Canadians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central and South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Canadians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Canadians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Canadians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Canadians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Canadians">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Canadians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Canadians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan Canadians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Canadians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Canadians" title="Afghan Canadians">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Canadians" title="Tajik Canadians">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Canadians" title="Tatar Canadians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Canadians" title="Uzbek Canadians">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Canadians" title="Tibetan Canadians">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadians" title="Bangladeshi Canadians">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Canadians" title="Nepalese Canadians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Canadians" title="Cambodian Canadians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Canadians" title="Indonesian Canadians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Canadians" title="Laotian Canadians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Canadians" title="Malaysian Canadians">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Canadians" title="Singaporean Canadians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canadians" title="Thai Canadians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadians" title="Iraqi Canadians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Canadians" title="Jordanian Canadians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadians" title="Icelandic Canadians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_identity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_identity" title="Template:Canadian identity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_identity" title="Template talk:Canadian identity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_identity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian identity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_identity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a></b> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Canadian cultural protectionism</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics of Canada</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National identities in Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadian ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture of Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Western alienation in Canada">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_movements_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation movements of Canada">Annexationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism#Canada" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li>Debates and legislation:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name</a> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act,_1946" title="Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">National Anthem Act</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Republicanism in Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_flag_debate" title="Great Canadian flag debate">Great Flag Debate</a> (1963–64)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadiana" title="Canadiana">Canadiana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Hockey in Canada">Hockey in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs" title="Toronto Maple Leafs">Toronto Maple Leafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadiens%E2%80%93Maple_Leafs_rivalry" title="Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry">Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">Poutine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of festivals in Canada">Festivals</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Winter_Carnival" title="Quebec Winter Carnival">Carnaval</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Canada" title="Media of Canada">Media of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Canadian humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks, parks and nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Canada">List of National Parks of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada#Climatology" title="Geography of Canada">Winter in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_Frontenac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Frontenac">Chateau Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War and peacekeeping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">List of Canadian peacekeeping missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">Canada in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Canada in the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Canada in the Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Canada in the War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA_Rail_Canada_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="VIA Rail Canada Inc">VIA Rail Canada Inc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations between <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French</a> Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">Acadian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Acadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of the Acadians">Great Upheaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Anti-Quebec sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question_(Quebec)" title="National question (Quebec)">National question (Quebec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Quebec" title="Federalism in Quebec">Federalism in Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Solitudes_(Canadian_society)" title="Two Solitudes (Canadian society)">Two Solitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">Distinct society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="État québécois">État québécois</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Notable events:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> (1837-1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Durham Report</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a> (1890–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_17" title="Regulation 17">Regulation 17</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a> speech (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_referendum,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec referendum, 1980">Quebec referendum, 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_referendum,_1995" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec referendum, 1995">Quebec referendum, 1995</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Rally" title="Unity Rally">Unity Rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_scandal" title="Sponsorship scandal">Sponsorship scandal</a> (1996-2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">Québécois nation motion</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Situation_of_the_French_Language_and_Linguistic_Rights_in_Quebec" title="Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec">Gendron Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_dispute_over_Quebec%27s_language_policy" title="Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy">Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_the_public_service_of_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada">Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_official_languages_policy_in_Canada" title="Timeline of official languages policy in Canada">Timeline of official languages policy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federal–Provincial–<br />Territorial relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Province building">Province building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Dominion-Provincial_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations">Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations</a> (1937–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Constitutional_Problems" title="Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems">Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems</a> (1953–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a> debate (1960s to 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a> (to 1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> (1987–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Forum_on_National_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Forum on National Unity">Citizen's Forum on National Unity</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aboriginal politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_Orgs_Canada" title="Template:Aboriginal Orgs Canada">National organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metis" title="Template:Metis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i> (1876-present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Register" title="Indian Register">Indian Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_self-government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal self-government in Canada">Self-Government</a></li> <li>Inuit territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NunatuKavut" title="NunatuKavut">NunatuKavut</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">claimed</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> (no final agreement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Land_Claims_Agreement" title="Nunavut Land Claims Agreement">agreement 1993</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>First Nations territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eeyou_Istchee_James_Bay_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory">Eeyou Istchee James Bay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitassinan" title="Nitassinan">Nitassinan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">claimed</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission</a> (1991–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Canadian_pipeline_and_railway_protests" title="2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests">2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">CUSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada–United Kingdom relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">Canada–France relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada (New France)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img 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