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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In photography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_photography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In photography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maximum_and_minimum_apertures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximum_and_minimum_apertures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Maximum and minimum apertures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximum_and_minimum_apertures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aperture_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aperture_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aperture area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aperture_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aperture_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aperture_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aperture control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aperture_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optimal_aperture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimal_aperture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Optimal aperture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimal_aperture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalent_aperture_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_aperture_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equivalent aperture range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_aperture_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_scanning_or_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_scanning_or_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In scanning or sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_scanning_or_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensopening" title="Lensopening – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lensopening" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="بؤرة (كاميرا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بؤرة (كاميرا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertur" title="Apertur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apertur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7" title="উন্মেষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উন্মেষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Апертура (оптыка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апертура (оптыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obertura_(diafragma)" title="Obertura (diafragma) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Obertura (diafragma)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blende_(Optik)" title="Blende (Optik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blende (Optik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_(fotograafia)" title="Ava (fotograafia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ava (fotograafia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertura" title="Apertura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apertura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irekidura_(argazkigintza)" title="Irekidura (argazkigintza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irekidura (argazkigintza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1" title="اپرچر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپرچر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3" title="Cró – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cró" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A6%AC%EA%B0%9C" title="조리개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조리개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="द्वारक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वारक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkap" title="Tingkap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tingkap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="מפתח (אופטיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפתח (אופטיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apert%C5%ABra" title="Apertūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apertūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertur_(Optik)" title="Apertur (Optik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apertur (Optik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafragmagetal" title="Diafragmagetal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Diafragmagetal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="അപ്പെർച്വർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പെർച്വർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertur" title="Apertur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apertur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertuur" title="Apertuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apertuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%8F%A3_(%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6)" title="開口 (光学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="開口 (光学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertur" title="Apertur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apertur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertur" title="Apertur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apertur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertura" title="Apertura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apertura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abertura_(%C3%B3ptica)" title="Abertura (óptica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abertura (óptica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertur%C4%83" title="Apertură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apertură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Диафрагма объектива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диафрагма объектива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aperture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apert%C3%BAra_(optika)" title="Apertúra (optika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apertúra (optika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aperture" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="துளை (ஒளியியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துளை (ஒளியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="รูรับแสง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูรับแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Апертура – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Апертура" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Апертура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апертура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%81" title="دریچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریچہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_m%E1%BB%9F" title="Độ mở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ mở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%9C%88" title="光圈 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="光圈" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aperture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aperture (disambiguation)">Aperture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg/220px-Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg/330px-Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg/440px-Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Different apertures of a lens</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg/220px-Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg/330px-Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg/440px-Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>In biology, the pupil (appearing as a black hole) of the eye is its aperture and the iris is its diaphragm. In humans, the pupil can constrict to as small as 2 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1263863036">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>8.3) and dilate to larger than 8 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>2.1) in some individuals.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_EF-M_32mm_F1.4_STM_lens-aperture_blades_PNr%C2%B00803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Canon_EF-M_32mm_F1.4_STM_lens-aperture_blades_PNr%C2%B00803.jpg/250px-Canon_EF-M_32mm_F1.4_STM_lens-aperture_blades_PNr%C2%B00803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Canon_EF-M_32mm_F1.4_STM_lens-aperture_blades_PNr%C2%B00803.jpg/330px-Canon_EF-M_32mm_F1.4_STM_lens-aperture_blades_PNr%C2%B00803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Canon_EF-M_32mm_F1.4_STM_lens-aperture_blades_PNr%C2%B00803.jpg/500px-Canon_EF-M_32mm_F1.4_STM_lens-aperture_blades_PNr%C2%B00803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>A camera aperture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ApertureDefn1707.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ApertureDefn1707.png/220px-ApertureDefn1707.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/ApertureDefn1707.png 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Definitions of <i>Aperture</i> in the 1707 <i>Glossographia Anglicana Nova</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture-open.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aperture-open.svg/220px-Aperture-open.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aperture-open.svg/330px-Aperture-open.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aperture-open.svg/440px-Aperture-open.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Aperture icon</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, the <b>aperture</b> of an optical system (including a system consisted of a single lens) is a hole or an opening that primarily limits <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> propagated through the system. More specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a> as the front side image of the aperture and <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Optical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical system">optical system</a> determine the cone angle of a bundle of <a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)">rays</a> that comes to a <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Image_plane" title="Image plane">image plane</a>. </p><p>An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit ray bundles (ray bundles are also known as <i>pencils</i> of light). These structures may be the edge of a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>, or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place or may be a special element such as a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">diaphragm</a> placed in the optical path to limit the light admitted by the system. In general, these structures are called stops,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>aperture stop</b> is the stop that primarily determines the cone of rays that an optical system accepts (see <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a>). As a result, it also determines the ray cone angle and brightness at the image point (see <a href="/wiki/Exit_pupil" title="Exit pupil">exit pupil</a>). The aperture stop generally depends on the object point location; on-axis object points at different object planes may have different aperture stops, and even object points at different lateral locations at the same object plane may have different aperture stops (<a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetted</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, many object systems are designed to have a single aperture stop at designed working distance and <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>. </p><p>In some contexts, especially in <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <i>aperture</i> refers to the opening diameter of the aperture stop through which light can pass. For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>, the aperture stop is typically the edges of the <a href="/wiki/Objective_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective lens">objective lens</a> or mirror (or of the mount that holds it). One then speaks of a telescope as having, for example, a 100-centimetre (39 in) aperture. The aperture stop is not necessarily the smallest stop in the system. Magnification and demagnification by lenses and other elements can cause a relatively large stop to be the aperture stop for the system. In <a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">astrophotography</a>, the aperture may be given as a linear measure (for example, in inches or millimetres) or as the dimensionless ratio between that measure and the <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a>. In other photography, it is usually given as a ratio. </p><p>A usual expectation is that the term <i>aperture</i> refers to the opening of the aperture stop, but in reality, the term aperture and the aperture stop are mixed in use. Sometimes even stops that are not the aperture stop of an optical system are also called apertures. Contexts need to clarify these terms. </p><p>The word aperture is also used in other contexts to indicate a system which blocks off light outside a certain region. In astronomy, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometric</a> aperture around a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> usually corresponds to a circular window around the image of a star within which the light intensity is assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yerkes_Observatory_Astro4p6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yerkes_Observatory_Astro4p6.jpg/250px-Yerkes_Observatory_Astro4p6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yerkes_Observatory_Astro4p6.jpg/330px-Yerkes_Observatory_Astro4p6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yerkes_Observatory_Astro4p6.jpg/440px-Yerkes_Observatory_Astro4p6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Alvin Clark polishes the big <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Refractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Refractor">Great Refractor</a> objective lens, with 40 inches 102 cm across, in 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>The aperture stop is an important element in most optical designs. Its most obvious feature is that it limits the amount of light that can reach the image/<a href="/wiki/Film_plane" title="Film plane">film plane</a>. This can be either unavoidable due to the practical limit of the aperture stop size, or deliberate to prevent saturation of a detector or overexposure of film. In both cases, the size of the aperture stop determines the amount of light admitted by an optical system. The aperture stop also affects other optical system properties: </p> <ul><li>The opening size of the stop is one factor that affects DOF (<a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>). A smaller stop (larger <a href="/wiki/F_number" class="mw-redirect" title="F number">f number</a>) produces a longer DOF because it only allows a smaller angle of the cone of light reaching the image plane so the spread of the image of an object point is reduced. A longer DOF allows objects at a wide range of distances from the viewer to all be in focus at the same time.</li> <li>The stop limits the effect of optical <a href="/wiki/Aberration_in_optical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration in optical systems">aberrations</a> by limiting light such that the light does not reach edges of optics where aberrations are usually stronger than the optics centers. If the opening of the stop (called the <i>aperture</i>) is too large, then the image will be distorted by stronger aberrations. More sophisticated optical system designs can mitigate the effect of aberrations, allowing a larger aperture and therefore greater light collecting ability.</li> <li>The stop determines whether the image will be <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetted</a>. Larger stops can cause the light intensity reaching the film or detector to fall off toward the edges of the picture, especially when, for off-axis points, a different stop becomes the aperture stop by virtue of cutting off more light than did the stop that was the aperture stop on the optic axis.</li> <li>The stop location determines the <a href="/wiki/Telecentric_lens" title="Telecentric lens">telecentricity</a>. If the aperture stop of a lens is located at the front focal plane of the lens, then it becomes image-space telecentricity, i.e., the lateral size of the image is insensitive to the image plane location. If the stop is at the back focal plane of the lens, then it becomes object-space telecentricity where the image size is insensitive to the object plane location. The telecentricity helps precise two-dimensional measurements because measurement systems with the telecentricity are insensitive to axial position errors of samples or the sensor.</li></ul> <p>In addition to an aperture stop, a photographic lens may have one or more <i>field stops</i>, which limit the system's <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">field of view</a>. When the field of view is limited by a field stop in the lens (rather than at the film or sensor) <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a> results; this is only a problem if the resulting field of view is less than was desired. </p><p>In astronomy, the opening diameter of the aperture stop (called the <i>aperture</i>) is a critical parameter in the design of a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>. Generally, one would want the <i>aperture</i> to be as large as possible, to collect the maximum amount of light from the distant objects being imaged. The size of the aperture is limited, however, in practice by considerations of its manufacturing cost and time and its weight, as well as prevention of aberrations (as mentioned above). </p><p>Apertures are also used in laser energy control, close aperture <a href="/wiki/Z-scan_technique" title="Z-scan technique">z-scan technique</a>, diffractions/patterns, and beam cleaning.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laser applications include <a href="/wiki/Spatial_filter" title="Spatial filter">spatial filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a>, high intensity x-ray control. </p><p>In light microscopy, the word aperture may be used with reference to either the <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(microscope)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condenser (microscope)">condenser</a> (that changes the angle of light onto the specimen field), field iris (that changes the area of illumination on specimens) or possibly objective lens (forms primary images). <i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">Optical microscope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_photography">In photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aperture stop of a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic lens">photographic lens</a> can be adjusted to control the amount of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> reaching the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>. In combination with variation of <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a>, the aperture size will regulate the film's or image sensor's degree of <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> to light. Typically, a fast shutter will require a larger aperture to ensure sufficient light exposure, and a slow shutter will require a smaller aperture to avoid excessive exposure. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Aperture_diagram.svg/250px-Aperture_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Aperture_diagram.svg/330px-Aperture_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Aperture_diagram.svg/500px-Aperture_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of decreasing aperture sizes (increasing <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-numbers</a>) for "full stop" increments (an aperture area decrease by a factor of two per full stop increment)</figcaption></figure> <p>A device called a <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">diaphragm</a> usually serves as the aperture stop and controls the aperture (the opening of the aperture stop). The diaphragm functions much like the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a> – it controls the effective <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> of the lens opening (called <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> in the eyes). Reducing the aperture size (increasing the f-number) provides less light to sensor and also increases the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> (by limiting the angle of cone of image light reaching the sensor), which describes the extent to which subject matter lying closer than or farther from the actual plane of focus appears to be in focus. In general, the smaller the aperture (the larger the f-number), the greater the distance from the plane of focus the subject matter may be while still appearing in focus. </p><p>The lens aperture is usually specified as an <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>, the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> to effective aperture diameter (the diameter of the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a>). A lens typically has a set of marked "f-stops" that the f-number can be set to. A lower f-number denotes a greater aperture which allows more light to reach the film or image sensor. The photography term "one f-stop" refers to a factor of <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">2</span></span> (approx. 1.41) change in f-number which corresponds to a <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">2</span></span> change in aperture diameter, which in turn corresponds to a factor of 2 change in light intensity (by a factor 2 change in the aperture area). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aperture_priority" title="Aperture priority">Aperture priority</a> is a semi-automatic shooting mode used in cameras. It permits the photographer to select an aperture setting and let the camera decide the shutter speed and sometimes also <a href="/wiki/ISO_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO sensitivity">ISO sensitivity</a> for the correct exposure. This is also referred to as Aperture Priority Auto Exposure, A mode, AV mode (aperture-value mode), or semi-auto mode.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical ranges of apertures used in photography are about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering six stops, which may be divided into wide, middle, and narrow of two stops each, roughly (using round numbers) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span> or (for a slower lens) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>. These are not sharp divisions, and ranges for specific lenses vary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximum_and_minimum_apertures">Maximum and minimum apertures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maximum and minimum apertures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lens_speed" title="Lens speed">Lens speed</a></div> <p>The specifications for a given lens typically include the maximum and minimum aperture (opening) sizes, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/0.95</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>. In this case, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/0.95</span> is currently the maximum aperture (the widest opening on a full-frame format for practical use<sup id="cite_ref-wayne_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span> is the minimum aperture (the smallest opening). The maximum aperture tends to be of most interest and is always included when describing a lens. This value is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Lens_speed" title="Lens speed">lens "speed"</a>, as it affects the exposure time. As the aperture area is proportional to the light admitted by a lens or an optical system, the aperture diameter is proportional to the square root of the light admitted, and thus inversely proportional to the square root of required exposure time, such that an aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span> allows for exposure times one quarter that of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2</span> is 4 times larger than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span> in the aperture area.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_minolta_50mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/16_minolta_50mm.jpg/220px-16_minolta_50mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/16_minolta_50mm.jpg/330px-16_minolta_50mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/16_minolta_50mm.jpg/440px-16_minolta_50mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The aperture range of a 50 mm Minolta lens, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.4</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Lenses with apertures opening <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> or wider are referred to as "fast" lenses, although the specific point has changed over time (for example, in the early 20th century aperture openings wider than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/6</span> were considered fast.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fastest lenses for the common <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm film</a> format in general production have apertures of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.2</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.4</span>, with more at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.8</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.0</span>, and many at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> or slower; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.0</span> is unusual, though sees some use. When comparing "fast" lenses, the <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">image format</a> used must be considered. Lenses designed for a small format such as <a href="/wiki/Half-frame_camera" title="Half-frame camera">half frame</a> or <a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a> need to project a much smaller <a href="/wiki/Image_circle" title="Image circle">image circle</a> than a lens used for <a href="/wiki/Large_format_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Large format (photography)">large format</a> photography. Thus the optical elements built into the lens can be far smaller and cheaper. </p><p>In exceptional circumstances lenses can have even wider apertures with f-numbers smaller than 1.0; see <a href="/wiki/Lens_speed#Fast_lenses" title="Lens speed">lens speed: fast lenses</a> for a detailed list. For instance, both the current Leica Noctilux-M 50mm ASPH and a 1960s-era Canon 50mm rangefinder lens have a maximum aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/0.95</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheaper alternatives began appearing in the early 2010s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cosina_Voigtl%C3%A4nder" title="Cosina Voigtländer">Cosina Voigtländer</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/0.95</span> Nokton (several in the <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998105000000000000♠"></span>10.5–60 mm</span> range) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/0.8</span> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998290000000000000♠"></span>29 mm</span>) Super Nokton manual focus lenses in the for the <a href="/wiki/Micro_Four-Thirds_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Four-Thirds System">Micro Four-Thirds System</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Venus_Optics" title="Venus Optics">Venus Optics</a> (Laowa) Argus <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998350000000000000♠"></span>35 mm</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/0.95</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-wayne_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professional lenses for some movie cameras have f-numbers as small as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/0.75</span>. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyndon" title="Barry Lyndon">Barry Lyndon</a></i> has scenes shot by candlelight with a <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_Planar_50mm_f/0.7" title="Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7">NASA/Zeiss 50mm f/0.7</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fastest lens in film history. Beyond the expense, these lenses have limited application due to the correspondingly shallower <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field (DOF)</a> – the scene must either be shallow, shot from a distance, or will be significantly defocused, though this may be the desired effect. </p><p>Zoom lenses typically have a maximum relative aperture (minimum f-number) of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/6.3</span> through their range. High-end lenses will have a constant aperture, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span>, which means that the relative aperture will stay the same throughout the zoom range. A more typical consumer zoom will have a variable maximum relative aperture since it is harder and more expensive to keep the maximum relative aperture proportional to the focal length at long focal lengths; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/3.5</span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span> is an example of a common variable aperture range in a consumer zoom lens. </p><p>By contrast, the minimum aperture does not depend on the focal length – it is limited by how narrowly the aperture closes, not the lens design – and is instead generally chosen based on practicality: very small apertures have lower sharpness due to diffraction at aperture edges, while the added depth of field is not generally useful, and thus there is generally little benefit in using such apertures. Accordingly, DSLR lens typically have minimum aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/16</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/32</span>, while <a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large format</a> may go down to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/64</span>, as reflected in the name of <a href="/wiki/Group_f/64" title="Group f/64">Group f/64</a>. Depth of field is a significant concern in <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a>, however, and there one sees smaller apertures. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_MP-E_65mm_f/2.8_1-5x_Macro_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro lens">Canon MP-E 65mm</a> can have effective aperture (due to magnification) as small as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/96</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a> optic for <a href="/wiki/Lensbaby" title="Lensbaby">Lensbaby</a> creative lenses has an aperture of just <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/177</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonquil_flowers_at_f32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="f/32 – small aperture and slow shutter"><img alt="f/32 – small aperture and slow shutter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jonquil_flowers_at_f32.jpg/120px-Jonquil_flowers_at_f32.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jonquil_flowers_at_f32.jpg/180px-Jonquil_flowers_at_f32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jonquil_flowers_at_f32.jpg/240px-Jonquil_flowers_at_f32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/32</span> – small aperture and slow shutter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonquil_flowers_at_f5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="f/5.6 – large aperture and fast shutter"><img alt="f/5.6 – large aperture and fast shutter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jonquil_flowers_at_f5.jpg/120px-Jonquil_flowers_at_f5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jonquil_flowers_at_f5.jpg/250px-Jonquil_flowers_at_f5.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span> – large aperture and fast shutter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture_Example_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="f/22 – small aperture and slower shutter (Exposure time: 1/80)"><img alt="f/22 – small aperture and slower shutter (Exposure time: 1/80)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aperture_Example_Wall.jpg/120px-Aperture_Example_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aperture_Example_Wall.jpg/180px-Aperture_Example_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aperture_Example_Wall.jpg/240px-Aperture_Example_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span> – small aperture and slower shutter (Exposure time: 1/80)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture_Example_Wall_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="f/3.5 – large aperture and faster shutter (Exposure time: 1/2500)"><img alt="f/3.5 – large aperture and faster shutter (Exposure time: 1/2500)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aperture_Example_Wall_2.jpg/120px-Aperture_Example_Wall_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aperture_Example_Wall_2.jpg/180px-Aperture_Example_Wall_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aperture_Example_Wall_2.jpg/240px-Aperture_Example_Wall_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/3.5</span> – large aperture and faster shutter (Exposure time: 1/2500)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Povray_focal_blur_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Changing a camera's aperture value in half-stops, beginning with f/256 and ending with f/1"><img alt="Changing a camera's aperture value in half-stops, beginning with f/256 and ending with f/1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Povray_focal_blur_animation.gif/120px-Povray_focal_blur_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Povray_focal_blur_animation.gif/250px-Povray_focal_blur_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Changing a camera's aperture value in half-stops, beginning with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/256</span> and ending with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Povray_focal_blur_animation_mode_tan.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Changing a camera's aperture diameter from zero to infinity"><img alt="Changing a camera's aperture diameter from zero to infinity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Povray_focal_blur_animation_mode_tan.gif/120px-Povray_focal_blur_animation_mode_tan.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Povray_focal_blur_animation_mode_tan.gif/250px-Povray_focal_blur_animation_mode_tan.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Changing a camera's aperture diameter from zero to infinity</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aperture_area">Aperture area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aperture area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of light captured by an optical system is proportional to the area of the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a> that is the object space-side image of the aperture of the system, equal to: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Area} =\pi \left({D \over 2}\right)^{2}=\pi \left({f \over 2N}\right)^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>D</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Area} =\pi \left({D \over 2}\right)^{2}=\pi \left({f \over 2N}\right)^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d23f1d2d30381cfdf930a0b46d9844bebb798ad5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:29.484ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Area} =\pi \left({D \over 2}\right)^{2}=\pi \left({f \over 2N}\right)^{2}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Where the two equivalent forms are related via the <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a> <i>N = f</i> / <i>D</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> <i>f</i> and entrance pupil diameter <i>D</i>. </p><p>The focal length value is not required when comparing two lenses of the same focal length; a value of 1 can be used instead, and the other factors can be dropped as well, leaving area proportion to the reciprocal square of the f-number <i>N</i>. </p><p>If two cameras of different format sizes and focal lengths have the same <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a>, and the same aperture area, they gather the same amount of light from the scene. In that case, the relative focal-plane <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a>, however, would depend only on the f-number <i>N</i>, so it is less in the camera with the larger format, longer focal length, and higher f-number. This assumes both lenses have identical transmissivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aperture_control">Aperture control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aperture control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture_in_Canon_50mm_f1.8_II_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aperture_in_Canon_50mm_f1.8_II_lens.jpg/250px-Aperture_in_Canon_50mm_f1.8_II_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aperture_in_Canon_50mm_f1.8_II_lens.jpg/330px-Aperture_in_Canon_50mm_f1.8_II_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aperture_in_Canon_50mm_f1.8_II_lens.jpg/500px-Aperture_in_Canon_50mm_f1.8_II_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Aperture mechanism of Canon 50mm f/1.8 II lens, with five blades</figcaption></figure> <p>Though as early as 1933 <a href="/wiki/Torkel_Korling" title="Torkel Korling">Torkel Korling</a> had invented and patented for the <a href="/wiki/Graflex" title="Graflex">Graflex</a> large format reflex camera an automatic aperture control,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not all early 35mm single lens reflex cameras had the feature. With a small aperture, this darkened the viewfinder, making viewing, focusing, and composition difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korling's design enabled full-aperture viewing for accurate focus, closing to the pre-selected aperture opening when the shutter was fired and simultaneously synchronising the firing of a flash unit. From 1956 <a href="/wiki/SLR_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="SLR camera">SLR camera</a> manufacturers separately developed <i>automatic aperture control</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Miranda_T_(camera)" title="Miranda T (camera)">Miranda T</a> 'Pressure Automatic Diaphragm', and other solutions on the <a href="/wiki/Exakta" title="Exakta">Exakta Varex IIa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praktica" title="Praktica">Praktica FX2</a>) allowing viewing at the lens's maximum aperture, stopping the lens down to the working aperture at the moment of exposure, and returning the lens to maximum aperture afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2000-136_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2000-136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first SLR cameras with internal (<a href="/wiki/Through-the-lens_metering" title="Through-the-lens metering">"through-the-lens" or "TTL"</a>) meters (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Spotmatic" title="Pentax Spotmatic">Pentax Spotmatic</a>) required that the lens be stopped down to the working aperture when taking a meter reading. Subsequent models soon incorporated mechanical coupling between the lens and the camera body, indicating the working aperture to the camera for exposure while allowing the lens to be at its maximum aperture for composition and focusing;<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2000-136_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2000-136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this feature became known as <a href="/wiki/Open-aperture_metering" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-aperture metering">open-aperture metering</a>. </p><p>For some lenses, including a few long <a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephotos</a>, lenses mounted on <a href="/wiki/Bellows_(photography)" title="Bellows (photography)">bellows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perspective_control_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective control lens">perspective-control and tilt/shift</a> lenses, the mechanical linkage was impractical,<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2000-136_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2000-136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and automatic aperture control was not provided. Many such lenses incorporated a feature known as a "preset" aperture,<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2000-136_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2000-136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allows the lens to be set to working aperture and then quickly switched between working aperture and full aperture without looking at the aperture control. A typical operation might be to establish rough composition, set the working aperture for metering, return to full aperture for a final check of focus and composition, and focusing, and finally, return to working aperture just before exposure. Although slightly easier than stopped-down metering, operation is less convenient than automatic operation. Preset aperture controls have taken several forms; the most common has been the use of essentially two lens aperture rings, with one ring setting the aperture and the other serving as a limit stop when switching to working aperture. Examples of lenses with this type of preset aperture control are the Nikon PC Nikkor 28 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/3.5</span> and the SMC Pentax Shift 6×7 75 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4.5</span>. The Nikon PC Micro-Nikkor 85 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8D</span> lens incorporates a mechanical pushbutton that sets working aperture when pressed and restores full aperture when pressed a second time. </p><p>Canon <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EF mount">EF</a> lenses, introduced in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have electromagnetic diaphragms,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eliminating the need for a mechanical linkage between the camera and the lens, and allowing automatic aperture control with the Canon TS-E tilt/shift lenses. Nikon PC-E perspective-control lenses,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced in 2008, also have electromagnetic diaphragms,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a feature extended to their E-type range in 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimal_aperture">Optimal aperture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Optimal aperture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optimal aperture depends both on optics (the depth of the scene versus diffraction), and on the performance of the lens. </p><p>Optically, as a lens is stopped down, the defocus blur at the Depth of Field (DOF) limits decreases but diffraction blur increases. The presence of these two opposing factors implies a point at which the combined blur spot is minimized (<a href="#CITEREFR_Gibson1975">Gibson 1975</a>, 64); at that point, the <var>f</var>-number is optimal for image sharpness, for this given depth of field<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a wider aperture (lower <i>f</i>-number) causes more defocus, while a narrower aperture (higher <i>f</i>-number) causes more diffraction. </p><p>As a matter of performance, lenses often do not perform optimally when fully opened, and thus generally have better sharpness when stopped down some – this is sharpness in the plane of <a href="/wiki/Critical_focus" title="Critical focus">critical focus</a>, setting aside issues of depth of field. Beyond a certain point, there is no further sharpness benefit to stopping down, and the diffraction occurred at the edges of the aperture begins to become significant for imaging quality. There is accordingly a sweet spot, generally in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4</span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span> range, depending on lens, where sharpness is optimal, though some lenses are designed to perform optimally when wide open. How significant this varies between lenses, and opinions differ on how much practical impact this has. </p><p>While optimal aperture can be determined mechanically, how much sharpness is <i>required</i> depends on how the image will be used – if the final image is viewed under normal conditions (e.g., an 8″×10″ image viewed at 10″), it may suffice to determine the <var>f</var>-number using criteria for minimum required sharpness, and there may be no practical benefit from further reducing the size of the blur spot. But this may not be true if the final image is viewed under more demanding conditions, e.g., a very large final image viewed at normal distance, or a portion of an image enlarged to normal size (<a href="#CITEREFR_Hansma1996">Hansma 1996</a>). Hansma also suggests that the final-image size may not be known when a photograph is taken, and obtaining the maximum practicable sharpness allows the decision to make a large final image to be made at a later time; see also <a href="/wiki/Critical_sharpness" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical sharpness">critical sharpness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_biology">In biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif/250px-Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif/330px-Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif/500px-Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Pupil dilation and constriction, controlled consciously</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupillary response</a></div> <p>In many living <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical systems</a>, the eye consists of an <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> which adjusts the size of the <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a>, through which light enters. The iris is analogous to the diaphragm, and the pupil (which is the adjustable opening in the iris) the aperture. Refraction in the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> causes the effective aperture (the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a> in optics parlance) to differ slightly from the physical pupil diameter. The entrance pupil is typically about 4 mm in diameter, although it can range from as narrow as 2 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8.3</span></a>) in diameter in a brightly lit place to 8 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.1</span>) in the dark as part of <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">adaptation</a>. In rare cases in some individuals are able to dilate their pupils even beyond 8 mm (in <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic</a> lighting, close to the physical limit of the iris. In humans, the average iris diameter is about 11.5 mm,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which naturally influences the maximal size of the pupil as well, where larger iris diameters would typically have pupils which are able to dilate to a wider extreme than those with smaller irises. Maximum dilated pupil size also decreases with age. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg/220px-Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg/330px-Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg/440px-Human_eye_in_dim_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>The pupil dilates in the dark to allow more light in. This pupil is unusually dilated for dark adaptation, as dilation to this extent typically requires the aid of mydriatic agents.</figcaption></figure> <p>The iris controls the size of the pupil via two complementary sets muscles, the <a href="/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">sphincter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">dilator</a> muscles, which are innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> nervous systems respectively, and act to induce <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">pupillary constriction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">dilation</a> respectively. The state of the pupil is closely influenced by various factors, primarily light (or absence of light), but also by <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotional</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">interest</a> in the subject of attention, <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual stimulation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> physical activity,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(vertebrate_eye)" title="Accommodation (vertebrate eye)">accommodation</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-neuroscience_chapter7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuroscience_chapter7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">cognitive load</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field of view is not affected by the size of the pupil. </p><p>Some individuals are also able to directly exert manual and conscious control over their iris muscles and hence are able to voluntarily constrict and dilate their pupils on command.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this ability is rare and potential use or advantages are unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalent_aperture_range">Equivalent aperture range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equivalent aperture range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor_format" title="Image sensor format">Image sensor format</a></div> <p>In digital photography, the 35mm-equivalent aperture range is sometimes considered to be more important than the actual f-number. Equivalent aperture is the f-number adjusted to correspond to the f-number of the same size absolute aperture diameter on a lens with a <a href="/wiki/35mm_equivalent_focal_length" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm equivalent focal length">35mm equivalent focal length</a>. Smaller equivalent f-numbers are expected to lead to higher image quality based on more total light from the subject, as well as lead to reduced depth of field. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX10" title="Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10">Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10</a> uses a 1" sensor, 24 – 200 mm with maximum aperture constant along the zoom range; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> has equivalent aperture range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/7.6</span>, which is a lower equivalent f-number than some other <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036" /><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> cameras with smaller sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, modern optical research concludes that sensor size does not actually play a part in the depth of field in an image.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An aperture's f-number is not modified by the camera's sensor size because it is a ratio that only pertains to the attributes of the lens. Instead, the higher crop factor that comes as a result of a smaller sensor size means that, in order to get an equal framing of the subject, the photo must be taken from further away, which results in a less blurry background, changing the perceived depth of field. Similarly, a smaller sensor size with an equivalent aperture will result in a darker image because of the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_density" title="Pixel density">pixel density</a> of smaller sensors with equivalent megapixels. Every photosite on a camera's sensor requires a certain amount of surface area that is not sensitive to light, a factor that results in differences in <a href="/wiki/Pixel_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel pitch">pixel pitch</a> and changes in the <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio_(imaging)" title="Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)">signal-noise ratio</a>. However, neither the changed depth of field,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor the perceived change in light sensitivity <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a result of the aperture. Instead, equivalent aperture can be seen as a rule of thumb to judge how changes in sensor size might affect an image, even if qualities like pixel density and distance from the subject are the actual causes of changes in the image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_scanning_or_sampling">In scanning or sampling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In scanning or sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>scanning aperture</i> and <i>sampling aperture</i> are often used to refer to the opening through which an image is sampled, or scanned, for example in a <a href="/wiki/Drum_scanner#Drum" title="Drum scanner">Drum scanner</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>, or a television pickup apparatus. The sampling aperture can be a literal optical aperture, that is, a small opening in space, or it can be a time-domain aperture for <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampling</a> a signal waveform. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Film_grain" title="Film grain">film grain</a> is quantified as <i>graininess</i> via a measurement of film density fluctuations as seen through a 0.048 mm sampling aperture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Aperture_Science"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aperture_Laboratories_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aperture_Laboratories_Logo.svg/250px-Aperture_Laboratories_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aperture_Laboratories_Logo.svg/330px-Aperture_Laboratories_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aperture_Laboratories_Logo.svg/500px-Aperture_Laboratories_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>The logo for Aperture Science Laboratories</figcaption></figure> <p>Aperture Science, a fictional company in the <a href="/wiki/Portal_(series)" title="Portal (series)">Portal</a> fictional universe, is named after the optical system. The company's logo heavily features an aperture in its logo, and has come to symbolize the series, fictional company, and the <a href="/wiki/Locations_of_Half-Life#Aperture_Science_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations of Half-Life">Aperture Science Laboratories Computer-Aided Enrichment Center</a> that the game series takes place in.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_aperture" title="Numerical aperture">Numerical aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_aperture" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna aperture">Antenna aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">Angular resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">Diaphragm (optics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterhouse_stop" title="Waterhouse stop">Waterhouse stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">Shallow focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">Deep focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">Entrance pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_pupil" title="Exit pupil">Exit pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyot_stop" title="Lyot stop">Lyot stop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aperture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blount_(Lexicographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Blount (Lexicographer)">Thomas Blount</a>, <i>Glossographia Anglicana Nova: Or, A Dictionary, Interpreting Such Hard Words of whatever Language, as are at present used in the English Tongue, with their Etymologies, Definitions, &c. Also, The Terms of Divinity, Law, Physick, Mathematics, History, Agriculture, Logick, Metaphysicks, Grammar, Poetry, Musick, Heraldry, Architecture, Painting, War, and all other Arts and Sciences are herein explain'd, from the best Modern Authors, as, Sir Isaac Newton, Dr. Harris, Dr. Gregory, Mr. Lock, Mr. Evelyn, Mr. Dryden, Mr. Blunt, &c.</i>, London, 1707.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photographylife.com/what-are-exposure-stops-in-photography">"Exposure Stops in Photography - A Beginner's Guide"</a>. <i>Photography Life</i>. 16 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photography+Life&rft.atitle=Exposure+Stops+in+Photography+-+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotographylife.com%2Fwhat-are-exposure-stops-in-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAperture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHecht2017" class="citation book cs1">Hecht, Eugene (2017). "5.3.2 Entrance and Exit Pupils". <i>Optics</i> (5th ed.). Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-09693-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-292-09693-3"><bdi>978-1-292-09693-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.3.2+Entrance+and+Exit+Pupils&rft.btitle=Optics&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-292-09693-3&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAperture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Eaton, Peter W. Draper & Alasdair Allan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starlink.rl.ac.uk/star/docs/sun45.htx/node36.html">Techniques of aperture photometry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311210838/http://www.starlink.rl.ac.uk/star/docs/sun45.htx/node36.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in PHOTOM – A Photometry Package, 20 August 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashidian_Vaziri2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rashidian Vaziri, M R (2015). "Role of the aperture in Z-scan experiments: A parametric study". <i>Chinese Physics B</i>. <b>24</b> (11): 114206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChPhB..24k4206R">2015ChPhB..24k4206R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1056%2F24%2F11%2F114206">10.1088/1674-1056/24/11/114206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250753283">250753283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+B&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+aperture+in+Z-scan+experiments%3A+A+parametric+study&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=114206&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250753283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1056%2F24%2F11%2F114206&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ChPhB..24k4206R&rft.aulast=Rashidian+Vaziri&rft.aufirst=M+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAperture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620033626/http://elite-cameras.com/articles/aperture-shutter-speed-digital-cameras.php">"Aperture and shutter speed in digital cameras"</a>. <i>elite-cameras.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elite-cameras.com/articles/aperture-shutter-speed-digital-cameras.php">the original</a> on 20 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elite-cameras.com&rft.atitle=Aperture+and+shutter+speed+in+digital+cameras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felite-cameras.com%2Farticles%2Faperture-shutter-speed-digital-cameras.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAperture" class="Z3988"></span> (original link no longer works, but page was saved by archive.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010144020/http://www.photoxels.com/tutorial_aperture.html">"What is... Aperture?"</a>. 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" 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