CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Swedish Empire - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9c433adf-5752-4d5b-8d15-f9e5d20a32fd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Swedish_Empire","wgTitle":"Swedish Empire","wgCurRevisionId":1257038857,"wgRevisionId":1257038857,"wgArticleId":21173183,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2024","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from December 2019","Articles containing Finnish-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2023","Swedish Empire","Early modern history of Sweden","Finland under Swedish rule","17th century in Sweden","18th century in Sweden","History of Sweden by period"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Swedish_Empire", "wgRelevantArticleId":21173183,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q215443","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/1200px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/800px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/640px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Swedish Empire - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Swedish_Empire rootpage-Swedish_Empire skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swedish+Empire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swedish+Empire" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Swedish+Empire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Swedish+Empire" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_as_a_great_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_as_a_great_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergence as a great power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_as_a_great_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Westphalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Westphalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Peace of Westphalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Westphalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Domestic consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Oliva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Oliva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Peace of Oliva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Oliva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Danish defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scanian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scanian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Scanian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scanian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_XI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_XI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Charles XI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_XI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_XII_and_the_Great_Northern_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_XII_and_the_Great_Northern_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Charles XII and the Great Northern War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_XII_and_the_Great_Northern_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dominions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_the_Swedish_monarchs_during_the_imperial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_the_Swedish_monarchs_during_the_imperial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery of the Swedish monarchs during the imperial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_the_Swedish_monarchs_during_the_imperial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swedish Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية السويدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية السويدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_suecu" title="Imperiu suecu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu suecu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="İsveç imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveç imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABi-ti%C3%A1n_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Sūi-tián Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sūi-tián Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Шведская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шведская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шведска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шведска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Sveden" title="Impalaeriezh Sveden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Sveden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Suec" title="Imperi Suec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Suec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Švédská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švédská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_svenske_stormagtstid" title="Den svenske stormagtstid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den svenske stormagtstid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedisches_Reich" title="Schwedisches Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwedisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootsi_suurv%C3%B5imu_ajastu" title="Rootsi suurvõimu ajastu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rootsi suurvõimu ajastu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σουηδική Αυτοκρατορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουηδική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_sueco" title="Imperio sueco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio sueco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveda_Imperio" title="Sveda Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sveda Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediar_Inperioa" title="Suediar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suediar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF" title="امپراتوری سوئد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری سوئد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_su%C3%A9dois" title="Empire suédois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire suédois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Sueco" title="Imperio Sueco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Sueco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EB%8D%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="스웨덴 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스웨덴 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շվեդական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեդական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedsko_Carstvo" title="Švedsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Švedsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Swedia" title="Imperium Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rveldist%C3%ADmi_Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0ar" title="Stórveldistími Svíþjóðar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórveldistími Svíþjóðar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_svedese" title="Impero svedese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero svedese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedijos_imperija" title="Švedijos imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švedijos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="स्वीडिश साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वीडिश साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Sweden" title="Empayar Sweden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Sweden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Zweden_(1523-1814)" title="Koninkrijk Zweden (1523-1814) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Zweden (1523-1814)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="バルト帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルト帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormaktstiden" title="Stormaktstiden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stormaktstiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_svenske_imperiet" title="Det svenske imperiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det svenske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsiya_imperiyasi" title="Shvetsiya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shvetsiya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Sueco" title="Império Sueco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Sueco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Suedez" title="Imperiul Suedez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Suedez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Шведское великодержавие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шведское великодержавие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Suedeze" title="Perandoria Suedeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Suedeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swedish Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dske_imp%C3%A9rium" title="Švédske impérium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Švédske impérium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Шведско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шведско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruotsin_suurvalta-aika" title="Ruotsin suurvalta-aika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruotsin suurvalta-aika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormaktstiden" title="Stormaktstiden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stormaktstiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิสวีเดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิสวีเดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="İsveç İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsveç İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Шведська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шведська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سویڈش سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سویڈش سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_svedeze" title="Inpero svedeze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero svedeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n" title="Đế quốc Thụy Điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Thụy Điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="瑞典帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞典帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Swedish_Empire" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Swedish_Empire" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Swedish_Empire" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&oldid=1257038857" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Swedish_Empire&id=1257038857&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwedish_Empire"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSwedish_Empire"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Swedish_Empire&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Swedish_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215443" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical period in the history of Sweden (1611–1721)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Sweden's colonial empire, see <a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish overseas colonies</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Sweden</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Konungariket Sverige</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1611–1721</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sweden"><img alt="Flag of Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/125px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/188px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/250px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">State flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal coat of arms of Sweden"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg/85px-COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg/128px-COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg/170px-COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Royal coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/250px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/375px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/500px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> (1680–1719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> (1611–1680; 1719-1721)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King/Queen</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1611–1632 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1632–1654 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1654–1660 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav" title="Charles X Gustav">Charles X Gustav</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1660–1697 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1697–1718 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1718–1720 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1720–1721 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Gustavus Adolphus ascends the throne </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1611</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1634)" title="Instrument of Government (1634)">Beginning of constitutional monarchy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1634</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Queen Ulrika Eleonora abdicated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1720</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1720)" title="Instrument of Government (1720)">Reconstituted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 May 1720</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 September 1721</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_riksdaler" title="Swedish riksdaler">Riksdaler</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">History of Sweden (1523–1611)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sweden" title="Category:History of Sweden">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of <span class="fn org label">Sweden</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/80px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/120px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/160px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistory</a> (12000 BC–800 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (800–1050)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)#Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">Middle Ages</a> (1050–1397)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> (1397–1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Early Vasa era</a> (1521–1611)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Great Power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">Emerging Great Power</a> (1611–1648)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swedish Empire</a> (1648–1718)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Enlightenment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a> (1718–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Age of Absolutism</a> (1772–1809)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liberalization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809)" title="Instrument of Government (1809)">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden_in_Union_with_Norway" title="Sweden in Union with Norway">Union</a> (1809–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">United Kingdoms</a> (1814–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century" title="Sweden during the late 19th century">Industrialization</a> (1866–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sweden_(1918%E2%80%931939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Sweden (1918–1939) (page does not exist)">Interwar period</a> (1918–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Sweden (1945–1967)">Postwar period</a> (1945–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)" title="History of Sweden (1967–1991)">Second half of Cold War</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">Post-Cold War</a> (1991–present)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">History of the Jews in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sweden" title="LGBT history in Sweden">LGBT history in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Sweden" title="Military history of Sweden">Military history of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden" title="Economic history of Sweden">Economic history of Sweden</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swedish_history" title="Timeline of Swedish history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sweden" title="Template:History of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:History of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Swedish Empire</b> or the <b>Age of Greatness</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">stormaktstiden</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Frost133343_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost133343-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the period in Swedish history spanning much of the 17th and early 18th centuries during which <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> became a European <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> that exercised territorial control over much of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>. During this period it also held territories on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">overseas colonies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a>. The beginning of the period is usually taken as the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost133343_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost133343-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, the empire was controlled for lengthy periods by part of the high <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">nobility</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxenstierna" title="Oxenstierna">Oxenstierna</a> family, acting as regents for minor monarchs. The interests of the high nobility contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Uniformity_policy" title="Uniformity policy">uniformity policy</a> (i.e., upholding the traditional equality in status of the Swedish estates favoured by the kings and peasantry). In territories acquired during the periods of <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> noble rule, <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> was not abolished, and there was also a trend to set up respective estates in <a href="/wiki/Sweden_proper" title="Sweden proper">Sweden proper</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Reduction_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reduction (Sweden)">Great Reduction</a> of 1680 put an end to these efforts of the nobility and required them to return estates once gained from the crown to the king. Serfdom, however, remained in force in the dominions acquired in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Swedish Estonia</a>, where a consequent application of the uniformity policy was hindered by the treaties by which they were gained. </p><p>After its victories in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> Sweden was granted territories in northern Germany. Sweden reached the height of its power during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>, when its primary adversary, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, was neutralized by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a> in 1658. Denmark–Norway was forced to give up a third of its territory to save the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a> would see initial Swedish victories in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Travendal" title="Peace of Travendal">Peace of Travendal</a> (1700) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Altranst%C3%A4dt_(1706)" title="Treaty of Altranstädt (1706)">Treaty of Altranstädt (1706)</a>, he would go on to lead a campaign in Russia that would end in a staggering defeat for the Swedes. The Russian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> put an end to Sweden's eastbound expansion, and by the time of Charles XII's death in 1718 the Empire had been severely diminished both territorially and militarily. The last traces of occupied continental territory vanished during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hamina">Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809</a>, marking the end of Sweden’s period as a great power. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_as_a_great_power">Emergence as a great power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence as a great power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (1611–48)">History of Sweden (1611–48)</a></div> <p>Sweden emerged as a great European <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">power</a> under <a href="/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Axel Oxenstierna</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a>. As a result of acquiring territories seized from Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, as well as its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, Sweden found itself transformed into the leader of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestantism</a>. </p><p>During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden managed to conquer approximately half of the member states of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The fortunes of war would shift back and forth several times. After its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen (1634)</a>, confidence in Sweden among the Swedish-controlled German states was damaged, and several of the provinces refused further Swedish military support, leaving Sweden with only a couple of northern German provinces. After France intervened on the same side as Sweden, fortunes shifted again. As the war continued, the civilian and military death toll grew, and when it was over, it had led to severe depopulation in the German states. Although exact population estimates do not exist, historians estimate that the population of the Holy Roman Empire fell by one-third as a result of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweden founded <a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">overseas colonies</a>, principally in the New World. <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> was founded in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> in 1638, and Sweden later laid claim to a number of Caribbean islands. A <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Gold_Coast" title="Swedish Gold Coast">string of Swedish forts and trading posts</a> was constructed along the coast of West Africa as well, but these were not designed for Swedish settlers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_of_Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peace of Westphalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17th_century_Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden_on_L%C3%BCtzen_Town_Hall_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/17th_century_Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden_on_L%C3%BCtzen_Town_Hall_2015.jpg/220px-17th_century_Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden_on_L%C3%BCtzen_Town_Hall_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/17th_century_Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden_on_L%C3%BCtzen_Town_Hall_2015.jpg/330px-17th_century_Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden_on_L%C3%BCtzen_Town_Hall_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/17th_century_Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden_on_L%C3%BCtzen_Town_Hall_2015.jpg/440px-17th_century_Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden_on_L%C3%BCtzen_Town_Hall_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Sweden's coat of arms (with erroneous <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">tinctures</a>) on the wall of the Town Hall of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzen" title="Lützen">Lützen</a> in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648 granted Sweden territories as <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>. Sweden demanded <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (which had been in its possession since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Treaty of Stettin (1630)</a>, and a war indemnity of 20,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Riksdaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksdaler">Riksdaler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Oxenstierna" title="Johan Oxenstierna">Johan Oxenstierna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Adler_Salvius" title="Johan Adler Salvius">Johan Adler Salvius</a> it obtained: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, the Swedish share of the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Treaty of Stettin (1653)</a>, consisting of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>, with the islands of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usedom" title="Usedom">Usedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wollin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollin">Wollin</a>, as well as the towns of <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>;</li> <li>a strip of <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> on the right side of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, including the towns of <a href="/wiki/D%C4%85bie,_Szczecin" title="Dąbie, Szczecin">Damm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gollnow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollnow">Gollnow</a>, with the right of succession to the rest of Farther Pomerania in the case of the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollerns</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>the town of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wismar" title="Swedish Wismar">Wismar</a>, with the districts of Pod and <a href="/wiki/Neukloster" title="Neukloster">Neukloster</a>;</li> <li>the secularized bishoprics of <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a>, with the town of <a href="/wiki/Wildeshausen" title="Wildeshausen">Wildeshausen</a>; and</li> <li>5,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Riksdaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksdaler">Riksdaler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These German possessions were to be held as <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">fiefs</a> of the Holy Roman Empire. This allowed Sweden a vote in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> and enabled it to "direct" the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">Lower Saxon Circle</a> alternately with <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. France and Sweden, moreover, became <a href="/wiki/Guarantor_of_the_imperial_constitution" title="Guarantor of the imperial constitution">joint guarantors of the treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor</a> and were entrusted with carrying out its provisions, as enacted by the executive congress of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the peaces of <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Br%C3%B6msebro_(1645)" title="Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)">Brömsebro</a> and Westphalia, Sweden was the third-largest area of control in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent during this time under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a> (1654–1660) after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a> in 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-HayesPSH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HayesPSH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_consolidation">Domestic consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domestic consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the moment, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> held a tenuous position of leadership. Careful statesmanship might mean permanent dominion on the Baltic shore, but left little room for mistakes. The extravagance of Gustavus Adolphus's two immediate successors, <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina of Sweden">Christina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a>, caused great difficulties for the new empire. Christina's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest before her abdication. The Swedish people feared that the external, artificial greatness of their country might be purchased with the loss of their civil and political liberties. The Swedish people looked to a new king to address the problem of too much power vested in the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles X Gustav was a strong arbiter between the people and the nobility. Primarily a soldier, he directed his ambition towards military glory; but he was also an unusually sharp-sighted politician. While placing great emphasis on military strength, he also understood that domestic unity was necessary for a powerful foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most pressing domestic question was the <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (Sweden)">reduction</a>, or restitution of alienated crown lands. At the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> of 1655, the king proposed that noble holders of crown property should either: 1) pay an annual sum of 200,000 Riksdaler out of the lands they would receive, or 2) surrender a fourth of the property itself, worth approximately 800,000 Riksdaler. The nobility wished to avoid taxation and stipulated that 6 November 1632, the day of Gustavus Adolphus's death, should be the limit to which retrospective taxes could be collected, and that there should be no further restitution of alienated crown property. Against this, the over-taxed lower estates protested, and the Diet had to be suspended. The king intervened, not to quell the commons, as the senate insisted, but to compel the nobility to give way. He proposed a special committee to investigate the matter before the meeting of the next Riksdag and that a proportional contribution should be levied on all classes in the meantime. Both groups accepted this arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles X Gustav had done his best to recover from the financial extravagance of Christina. However, his own desire for military glory may have caused problems for his country. In three days, he persuaded the Swedish estates of the potential of his attack on the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. However, when he left Stockholm for <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> on 10 July 1654, he gained more personal glory than advantage for his country. The <a href="/wiki/Polish-Swedish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Swedish War">Polish-Swedish War</a> expanded into a general European war. He achieved passage over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Belt" title="Great Belt">Belts</a> and emerged triumphant, only to die of sheer exhaustion. Immediately after his death, a regency was appointed to govern Sweden during the minority of his only son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a>, who was four years old. The regency council moved quickly to end the war with Sweden's numerous enemies, which now included the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Electorate of Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203–204_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203–204-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_of_Oliva">Peace of Oliva</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peace of Oliva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_Triumph_of_Charles_X_Gustavus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anonymous_Triumph_of_Charles_X_Gustavus.jpg/220px-Anonymous_Triumph_of_Charles_X_Gustavus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anonymous_Triumph_of_Charles_X_Gustavus.jpg/330px-Anonymous_Triumph_of_Charles_X_Gustavus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anonymous_Triumph_of_Charles_X_Gustavus.jpg/440px-Anonymous_Triumph_of_Charles_X_Gustavus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">King Charles X Gustav</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, 1655</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Oliva" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Oliva">Peace of Oliva</a> on 3 May 1660, put an end to the long feud with <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">French</a> mediation of this treaty also ended the quarrel between Sweden, the Holy Roman emperor and the elector of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. This treaty confirmed both Sweden's possession of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia_(1629%E2%80%931721)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)">Livonia</a> and the elector of Brandenburg's sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Prussia</a>; and the king of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> renounced to all claims to the Swedish crown. The treaty compelled <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> to reopen direct negotiations with Sweden. Eventually, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Copenhagen_(1660)" title="Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)">Treaty of Copenhagen</a> on 27 May 1660, Sweden kept the three formerly Danish <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5neland" title="Skåneland">Scanian provinces</a> and the formerly Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a> province, which Denmark-Norway had surrendered by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a> two years previously; but Sweden had to relinquish the Norwegian province of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> and the Danish island of <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>, which had been surrendered at Roskilde. Denmark–Norway was also compelled to recognize the independence of the dukes of <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorp</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%931658)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)">Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)</a> was terminated by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cardis" title="Treaty of Cardis">Treaty of Cardis</a> on 2 July 1661, through which the <a href="/wiki/Alexis_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexis I of Russia">Tsar</a> surrendered the Baltic provinces to Sweden — <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ingria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ingria">Ingria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kexholm" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Kexholm">Kexholm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, Sweden emerged from the war not only a military power, but also one of the largest states of Europe, possessing more than twice as much territory as modern Sweden. The land area of Sweden was 1,100,000 km<sup>2</sup>. While modern Sweden is bounded by the Baltic, during the 17th century the Baltic formed a bond between various widely dispersed <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominions</a>. All the islands in the Baltic, except the Danish group, belonged to Sweden. The estuaries of all the great <a href="/wiki/German_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="German rivers">German rivers</a> lay within Swedish territory, which also included two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a> and one-half of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, the capital, lay in the very centre of the empire, whose second greatest city was <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, on the other side of the sea. This empire contained about a quarter of the population of modern Sweden, at only 2,500,000 people, or about 2.3 people per square kilometer. However, Sweden's expansion had been possible partly due to turmoil and weakness in countries in its vicinity, and when they became more stable, they began to look for chances to regain what was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish_defeat">Danish defeat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Danish defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_X_Gustavus_(S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19702.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/King_Charles_X_Gustavus_%28S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19702.tif/lossy-page1-170px-King_Charles_X_Gustavus_%28S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19702.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/King_Charles_X_Gustavus_%28S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19702.tif/lossy-page1-255px-King_Charles_X_Gustavus_%28S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19702.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/King_Charles_X_Gustavus_%28S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19702.tif/lossy-page1-340px-King_Charles_X_Gustavus_%28S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19702.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">King Charles X Gustav</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden had now won considerable political influence, which was lessened by the loss of moral prestige. On <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a>'s accession in 1655, Sweden's neighbours may have become allies; however, territorial loss combined with the loss of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious liberty</a> lessened their ties to Sweden. At Charles X Gustav's death, five years later, Sweden had not only damaged its newly claimed territories but also had become hated by the surrounding states for its lack of defence of Protestantism. Charles X Gustav's attempt to gain the favour of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> by dividing Poland not only reversed his original policy, but also created a new southern rival almost as dangerous as <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1660, after five years of warfare, Sweden had obtained peace and the opportunity to organize and develop the new vast realm. The fifteen-year regency that followed Charles X Gustav was unable to manoeuvre through the situation it faced. The administration was internally divided and hindered by the lack of unity and talent among its statesmen. The two major rivals were the military-aristocratic party headed by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_de_la_Gardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus de la Gardie">Magnus de la Gardie</a> and the party of peace and economy led by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gyllenstierna" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Gyllenstierna">Johan Gyllenstierna</a>. The aristocratic group prevailed and brought with it a decline of morality which made it notorious to its neighbours. The administration was noted for sloth and carelessness leading to a general neglect of business. Additionally, government corruption led Sweden to be hired by foreign powers. This "subsidy policy" dates from the Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1661, through which Sweden, in exchange for a considerable sum of money, supported the French candidate for the Polish throne. Sweden was torn between <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> and his adversaries in plans to control the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. The anti-French faction prevailed; and in April 1668, Sweden acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1668)" title="Triple Alliance (1668)">Triple Alliance</a>, which ended the French acquisitions through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>. For the next four years, Sweden remained true to the Triple Alliance; but, in 1672, Louis XIV succeeded in isolating the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and regaining Sweden as an ally. By the Treaty of Stockholm on 14 April 1672, Sweden entered an agreement with the French to protect its sphere of interest containing the Dutch Republic from hostile German claims in return for 400,000 Riksdaler per annum in peace and 600,000 in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scanian_War">Scanian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scanian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a></div> <p>In 1674, Louis XIV called upon Sweden to invade the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Electorate of Brandenburg</a>. In May 1675, a Swedish army advanced into the Mark but was defeated on 18 June at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin" title="Battle of Fehrbellin">Fehrbellin</a> and retreated to Swedish <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a>. The Fehrbellin affair was a mere <a href="/wiki/Skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish">skirmish</a>, with actual casualties numbering fewer than 600 men, but it made Sweden appear vulnerable and enabled neighbouring countries to attack in the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, the empire began to crumble. In 1675, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Bremen">Duchy of Bremen</a> were taken by the Brandenburgers, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrians</a>, and Danes. In December 1677, the elector of Brandenburg captured <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> fell on 15 October 1678. <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, Sweden's last possession on the continent, was lost on 5 November. A defensive alliance with <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="John III of Poland">John III of Poland</a> was rendered inoperative on 4 August 1677, by the annihilation of Sweden's sea-power; the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96land" title="Battle of Öland">Battle of Öland</a>, 17 June 1676; the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehmarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fehmarn">Battle of Fehmarn</a>, June 1677, and most notable on 1–2 July the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B8ge_Bay_(1677)" title="Battle of Køge Bay (1677)">Battle of Køge Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulties concerning the Polish king continued. The Scanian provinces (Scania, <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a> and Blegind/<a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>), once eastern Denmark, became the centre of intense fighting between Swedes and Danes, with a large scale confrontation between the main armies near Lund in December 1676. After that, Scania was divided into Danish and Swedish enclaves centering around the main cities for the rest of the war. The remaining territories in Scania were mainly a no man's land where a fierce "little war" took place, with Swedish troops on the one side and Danish official and semi-official troops (freeshooters etc.) in conjunction with armed locals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Through homeland military successes of the young Swedish king and the diplomatic activity of Louis XIV, a peace congress began sessions at <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> in March 1677. In the beginning of April 1678, the French king dictated the terms of a peace. One of his chief conditions was the complete restitution of Sweden, as he needed a strong Swedish ally. However, Charles XI refused to go along with ceding territories to its enemies, which led the French king to negotiate on behalf of Sweden without its consent. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Nijmegen" title="Treaties of Nijmegen">Treaties of Nijmegen</a> on 7 February and of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">St. Germain</a> on 29 June 1679, Sweden received almost full restitution of its German territory. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1679)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> confirmed by the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lund" title="Peace of Lund">Peace of Lund</a> on 2 September, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> was to return all the land it had captured to Sweden on 4 October 1679. While Sweden could never have gained these concessions alone, Charles XI formed a personal dislike of the French king and developed a strong anti-French bias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204–205_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204–205-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_XI">Charles XI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Charles XI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a></div> <p>The remainder of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a> is remarkable for a revolution, in which the government of Sweden was transformed to a semi-absolute monarchy. The king emerged from the war convinced that if Sweden were to retain its position as a great power, it needed to reform its whole economic system radically and circumscribe the power of the aristocracy. Charles XI felt that he could do it now that he had allies in the lower orders to support him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag</a> of Stockholm, October 1680, began a new era of Swedish history. On the motion of the Estate of Peasants, the question of the recovery of the alienated crown lands was brought before the Riksdag, and a resolution of the Diet directed that all <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">countships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">baronies</a>, domains, <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a> and other estates producing an annual rent of more than a certain amount per annum should revert to the Crown. The same Riksdag decided that the king was not bound by any particular <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">constitution</a>, but only by law and statutes, and not even obligated to consult the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Privy Council</a>, but was to be regarded as a sovereign lord. The Privy Council changed its official title from <a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a> (council of state) to kungligt råd (royal council); a visible sign that the councilors were no longer the king's colleagues, but rather his servants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg/220px-Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg/330px-Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg/440px-Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>King Charles XI</figcaption></figure> <p>Thus, Sweden had become an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> but enacted the right of the Swedish people, in <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">parliament</a>, to be consulted on all important matters. The Riksdag, completely overshadowed by the Crown, did little more than register the royal decrees during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a>; but it continued to exist as an essential part of the government. Moreover, this transfer of authority was a voluntary act. The people, knowing the king to be their ally, trusted and cooperated with him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Riksdag of 1682 declared that the king was empowered to bestow <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> and take them back again, making the king the disposer of his subjects' temporal property. Presently, this new principle of <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> was extended to the king's legislative authority, when on 9 December 1682, all four estates not only confirmed that the king held the legislative powers enjoyed by his predecessors, but even gave him the right of interpreting and amending the common law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recovery of the alienated crown lands occupied Charles XI for the rest of his life. He created a commission, which was ultimately converted into a permanent department of state. It acted on the principle that the titles of all private landed estates might be called in question, because at some time or other they must have belonged to the Crown, and the burden of proof of ownership lay with the actual owner of the property, not the Crown. The amount of revenue accruing to the Crown from the whole "Reduktion" is impossible to estimate; but by these means, combined with careful management and rigid economy, Charles XI reduced the national debt by three quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles XI re-established on a broader basis the reorganization of the "indelningsverk" — a system of military tenure in which national forces were bound to the soil. This tied to the "rust hail tenure", under which the tenants, instead of paying rent, were obliged to equip and maintain a cavalry soldier and horse; while the knekthållare supplied duly equipped foot soldiers. Soldiers were provided with holdings on which they lived in times of peace. Formerly, ordinary conscription had existed alongside this indelning, or distribution system, but it had proved inadequate as well as highly unpopular, and in 1682, Charles XI ended it in favor of an extended distribution system. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Royal Navy">Swedish Royal Navy</a> was entirely remodeled; and, the recent war having demonstrated the unsuitability of <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> as a naval station, the construction of a new arsenal was begun at <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a>. After seventeen years of financial difficulties, the twofold enterprise was completed. At the death of Charles XI, Sweden could boast of a fleet of forty-three three-deckers, manned by 11,000 men and armed with 2,648 guns, and one of the finest arsenals in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_XII_and_the_Great_Northern_War">Charles XII and the Great Northern War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charles XII and the Great Northern War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XII_1706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karl_XII_1706.jpg/220px-Karl_XII_1706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karl_XII_1706.jpg/330px-Karl_XII_1706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karl_XII_1706.jpg/440px-Karl_XII_1706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Charles XI's death, the throne was inherited by his underage son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a>. After a brief regency, he was declared to be of age to rule. Three years later, in 1700, Denmark–Norway, Poland and Russia, the countries that had lost the most territory to Sweden, jointly declared war. Denmark–Norway was soon forced to peace after a joint intervention of Swedish, English and Dutch armies, whereafter the King and much of the Swedish army was shipped to the Baltic provinces, where Russian and Polish armies were laying siege to several towns. The Russian army was soundly defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a>, after which Charles took the army into Poland with the intent of dethroning the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus II of Poland">Augustus II</a>. This took several years, but in 1706, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Altranst%C3%A4dt_(1706)" title="Treaty of Altranstädt (1706)">Treaty of Altranstädt</a>, he reached his goal. </p><p>In the meantime, Russia had managed to take possession of several towns by the Baltic Sea. Instead of trying to retake these, Charles chose to march directly on Moscow, but due to extreme weather, difficulties with his <a href="/wiki/Supply_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply line">supply lines</a> and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> strategy, he was forced to turn towards <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. In 1709, the Swedish army was defeated and captured in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a>; Charles managed to escape south to <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Following the defeat at Poltava, Poland and Denmark re-entered the war, along with other countries wanting parts of the Swedish provinces. In the following years, most of them would fall, and Russia <a href="/wiki/Greater_Wrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Wrath">occupied the eastern half of Sweden</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>). </p><p>Despite these setbacks, Charles XII twice tried to invade Norway to force Denmark-Norway out of the war again. On 30 November 1718, King Charles XII was mortally wounded during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fredriksten" title="Siege of Fredriksten">siege of Fredriksten</a> Fortress in Fredrikshald, today's <a href="/wiki/Halden" title="Halden">Halden</a>. With his death, Swedish war efforts mostly came to a halt, although Russia continued to harass the civilian population of the Swedish coastal areas until the concluding <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> was finally signed in 1721. Sweden would remain a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> of varying success until the 19th century, but the Great Northern War put an end to Sweden's time as a great power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominions">Dominions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dominions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">Dominions of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweden_1658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sweden_1658.jpg/220px-Sweden_1658.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sweden_1658.jpg/330px-Sweden_1658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sweden_1658.jpg/440px-Sweden_1658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>1923 map showing Swedish possessions acquired between 1524 and 1658. Years in parentheses show when possession was lost.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of eighteen years of war, Sweden gained small and scattered possessions, but had secured control of three principal rivers in northern Germany—the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>—and gained toll-collection rights for those important commercial arteries, benefitting the Swedish economy. Two principal reasons for the small reparations were <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s envy and Queen <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina of Sweden">Christina</a>'s impatience. As a result of Sweden's intervention, Sweden helped secure religious liberty in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> for Protestants, becoming a leading power of Continental <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> for 90 years. The elevation of Sweden to the rank of an imperial power required that it remain a military monarchy, armed for possible emergency. Sweden's poverty and sparse population meant the country was ill-suited for imperial status. However, in the middle of the 17th century, with France as a firm ally, the incompatibility between its powers and its pretensions was not so obvious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_history">Military history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Swedish_Empire" title="Military of the Swedish Empire">Military of the Swedish Empire</a></div> <p>A major reason why Sweden could be so successful in wars with such a scarce number of soldiers was its advanced military tactics. Sweden was able to reform its military tactics continuously throughout the period. Prior to Gustavus Adolphus's reforms, both his father, Charles IX, and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Erik_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik XIV">Erik XIV</a> had tried to reform the army but had effectively failed to do so. Charles IX, like most other rulers, had tried to implement the Dutch system<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the army but with limited success. The lack of a strict organisation in the infantry caused the proportion of pikemen to musketeers to be far lower than the preferred ratio of 1 to 1. This, combined with the lack of funds to provide the soldiers with armour, caused the Swedish infantry to be dangerously lightly equipped and unable to deal with cavalry or heavier infantry in open terrain. Charles IX was, however, able to implement the Dutch system for fighting in <a href="/wiki/Caracole" title="Caracole">caracole</a> among the cavalry, with unfortunate results. His partially reformed army suffered <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">a disastrous defeat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kircholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kircholm">Kircholm</a> against a Polish-Lithuanian army led by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a>. Charles IX's revolt against his nephew <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund of Poland</a> and subsequent rise to the throne of Sweden caused a dynastic struggle for the throne of Sweden that would not finally end until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">treaty of Oliva</a> in 1660. </p><p>Gustav II Adolph inherited the Polish war together with the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a> against Denmark–Norway when Charles IX died in 1611. The war against Denmark–Norway was a terrible loss that forced Sweden to pay <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsborg_Ransom_(1613)" title="Älvsborg Ransom (1613)">a ransom</a> of 1 million silverdaler to regain Älvsborg (final payment, 1619). The Polish war was interrupted by a series of truces caused by Sweden's weakness along with the unwillingness of the Polish nobility to fight a war considered only to be in Sigismund III's personal interest. The costly peace with Denmark and Poland–Lithuania's inability to mount a seaborne attack on the Swedish mainland gave time for Gustavus Adolphus to reform his armies. The continuation of the Polish war in 1625–1629 ended with a ceasefire in <a href="/wiki/Stary_Targ" title="Stary Targ">Stary Targ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Altmark" title="Truce of Altmark">Truce of Altmark</a>) on 26 September 1629 that was in favour of the Swedes, to whom Poland ceded the larger part of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> together with its important port of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. The Swedes also got the right to tax Poland's trade on the Baltic (3.5% on the value of goods), and kept control of many of the cities in Royal and <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a> (including Piława (<a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Pillau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a> (Elbing). The Swedes later conducted a series of invasions into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>. </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War</a> in 1630, Gustav II Adolph had transformed the Swedish (Gustavian) army into an army in which the cavalry fought with aggressive shock tactics, closer to the Polish tactics than the <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caracole" title="Caracole">Caracole</a> and heavy armor were mostly abandoned, and the <a href="/wiki/Saber" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber">saber</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">wheellock</a> <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a> as the primary weapon of the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>. Horsemen rode knee-by-knee in a tight formation. When in range, they switched to gallop and charged, and at a range of ten yards, shot both their pistols. A standard regiment numbered 250 simultaneous shots that would blast a hole in the enemy ranks. They then continued the charge with <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a> (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">värjor</i></span>), aiming to break the enemy formation. The infantry was meanwhile employed in a defensive manner, relying on their superior firepower to break enemy attacks. Smaller musketeer detachments (~200 men) were used during the Polish war to support the cavalry against the superior Polish-Lithuanian cavalry. Gustavus Adolphus earned the title "father of modern warfare" because of his revolutionary tactics during the Thirty Years' War, which later inspired other nations and became standard tactics. He became the foremost model of many later <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Swedish kings</a>. </p><p>At the time <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> were an essential part of the Swedish military. Roughly 2/5 of the infantry and 3/7 of the cavalry in the army were from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They served in their own units which used <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> as their main language. Commands were also given in Finnish.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finnish cavalry in the Swedish army was called <a href="/wiki/Hakkapeliitta" title="Hakkapeliitta">Hakkapeliitat</a> after their battle cry "<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Hakkaa päälle!</i></span>". Approximately 110,000 soldiers from Finland died serving the Swedish Empire between 1617 and 1721. Relative to the contemporary population of Finland, this was equivalent to over a million of them dying in 20th-century Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus,_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Jacob_Hoefnagel_-_Gustavus_Adolphus%2C_King_of_Sweden_1611-1632_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the Thirty Years' War, the infantry's shock ability was continuously improved. The static nature of the infantry that served well against the cavalry-dominated Polish-Lithuanian army was enhanced during the war to produce infantry capable of both providing devastating firepower and executing offensive maneuvers. Initially, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)</a>, the infantry was almost entirely reliant on their firepower and saw very limited offensive use; but under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ban%C3%A9r" title="Johan Banér">Johan Banér</a>, who took command after the defeat at Nördlingen, the Gustavian brigade system was finally changed into the battalion system recognisable from the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and the Great Northern War (the depth was lowered from six ranks to three or four when the bayonet was introduced at the end of the 17th century).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Swedish tactics once again greatly diverged from the continental tactics during the second half of the 17th century. The continental tactics increasingly emphasized the firepower of the battalion, while the Swedish (<a href="/wiki/Caroleans" title="Caroleans">Carolean</a>) tactics almost exclusively relied on the shock factor as the infantry and cavalry charged the enemy. As the bayonet was introduced, the pike was discarded in all armies except the Swedish and Russian by 1700.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Swedish army tactics of that time, retreat was never covered, and they were obliged to attack or fight where they stood. This was a military doctrine that (with the advantage of hindsight) might have proven a bit rash.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The infantry shock attack operated as follows. The two rear ranks of musketeers were ordered to shoot when "you could not miss," a range of roughly 50 meters, and then to draw their swords before the battalion resumed their attack. The two foremost ranks then discharged at a range of roughly 20 meters before drawing their swords, and the charge began. At this range, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> usually felled many enemy troops and was demoralising to them. Directly after the volley, the Swedes charged the enemy ranks with <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a> and sabres. Note that the pikes were used as an offensive weapon: in close combat, they had the advantage over their foes' weapons thanks to their range. After the bayonet was introduced in the Carolean army (1700–1706), the final volley was delayed until the soldiers were inside bayonet range. </p><p>Every infantry battalion had <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadiers</a> attached. They supported the infantry attack by lobbing <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> from the flanks. They also formed units of their own. They were otherwise equipped like infantry. </p><p>Thus, in the latter half of the 17th century, the major difference between the Swedish army and those common on the continent was the relative lack of firepower and the use of pikes and sabres. Sweden and Russia were the only countries at the time using pikes. In contemporary Europe, infantry were equipped with a musket, while in the Swedish army, every third man had a pike. The pikemen were normally deployed four men deep with musketeers of equal depth on the sides. The pike was used to repulse cavalry and to break the enemy lines as they charged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_the_Swedish_monarchs_during_the_imperial_era">Gallery of the Swedish monarchs during the imperial era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery of the Swedish monarchs during the imperial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_II_Adolf_by_Merian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Gustav II Adolph "Gustavus Adolphus""><img alt="King Gustav II Adolph "Gustavus Adolphus"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gustav_II_Adolf_by_Merian.jpg/95px-Gustav_II_Adolf_by_Merian.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gustav_II_Adolf_by_Merian.jpg/143px-Gustav_II_Adolf_by_Merian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gustav_II_Adolf_by_Merian.jpg/191px-Gustav_II_Adolf_by_Merian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King Gustav II Adolph "Gustavus Adolphus"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drottning_Kristina_av_Sverige.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Christina"><img alt="Queen Christina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Drottning_Kristina_av_Sverige.jpg/98px-Drottning_Kristina_av_Sverige.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Drottning_Kristina_av_Sverige.jpg/147px-Drottning_Kristina_av_Sverige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Drottning_Kristina_av_Sverige.jpg/196px-Drottning_Kristina_av_Sverige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen Christina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_X_Gustav,_1622-1660,_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum,_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Carl X Gustav"><img alt="King Carl X Gustav" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karl_X_Gustav%2C_1622-1660%2C_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg/104px-Karl_X_Gustav%2C_1622-1660%2C_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karl_X_Gustav%2C_1622-1660%2C_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg/155px-Karl_X_Gustav%2C_1622-1660%2C_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karl_X_Gustav%2C_1622-1660%2C_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg/207px-Karl_X_Gustav%2C_1622-1660%2C_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King Carl X Gustav</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_XI_of_Sweden_c_1685_by_David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Carl XI"><img alt="King Carl XI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Carl_XI_of_Sweden_c_1685_by_David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl.jpg/89px-Carl_XI_of_Sweden_c_1685_by_David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Carl_XI_of_Sweden_c_1685_by_David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl.jpg/133px-Carl_XI_of_Sweden_c_1685_by_David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Carl_XI_of_Sweden_c_1685_by_David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl.jpg/177px-Carl_XI_of_Sweden_c_1685_by_David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King Carl XI</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715,_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Carl XII"><img alt="King Carl XII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg/101px-Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg/152px-Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg/203px-Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King Carl XII</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulrika_Eleonora,_Queen_of_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Ulrica Eleanor"><img alt="Queen Ulrica Eleanor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ulrika_Eleonora%2C_Queen_of_Sweden.jpg/82px-Ulrika_Eleonora%2C_Queen_of_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ulrika_Eleonora%2C_Queen_of_Sweden.jpg/123px-Ulrika_Eleonora%2C_Queen_of_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ulrika_Eleonora%2C_Queen_of_Sweden.jpg/164px-Ulrika_Eleonora%2C_Queen_of_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen Ulrica Eleanor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredrik_av_Hessen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Frederick"><img alt="King Frederick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fredrik_av_Hessen.jpg/97px-Fredrik_av_Hessen.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fredrik_av_Hessen.jpg/146px-Fredrik_av_Hessen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fredrik_av_Hessen.jpg/195px-Fredrik_av_Hessen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King Frederick</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">History of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania" title="History of Pomerania">History of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Swedish_Empire" title="Military of the Swedish Empire">Military of the Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish overseas colonies</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Frost133343-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost133343_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost133343_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrost2000" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. (2000). <i>The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721</i>. Longman. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06429-4"><bdi>978-0-582-06429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars.+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Northeastern+Europe+1558%E2%80%931721&rft.pages=133-134&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-06429-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicklas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicklas, Thomas (2002). <i>Macht oder Recht. Frühneuzeitliche Politik im obersächsischen Reichskreis</i> [<i>Power or Right: Early modern politics in the Upper Saxon Circle</i>] (in German). Stuttgart. p. 282. <q>Finanziell völlig von französischen Subsidien abhängig, wollte sich die Großmacht auf tönernen Füßen [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macht+oder+Recht.+Fr%C3%BChneuzeitliche+Politik+im+obers%C3%A4chsischen+Reichskreis&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=282&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Nicklas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Vries2009" class="citation journal cs1">De Vries, Jan (2009). "The economic crisis of the seventeenth century after fifty years". <i>The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=The+economic+crisis+of+the+seventeenth+century+after+fifty+years&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=De+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumrath1911">Dumrath 1911</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HayesPSH-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HayesPSH_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1916" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117105207/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext04/7hsr110.htm"><i>A Political and Social History of Modern Europe</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext04/7hsr110.htm">the original</a> on 17 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Social+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfomotions.com%2Fetexts%2Fgutenberg%2Fdirs%2Fetext04%2F7hsr110.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203–204-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911203–204_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumrath1911">Dumrath 1911</a>, pp. 203–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumrath1911">Dumrath 1911</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204–205-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911204–205_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumrath1911">Dumrath 1911</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumrath1911205_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumrath1911">Dumrath 1911</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJörgensen2006" class="citation book cs1">Jörgensen, Christer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/70554282"><i>Fighting techniques of the early modern world, AD 1500 – AD 1763 : equipment, combat skills and tactics</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34819-3"><bdi>0-312-34819-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70554282">70554282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+techniques+of+the+early+modern+world%2C+AD+1500+%E2%80%93+AD+1763+%3A+equipment%2C+combat+skills+and+tactics&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70554282&rft.isbn=0-312-34819-3&rft.aulast=J%C3%B6rgensen&rft.aufirst=Christer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70554282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaronen,_Petri_and_Räihä_Antti_(edit.)2014" class="citation book cs1">Karonen, Petri and Räihä Antti (edit.) (2014). <i>Kansallisten instituutioiden muotoutuminen – Suomalainen historiakuva Oma Maa -kirjasarjassa 1900–1960</i>. Vantaa: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-222-606-8"><bdi>978-952-222-606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kansallisten+instituutioiden+muotoutuminen+%E2%80%93+Suomalainen+historiakuva+Oma+Maa+-kirjasarjassa+1900%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Vantaa&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+kirjallisuuden+seura&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-952-222-606-8&rft.au=Karonen%2C+Petri+and+R%C3%A4ih%C3%A4+Antti+%28edit.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJutikkala_Eino_&_Kauko_Pirinen._Translated_by_Paul1988" class="citation book cs1">Jutikkala Eino & Kauko Pirinen. Translated by Paul (1988). <i>A History of Finland</i>. New York: Dorset Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880292603" title="Special:BookSources/9780880292603"><bdi>9780880292603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Finland.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780880292603&rft.au=Jutikkala+Eino+%26+Kauko+Pirinen.+Translated+by+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeskisarja2019" class="citation book cs1">Keskisarja, Teemu (2019). <i>Murhanenkeli</i>. Helsinki: Siltala. pp. 244–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789522346384" title="Special:BookSources/9789522346384"><bdi>9789522346384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murhanenkeli&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=244-246&rft.pub=Siltala&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789522346384&rft.aulast=Keskisarja&rft.aufirst=Teemu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumrath1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dumrath, Oskar Henrik (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sweden" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sweden">Sweden</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweden&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=188-221&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dumrath&rft.aufirst=Oskar+Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson1956" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Ingvar (1956). <i>A History of Sweden</i>. New York: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sweden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsweden00ande">free to borrow for two weeks</a> pp 153–237</li> <li>Bain, R. Nisbet. <i>Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682–1719</i> (1899) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176167">online</a></li> <li>Brems, Hans. "Sweden: From Great Power to Welfare State" <i>Journal of Economic Issues</i> 4#2 (1970) pp. 1–16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4224039">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1997" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Malcolm (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousliberty00evan"><i>Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55021-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55021-1"><bdi>0-521-55021-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Liberty+and+International+Law+in+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-55021-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousliberty00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kirby, David. <i>Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World 1492 - 1772</i> (1990).</li> <li>Lisk, Jill. <i>The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic 1600 - 1725</i> (1967).</li> <li>Lockhart, Paul Douglas. <i>Sweden in the Seventeenth Century</i> (2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2000" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Lars (2000). <i>An Economic History of Sweden</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18167-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18167-4"><bdi>0-415-18167-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Sweden&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-18167-4&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobergAustin2005" class="citation book cs1">Moberg, Vilhelm; Austin, Paul Britten (2005). <i>A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Swedish+People%3A+Volume+II%3A+From+Renaissance+to+Revolution&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Moberg&rft.aufirst=Vilhelm&rft.au=Austin%2C+Paul+Britten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oakley, Stewart. <i>Scandinavian History 1520 - 1970</i> (1984).</li> <li>Roberts, Michael. <i>Sweden as a Great Power 1611 – 1697</i> (1968).</li> <li>Roberts, Michael. <i>Sweden's Age of Greatness 1632 – 1718</i> (1973).</li> <li>Roberts, Michael. <i>The Swedish imperial experience 1560–1718</i> (Cambridge UP, 1984).</li> <li>Roberts, Michael. <i>From Oxenstierna to Charles XII: Four Studies</i> (Cambridge UP, 1991).</li> <li>Upton, A. <i>Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1998).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarme1995" class="citation book cs1">Warme, Lars G. (1995). <i>A History of Swedish Literature</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Swedish+Literature&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Warme&rft.aufirst=Lars+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwedish+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kirby, David. "Imperial Sweden – Image and Self-Image" <i>History Today</i> 40:11 (1990): 34–39.</li> <li>Stadin, Kekke. "The masculine image of a great power: Representations of Swedish imperial power c. 1630–1690." <i>Scandinavian journal of history</i> 30.1 (2005): 61–82.</li> <li>Thomson, Erik. "Beyond the Military State: Sweden’s Great Power Period in Recent Historiography." <i>History Compass</i> 9.4 (2011): 269–283 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/49373105/j.1478-0542.2011.00761.x20161005-27752-1l6o75l.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sweden_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sweden_topics" title="Template talk:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sweden_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">800–1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">1523–1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">Rise to become Great Power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1756" title="Coup of 1756">Coup of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_Crisis_(1768)" title="December Crisis (1768)">December Crisis (1768)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1772" title="Revolution of 1772">Revolution of 1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Gustavian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1809" title="Coup of 1809">Coup of 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869" title="Swedish famine of 1867–1869">Famine of 1867–1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century" title="Sweden during the late 19th century">Modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden" title="Industrialization of Sweden">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II_(timeline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden during World War II (timeline)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Sweden (1945–1967)">1945–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)" title="History of Sweden (1967–1991)">1967–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">Since 1991</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of cities in Sweden">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Sweden">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Sweden" title="Forests of Sweden">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sweden" title="List of islands of Sweden">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Sweden" title="List of lakes of Sweden">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Sweden" title="List of metropolitan areas in Sweden">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sweden" title="List of national parks of Sweden">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sweden" title="List of rivers of Sweden">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden" title="Wildlife of Sweden">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sweden" title="Administrative divisions of Sweden">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sweden" title="Human rights in Sweden">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden" title="Government agencies in Sweden">State agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sweden" title="Law of Sweden">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_neutrality" title="Swedish neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden" title="List of political parties in Sweden">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sweden" title="Agriculture in Sweden">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Sweden" title="Income inequality in Sweden">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Krona <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_labour_movement" title="Swedish labour movement">Labour unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehn%E2%80%93Meidner_model" title="Rehn–Meidner model">Rehn–Meidner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Stockholm" title="Nasdaq Stockholm">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sweden" title="Tourism in Sweden">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sweden" title="Category:Society of Sweden">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sweden" title="Crime in Sweden">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Sweden">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Sweden" title="Homelessness in Sweden">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sweden" title="Human trafficking in Sweden">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden" title="Prostitution in Sweden">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_gamla,_du_fria" title="Du gamla, du fria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art" title="Swedish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_fashion" title="Swedish fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Sweden" title="Irreligion in Sweden">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden" title="Public holidays in Sweden">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden" title="Sport in Sweden">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sweden" title="Outline of Sweden">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sweden" title="Category:Sweden">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&oldid=1257038857">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&oldid=1257038857</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_Empire" title="Category:Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_history_of_Sweden" title="Category:Early modern history of Sweden">Early modern history of Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Category:Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th_century_in_Sweden" title="Category:17th century in Sweden">17th century in Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Sweden" title="Category:18th century in Sweden">18th century in Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sweden_by_period" title="Category:History of Sweden by period">History of Sweden by period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_December_2019" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from December 2019">Vague or ambiguous time from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Finnish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Finnish-language text">Articles containing Finnish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2023">Articles with dead external links from December 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 22:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x4q2f","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.084","walltime":"1.381","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7899,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":143262,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21268,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":41,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":92697,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1181.674 1 -total"," 24.83% 293.370 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 13.29% 157.078 12 Template:Cite_book"," 13.14% 155.327 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.52% 136.186 1 Template:Native_name"," 10.75% 126.976 1 Template:Sweden_topics"," 10.46% 123.546 1 Template:Country_topics"," 10.16% 120.031 1 Template:History_of_Sweden"," 9.85% 116.416 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.61% 89.889 7 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.671","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15427152,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndersson1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vries2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumrath1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJutikkala_Eino_\u0026amp;_Kauko_Pirinen._Translated_by_Paul1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJörgensen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaronen,_Petri_and_Räihä_Antti_(edit.)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeskisarja2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnusson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMobergAustin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicklas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarme1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Swedish Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"History_of_Sweden\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sweden topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-fkdqr","timestamp":"20241124161243","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_Empire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215443","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215443","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-27T18:00:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T22:26:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg","headline":"the years 1611\u20131721 in the history of Sweden"}</script> </body> </html>