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id="toc-Accusations_of_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chambers_accusations_1939,_1945,_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chambers_accusations_1939,_1945,_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chambers accusations 1939, 1945, 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chambers_accusations_1939,_1945,_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentley_accusations_1945,_1948,_1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentley_accusations_1945,_1948,_1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bentley accusations 1945, 1948, 1953</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentley_accusations_1945,_1948,_1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations_by_Jenner_and_McCarthy_1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_by_Jenner_and_McCarthy_1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Accusations by Jenner and McCarthy 1953</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_by_Jenner_and_McCarthy_1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venona_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venona_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Venona project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venona_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments_of_Soviet_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments_of_Soviet_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Assessments of Soviet involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments_of_Soviet_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harry Dexter White</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="هاري ديكستر وايت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاري ديكستر وايت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="هری دکستر وایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هری دکستر وایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%A6%AC_%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="해리 덱스터 화이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해리 덱스터 화이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="هارى ديكستر وايت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارى ديكستر وايت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ハリー・ホワイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハリー・ホワイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уайт, Гарри Декстер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уайт, Гарри Декстер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harry Dexter White" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Гаррі Декстер Вайт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаррі Декстер Вайт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1_%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="خاررى دېكىستېر ۋايت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خاررى دېكىستېر ۋايت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9" title="哈里·迪克特·怀特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈里·迪克特·怀特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q918520#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Harry_Dexter_White" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American economist and spy (1892–1948)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Harry Dexter White</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteandKeynes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/220px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/330px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/440px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="630" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Harry Dexter White (left) with <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods Conference</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-10-29</span>)</span>October 29, 1892<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 16, 1948<span style="display:none">(1948-08-16)</span> (aged 55)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam,_New_Hampshire" title="Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire">Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (BA, MA)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_University" title="Lawrence University">Lawrence University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Treasury">U.S. Treasury department</a><br /><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods conference">Bretton Woods agreement</a> <br />First U.S. Director of <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> (1946-47)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Terry_White" title="Anne Terry White">Anne Terry</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1918)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harry Dexter White</b> (October 29, 1892 – August 16, 1948) was a senior <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Treasury">U.S. Treasury department</a> official. Working closely with the Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a>, he helped set American financial policy toward the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>. He was later accused of espionage by passing information to the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an allegation which was confirmed after his death. </p><p>He was a senior American official at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods conference">Bretton Woods conference</a> that established the postwar economic order. He dominated the conference, and his vision of post-war financial institutions mostly prevailed over those of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, the British representative who was the other main founder. Through Bretton Woods, White was a major architect of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White was accused in 1948 of spying for the Soviet Union, which he adamantly denied. He was never a Communist party member, but he had frequent contacts with Soviet officials as part of his duties at the Treasury. That he passed sensitive and classified documents on to people he knew were agents of the Soviet Union has been confirmed, although hard evidence only came over time via the decoded and finally declassified Soviet cables intercepted in the <a href="/wiki/Venona_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona Project">Venona Project</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-en.wikisource.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.wikisource.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harry Dexter White was born on October 29, 1892, in Boston, Massachusetts, the seventh and youngest child of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Lithuanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Lithuanian">Jewish Lithuanian</a> immigrants, Jacob Weissnovitz (or Weit) and Sarah Magilewski, who had settled in the US in the 1880s. In 1917, he enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>, and was commissioned as a First Lieutenant and served in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> as head of Company H of the 302nd Infantry until the end of World War I. Aside from one term at Massachusetts Agricultural College (1911-12), he did not begin his university studies until age 29, first at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> where he studied government starting from 1922; then, after three terms there, at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, where he earned Bachelors and Masters degrees in economics; and finally at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he taught for four years while studying for his Ph.D., which he completed in 1932 at 40 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White then taught for two years at <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_University" title="Lawrence University">Lawrence College</a> in Appleton, Wisconsin. His PhD dissertation won the David A. Wells Prize granted annually by the Harvard University Department of Economics. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> published his Ph.D. thesis in 1933, as <i>The French International Accounts, 1880–1913</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treasury_Department">Treasury Department</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treasury Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasury_expert._Washington,_D.C.,_June_21._This_is_a_new_photograph_of_Harry_D._White,_Director_of_Monetary_Research_for_the_U.S._Treasury_LCCN2016875797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White in 1939 while working for the U.S. Treasury." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Treasury_expert._Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_June_21._This_is_a_new_photograph_of_Harry_D._White%2C_Director_of_Monetary_Research_for_the_U.S._Treasury_LCCN2016875797.jpg/220px-Treasury_expert._Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_June_21._This_is_a_new_photograph_of_Harry_D._White%2C_Director_of_Monetary_Research_for_the_U.S._Treasury_LCCN2016875797.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Treasury_expert._Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_June_21._This_is_a_new_photograph_of_Harry_D._White%2C_Director_of_Monetary_Research_for_the_U.S._Treasury_LCCN2016875797.jpg/330px-Treasury_expert._Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_June_21._This_is_a_new_photograph_of_Harry_D._White%2C_Director_of_Monetary_Research_for_the_U.S._Treasury_LCCN2016875797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Treasury_expert._Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_June_21._This_is_a_new_photograph_of_Harry_D._White%2C_Director_of_Monetary_Research_for_the_U.S._Treasury_LCCN2016875797.jpg/440px-Treasury_expert._Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_June_21._This_is_a_new_photograph_of_Harry_D._White%2C_Director_of_Monetary_Research_for_the_U.S._Treasury_LCCN2016875797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7993" data-file-height="10021" /></a><figcaption>White in 1939 while working for the U.S. Treasury</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a>, an economist working at the Treasury Department, offered White a position at the Treasury, which he accepted. Viner would receive an honorary degree from Lawrence University, where White taught before joining the Treasury, in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White became increasingly important in monetary matters, and was a top advisor to Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a>, especially on international financial affairs dealing with China, France, Great Britain, Japan, Latin America, and the Soviet Union. In 1938, Morgenthau created a new division--the Division of Monetary Research--and promoted White to be its director. When the United States entered World War II in 1941, Morgenthau promoted White again, naming him Assistant to the Secretary. The post of Assistant Secretary, the most senior economist position in the Treasury, finally opened up in 1945, and Morgenthau promptly nominated White to fill it. White left the Treasury in 1946 to become the U.S. Executive Director at the newly established <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_policy">Japan policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japan policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1941, White sent a memorandum to Morgenthau that was widely circulated and influenced State Department planning. White called for a comprehensive peaceful solution of rapidly escalating tensions between the United States and Japan, calling for major concessions on both sides. Langer and Gleason report that White's proposals were totally rewritten by the State Department and that the American key demand had been formulated long before White. It was an insistence on Japanese withdrawal from China, which Japan totally refused to consider.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex negotiations at the top ranks of the US government, and its key allies of Britain and China, took place in late November 1941 with no further input from White or Morgenthau. White's proposals were never presented to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have argued, however, that White manipulated Morgenthau and Roosevelt to provoke war with Japan in order to protect Stalin's Far Eastern front.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the U.S. entered the war in December 1941, Secretary Morgenthau appointed White to act as liaison between the Treasury and the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> on all matters bearing on foreign relations. He was also made responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Stabilization_Fund" title="Exchange Stabilization Fund">Exchange Stabilization Fund</a>. White eventually came to be in charge of wartime international matters for the Treasury, with access to extensive confidential information about the economic situation of the US and its wartime allies. He passed numerous secret documents to men he knew were Soviet spies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White was a dedicated internationalist, and his energies were directed at continuing the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Alliance (World War II)">Grand Alliance</a> with the USSR and maintaining peace through trade. He believed that powerful, multilateral institutions could avoid the mistakes of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and prevent another worldwide depression. As head of the independently-funded <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Monetary_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Monetary Research (page does not exist)">Office of Monetary Research</a>, White was able to hire staff without the normal civil service regulations or background enquiries. He probably was unaware that several of his hires were spies for the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morgenthau_Plan">Morgenthau Plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morgenthau Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Henry Morgenthau's son, White was the principal architect behind the <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a>, designed to permanently weaken Germany's military capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Morgenthau postwar plan, as authored by White, was to take all industry out of Germany, eliminate its armed forces, and convert the country into an agricultural community, in the process eliminating most of Germany's economy and its ability to start another war. A version of the plan, limited to turning Germany into "a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character", was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a> in September 1944. However, someone in White's department with access to details of the plan leaked it to the press, and White himself provided an advance copy to Soviet intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-Schecter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schecter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public protests forced Roosevelt to publicly and partially pull back. The Nazis and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> used the Morgenthau Plan as a propaganda coup to encourage their troops and citizens to fight on. General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, among others, noticed "a near-miraculous revitalization of the German army." In the end Morgenthau still did manage to influence the resulting occupation policy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bretton_Woods_conference">Bretton Woods conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bretton Woods conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White was the senior American official at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods conference">Bretton Woods conference</a>, and reportedly dominated the conference and imposed his vision over the objections of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, the British representative.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous economic historians have concluded that White and the powerful U.S. delegation were wrong in dismissing Keynes's innovative proposal for a new international unit of currency (the "<a href="/wiki/Bancor" title="Bancor">Bancor</a>") made up of foreign exchange reserves held by central banks. <a href="/wiki/Benn_Steil" title="Benn Steil">Benn Steil</a>, in 2013, argued that since 1971, experts have been disillusioned with the 1944 framework.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric Helleiner, in 2014, argued that the main goal of the United States was to promote international development as an investment in peace, to open the world for cheap imports, and to create new markets for American exports. He argues that policy-makers and analysts from the Southern hemisphere increasingly denounced the Bretton Woods system as "a Northern-dominated arrangement that was ill-suited to their state-led development strategies."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, White was closely involved with setting up what were called the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods</a> institutions—the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. These institutions were intended to prevent some of the economic problems that had occurred after World War I. As late as November 1945, White continued to argue for improved relations with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White later became a director and U.S. representative of the IMF. On June 19, 1947, White abruptly resigned from the International Monetary Fund, vacating his office the same day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusations_of_espionage">Accusations of espionage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accusations of espionage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chambers_accusations_1939,_1945,_1948"><span id="Chambers_accusations_1939.2C_1945.2C_1948"></span>Chambers accusations 1939, 1945, 1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chambers accusations 1939, 1945, 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 2, 1939, Assistant Secretary of State and Roosevelt's adviser on internal security <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Berle" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Berle">Adolf Berle</a> had a meeting, arranged by journalist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Don_Levine" title="Isaac Don Levine">Isaac Don Levine</a>, with defecting <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>. In his notes of that meeting, written later that night, Levine listed a series of names, including a "Mr. White".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berle's notes of the meeting contain no mention of White.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berle drafted a 4-page memorandum on the information which he then passed to the President, who dismissed the idea of espionage rings in his administration as 'absurd'. The director of the FBI, <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, as late as 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also dismissed Chambers' revelations as 'history, hypothesis, or deduction.' </p><p>On March 20, 1945, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> security officer Raymond Murphy interviewed Chambers. His notes record that Chambers identified White as "a member at large but rather timid", who had brought various members of the American communist underground into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spring 1948, Truman aide <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Spingarn" title="Stephen J. Spingarn">Stephen J. Spingarn</a> questioned <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, an admitted former Soviet espionage agent, about Harry Dexter White: "Chambers ... told me that he didn't believe Harry White was a Communist; he believed that he was a man who thought he was smarter than the Communists, and he could use them, but really they used him."<sup id="cite_ref-Truman-Spingarn7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truman-Spingarn7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambers subsequently testified on August 3, 1948, to his association with White in the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> underground secret apparatus up to 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambers produced documents he had saved from his days as a courier for the Soviets' American spy-ring. Among these was a handwritten memorandum that he testified White had given him. The Treasury Department identified this document as containing highly confidential material from the State Department, while the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory" title="FBI Laboratory">FBI Laboratory</a> established that it was written in White's handwriting.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambers stated, however, that White was the least productive of his contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambers said of White, "His motives always baffled me" (a point later underscored by grandson David Chambers).<sup id="cite_ref-davidchambers_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidchambers-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentley_accusations_1945,_1948,_1953"><span id="Bentley_accusations_1945.2C_1948.2C_1953"></span>Bentley accusations 1945, 1948, 1953</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bentley accusations 1945, 1948, 1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 7, 1945, defecting Soviet espionage courier <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a> told investigators of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) that in late 1942 or early 1943 she learned from Soviet spies <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster" title="Nathan Gregory Silvermaster">Nathan Gregory Silvermaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ullmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Ullmann">Ludwig Ullmann</a> that one source of the government documents they were photographing and passing on to her and <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> spymaster <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Golos" title="Jacob Golos">Jacob Golos</a> was Harry Dexter White.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> sent a hand-delivered letter to <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>'s Military Aide, <a href="/wiki/Gen._Harry_Vaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen. Harry Vaughan">Gen. Harry Vaughan</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, reporting information that "a number of persons employed by the government of the United States have been furnishing data and information to persons outside the Federal Government, who are in turn transmitting this information to espionage agents of the Soviet government." The letter listed a dozen Bentley suspects, the second of whom was Harry Dexter White.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FBI summarized the Bentley information and in its follow-up investigation on the suspects she named, again including White,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a report entitled 'Soviet Espionage in the United States',<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was sent to the White House, the Attorney General and the State Department on December 4, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six weeks later, on January 23, 1946, Truman nominated White as U.S. Director of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. The FBI responded with a 28-page memo specifically on White and his contacts, received by the White House on February 4, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White's nomination was approved by the Senate, acting in ignorance of the allegations against White, on February 6, 1946. </p><p>(Six years later, Truman would testify that White had been "separated from the Government service promptly" upon receipt of this information—first from the Treasury, and then from the IMF.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, White was still at the IMF on June 19, 1947—more than two years after the FBI had alerted the White House about him—when he abruptly resigned (vacating his office the same day), after <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom Clark</a> ordered a Federal <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> investigation of the Bentley charges.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>On July 31, 1948, Bentley told the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> that White had been involved in <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> activities on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during World War II,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had passed sensitive Treasury documents to Soviet agents. Bentley said White's colleagues passed information to her from him. In her 1953 testimony Bentley said that White was responsible for passing Treasury plates for printing Allied military <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">marks</a> in occupied Germany to the Soviets, who thereupon printed currency with abandon,<sup id="cite_ref-cia-harry_dexter_8_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-harry_dexter_8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sparking a black market and serious inflation throughout the occupied country,<sup id="cite_ref-radosh_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radosh-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> costing the U.S. a quarter of a billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the alternative explanation is that Treasury officials feared that denying Soviet use of the plates in their occupation sector would endanger postwar cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-cia-harry_dexter_8_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-harry_dexter_8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bentley wrote in her 1951 autobiography that she had been "able through Harry Dexter White to arrange that the United States Treasury Department turn the actual printing plates over to the Russians".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentley had not previously mentioned this to the FBI or to any of the committees, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Jury">grand juries</a> or prosecutors before whom she had testified earlier, and there was no evidence at the time that Bentley had any role in this transfer. Some questioned Harry Dexter White's role in it.<sup id="cite_ref-treasonable_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasonable-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her 1953 testimony before <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>'s Senate subcommittee, she elaborated, testifying that she was following instructions from <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> New York <i>rezident</i> <a href="/wiki/Iskhak_Abdulovich_Akhmerov" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov">Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov</a> (who operated under the cover name "Bill") to pass word through <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ullmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Ullmann">Ludwig Ullmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster" title="Nathan Gregory Silvermaster">Nathan Gregory Silvermaster</a> for White to "put the pressure on for the delivery of the plates to Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the only case in which Bentley biographer Kathryn Olmsted concluded that Bentley was lying about her role,<sup id="cite_ref-radosh_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radosh-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing historian Bruce Craig's conclusion that "the whole 'scheme' was a complete fabrication".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bentley's testimony would later be corroborated in dramatic fashion by a memorandum found in Soviet archives after half a century. In it, <a href="/wiki/Gaik_Ovakimian" title="Gaik Ovakimian">Gaik Ovakimian</a>, head of the American desk of the NKVD (for which Bentley worked),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cites a report from New York (where Bentley was based)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from April 14, 1944 (when Bentley was running the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Silvermaster_File" title="FBI Silvermaster File">Silvermaster group</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reporting that, "following our instructions" via Silvermaster, White had obtained "the positive decision of the Treasury Department to provide the Soviet side with the plates for engraving German occupation marks".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918, White married <a href="/wiki/Anne_Terry_White" title="Anne Terry White">Anne Terry</a>. They had two daughters, Ruth (May 11, 1926 - December 28, 2009) and Joan (March 12, 1929 - September 9, 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-grummond_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grummond-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 13, 1948, White testified before HUAC and denied being a communist. After he finished testifying, he had a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>. He left Washington for a rest on his <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam,_New_Hampshire" title="Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire">Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire</a> farm. He had just arrived when he had another heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, on August 16, 1948, he died, age 55.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spurious allegations later made it look as if an overdose of <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">digoxin</a> was the cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_by_Jenner_and_McCarthy_1953">Accusations by Jenner and McCarthy 1953</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accusations by Jenner and McCarthy 1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Senator <a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">William Jenner</a>'s Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments Investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Internal_Security_Subcommittee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Internal Security Subcommittee">Senate Internal Security Subcommittee</a> (SISS) looked extensively into the problem of unauthorized and uncontrolled powers exercised by non-elected officials, specifically White. Part of its report looked into the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and was published as the <i>Morgenthau Diary (China).</i><sup id="cite_ref-MorgenthauDiaryStudy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorgenthauDiaryStudy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report stated: </p><blockquote><p><small>The concentration of Communist sympathizers in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury Department">Treasury Department</a>, and particularly the Division of Monetary Research, is now a matter of record. White was the first director of that division; those who succeeded him in the directorship were <a href="/wiki/Frank_Coe_(government_official)" title="Frank Coe (government official)">Frank Coe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Glasser" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a>. Also attached to the Division of Monetary Research were <a href="/wiki/Lud_Ullman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lud Ullman">William Ludwig Ullman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kaplan_(government_official)" title="Irving Kaplan (government official)">Irving Kaplan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Perlo" title="Victor Perlo">Victor Perlo</a>. White, Coe, Glasser, Kaplan, and Perlo were all identified as participants in the Communist <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a>...<sup id="cite_ref-MorgenthauDiaryStudy_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorgenthauDiaryStudy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="quotation is ostensibly from the report itself, but this a summarized guide to the report, not the actual report contents, which should be cited (November 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </small></p></blockquote><p> The committee also heard testimony by Henry Morgenthau's speechwriter, Jonathan Mitchell, that White had tried to persuade him that the Soviets had developed a system that would supplant <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. </p><p>In 1953, Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_David_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight David Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> administration Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Herbert Brownell Jr.</a> revealed that the FBI had warned the Truman administration about White before the President appointed him to the IMF. Brownell made public the FBI's November 8, 1945, letter to the White House warning about White and others, and revealed that the White House had received the FBI report on "Soviet Espionage in the United States," including the White case, six weeks before Truman nominated White to the IMF.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he does not dispute that the FBI sent these and other warnings to Truman, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> wrote in his introduction to the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Moynihan_Commission_on_Government_Secrecy" title="Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy">Moynihan Commission</a> report on government secrecy that Truman was never informed of <a href="/wiki/Venona" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona">Venona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In support of this, he cited a statement from the official <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>/<a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> history of Venona that "no definitive evidence has emerged to show" that Truman was informed of Venona.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venona_project">Venona project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Venona project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NSA cryptographers identified Harry Dexter White as the source denoted in the <a href="/wiki/Venona" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona">Venona</a> decrypts at various times under the code names "Lawyer",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Richard",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Jurist".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after his death, in a memorandum dated October 15, 1950, White was positively identified by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, through evidence gathered by the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a>, as a Soviet source, code named "Jurist".<sup id="cite_ref-en.wikisource.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.wikisource.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Years later, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Justice Department">Justice Department</a> publicly disclosed the existence of the Venona project which deciphered Soviet cable traffic naming White as "Jurist", a Soviet intelligence source. As reported in the FBI Memorandum on White: </p><blockquote><p>You have previously been advised of information obtained from [Venona] regarding Jurist, who was active during 1944. According to the previous information received from [Venona] regarding Jurist, during April, 1944, he had reported on conversations between the then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a>. He also reported on Wallace's proposed trip to China. On August 5, 1944, he reported to the Soviets that he was confident of President Roosevelt's victory in the coming elections unless there was a huge military failure. He also reported that Truman's nomination as Vice President was calculated to secure the vote of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party. It was also reported that Jurist was willing for any self-sacrifice in behalf of the KGB but was afraid that his activities, if exposed, might lead to a political scandal and have an effect on the elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote><p> This codename was confirmed by the notes of KGB archivist <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Nikitich Mitrokhin</a>, in which six key Soviet agents are named. Harry Dexter White is listed as being first "KASSIR" and later "JURIST".<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of White acting as an agent of influence for the Soviet Union was his obstruction of a proposed $200 million loan to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Nationalist China</a> in 1943, which he had been officially instructed to execute,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a time when inflation was spiraling out of control.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Venona decrypts revealed further damaging evidence against White, including White's suggestions on how to meet and pass information on to his Soviet handler. Venona Document #71 contains decryptions of White's discussions on being paid for his work for the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisan">bipartisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Moynihan_Commission_on_Government_Secrecy" title="Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy">Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy</a>, chaired by Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a>, stated in its findings, "The complicity of <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">State Department</a> seems settled. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further evidence of White's complicity as a Soviet agent was gleaned from Soviet archives and former KGB operative <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vassiliev" title="Alexander Vassiliev">Alexander Vassiliev</a>. In a book by Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, <i>The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America — the Stalin Era</i>, Vassiliev, a former Soviet journalist and KGB operative, reviewed Soviet archives dealing with White's actions on behalf of the Soviet Union. White assisted <a href="/wiki/Harold_Glasser" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a>, a Treasury executive and NKVD spy, "in obtaining posts and promotions at Treasury while aware of his Communist ties". Because of White's backing, Glasser survived an FBI background check. In December 1941 the Secret Service forwarded a report to Harry White indicating that it had evidence Glasser was involved in Communist activities. White never acted on the report. Glasser continued to serve in the Treasury Department, and soon began recruiting other agents and preparing briefing reports on Treasury personnel and other potential espionage agents for the NKVD. After America became involved in World War II, Glasser received appointments to several higher-level positions in the government on White's approval.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Soviet archives, White's other KGB code names were "Richard", and "Reed". In order to protect their source, Soviet intelligence repeatedly changed White's code name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessments_of_Soviet_involvement">Assessments of Soviet involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assessments of Soviet involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky,_Baron_Skidelsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a>, in reviewing the evidence, concludes: </p><blockquote><p>A combination of naivety, superficiality and supreme confidence in his own judgment — together with his background — explains the course of action White took. There is no question of treachery, in the accepted sense of betraying one's country's secrets to an enemy. But there can be no doubt that, in passing classified information to the Soviets, White knew he was betraying his trust, even if he did not thereby think he was betraying his country.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schlesinger" title="Stephen Schlesinger">Stephen Schlesinger</a> wrote, "Among historians, the verdict about White is still unresolved, but many incline toward the view that he wanted to help the Russians but did not regard the actions he took as constituting espionage."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Bruce Craig wrote: </p><blockquote><p>Taken individually, one could argue that some of the documents indicate that White may have not always have been aware that his information was being passed on to Moscow, but taken collectively, [Andrew] Vassiliev's documentation leaves little wiggle room for White's defenders to continue to assert that he was not involved in an activity that, at least by present day legal standards, constitute espionage.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2012, David Chambers wrote, "Perhaps White had ends of his own, too... Perhaps he used his position to foster the Soviet Union — then a new, budding American ally, recognized only in 1933 — beyond New Deal policy."<sup id="cite_ref-davidchambers_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidchambers-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Benn_Steil" title="Benn Steil">Benn Steil</a> wrote: </p><blockquote><p>White almost certainly, and over many years, gave confidential and classified U.S. government information–in original, transcribed, and oral form–to individuals whom he knew would ultimately transmit it to the Soviet government ... Yet the economics White advocated were hardly Marxist. They were by this time what would be described as thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> ... As for White's domestic politics, these were mainstream New Deal progressive, and there is no evidence that he admired communism as a political ideology. It is this chasm between what is known publicly of White's economic and political views, on the one hand, and his clandestine behavior on behalf of the Soviets, on the other, that accounts for the plethora of unpersuasive profiles of the man that have emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> White's daughters steadfastly maintained his innocence. In 1990, they stated, "Despite years of close surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which included shadowing and wiretaps, the evidence produced against White never consisted of anything more than the unsubstantiated allegations of two F.B.I. informers unknown to the accused (including Time magazine's own Whittaker Chambers)."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, daughter Joan White Pinkham wrote on behalf of her sister Ruth White Levitan and herself, "Nevertheless, as the daughters of a brilliant economist who served his country loyally and with distinction, my sister and I remain confident that, in the words of Coventry Patmore, 'The truth is great, and shall prevail, / When none cares whether it prevail or not'."<sup id="cite_ref-defending_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defending-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Joan White Pinkam wrote, "I write to protest that in Benn Steil’s April 9 Op-Ed article, "Banker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy,"<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> old allegations of espionage against my father, Harry Dexter White, are once again repeated as fact.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the 2012 statement, Whittaker Chambers' grandson, David Chambers, wrote: </p><blockquote><p>Ms. Pinkham does well to stand by her father. Full proof of White's doings may never surface. Even if they should, one cannot deny that he helped better the financial system, towards a better world. His achievements remain standing at the U.S. Treasury, Bretton Woods, and the IMF. So does his American creed before HUAC. In contrast, Whittaker Chambers tried at best to neutralize dupes of Stalin-ized communism—long after Stalin had started liquidating every conceivable enemy. (But that does not cancel out Chambers's insight into White.)<sup id="cite_ref-davidchambers_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidchambers-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Chervonnaya" title="Svetlana Chervonnaya">Svetlana Chervonnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_spies" title="List of American spies">List of American spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Field" title="Noel Field">Noel Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrmann" title="John Herrmann">John Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hiss" title="Donald Hiss">Donald Hiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Pigman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward Pigman">Ward Pigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reno" title="Vincent Reno">Vincent Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadleigh" title="Julian Wadleigh">Julian Wadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ware" title="Harold Ware">Harold Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSam_Tanenhaus2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Tanenhaus" title="Sam Tanenhaus">Sam Tanenhaus</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzkFpiXCF8wC&pg=PT153"><i>Whittaker Chambers: A Biography</i></a>. Random House. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307789266" title="Special:BookSources/9780307789266"><bdi>9780307789266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whittaker+Chambers%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780307789266&rft.au=Sam+Tanenhaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzkFpiXCF8wC%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoughton2021" class="citation book cs1">Boughton, James M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1zvcd08"><i>Harry White and the American Creed: How a Federal Bureaucrat Created the Modern Global Economy (and Failed to Get the Credit)</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1zvcd08">10.2307/j.ctv1zvcd08</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25379-5"><bdi>978-0-300-25379-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1zvcd08">j.ctv1zvcd08</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244191116">244191116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+White+and+the+American+Creed%3A+How+a+Federal+Bureaucrat+Created+the+Modern+Global+Economy+%28and+Failed+to+Get+the+Credit%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1zvcd08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244191116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1zvcd08%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25379-5&rft.aulast=Boughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1zvcd08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-en.wikisource.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-en.wikisource.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-en.wikisource.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist"><i>FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist</i></a>, 1950-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FBI+Memorandum+identifying+Harry+Dexter+White+as+agent+Jurist&rft.date=1950-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FFBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2014" class="citation book cs1">Steil, Benn (2014). <i>The battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the making of a new world order</i>. A Council on Foreign Relations book (Fifth printing, and first paperback printing ed.). Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16237-9"><bdi>978-0-691-16237-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+battle+of+Bretton+Woods%3A+John+Maynard+Keynes%2C+Harry+Dexter+White%2C+and+the+making+of+a+new+world+order&rft.place=Princeton+Oxford&rft.series=A+Council+on+Foreign+Relations+book&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=Fifth+printing%2C+and+first+paperback+printing&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16237-9&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James M. Boughton, "Harry Dexter White and the International Monetary Fund." <i>Finance and Development</i> 35.3 (1998): 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawrence.edu/library/university-archives/university-milestones">"University Dates & Milestones | Lawrence University"</a>. <i>www.lawrence.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lawrence.edu&rft.atitle=University+Dates+%26+Milestones+%26%23124%3B+Lawrence+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawrence.edu%2Flibrary%2Funiversity-archives%2Funiversity-milestones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Langer and Everett Gleason, The Undeclared War (1953) pp 875-901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blum, <i>The Morgenthau diaries: years of Urgency: 1938-1941</i> (1965) pp 384-86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Koster, <i>Operation Snow: How a Soviet Mole in FDR's White House Triggered Pearl Harbor</i> (Regnery Publishing 2012), esp Ch. 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YLeQMnN2bYC&q=Dexter+Japan+Pavlov+typewriter">"The May Memorandum</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steil,_Benn" class="mw-redirect" title="Steil, Benn">Steil, Benn</a> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Bretton_Woods:_John_Maynard_Keynes,_Harry_Dexter_White,_and_the_Making_of_a_New_World_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order">The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, p. 55-56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sean_McMeekin" title="Sean McMeekin">Sean McMeekin</a> (2021), <i>Stalin’s War</i>, Basic Books, p. 379-380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Earl_HaynesHarvey_Klehr2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBSbKS1FlegC&pg=PA212"><i>In Denial: Historians, Communism & Espionage</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594030888" title="Special:BookSources/9781594030888"><bdi>9781594030888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Denial%3A+Historians%2C+Communism+%26+Espionage&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781594030888&rft.au=John+Earl+Haynes&rft.au=Harvey+Klehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBSbKS1FlegC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206213526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860101,00.html">"One Man's Greed"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 1953-11-23, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860101,00.html">the original</a> on February 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=One+Man%27s+Greed&rft.date=1953-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C860101%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrich2002" class="citation cs2">Dietrich, John (2002), <i>The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet Influence on American Postwar Policy</i>, New York: Algora Publishing, p. 17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892941-90-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-892941-90-2"><bdi>1-892941-90-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49355870">49355870</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morgenthau+Plan%3A+Soviet+Influence+on+American+Postwar+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49355870&rft.isbn=1-892941-90-2&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schecter-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schecter_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchecterLeona_Schecter2002" class="citation cs2">Schecter, Jerrold; Leona Schecter (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredsecretshow0000sche"><i>Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History</i></a></span>, Washington, DC: Brassey's, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-327-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-327-5"><bdi>1-57488-327-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48375744">48375744</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Secrets%3A+How+Soviet+Intelligence+Operations+Changed+American+History&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48375744&rft.isbn=1-57488-327-5&rft.aulast=Schecter&rft.aufirst=Jerrold&rft.au=Leona+Schecter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredsecretshow0000sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick H. Gareau "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Markwell, <i>John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace</i>, Oxford University Press, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn Steil, <i>The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order</i> (2013) p 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Helleiner, <i>Forgotten Foundations of Bretton Woods: International Development and the Making of the Postwar Order</i> (2014) p 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Brad DeLong, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/reviews/skidelsky3.html">"Review" (2002) </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014073814/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/reviews/skidelsky3.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Skidelsky, <i>John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, 1937–46</i> (2001) pp 337-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Harry_Dexter1945" class="citation web cs1">White, Harry Dexter (1945-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/collections/harry-dexter-white-papers">"Untitled paper advocating "continued Peace and friendly relations with Russia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Princeton University collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untitled+paper+advocating+%22continued+Peace+and+friendly+relations+with+Russia%22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+collection&rft.date=1945-11-30&rft.au=White%2C+Harry+Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.princeton.edu%2Fspecial-collections%2Fcollections%2Fharry-dexter-white-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html">"Adolf Berle's Notes on his Meeting with Whittaker Chambers"</a>. <i>www.johnearlhaynes.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.johnearlhaynes.org&rft.atitle=Adolf+Berle%27s+Notes+on+his+Meeting+with+Whittaker+Chambers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnearlhaynes.org%2Fpage100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8p00bTFvRkC">Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America</a></i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p.90-91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Skidelsky, <i>John Maynard Keynes:Fighting for Britain, 1937-1946</i>, Macmillan, London 2000 p.256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein1978" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Allen (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/Perjury:_The_Hiss%E2%80%93Chambers_Case" title="Perjury: The Hiss–Chambers Case">Perjury: The Hiss–Chambers Case</a></i>. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49546-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49546-2"><bdi>0-394-49546-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perjury%3A+The+Hiss%E2%80%93Chambers+Case&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-394-49546-2&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truman-Spingarn7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Truman-Spingarn7_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpingarnHess1967" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Spingarn" title="Stephen J. Spingarn">Spingarn, Stephen J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jerry_N._Hess" title="Jerry N. Hess">Hess, Jerry N.</a> (28 March 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/sping7.htm">"Oral History Interview with Stephen J. Spingarn (7)"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+Interview+with+Stephen+J.+Spingarn+%287%29&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1967-03-28&rft.aulast=Spingarn&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.au=Hess%2C+Jerry+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Foralhist%2Fsping7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721004854/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-3testimony.html"><i>Testimony of Whittaker Chambers before the House Committee on Un-American Activities</i></a>, 1948-08-03, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-3testimony.html">the original</a> on 2010-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Whittaker+Chambers+before+the+House+Committee+on+Un-American+Activities&rft.date=1948-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fhiss%2F8-3testimony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist" class="extiw" title="s:FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist">FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witness-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witness_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers, Whittaker</a> (May 1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witness00cham"><i>Witness</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witness00cham/page/29">29</a>, 40, 67–68, 69, 70, 334, 370, 383–384, 405, 414–416, 470, 492, 500, 510–512, 544, 554, 600–601, 604, 723, 737, 738, 745. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895269157" title="Special:BookSources/9780895269157"><bdi>9780895269157</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/52005149">52005149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29%2C+40%2C+67-68%2C+69%2C+70%2C+334%2C+370%2C+383-384%2C+405%2C+414-416%2C+470%2C+492%2C+500%2C+510-512%2C+544%2C+554%2C+600-601%2C+604%2C+723%2C+737%2C+738%2C+745&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952-05&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F52005149&rft.isbn=9780895269157&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitness00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidchambers-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidchambers_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidchambers_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidchambers_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2012" class="citation web cs1">Chambers, David (21 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/article/146358">"The Baffling Harry White"</a>. History News Network (HNN)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Baffling+Harry+White&rft.pub=History+News+Network+%28HNN%29&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticle%2F146358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Ultra-Secret.info/CSR/Holdings/Soviet/NKVD.htm">FBI file: Underground Soviet Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718012823/http://ultra-secret.info/CSR/Holdings/Soviet/NKVD.htm">Archived</a> 2012-07-18 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, October 21, 1946, p. 78-79 (PDF pp. 86-87)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoover to Vaughan, November 8, 1945, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster016.pdf">FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022429/http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster016.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PDF pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster016_Folder/Silvermaster016_page98.pdf">98</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726024554/http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster016_Folder/Silvermaster016_page98.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster016_Folder/Silvermaster016_page99.pdf">99</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726024610/http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster016_Folder/Silvermaster016_page99.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster016_Folder/Silvermaster016_page100.pdf">100</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726024638/http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster016_Folder/Silvermaster016_page100.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cf. Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., <i>Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957</i> (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency/Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), Document 15, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/15.gif">69</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327103412/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/15.gif">Archived</a> 2010-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/15a.gif">70</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327103142/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/15a.gif">Archived</a> 2010-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/15b.gif">71</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327103552/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/15b.gif">Archived</a> 2010-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726023440/http://education-research.org/PDFs/SOVIET%20REPORT.pdf">"Soviet Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education-research.org/PDFs/SOVIET%20REPORT.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation-research.org%2FPDFs%2FSOVIET%2520REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 47 (PDF p. 45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726023440/http://education-research.org/PDFs/SOVIET%20REPORT.pdf">"Soviet Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education-research.org/PDFs/SOVIET%20REPORT.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation-research.org%2FPDFs%2FSOVIET%2520REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster156_Folder/Silvermaster156_page54.pdf">FBI memo: Harry Dexter White</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726024646/http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster156_Folder/Silvermaster156_page54.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PDF p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster156.pdf">Harry Dexter White</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726023600/http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster156.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PDF pp. 24-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Skidelsky, <i>John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, 1937-1946</i>, Macmillan, London 2000 p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_G._Whalen1948" class="citation news cs1">Robert G. Whalen (December 12, 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1948/12/12/archives/hiss-and-chambers-strange-story-of-two-men-the-drama-since-1934.html">"Hiss and Chambers: Strange Story of Two Men"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hiss+and+Chambers%3A+Strange+Story+of+Two+Men&rft.date=1948-12-12&rft.au=Robert+G.+Whalen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1948%2F12%2F12%2Farchives%2Fhiss-and-chambers-strange-story-of-two-men-the-drama-since-1934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306140952/http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm2b.pdf">"Elizabeth Bentley Deposition, FBI Silvermaster file"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>FBI's FOIA Website</i>, 1948-07-31, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm2b.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FBI%27s+FOIA+Website&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+Bentley+Deposition%2C+FBI+Silvermaster+file&rft.date=1948-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoia.fbi.gov%2Fsilversm%2Fsilversm2b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-harry_dexter_8-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia-harry_dexter_8_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia-harry_dexter_8_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James C. Van Hook, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no1/html_files/harry_dexter_8.html">Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200823032121/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no1/html_files/harry_dexter_8.html">Archived</a> 2020-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Studies in Intelligence</i>, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radosh-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-radosh_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radosh_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadosh2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Radosh" title="Ronald Radosh">Radosh, Ronald</a> (February 24, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_3_55/ai_97347251/pg_1">"The Truth-Spiller"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-30</span></span>, <q>... Bentley accused of providing stolen U.S. currency plates to the Soviets. (The plates were used to print unlimited amounts of occupation currency in the eastern zone of postwar Germany, sparking a black market and serious inflation throughout the occupied country.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Truth-Spiller&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft.aulast=Radosh&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1282%2Fis_3_55%2Fai_97347251%2Fpg_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Morgenthau, The Morgenthau Diaries, Book 732, pp. 97-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFBentley1951">Bentley 1951</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treasonable-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-treasonable_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2004" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Bruce (2004). <i>Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case</i>. University Press of Kansas. pp. 17, 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1311-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasonable+Doubt%3A+The+Harry+Dexter+White+Spy+Case&rft.pages=17%2C+245&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1311-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Testimony of Elizabeth Bentley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume4.pdf">S. Prt. 107-84 - Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations (McCarthy Hearings 1953-54), Vol. 4</a>, p. 3427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlmsted2002">Olmsted 2002</a>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Warner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no2_2003/article08.html">Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801125408/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no2_2003/article08.html">Archived</a> 2020-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Studies in Intelligence</i>, Vol. 47, No. 2, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8p00bTFvRkC">Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America</a></i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, <i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i> (London: Basic Books, 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00310-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00310-5">978-0-465-00310-5</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFOlmsted2002">Olmsted 2002</a>, p. 45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchecter2003" class="citation cs2">Schecter, Jerrold L. (2003), <i>Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History</i>, Potomac Books, p. 122, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-522-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-522-7"><bdi>1-57488-522-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Secrets%3A+How+Soviet+Intelligence+Operations+Changed+American+History&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57488-522-7&rft.aulast=Schecter&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grummond-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grummond_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/degrum/public_html/html/research/findaids/whiteann.htm">"Anne Terry White papers"</a>. <i>de Grummond collection</i>. University of Southern Mississippi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=de+Grummond+collection&rft.atitle=Anne+Terry+White+papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.usm.edu%2Flegacy%2Fdegrum%2Fpublic_html%2Fhtml%2Fresearch%2Ffindaids%2Fwhiteann.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2011" class="citation book cs1">Steil, Benn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlbBBicZcJ8C&pg=PA369"><i>The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400846573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400846573"><bdi>978-1400846573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bretton+Woods%3A+John+Maynard+Keynes%2C+Harry+Dexter+White%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+New+World+Order&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1400846573&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Benn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlbBBicZcJ8C%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707235738/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799061,00.html">"Categorical Denial"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, August 30, 1948, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799061,00.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-30</span></span>, <q>Shortly after he had finished testifying before Congress, suffering from a bad heart, Harry White left Washington for a rest on his New Hampshire farm. He had just arrived there when he was stricken by another heart attack. Two days later, death came to Harry Dexter White, 56.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Categorical+Denial&rft.date=1948-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C799061%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Nevasky, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewpdf.cfm?article_id=10726">Letters From Readers</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>: "Harry Dexter White," <i>Commentary</i>, April 1988, p. 10 (Cf. David Rees, <i>Harry Dexter White: A Study in Paradox</i> (Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10524-9">978-0-698-10524-9</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707151811/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/293601642.html?dids=293601642:293601642&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=AUG+18%2C+1948&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Harry+Dexter+White%2C+Accused+In+Spy+Inquiry%2C+Dies+at+56&pqatl=google">"Harry Dexter White, Accused In Spy Inquiry, Dies at 56"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, August 18, 1948, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/293601642.html?dids=293601642:293601642&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=AUG+18%2C+1948&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Harry+Dexter+White%2C+Accused+In+Spy+Inquiry%2C+Dies+at+56&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 2009-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-04</span></span>, <q>Harry Dexter White, former Assistant Secretary of the Treasury accused of Soviet espionage activity during the current spy hearings at Washington, died unexpectedly at his <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam,_New_Hampshire" title="Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire">Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire</a>, summer home late yesterday, it was disclosed today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Harry+Dexter+White%2C+Accused+In+Spy+Inquiry%2C+Dies+at+56&rft.date=1948-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost_historical%2Faccess%2F293601642.html%3Fdids%3D293601642%3A293601642%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DAUG%2B18%252C%2B1948%26author%3D%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%26desc%3DHarry%2BDexter%2BWhite%252C%2BAccused%2BIn%2BSpy%2BInquiry%252C%2BDies%2Bat%2B56%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1949" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Willard (November 29, 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30321522/harry_dexter_white_overdose_of/">"Hiss spy paper linked to late treasury aid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a></i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&rft.atitle=Hiss+spy+paper+linked+to+late+treasury+aid&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1949-11-29&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F30321522%2Fharry_dexter_white_overdose_of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorgenthauDiaryStudy-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MorgenthauDiaryStudy_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MorgenthauDiaryStudy_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825230120/https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103">"Records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65"</a>, <i>Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives (Record Group 46)</i>, The Center for Legislative Archives, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103">the original</a> on 2017-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guide+to+the+Records+of+the+U.S.+Senate+at+the+National+Archives+%28Record+Group+46%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Morgenthau+Diary+Study%2C+1953-65&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Flegislative%2Fguide%2Fsenate%2Fchapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html%23103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082601/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823119,00.html">"The White Case Record"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 1953-11-30, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823119,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+White+Case+Record&rft.date=1953-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C823119%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihan1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan, Daniel Patrick</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-105sdoc2/pdf/GPO-CDOC-105sdoc2-4.pdf">"Chairman's Forward"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moynihan+Commission+on+Government+Secrecy&rft.atitle=Chairman%27s+Forward&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CDOC-105sdoc2%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CDOC-105sdoc2-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., <i>VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957</i> (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency/Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909200438/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/venona/sep_1944.shtml">"1251 KGB New York to Moscow, 2 September 1944, p. 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/venona/sep_1944.shtml">the original</a> on Sep 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1251+KGB+New+York+to+Moscow%2C+2+September+1944%2C+p.+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fpublic_info%2Fdeclass%2Fvenona%2Fsep_1944.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129024328/http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/18_Jan_1945_R3_m3_p1.gif">"83 KGB New York to Moscow, 18 January 1945, p.1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/18_Jan_1945_R3_m3_p1.gif">the original</a> on 2007-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=83+KGB+New+York+to+Moscow%2C+18+January+1945%2C+p.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fvenona%2Freleases%2F18_Jan_1945_R3_m3_p1.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Hanyok, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/publications/wwii/assets/files/eavesdropping.pdf">"Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945"</a> (Washington, DC: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005, 2nd Ed.), p. 119 (PDF page 124)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewVasili_Mitrokhin1999" class="citation cs2">Andrew, Christoper; <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro00andr/page/106"><i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i></a>, New York: Basic Books, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro00andr/page/106">106</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00310-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00310-9"><bdi>0-465-00310-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-00310-9&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rft.au=Vasili+Mitrokhin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswordshieldmitro00andr%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Skidelsky, <i>John Maynard Keynes:Fighting for Britain, 1937-1946</i>, Macmillan, London 2000 p.261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesHarvey_Klehr2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a> (2000), <i>Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 142–145, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08462-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08462-5"><bdi>0-300-08462-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44694569">44694569</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venona%3A+Decoding+Soviet+Espionage+in+America&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=142-145&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44694569&rft.isbn=0-300-08462-5&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft.au=Harvey+Klehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf">"FBI Documents of Historic Interest re Venona That Are Referenced in Daniel Moynihan's Book "Secrecy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>FBI's FOIA Website</i>, p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FBI%27s+FOIA+Website&rft.atitle=FBI+Documents+of+Historic+Interest+re+Venona+That+Are+Referenced+in+Daniel+Moynihan%27s+Book+%22Secrecy%22&rft.pages=17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoia.fbi.gov%2Fvenona%2Fvenona.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629055716/http://origin.www.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf">"Appendix A; SECRECY; A Brief Account of the American Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Report Of The Commission On Protecting And Reducing Government Secrecy</i>, United States Government Printing Office, pp. A–37, 1997, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://origin.www.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+Of+The+Commission+On+Protecting+And+Reducing+Government+Secrecy&rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3B+SECRECY%3B+A+Brief+Account+of+the+American+Experience&rft.pages=A-37&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forigin.www.gpo.gov%2Fcongress%2Fcommissions%2Fsecrecy%2Fpdf%2F12hist1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinAlexander_Vassiliev1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Weinstein" title="Allen Weinstein">Weinstein, Allen</a>; Alexander Vassiliev (1999). <i>The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America--The Stalin Era</i>. New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75536-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75536-5"><bdi>0-375-75536-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43680047">43680047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haunted+Wood%3A+Soviet+Espionage+in+America--The+Stalin+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43680047&rft.isbn=0-375-75536-5&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Alexander+Vassiliev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a>, <i>John Maynard Keynes:Fighting for Britain, 1937-1946</i>, Macmillan, London 2000 p.265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger,_Stephen_E.2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger,_Stephen_E." class="mw-redirect" title="Schlesinger, Stephen E.">Schlesinger, Stephen E.</a> (2004), <i>Act of Creation: the Founding of the United Nations: A story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Westview, Perseus Books Group, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3275-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3275-3"><bdi>0-8133-3275-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+of+Creation%3A+the+Founding+of+the+United+Nations%3A+A+story+of+Superpowers%2C+Secret+Agents%2C+Wartime+Allies+and+Enemies%2C+and+Their+Quest+for+a+Peaceful+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Westview%2C+Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8133-3275-3&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2012" class="citation web cs1">Craig, Bruce (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130709053426/http://hnn.us/node/145913">"Setting the Record Straight: Harry Dexter White and Soviet Espionage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a> (HNN). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/node/145913">the original</a> on 2013-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Setting+the+Record+Straight%3A+Harry+Dexter+White+and+Soviet+Espionage&rft.pub=History+News+Network+%28HNN%29&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Fnode%2F145913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2013" class="citation book cs1">Steil, Benn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofbrettonw0000stei/page/4"><i>The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofbrettonw0000stei/page/4">4, 23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691149097" title="Special:BookSources/9780691149097"><bdi>9780691149097</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bretton+Woods%3A+John+Maynard+Keynes%2C+Harry+Dexter+White%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+New+World+Order&rft.pages=4%2C+23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691149097&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Benn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofbrettonw0000stei%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkhamLevitan1990" class="citation news cs1">Pinkham, Joan White; Levitan, Ruth (11 November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/11/opinion/l-in-mccarthy-era-tv-networks-cowered-the-white-case-949790.html">"In McCarthy Era, TV Networks Cowered; 'The White Case'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+McCarthy+Era%2C+TV+Networks+Cowered%3B+%27The+White+Case%27&rft.date=1990-11-11&rft.aulast=Pinkham&rft.aufirst=Joan+White&rft.au=Levitan%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F11%2F11%2Fopinion%2Fl-in-mccarthy-era-tv-networks-cowered-the-white-case-949790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defending-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-defending_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkham1998" class="citation news cs1">Pinkham, Joan White (22 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/22/books/l-defending-their-father-836893.html">"Defending Their Father"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Defending+Their+Father&rft.date=1998-11-22&rft.aulast=Pinkham&rft.aufirst=Joan+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F11%2F22%2Fbooks%2Fl-defending-their-father-836893.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2012" class="citation news cs1">Steil, Benn (22 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/09/opinion/banker-tailor-soldier-spy.html">"Banker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Banker%2C+Tailor%2C+Soldier%2C+Spy&rft.date=2012-04-22&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Benn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fbanker-tailor-soldier-spy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkham2012" class="citation news cs1">Pinkham, Joan White (22 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/23/opinion/a-case-from-the-cold-war.html">"A Case From the Cold War"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Case+From+the+Cold+War&rft.date=2012-04-22&rft.aulast=Pinkham&rft.aufirst=Joan+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F23%2Fopinion%2Fa-case-from-the-cold-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1951" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, Elizabeth (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yz41AAAAIAAJ"><i>Out of Bondage</i></a>. Devin-Adair Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8041-0164-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8041-0164-7"><bdi>0-8041-0164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Bondage&rft.pub=Devin-Adair+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-8041-0164-7&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyz41AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2004" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Bruce (2004). <i>Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. pp. 17, 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700613113" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700613113"><bdi>978-0700613113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasonable+Doubt%3A+The+Harry+Dexter+White+Spy+Case&rft.pages=17%2C+245&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0700613113&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesHarvey_Klehr2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indenial00john"><i>In Denial: Historians, Communism, & Espionage</i></a>, San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1893554724" title="Special:BookSources/1893554724"><bdi>1893554724</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52258223">52258223</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Denial%3A+Historians%2C+Communism%2C+%26+Espionage&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52258223&rft.isbn=1893554724&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft.au=Harvey+Klehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findenial00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Koster, John (2012). <i>Operation Snow: How a Soviet Mole in FDR's White House Triggered Pearl Harbor,</i> Regnery Publishing, ISBN 978-1606712979</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted2002" class="citation book cs1">Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2002). <i>Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2739-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2739-8"><bdi>0-8078-2739-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49320306">49320306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Spy+Queen%3A+A+Biography+of+Elizabeth+Bentley&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49320306&rft.isbn=0-8078-2739-8&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteil2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Benn_Steil" title="Benn Steil">Steil, Benn</a> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Bretton_Woods:_John_Maynard_Keynes,_Harry_Dexter_White,_and_the_Making_of_a_New_World_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order">The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691149097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691149097"><bdi>978-0691149097</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bretton+Woods%3A+John+Maynard+Keynes%2C+Harry+Dexter+White%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+New+World+Order&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691149097&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benn_Steil" title="Benn Steil">Steil, Benn</a> (March/April 2013). "Red White." <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, Vol. 92, No. 2.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Weinstein" title="Allen Weinstein">Weinstein, Allen</a> (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/Perjury:_The_Hiss%E2%80%93Chambers_Case" title="Perjury: The Hiss–Chambers Case">Perjury: The Hiss–Chambers Case</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394495462" title="Special:BookSources/0394495462"><bdi>0394495462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perjury%3A+The+Hiss%E2%80%93Chambers+Case&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0394495462&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinAlexander_Vassiliev1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Weinstein" title="Allen Weinstein">Weinstein, Allen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vassiliev" title="Alexander Vassiliev">Alexander Vassiliev</a> (1999). <i>The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America--The Stalin Era</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375755365" title="Special:BookSources/0375755365"><bdi>0375755365</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43680047">43680047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haunted+Wood%3A+Soviet+Espionage+in+America--The+Stalin+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43680047&rft.isbn=0375755365&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Alexander+Vassiliev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers, Whittaker</a> (1952), <i>Witness</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, p. 799, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/52005149">52005149</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=799&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F52005149&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewVasili_Mitrokhin1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christoper</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a> (1999), <i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro00andr/page/106">106</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465003109" title="Special:BookSources/0465003109"><bdi>0465003109</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0465003109&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rft.au=Vasili+Mitrokhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliev2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vassiliev" title="Alexander Vassiliev">Vassiliev, Alexander</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/alexander-vassilievs-notebooks-and-the-documentation-soviet-intelligence-operations-the-unit-0"><i>Alexander Vassiliev's Notes on Anatoly Gorsky's December 1948 Memo on Compromised American Sources and Networks</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Vassiliev%27s+Notes+on+Anatoly+Gorsky%27s+December+1948+Memo+on+Compromised+American+Sources+and+Networks&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Vassiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fevent%2Falexander-vassilievs-notebooks-and-the-documentation-soviet-intelligence-operations-the-unit-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harry_Dexter_White" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtondecoded.com/files/hdwappen.pdf">"The Archival Evidence on Harry Dexter White", a summary of references to Harry White found in the Venona decryptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtondecoded.com/site/2013/08/white.html">John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, "Washing White: The Nation Persists in Espionage Denial"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Decoded" title="Washington Decoded">Washington Decoded</a></i>, 11 August 2013</li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95866">"Longines Chronoscope with Homer Ferguson"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoughton1998" class="citation cs2">Boughton, James M (September 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/09/boughton.htm">"Harry Dexter White and the International Monetary Fund"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Finance_%26_Development" title="Finance & Development">Finance & Development</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finance+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Harry+Dexter+White+and+the+International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Boughton&rft.aufirst=James+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F1998%2F09%2Fboughton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist" class="extiw" title="s:FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist">s:FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoughton2001" class="citation cs2">Boughton, James M. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp00149.pdf#search=%22%20%22The%20Case%20Against%20Harry%20Dexter%20White%3A%20Still%20Not%20Proven%22%22"><i>The Case Against Harry Dexter White: Still Not Proven</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+Harry+Dexter+White%3A+Still+Not+Proven&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Boughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fwp%2F2000%2Fwp00149.pdf%23search%3D%2522%2520%2522The%2520Case%2520Against%2520Harry%2520Dexter%2520White%253A%2520Still%2520Not%2520Proven%2522%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+Dexter+White" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:SilvermasterGroup" title="Template:SilvermasterGroup"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:SilvermasterGroup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:SilvermasterGroup (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SilvermasterGroup" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SilvermasterGroup"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silvermaster_group_of_Americans_accused_of_spying_for_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Silvermaster_File" title="FBI Silvermaster File">Silvermaster group</a> of Americans accused of spying for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Gregory_Silvermaster" title="Nathan Gregory Silvermaster">Nathan Gregory Silvermaster</a> (head)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Steinman_Gold" title="Sonia Steinman Gold">Sonia Steinman Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Taylor" title="William Henry Taylor">William Henry Taylor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry Dexter White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Boris_Volkov" title="Anatole Boris Volkov">Anatole Boris Volkov</a> (courier)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_spies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Spies" title="Template:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Spies" title="Template talk:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Spies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_spies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Soviet and Russian spies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">In the US</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1940s and before</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barr" title="Joel Barr">Joel Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Bukov" title="Boris Bukov">Boris Bukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Coplon" title="Judith Coplon">Judith Coplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Field" title="Noel Field">Noel Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Glasser" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gold" title="Harry Gold">Harry Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrmann" title="John Herrmann">John Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hiss" title="Donald Hiss">Donald Hiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Malisoff" title="William Malisoff">William Malisoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hede_Massing" title="Hede Massing">Hede Massing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Morros" title="Boris Morros">Boris Morros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Oggins" title="Isaiah Oggins">Isaiah Oggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perl" title="William Perl">William Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perlo" title="Victor Perlo">Victor Perlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ward_Pigman" title="William Ward Pigman">William Ward Pigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reno" title="Vincent Reno">Vincent Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sarant" title="Alfred Sarant">Alfred Sarant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saville_Sax" title="Saville Sax">Saville Sax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Sobell" title="Morton Sobell">Morton Sobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ulanovsky" title="Alexander Ulanovsky">Alexander Ulanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Ulanovskaya" title="Nadezhda Ulanovskaya">Nadezhda Ulanovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadleigh" title="Julian Wadleigh">Julian Wadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ware" title="Harold Ware">Harold Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weisband" title="Bill Weisband">Bill Weisband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry Dexter White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Wicher" title="Maria Wicher">Maria Wicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Wovschin" title="Flora Wovschin">Flora Wovschin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoli_Yatskov" title="Anatoli Yatskov">Anatoli Yatskov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Abel" title="Rudolf Abel">Rudolf Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sheldon_Boone" title="David Sheldon Boone">David Sheldon Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Boyce" title="Christopher John Boyce">Christopher John Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patrick_Cavanaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh">Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dunlap" title="Jack Dunlap">Jack Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_III" title="James Hall III">James Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4nen" title="Reino Häyhänen">Reino Häyhänen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_Howard" title="Edward Lee Howard">Edward Lee Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Johnson_(spy)" title="Robert Lee Johnson (spy)">Robert Lee Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Koecher" title="Karl Koecher">Karl Koecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Daulton_Lee" title="Andrew Daulton Lee">Andrew Daulton Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lipka" title="Robert Lipka">Robert Lipka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_J._Lonetree" title="Clayton J. Lonetree">Clayton J. Lonetree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(agent)" title="Richard Miller (agent)">Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pelton" title="Ronald Pelton">Ronald Pelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Edwin_Pitts" title="Earl Edwin Pitts">Earl Edwin Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Soble" title="Jack Soble">Jack Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Soble" title="Myra Soble">Myra Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Soblen" title="Robert Soblen">Robert Soblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Seborer" title="Oscar Seborer">Oscar Seborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thompson_(spy)" title="Robert Thompson (spy)">Robert Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trofimoff" title="George Trofimoff">George Trofimoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Walker" title="John Anthony Walker">John Anthony Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Whitworth" title="Jerry Whitworth">Jerry Whitworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Post-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Buryakov" title="Evgeny Buryakov">Evgeny Buryakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Chapman" title="Anna Chapman">Anna Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debbins" title="Peter Debbins">Peter Debbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Nicholson" title="Harold James Nicholson">Harold James Nicholson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cairncross" title="John Cairncross">John Cairncross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portland_spy_ring" title="Portland spy ring">Portland spy ring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Gee" title="Ethel Gee">Ethel Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houghton" title="Harry Houghton">Harry Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konon_Molody" title="Konon Molody">Konon Molody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bettaney" title="Michael Bettaney">Michael Bettaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Blake" title="George Blake">George Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crook" title="David Crook">David Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litzi_Friedmann" title="Litzi Friedmann">Litzi Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Glading" title="Percy Glading">Percy Glading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melita_Norwood" title="Melita Norwood">Melita Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Nunn_May" title="Alan Nunn May">Alan Nunn May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peet_(1915%E2%80%931988)" title="John Peet (1915–1988)">John Peet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Prime" title="Geoffrey Prime">Geoffrey Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goronwy_Rees" title="Goronwy Rees">Goronwy Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Smith_(espionage)" title="Michael John Smith (espionage)">Michael John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Springhall" title="Dave Springhall">Dave Springhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Symonds" title="John Alexander Symonds">John Alexander Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Tudor-Hart" title="Edith Tudor-Hart">Edith Tudor-Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vassall" title="John Vassall">John Vassall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wynn" title="Arthur Wynn">Arthur Wynn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Carr" title="Sam Carr">Sam Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Delisle" title="Jeffrey Delisle">Jeffrey Delisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Miller" title="Elena Miller">Elena Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Munsinger" title="Gerda Munsinger">Gerda Munsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Joseph_Ratkai" title="Stephen Joseph Ratkai">Stephen Joseph Ratkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rose_(politician)" title="Fred Rose (politician)">Fred Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirohide_Ishida" title="Hirohide Ishida">Hirohide Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotoku_Miyagi" title="Yotoku Miyagi">Yotoku Miyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotsumi_Ozaki" title="Hotsumi Ozaki">Hotsumi Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABz%C5%8D_Sejima" title="Ryūzō Sejima">Ryūzō Sejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere /<br />in combination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gregory_Barmine" title="Alexander Gregory Barmine">Alexander Gregory Barmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Bergling" title="Stig Bergling">Stig Bergling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt" title="Dieter Gerhardt">Dieter Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerttu_Nuorteva" title="Kerttu Nuorteva">Kerttu Nuorteva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrov_(diplomat)" title="Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)">Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Raskolnikov" title="Fyodor Raskolnikov">Fyodor Raskolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Redl" title="Alfred Redl">Alfred Redl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignace_Reiss" title="Ignace Reiss">Ignace Reiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shlykov" title="Vitaly Shlykov">Vitaly Shlykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Simm" title="Herman Simm">Herman Simm</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Ghouse" class="extiw" title="ms:Siddiq Ghouse">Siddiq Ghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Treholt" title="Arne Treholt">Arne Treholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Wennerstr%C3%B6m_(colonel)" title="Stig Wennerström (colonel)">Stig Wennerström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918520#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918520#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918520#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008219075X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37008370">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/346552/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXcjWTfPTPQTjcQrjt8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128550678">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94034702">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124279926">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124279926">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5625492">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071456198">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585397205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007288325105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=209457">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/102421579">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575964">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v70nxz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&oldid=1256540428">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Dexter_White&oldid=1256540428</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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