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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg/270px-Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles" title="Laonikos Chalkokondyles">Laonikos Chalkokondyles</a>) (1424–1511) was a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> Renaissance scholar,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanist and teacher of Greek and Platonic philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argyropoulos_(detail)_Calling_of_the_Apostles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Argyropoulos_%28detail%29_Calling_of_the_Apostles.JPG/180px-Argyropoulos_%28detail%29_Calling_of_the_Apostles.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Argyropoulos_%28detail%29_Calling_of_the_Apostles.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Argyropoulos" title="John Argyropoulos">John Argyropoulos</a> (1415–1487) was a Greek Renaissance scholar who played a prominent role in the revival of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plethon_autograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Plethon_autograph.jpg/150px-Plethon_autograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Plethon_autograph.jpg/225px-Plethon_autograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Plethon_autograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>One of <a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Georgius Gemistus (Plethon)</a>'s manuscripts, in Greek, written in the early 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png/180px-Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png/270px-Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png/360px-Johannes_Bessarion_aport012.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bessarion">Cardinal Bessarion</a> (1395–1472) of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> was a Greek scholar, statesman, and cardinal and one of the leading figures in the rise of the intellectual Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/180px-Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/270px-Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/360px-Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras" title="Manuel Chrysoloras">Manuel Chrysoloras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The migration waves of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greek</a> scholars and émigrés in the period following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">end of the Byzantine Empire</a> in 1453 are considered by many scholars key to the revival of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Greek</a> studies that led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Renaissance" title="Science in the Renaissance">science</a>. These émigrés brought to Western Europe the relatively well-preserved remnants and accumulated knowledge of their own (Greek) civilization, which had mostly not survived the Early Middle Ages in the West. The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> claims: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance,"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although few scholars date the start of the Italian Renaissance this late. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main role of Byzantine scholars within <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> was the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek language</a> to their Western counterparts in universities or privately, together with the spread of ancient texts. Their forerunners were <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Barlaam of Calabria">Barlaam of Calabria</a> (Bernardo Massari) and <a href="/wiki/Leonzio_Pilato" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonzio Pilato">Leonzio Pilato</a>, two translators who were both born in Calabria in southern Italy and educated in the Greek language. The impact of these two scholars on the humanists was indisputable.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1500 there was a Greek-speaking community of about 5,000 in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The Venetians also ruled <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, and scattered islands and port cities of the former empire, the populations of which were augmented by refugees from other Byzantine provinces who preferred Venetian to Ottoman governance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Crete was especially notable for the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>-painting, which after 1453 became the most important in the Greek world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> in the first decades of the 16th century, the flow of information reversed, and Greek scholars in Italy were employed to oppose Turkish expansion into former Byzantine lands in Greece, prevent the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> spreading there and help bring the Eastern Churches back into communion with Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1577, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Greek_College_of_Saint_Athanasius" title="Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius">Collegio Pontificio Greco</a> as a college in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to receive young Greeks belonging to any nation in which the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Rite">Greek Rite</a> was used, and consequently for Greek refugees in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Malchites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The construction of the College and Church of S. Atanasio, joined by a bridge over the <i>Via dei Greci</i>, began that year.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although ideas from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> already enjoyed popularity with the scholars of the 14th century and their importance to the Renaissance was undeniable, the lessons of Greek learning brought by Byzantine intellectuals changed the course of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and the Renaissance itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While Greek learning affected all the subjects of the <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia humanitatis">studia humanitatis</a></i>, history and philosophy in particular were profoundly affected by the texts and ideas brought from <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>. History was changed by the re-discovery and spread of Greek historians' writings, and this knowledge of Greek historical treatises helped the subject of history become a guide to virtuous living based on the study of past events and people. The effects of this renewed knowledge of Greek history can be seen in the writings of humanists on virtue, which was a popular topic. Specifically, these effects are shown in the examples provided from Greek antiquity that displayed virtue as well as vice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The philosophy of not only <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> affected the Renaissance by causing debates over man's place in the universe, the immortality of the soul, and the ability of man to improve himself through virtue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The flourishing of philosophical writings in the 15th century revealed the impact of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a> and science on the Renaissance. The resonance of these changes lasted through the centuries following the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> not only in the writing of humanists, but also in the education and values of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and western society even to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deno Geanakopoulos in his work on the contribution of Byzantine Greek scholars to Renaissance has summarised their input into three major shifts to Renaissance thought: </p> <ul><li>in early 14th century <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> from the early, central emphasis on rhetoric to one on metaphysical philosophy by means of introducing and reinterpretation of the Platonic texts,</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>-<a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> by reducing the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Averroist" class="mw-redirect" title="Averroist">Averroist</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in science and philosophy by supplementing but not completely replacing it with Byzantine traditions which utilised ancient and <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle#Byzantine_commentators" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">Byzantine commentators on Aristotle</a>,</li> <li>and earlier in the mid-15th century in Rome, through emphasis not on any philosophical school but on the production of more authentic and reliable versions of Greek texts relevant to all fields of humanism and science, and with respect to the Greek Fathers of the Church. Hardly less important was their direct or indirect influence on the <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> itself through Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bessarion" title="Bessarion">Bessarion</a>'s inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a>'s biblical emendations of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">vulgate</a> in the light of the Greek text.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholars">Scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negen_portretten_van_Griekse_geleerden_Icones_Graecorvm_doctrina_illvstrivm_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-6846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Negen_portretten_van_Griekse_geleerden_Icones_Graecorvm_doctrina_illvstrivm_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-6846.jpg/220px-Negen_portretten_van_Griekse_geleerden_Icones_Graecorvm_doctrina_illvstrivm_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-6846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Negen_portretten_van_Griekse_geleerden_Icones_Graecorvm_doctrina_illvstrivm_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-6846.jpg/330px-Negen_portretten_van_Griekse_geleerden_Icones_Graecorvm_doctrina_illvstrivm_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-6846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Negen_portretten_van_Griekse_geleerden_Icones_Graecorvm_doctrina_illvstrivm_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-6846.jpg/440px-Negen_portretten_van_Griekse_geleerden_Icones_Graecorvm_doctrina_illvstrivm_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-6846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="6112" /></a><figcaption>Nine portraits of Greek Renaissance scholars; taken from <i>Icones et elogia novem Graecorum doctrina illustrium</i>, Antwerp, 1599.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Allatius" title="Leo Allatius">Leo Allatius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1586</span> – 1669), Rome, librarian of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">library of Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Amiroutzes" title="George Amiroutzes">George Amiroutzes</a> (1400–1470), Florence, Aristotelian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Aristippus" title="Henry Aristippus">Henry Aristippus</a> of Calabria (1105–10 – 1162)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Apostolius" title="Michael Apostolius">Michael Apostolius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1420</span> – after 1474 or 1486), Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenius_Apostolius" title="Arsenius Apostolius">Arsenius Apostolius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1468</span> – 1538), Venice, bishop of Monemvasia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Argyropoulos" title="John Argyropoulos">John Argyropoulos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1415</span> – 1487), Universities of Florence, Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Atumano" title="Simon Atumano">Simon Atumano</a> (14th century), Bishop of Gerace in Calabria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarion" title="Bessarion">Bessarion</a> (1403–1472), Catholic cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara" title="Barlaam of Seminara">Barlaam of Seminara</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1290</span>–1348), he taught <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> some rudiments of Greek language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Calliergi" title="Zacharias Calliergi">Zacharias Calliergi</a> (fl. 1499–1515), Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laonicus_Chalcocondyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Laonicus Chalcocondyles">Laonicus Chalcocondyles</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1430</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1470</span>), historian, Athens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Chalcondyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Chalcondyles">Demetrius Chalcondyles</a> (1423–1511), Padua, Florence, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcocondylis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcocondylis">Theofilos Chalcocondylis</a>, Florence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras" title="Manuel Chrysoloras">Manuel Chrysoloras</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1355</span> – 1415), Florence, Pavia, Rome, Venice, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysoloras" title="John Chrysoloras">John Chrysoloras</a>, scholar and diplomat: relative of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras" title="Manuel Chrysoloras">Manuel Chrysoloras</a>, patron of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Filelfo" title="Francesco Filelfo">Francesco Filelfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_Contoblacas" title="Andronicus Contoblacas">Andronicus Contoblacas</a>, Basel, teacher of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Crastonis" title="Johannes Crastonis">Johannes Crastonis</a> (d. after 1497), Modena, Greek-Latin dictionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_Callistus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus Callistus">Andronicus Callistus</a> (1400 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1476</span>), Rome, Bologna, Florence, Paris, cousin of Theodorus Gaza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Cydones" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Cydones">Demetrius Cydones</a> (1324–1398), <a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a> of the Byzantine Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Devaris" title="Mathew Devaris">Mathew Devaris</a> (fl. 1552–1550), Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducas">Demetrios Ducas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1480</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1527</span>), Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1458</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1493</span>), Venice, Rome, Padua, Jewish philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonios_Eparchos" title="Antonios Eparchos">Antonios Eparchos</a> (1491–1571), Venice, scholar and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ferraris" title="Antonio de Ferraris">Antonio de Ferraris</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1444</span> – 1517), academic, doctor and humanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Gaza" title="Theodorus Gaza">Theodorus Gaza</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1398</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1475</span>), first dean of the University of Ferrara, Naples and Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gemistos_Plethon" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gemistos Plethon">George Gemistos Plethon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1355</span>/1360 – 1452/54), teacher of <a href="/wiki/Bessarion" title="Bessarion">Bessarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Trebizond" title="George of Trebizond">George of Trebizond</a> (1395–1486), Venice, Florence, Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hermonymus" title="George Hermonymus">George Hermonymus</a> (before 1435 – after 1503), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, teacher of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuchlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuchlin">Reuchlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budaeus">Budaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kalafatis_(professor)" title="Georgios Kalafatis (professor)">Georgios Kalafatis</a> (ca. 1652 – ca. 1720), Greek professor of theoretical and practical medicine<sup id="cite_ref-Boehm,_Eric_H._1995_755_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm,_Eric_H._1995_755-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musalus" title="Andreas Musalus">Andreas Musalus</a> (ca. 1665/6 – ca. 1721), Greek professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist<sup id="cite_ref-Accademia_nazionale_dei_Lincei_1977_429_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accademia_nazionale_dei_Lincei_1977_429-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kalliakis" title="Nicholas Kalliakis">Nicholas Kalliakis</a> (Nicolai Calliachius) (1645–1707), a <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> scholar and philosopher who flourished in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathaeos_Kamariotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathaeos Kamariotis">Mathaeos Kamariotis</a> (d. 1490), Constantinople</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Kiev</a> (1385–1463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kigalas" title="Ioannis Kigalas">Ioannis Kigalas</a> (ca. 1622 – 1687), Greek scholar and professor of Philosophy and Logic<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin_1956_209-210_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin_1956_209-210-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kottounios" title="Ioannis Kottounios">Ioannis Kottounios</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1577</span> – 1658), Padua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kallokratos" title="Konstantinos Kallokratos">Konstantinos Kallokratos</a> (b. 1589), Calabria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lascaris" title="Constantine Lascaris">Constantine Lascaris</a> (1434–1501), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Messina" title="University of Messina">University of Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_Lascaris" title="Janus Lascaris">Janus Lascaris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhyndacenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyndacenus">Rhyndacenus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1445</span> – 1535), Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_of_Chios" title="Leonard of Chios">Leonard of Chios</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1395/96</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1458</span>), Greek-born Roman Catholic prelate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Loukanis" title="Nikolaos Loukanis">Nikolaos Loukanis</a> (16th century), Venice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Greek" title="Maximus the Greek">Maximus the Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1475</span> – 1556) studied in Italy before moving to Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_Margunios" title="Maximos Margunios">Maximos Margunios</a> (1549–1602), Venice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Musurus" title="Marcus Musurus">Marcus Musurus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1470</span> – 1517), University of Padua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tarchaniota_Marullus" title="Michael Tarchaniota Marullus">Michael Tarchaniota Marullus</a> (с. 1458 – 1500), Ancona and Florence, friend and pupil of <a href="/wiki/Jovianus_Pontanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovianus Pontanus">Jovianus Pontanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardos_Philaras" title="Leonardos Philaras">Leonardos Philaras</a> (1595–1673), an early advocate for <a href="/wiki/Greek_war_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek war of independence">Greek independence</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_Planudes" title="Maximus Planudes">Maximus Planudes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1260</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1305</span>), Rome, Venice, anthologist, mathematician, grammarian, theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Portus" title="Franciscus Portus">Franciscus Portus</a> (1511–1581), Venice, Ferrara, Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Servopoulos" title="John Servopoulos">John Servopoulos</a> (fl. 1484–1500), scholar, professor, Oxford</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Sophianos" title="Nikolaos Sophianos">Nikolaos Sophianos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> – after 1551), Rome, Venice: scholar and geographer, creator of the <a href="/wiki/Totius_Graeciae_Descriptio" title="Totius Graeciae Descriptio">Totius Graeciae Descriptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Leonicus_Thomaeus" title="Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus">Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus</a> (1456–1531), Venice, Padua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Trivolis" title="Iakovos Trivolis">Iakovos Trivolis</a> (d. 1547), Venice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Tifernas" title="Gregory Tifernas">Gregory Tifernas</a> (1414–1462), Paris, teacher of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaguin" title="Robert Gaguin">Robert Gaguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimos_Vlachos" title="Gerasimos Vlachos">Gerasimos Vlachos</a> (1607–1685), Venice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maurolico" title="Francesco Maurolico">Francesco Maurolico</a> (1494–1575), mathematician and astronomer from Sicily</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_and_music">Painting and music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Painting and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/180px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/270px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/360px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="3668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a> (literally 'the Greek') the nickname for the Cretan painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Basaiti" title="Marco Basaiti">Marco Basaiti</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1470</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1530</span>), painter, Venice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisario_Corenzio" title="Belisario Corenzio">Belisario Corenzio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1558</span>–1643), painter, Napoli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Damaskenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Damaskenos">Michael Damaskenos</a> (1530/35–1592/93), Venice, Cretan painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Klontzas" title="Georgios Klontzas">Georgios Klontzas</a> (1535-1608) Cretan painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flanginis" title="Thomas Flanginis">Thomas Flanginis</a> (1578–1648), Venice, funded the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Flanginian_School" title="Flanginian School">Flanginian Greek school</a> for teachers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a> (1541–1614), the nickname for the Cretan painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Leontaritis" title="Francisco Leontaritis">Francisco Leontaritis</a> (1518 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1572</span>), Italy, Bavaria: singer and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Notaras" title="Anna Notaras">Anna Notaras</a> (d. 1507), Venice, first Greek printing press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_Pitzamanos" title="Angelos Pitzamanos">Angelos Pitzamanos</a> (1467–1535), <a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> painter, Otranto, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_Plousiadenos" title="Janus Plousiadenos">Janus Plousiadenos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1429</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>), Venice, hymnographer and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Poulakis" title="Theodore Poulakis">Theodore Poulakis</a> (1622–1692), Venice, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Tzanes" title="Emmanuel Tzanes">Emmanuel Tzanes</a> (1610–1690), Venice, Cretan painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rhosos" title="John Rhosos">John Rhosos</a> (d. 1498), Rome, Venice well-known scribe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vassilacchi" title="Antonio Vassilacchi">Antonio Vassilacchi</a> (1556–1629), painter from <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a> worked in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="French humanism">French humanism</a>, a movement influenced by Greek scholar working in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek College">Greek College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">List of Byzantine scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeckett,_William_à1834" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, William à (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auniversalbiogr00beckgoog"><i>A universal biography: including scriptural, classical and mythological memoirs, together with accounts of many eminent living characters, Volume 1</i></a>. Mayhew, Isaac and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auniversalbiogr00beckgoog/page/n731">730</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15617538">15617538</a>. <q>CHALCONDYLES (DEMETRIUS), a learned modern Greek, and a native of Athens, came over into Italy about 1447, and after a short abode at Rome</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+universal+biography%3A+including+scriptural%2C+classical+and+mythological+memoirs%2C+together+with+accounts+of+many+eminent+living+characters%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=730&rft.pub=Mayhew%2C+Isaac+and+Co&rft.date=1834&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15617538&rft.au=Beckett%2C+William+%C3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauniversalbiogr00beckgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBèze,_Théodore_deSummers,_Kirk_M.2001" class="citation book cs1">Bèze, Théodore de; Summers, Kirk M. (2001). <i>A view from the Palatine: the Iuvenilia of Théodore de Bèze</i>. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780866982795" title="Special:BookSources/9780866982795"><bdi>9780866982795</bdi></a>. <q>Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423-1511), a Greek refugee who taught Greek at Perugia, Padua, Florence, and Milan. Around 1493 he produced a Greek textbook for beginners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+view+from+the+Palatine%3A+the+Iuvenilia+of+Th%C3%A9odore+de+B%C3%A8ze&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780866982795&rft.au=B%C3%A8ze%2C+Th%C3%A9odore+de&rft.au=Summers%2C+Kirk+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabil,_Albert1991" class="citation book cs1">Rabil, Albert (1991). <i>Knowledge, goodness, and power: the debate over nobility among quattrocento Italian humanists</i>. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-100-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-100-2"><bdi>978-0-86698-100-2</bdi></a>. <q>John Argyropoulos (ca. 1415-87) played a prominent role in the revival of Greek philosophy in Italy. He came to Italy permanently in 1457 and held</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge%2C+goodness%2C+and+power%3A+the+debate+over+nobility+among+quattrocento+Italian+humanists&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Texts+%26+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-86698-100-2&rft.au=Rabil%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunson,_Matthew2004" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (2004). <i>OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history</i>. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59276-026-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59276-026-8"><bdi>978-1-59276-026-8</bdi></a>. <q>BESSARION, JOHN (c. 1395-1472) + Greek scholar, cardinal, and statesman. One of the foremost figures in the rise of the intellectual Renaissance in the</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OSV%27s+encyclopedia+of+Catholic+history&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59276-026-8&rft.au=Bunson%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453">"Fall of Constantinople"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fall+of+Constantinople&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FFall-of-Constantinople-1453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Italian renaissance in its historical background, Denis Hay Cambridge University Press 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Constantoudaki-Kitromilides in <i>From Byzantium to El Greco</i>,p.51-2, Athens 1987, Byzantine Museum of Arts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Meester, "Le Collège Pontifical Grec de Rome", Rome, 1910</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantinople and the West by Deno John Geanakopulos- Italian Renaissance and thought and the role of Byzantine emigres scholars in Florence, Rome and Venice: A reassessment University of Wisconsin Press, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Byzantium to Italy: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance. by N. G. Wilson The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 743-744</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eight philosophers of the Italian Renaissance, Paul Oskar Kristeller, Stanford University Press,1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantinople and the West by Deno John Geanakopulos- Italian Renaissance and thought and the role of Byzantine emigres scholars in Florence, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>: A reassessment University of Wisconsin Press, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boehm,_Eric_H._1995_755-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boehm,_Eric_H._1995_755_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoehm,_Eric_H.1995" class="citation book cs1">Boehm, Eric H. (1995). <i>Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 46, Issues 3-4</i>. American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio. p. 755. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701679973">701679973</a>. <q>Between the 15th and 19th centuries the University of Padua attracted a great number of Greek students who wanted to study medicine. They came not only from Venetian dominions (where the percentage reaches 97% of the students of Italian universities) but also from Turkish-occupied territories of Greece. Several professors of the School of Medicine and Philosophy were Greeks, including Giovanni Cottunio, Niccolo Calliachi, Giorgio Calafatti...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+abstracts%3A+Modern+history+abstracts%2C+1450-1914%2C+Volume+46%2C+Issues+3-4&rft.pages=755&rft.pub=American+Bibliographical+Center+of+ABC-Clio&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701679973&rft.au=Boehm%2C+Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accademia_nazionale_dei_Lincei_1977_429-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Accademia_nazionale_dei_Lincei_1977_429_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19-23 maggio 1975</i>. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4666566">4666566</a>. <q>Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell'arte.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convegno+internazionale+nuove+idee+e+nuova+arte+nell+%27700+italiano%2C+Roma%2C+19-23+maggio+1975&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Accademia+nazionale+dei+Lincei&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4666566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeller,_François-Xavier_de1782" class="citation book cs1">Feller, François-Xavier de (1782). <i>Dictionnaire historique, Volume 2</i>. Mathieu Rieger fils. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/310948713">310948713</a>. <q>CALLIACHI, (Nicolas) grec de Candie, y naquit en 1645. Il profefla les belles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Mathieu+Rieger+fils&rft.date=1782&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F310948713&rft.au=Feller%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin_1956_209-210-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin_1956_209-210_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin._Institut_für_Griechisch-Römische_Altertumskunde,_Deutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_zu_Berlin._Zentralinstitut_für_Alte_Geschichte_und_Archäologie1956" class="citation book cs1">Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie (1956). <i>Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40</i>. Akademie-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">209–</span>210. <q>John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as Doctor of Philosophy and Theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650). From Rome he moved to Venice, where he practised law for a short time, therefore he may have also studied law. – In 1666 he was appointed Professor of Philosophy and Logic at the University of Padova. In 1678 he was appointed Professor to the second chair of Philosophy of the same University and in 1687 (214) to the first. From some time before 1678 he had also been censor of the books published by the S. Ufficio, Venice, which presupposed his Catholic loyalty, actually praised by D' Alviani. His Greek and theological wisdom, his modesty, piety and other humane virtues are praised by Petin, Nicholas Bouboulios and D' Alviani. In 1685 he appears as bestman at the marriage of Antonia daughter of Const. Tzane the Cretan painter to Mario Botza. Some of his epigrams have survived published in books of other scholars. Because of his duties as censor he seems to have lived in Venice from time to time. He died on the 5/11/1687.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berliner+byzantinistische+Arbeiten%2C+Volume+40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.pub=Akademie-Verlag&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Deutsche+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+zu+Berlin.+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Griechisch-R%C3%B6mische+Altertumskunde%2C+Deutsche+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+zu+Berlin.+Zentralinstitut+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte+und+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerry,_Bruce2004" class="citation book cs1">Merry, Bruce (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamode00merr"><i>Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamode00merr/page/n470">442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30813-0"><bdi>978-0-313-30813-0</bdi></a>. <q>Leonardos Filaras (1595–1673) devoted much of his career to coaxing Western European intellectuals to support Greek liberation. Two letters from Milton (1608–1674) attest Filaras's ptriiotic crusade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+modern+Greek+literature&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30813-0&rft.au=Merry%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediamode00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChatzidakis" class="citation web cs1">Chatzidakis, Nano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eikastikon.gr/kritikesparousiaseis/velimezi_en.html">"The character of the Velimezis Collection"</a>. <i>Eikastikon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828050327/http://www.eikastikon.gr/kritikesparousiaseis/velimezi_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on Aug 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eikastikon&rft.atitle=The+character+of+the+Velimezis+Collection&rft.aulast=Chatzidakis&rft.aufirst=Nano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eikastikon.gr%2Fkritikesparousiaseis%2Fvelimezi_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+scholars+in+the+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deno J. Geanakoplos, <i>Byzantine East and Latin West: Two worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and renaissance</i>. The Academy Library Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1966.</li> <li>Deno J. Geanakoplos, (1958) <i>A Byzantine looks at the renaissance</i>, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 1 (2);pp:157-62.</li> <li>Jonathan Harris, <i>Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400-1520</i>, Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, 1995.</li> <li>Louise Ropes Loomis (1908) <i>The Greek Renaissance in Italy</i> The American Historical Review, 13(2);pp:246-258.</li> <li>John Monfasani <i>Byzantine Scholars in Renaissance Italy: Cardinal Bessarion and Other Émigrés</i>: Selected Essays, Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum, 1995.</li> <li>Steven Runciman, <i>The fall of Constantinople, 1453</i>. Cambridge University press, Cambridge 1965.</li> <li>Fotis Vassileiou & Barbara Saribalidou, <i>Short Biographical Lexicon of Byzantine Academics Immigrants to Western Europe</i>, 2007.</li> <li>Dimitri Tselos (1956) <i>A Greco-Italian School of Illuminators and Fresco Painters: Its Relation to the Principal Reims</i></li> <li>Nigel G. Wilson. <i>From Byzantium to Italy: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance.</i> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greece2001.gr/docs/1-66.pdf">Greece: Books and Writers.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040515043300/http://130.238.50.3/ilmh/Ren/hum-reeve-greek.htm">Michael D. Reeve, "On the role of Greek in Renaissance scholarship.'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html">Jonathan Harris, 'Byzantines in Renaissance Italy'.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831071900/https://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html">Archived</a> 2018-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/gennadius_wordfathers.asp">Bilingual (Greek original / English) excerpts from Gennadios Scholarios' Epistle to Orators.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530074819/http://www.duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/46/Botley.pdf">Paul Botley, Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh116.html">Richard C. Jebb 'Christian Renaissance'.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.nd.edu/byzantine_studies/documents/krumbacher.pdf">Karl Krumbacher: 'The History of Byzantine Literature: from Justinian to the end of the Eastern Roman Empire (527-1453)'.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724081906/http://www.venice-sights.co.uk/san-giorgio-dei-greci.htm">San Giorgio dei Greci and the Greek community of Venice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istitutoellenico.org/">Istituto Ellenico di Studi Byzantini and Postbyzantini di Venezia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115025931/http://www.istitutoellenico.org/">Archived</a> 2017-11-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_navbox" title="Template:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_navbox" title="Template talk:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance" title="Category:Renaissance">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Outline of the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_studies" title="Renaissance studies">Renaissance studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Renaissance" title="Brick Renaissance">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes" title="History of Italian Renaissance domes">Italian domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism_(Spanish_architecture)" title="Purism (Spanish architecture)">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Renaissance" title="Science in the Renaissance">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#Italian_Commedia_dell'arte_and_Renaissance" title="History of theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#The_Renaissance_by_region" title="Outline of the Renaissance">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art_in_Bergamo_and_Brescia" title="Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia">Bergamo and Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Ferrara" title="Renaissance in Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Renaissance_art" title="Florentine Renaissance art">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Lombardy" title="Renaissance in Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Renaissance" title="Roman Renaissance">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Renaissance" title="Sicilian Renaissance">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Urbino" title="Renaissance in Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance" title="Venetian Renaissance">Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Renaissance" title="Saxon Renaissance">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" title="Weser Renaissance">Weser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iberian peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#Renaissance_lists" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_figures" title="List of Renaissance figures">Figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_humanists" title="List of Renaissance humanists">Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_structures" title="List of Renaissance structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger" title="Cloak and dagger">Cloak and dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_renaissances" title="Medieval renaissances">Medieval renaissances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">12th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_reenactment" title="Renaissance reenactment">Reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_modern_Europe170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_Modern_Europe" title="Template:Early Modern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_Modern_Europe" title="Template talk:Early Modern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_Modern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early Modern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_modern_Europe170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">International relations (1648–1814)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li>Technological:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing#Impact_of_German_movable_type_printing_press" title="Printing">Printing Revolution</a></li> <li>Intellectual:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_of_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalism of Early Modern Europe">Journalism of Early Modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_General_Crisis" title="The General Crisis">The General Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Economic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Union" title="Protestant Union">Protestant Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_wars" title="Cabinet wars">Cabinet wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">French–Habsburg rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Nijmegen" title="Treaties of Nijmegen">Treaties of Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">History of European Jews in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic <br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Philosophy:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Renaissance" title="Science in the Renaissance">Science in the Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)</a></i></li> <li><u> Authors</u>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Palmieri" title="Matteo Palmieri">Matteo Palmieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a></li> <li>Painting: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">End of period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&oldid=1278501250">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance&oldid=1278501250</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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