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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_in_narrow_straits_or_on_open_coastlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_in_narrow_straits_or_on_open_coastlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation in narrow straits or on open coastlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_in_narrow_straits_or_on_open_coastlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_in_the_lee_of_an_island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_in_the_lee_of_an_island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Formation in the lee of an island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_in_the_lee_of_an_island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_along_lakeshores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_along_lakeshores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Formation along lakeshores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_along_lakeshores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Chicagocuspateforeland.JPG/290px-Chicagocuspateforeland.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Chicagocuspateforeland.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>A cuspate foreland in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, stabilised by vegetation</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cuspate forelands</b>, also known as <b>cuspate barriers</b> or <b>nesses</b> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, are geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores that are created primarily by <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed by accretion and <a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">progradation</a> of sand and shingle, they extend outwards from the shoreline in a triangular shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cuspate forelands may be stabilised by vegetation, while others may migrate down the shoreline. Because some cuspate forelands provide an important habitat for flora and fauna, effective management is required to reduce the impacts from both human activities and physical factors such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longshoredrift.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Longshoredrift.gif/310px-Longshoredrift.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Longshoredrift.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a> is usually the main process in the formation of a cuspate foreland</figcaption></figure> <p>The debate involving how cuspate forelands form is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most widely accepted process of formation involves <a href="/wiki/Long_shore_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Long shore drift">long shore drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where longshore drift occurs in opposite directions, two <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spits</a> merge into a triangular protrusion along a coastline or lakeshore.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their formation is also dependent on dominant and prevailing winds working in opposite directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formation can also occur when waves are <a href="/wiki/Diffract" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffract">diffracted</a> around a barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuspate forelands can form both along coastlines and along lakeshores. Those formed along coastlines can be in the lee of an offshore island, along a coastline that has no islands in the vicinity, or at a stream mouth where disposition occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_in_narrow_straits_or_on_open_coastlines">Formation in narrow straits or on open coastlines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation in narrow straits or on open coastlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cuspate foreland can form in a strait or along a coastline that has no islands or <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoals</a> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, longshore drift as well as prevailing wind and waves bring sediment together from opposite directions.<sup id="cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is a large angle between the waves and the shoreline, the sediment converges, accumulates, and forms <a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">beach ridges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashton_et_al_2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashton_et_al_2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, a cuspate foreland forms as a result of continued accretion and progradation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this type of cuspate foreland is the one found at <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_(headland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeness (headland)">Dungeness</a> along the southern coast of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cuspate foreland has formed as a result of the merging of SW waves from the English Channel, and waves from the east from the Strait of Dover.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the cuspate foreland found between Awatere River and White Bluffs in Marlborough, New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickrill,_1977_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickrill,_1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This foreland has ridges on the eastern and northern sides which face the prominent waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickrill,_1977_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickrill,_1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other circumstances, spits are formed when long shore drift moves beach material down the <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> makes an abrupt change in direction, leading to the beach material 'spilling over' the corner to create a protrusion. This normally occurs across a <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">river mouth</a>. In the case of a cuspate foreland, the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevailing wind">prevailing wind</a> and a powerful secondary wind in the opposite direction move shingle down the coastline from both directions to a place where the coastline changes, causing a foreland to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of cuspate forelands are formed over a coastline that juts out into the sea at enough of an angle to allow the drifting beach material to 'spill over' as a result of long shore drift in both directions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_in_the_lee_of_an_island">Formation in the lee of an island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation in the lee of an island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cuspate foreland can form in the lee of an island. In this case, oncoming waves are diffracted around the island, protecting the coastline from the oncoming wave fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediments</a> brought along the shoreline via longshore drift are then able to settle and accumulate in the lee of the island where there is less wave energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of foreland has formed on the west shore of the North Island of New Zealand, in the lee of <a href="/wiki/Kapiti_Island" title="Kapiti Island">Kapiti Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waves refract around Kapiti Island, forming an area of low wave energy where sediment from the Waikanae River is able to settle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is uncertainty whether the cuspate foreland has formed as a result of sediments coming from the north via longshore drift, or whether it has formed as a result of a complex cycle of sediments moving out to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> and then back again.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelee_Island_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pelee_Island_map.png/290px-Pelee_Island_map.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pelee_Island_map.png/435px-Pelee_Island_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pelee_Island_map.png/580px-Pelee_Island_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Point_Pelee" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Pelee">Point Pelee</a> cuspate foreland location</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_along_lakeshores">Formation along lakeshores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation along lakeshores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as forming along coastlines, cuspate forelands can also form along lake shores, although less is known about this type of cuspate foreland. This type of cuspate foreland includes <a href="/wiki/Point_Pelee" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Pelee">Point Pelee</a> along the shoreline of Lake Erie, and those found along the shoreline of Lake Victoria in Australia. There are two theories with regard to the formation of Point Pelee. Firstly, it is thought that Point Pelee has formed from depositional processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it is suggested that Point Pelee is a relic of a past feature that has eroded over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gap in knowledge provides the opportunity for further research. It is likely that Point Pelee is migrating westwards since accretion is occurring on the western side, and erosion is occurring on the eastern side.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake Victoria in Australia also has a number of cuspate forelands. Point Scott is a cuspate foreland along this lakeshore that has formed from the gradual accumulation of sand and gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuspate forelands can be separated into three distinct areas: the central nose or apex, and two marginal wings.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apex usually has ridges that run parallel to the converging shorelines.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuspate forelands can extend up to 5 km from the shoreline, and an underwater shoal may extend much further, up to 15 km from the exposed apex.<sup id="cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located between the mainland and the foreland are often <a href="/wiki/Lagoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoons">lagoons</a> or marshy areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas, such as along the North Carolina coastline, a series of cuspate forelands may form at least 100 km apart.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashton_et_al_2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashton_et_al_2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas that have a large amount of shingle, such as the cuspate foreland at Dungeness, it is also common for a fresh <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> to be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once formed, cuspate forelands can remain where they are and continue to develop as sediment accumulates, or alternatively they may migrate down the coast as one side of the foreland erodes and the other side accretes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuspate Forelands that move are typical of those that are formed on open coastlines.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direction of migration is often indicated by a series of successive beach ridges on the advancing side of the foreland where there is less wave energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of cuspate forelands is commonly explained by longshore drift acting as the main process. However, there have been observed cases where two cuspate forelands on the same shoreline have migrated in opposite directions, showing that longshore drift does not always provide a sufficient explanation for their migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If there is an offshore <a href="/wiki/Sandbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandbank">sandbank</a> present, the position of the cuspate foreland is usually related to its position.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is a change in the position of the sandbank, the position of the cuspate foreland typically follows.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only does the sandbank act like an island since it causes waves to refract around it, but it also provides a source of sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As sand erodes from the sandbank, it is pushed towards the coastline, contributing to the formation of the cuspate foreland as the sandbank migrates along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often occurs in the opposite direction to longshore drift.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of a cuspate foreland that has formed close to an island, it is possible for it to extend right up to the island, forming a <a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">tombolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the physical conditions such as storms, the feature can alternate between a cuspate foreland and a tombolo.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabo_Island" title="Gabo Island">Gabo Island</a> in South Australia is an example of where this occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the formation of the cuspate foreland into its distinctive triangular shape, it will start to be colonised by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a> that are hardy and tough enough to survive in the environment. These pioneer species secure the cuspate foreland and allow a greater amount of sediment to further secure it. Colonization and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">succession</a> of vegetation is dependent on a number of factors. Firstly, if the shingle is too coarse, the amount of fine sediment that can remain between the spaces is reduced, and the likelihood that seeds will germinate and grow upwards is low.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeds will also fail to germinate and grow if there is insufficient retention of fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stable cuspate forelands that are composed of shingle often have vegetation above the high tide line.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As vegetation is established, mites and collembolans break down plant matter such as roots, resulting in the accumulation of organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants also cause the soil to develop and water retention to increase, therefore providing a habitat where more plants can grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetation above the high tide line is common on cuspate forelands that are stable and composed of shingle.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_habitat">Biological habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biological habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuspate forelands provide a habitat for various <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. If a foreland is relatively stable and experiences low wave impact, it may be possible for vegetation to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, 11 taxa of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> are found on shingle habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shingle beaches also provide a habitat for birds to breed, nest, and rest en route while migrating.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_and_management">Impacts and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impacts and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different management issues with regard to cuspate forelands depending on their formation. If a cuspate foreland has formed from deposition, it may be vulnerable if human interference alters the transport of sediments from the shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if the cuspate foreland is a relic of a past feature that has eroded, human interference with longshore sediment movement will not have a significant impact on the cuspate foreland.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a cuspate foreland to be maintained, the input of sediment must be greater than output of sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activities such as coastal development or engineering must be regulated for sediment to continue moving towards the foreland where it can be deposited.<sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development along cuspate forelands is risky due to erosion and the vulnerability to storms and sea level rise.<sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As sea levels rise, cuspate forelands are likely to be at risk as they could move inland.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Point Pelee, approximately 1,900 hectares of former agricultural land on the cuspate foreland is now under water as a result of wind erosion and compaction of organic soils on the foreland.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This foreland is particularly vulnerable to erosion when high lake levels are combined with spring and autumn cyclonic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erosion can also occur as spring storms cause ice to scour the lake bottom at the edge of the foreland.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because there is uncertainty about its formation, there is uncertainty with regard to management, although Parks Canada realises the importance of including Point Pelee National Park in management plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When there is an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> present under a cuspate foreland, regulation of water removal is required. At Dungeness, water restrictions have been put in place to maintain the aquifer level.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The management of coastlines needs to take into account the natural processes that occur on cuspate forelands since many provide a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for birds. Alternative ways of managing coastal erosion is needed, such as the use of ‘soft’ defences instead of high impact defences such as sea walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cuspate forelands naturally do not contain any vegetation due to a high level of disturbance from physical factors such as wave action.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the frequency of storms arising from climate change, the effect on forelands and their associated vegetation needs to be effectively managed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshore transport">Longshore transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Pelee_National_Park" title="Point Pelee National Park">Point Pelee National Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Craig-Smith,_2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig-Smith,_2005_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig-Smith, S. J., Cuspate Forelands. In: M. L. Schwartz, ed. 2005. <i>Encyclopedia of Coastal Science.</i> The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNinch_and_Luettich,_2000_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNinch, J. E., and Luettich, R. A., 2000. Physical processes around a cuspate foreland: implications to the evolution and long-term maintenance of a cape-associated shoal. <i>Continental Shelf Research. </i> 20, pp. 2367–2389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodroffe, C. D., 2002. <i>Coasts: form, process and evolution.</i> UK: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_2008_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird, E., 2008 <i>Coastal geomorphology: an introduction.</i> 2nd ed. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashton_et_al_2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashton_et_al_2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashton_et_al_2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashton, A., et al., 2001. <i>Formation of coastline features by large-scale instabilities induced by high-angle waves.</i> Nature, 414(6861), pp. 296–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_and_FitzGerald,_2004_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, R. A., and FitzGerald, D., 2004. <i>Beaches and Coasts.</i> Blackwell Publishing: Australia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pickrill,_1977-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pickrill,_1977_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickrill,_1977_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickrill, R. A., 1977. Coastal processes, beach morphology, and sediments along the north-east coast of the South Island, New Zealand. <i>New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.</i> 20(1). pp. 1–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205182957/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/bluffs/forms.html">"Puget Sound Shorelines: Shore Forms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/bluffs/forms.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puget+Sound+Shorelines%3A+Shore+Forms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecy.wa.gov%2Fprograms%2Fsea%2Fpugetsound%2Fbluffs%2Fforms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuspate+foreland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright,_1988-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_1988_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, L. W., 1988. The sand country of the ‘Golden Coast’, Wellington, New Zealand. <i>New Zealand Geographer.</i> 44(1). pp. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trenhaile,_2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenhaile,_2000_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trenhaile, A. S., 2000. Point Pelee: a large cuspate foreland on Lake Erie. <i>Canadian Geographer, </i> 44(2), pp. 191–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Department_of_Primary_Industries,_2008_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Primary Industries <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/egregn.nsf/pages/eg_lf_sites_significance_gl15">Point Scott – Raymond Island</a>, <i>Department of Primary Industries, 2008. Accessed 31 March 2011.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall,_2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randall,_2000_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, R. E., 2004. Management of coastal vegetated shingle in the United Kingdom. <i>Journal of Coastal Conservation</i>, 10, pp. 159–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks Canada, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/on/pelee/plan.">Point Pelee National Park of Canada</a>, <i>Parks Canada</i>, 2010. Accessed 8 April 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuspate_foreland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808010632/http://www.theromneymarsh.net/villages/dungeness.htm">Dungeness</a>, Romney Marsh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/on/pelee/index.aspx">Point Pelee National Park</a>, Parks Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dungeness-nnr.co.uk/">Dungeness National Nature Reserve</a>, Romney Marsh Countryside Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/egregn.nsf/pages/eg_lf_sites_significance_gl4Point">Cuspate Forelands at Lakes Entrance</a>, Department of Primary Industries</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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