CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@mit" /> <meta property="twitter:site:id" content="15460048" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="fb:page_id" content="126533127390327" /> <title>Lincoln Laboratory | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology</title> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/manifest.webmanifest"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/views/css/views.module.css?snasqh" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/paragraphs/css/paragraphs.unpublished.css?snasqh" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/mit_fix_ckeditor_paragraphs/src/css/admin-theme-fixes.css?snasqh" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/mit/assets/css/main.css?snasqh" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/themes/mit/assets/css/print.css?snasqh" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KDTCBZD');</script> </head> <body class="page-term"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KDTCBZD" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <a href="#main" class="skip-to-content">Skip to content ↓</a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <section class="tle-header"> <div class="tle-logo"> <div class="tle-logo-mit"> <a class="logo-mit" href="http://web.mit.edu"> <svg class="mit-logo-name" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400" height="92.249" viewBox="0 0 400 92.249"> <path class="mit-logo-name--color" id="mit_lockup_std-three-line_rgb_black" d="M349.2,160l3.389,12.047c.4,1.544.805,3.087,1.074,4.362.168.738.3,1.443.436,2.114h.067c.134-.671.268-1.376.436-2.114.268-1.275.6-2.819,1.04-4.362L359.028,160h6.946v23.993h-4.53V170.235c0-.973,0-2.181.1-3.221.034-.57.067-1.175.1-1.745h-.067c-.1.57-.235,1.107-.336,1.644-.235.94-.47,2.013-.7,2.92l-4.128,14.161h-4.664l-4.027-14.161c-.268-.906-.47-1.98-.7-2.92-.1-.537-.235-1.074-.336-1.644h-.067c.034.57.067,1.174.1,1.745.034,1.04.1,2.248.1,3.221v13.758H342.35V160Zm30.2,22.081h-.067a4.582,4.582,0,0,1-1.745,1.644,7.24,7.24,0,0,1-3.322.671c-3.557,0-6.007-1.812-6.007-5.268a4.437,4.437,0,0,1,2.013-3.993,11.88,11.88,0,0,1,4.9-1.544c2.886-.4,4.161-.638,4.161-1.946,0-1.275-.94-2.047-2.886-2.047-2.148,0-3.188.738-3.322,2.416h-4.06a5.254,5.254,0,0,1,1.879-3.96,8.256,8.256,0,0,1,5.537-1.711c5.168,0,7.248,2.282,7.248,6.342v8.758c0,1.309.2,2.081.6,2.383v.168h-4.4A4.838,4.838,0,0,1,379.4,182.081Zm-1.007-1.913a3.022,3.022,0,0,0,1.04-2.248v-2.584a11.133,11.133,0,0,1-3.188,1.007c-2.416.537-3.557,1.074-3.557,2.685s1.074,2.181,2.685,2.181A4.375,4.375,0,0,0,378.391,180.168Zm6.946-1.745h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.57-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.006,25.006,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.258,11.258,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.014,2.181,7.383,5.7h-4.128c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.872.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.029,12.029,0,0,1,4.128,1.409,4.474,4.474,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C388.357,184.5,385.606,182.114,385.337,178.423Zm16.308,0h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.571-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.011,25.011,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.259,11.259,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.013,2.181,7.383,5.7h-4.128c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.873.3,2.047.436,3.255.7A12.029,12.029,0,0,1,415,174.933a4.474,4.474,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06A8.875,8.875,0,0,1,409.7,184.5C404.666,184.5,401.914,182.114,401.646,178.423Zm27.684,3.658h-.067a4.582,4.582,0,0,1-1.745,1.644,7.24,7.24,0,0,1-3.322.671c-3.557,0-6.007-1.812-6.007-5.268a4.437,4.437,0,0,1,2.013-3.993,11.88,11.88,0,0,1,4.9-1.544c2.886-.4,4.161-.638,4.161-1.946,0-1.275-.94-2.047-2.886-2.047-2.148,0-3.188.738-3.322,2.416h-4.06a5.254,5.254,0,0,1,1.879-3.96,8.256,8.256,0,0,1,5.537-1.711c5.168,0,7.248,2.282,7.248,6.342v8.758c0,1.309.2,2.081.6,2.383v.168h-4.4A4.838,4.838,0,0,1,429.33,182.081Zm-1.007-1.913a3.022,3.022,0,0,0,1.04-2.248v-2.584a11.134,11.134,0,0,1-3.188,1.007c-2.416.537-3.557,1.074-3.557,2.685s1.074,2.181,2.685,2.181A4.375,4.375,0,0,0,428.323,180.168Zm9.564,1.678A9.189,9.189,0,0,1,435.5,175.4a9.466,9.466,0,0,1,2.349-6.477,8.218,8.218,0,0,1,6.242-2.617,8.37,8.37,0,0,1,5.369,1.745,7.372,7.372,0,0,1,2.45,4.564h-4.463a3.1,3.1,0,0,0-3.154-2.651c-2.785,0-4.161,2.047-4.161,5.436,0,3.289,1.275,5.436,4.094,5.436a3.171,3.171,0,0,0,3.456-2.919h4.4a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.248,4.631,8.066,8.066,0,0,1-5.5,1.946A8.521,8.521,0,0,1,437.887,181.846Zm20.638-12.819a5.423,5.423,0,0,1,5-2.718,5.606,5.606,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.833,6.833,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242H464.9V173.423a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765H453.86V160h4.564v9.027Zm24.43,12.953h-.1a5.524,5.524,0,0,1-4.933,2.483c-3.859,0-5.973-2.383-5.973-6.208V166.779h4.53v10.7c0,2.013.872,3.121,2.852,3.121,2.148,0,3.456-1.611,3.456-3.893v-9.933h4.564v17.215h-4.4Zm6.074-3.557h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.571-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.007,25.007,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.258,11.258,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.013,2.181,7.383,5.7H499.8c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.872.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.03,12.03,0,0,1,4.128,1.409,4.475,4.475,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C492.048,184.5,489.3,182.114,489.028,178.423Zm18.791,3.423a9.229,9.229,0,0,1-2.316-6.477,9.342,9.342,0,0,1,2.383-6.443,8.131,8.131,0,0,1,6.108-2.617,7.577,7.577,0,0,1,6.309,2.886,11.949,11.949,0,0,1,2.181,7.483H510c.369,2.685,1.779,4.3,4.4,4.3a3.187,3.187,0,0,0,3.322-2.114h4.5a6.656,6.656,0,0,1-2.45,3.96,8.512,8.512,0,0,1-5.336,1.678A8.693,8.693,0,0,1,507.819,181.846Zm2.248-8.322h7.651a3.59,3.59,0,0,0-3.658-3.691C511.645,169.832,510.47,171.242,510.068,173.524Zm15.369-6.745v-5.369H529.9v5.369h2.953v3.188H529.9v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.872a2.214,2.214,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.206,5.206,0,0,1-.738.033c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.442,5.442,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383v-3.188Zm10.6,0v-5.369H540.5v5.369h2.953v3.188H540.5v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.873a2.215,2.215,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.209,5.209,0,0,1-.738.033c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.443,5.443,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383v-3.188Zm8.657,11.644h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.57-1.275-1.376-1.577a25,25,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.259,11.259,0,0,1-4.195-1.409,4.154,4.154,0,0,1-1.913-3.792,4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.014,2.181,7.383,5.7H555.47c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.476,1.409.873.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.03,12.03,0,0,1,4.128,1.409A4.474,4.474,0,0,1,560,178.96a4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C547.718,184.5,544.966,182.114,544.7,178.423ZM347.216,191.192v23.993H342.35V191.192Zm7.718,9.128a5.5,5.5,0,0,1,5.1-2.819,5.605,5.605,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.832,6.832,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242h-4.564V204.615a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765H350.37V197.97h4.463v2.349Zm12.584,9.3h4.228c.3,2.013,1.678,2.852,3.758,2.852,2.013,0,3.154-.772,3.154-1.98,0-.805-.57-1.275-1.376-1.577a25.015,25.015,0,0,0-3.154-.7,11.26,11.26,0,0,1-4.195-1.409A4.154,4.154,0,0,1,368.021,203a4.8,4.8,0,0,1,2.047-4.161,8.5,8.5,0,0,1,4.966-1.342c4.6,0,7.014,2.181,7.383,5.7H378.29c-.235-1.879-1.342-2.517-3.322-2.517-1.812,0-2.953.638-2.953,1.913,0,.772.57,1.141,1.477,1.409.873.3,2.047.436,3.255.7a12.028,12.028,0,0,1,4.127,1.409,4.474,4.474,0,0,1,1.946,4.027,4.843,4.843,0,0,1-2.013,4.06,8.875,8.875,0,0,1-5.235,1.477C370.538,215.688,367.787,213.306,367.518,209.615Zm18.188-11.644V192.6h4.463v5.369h2.953v3.188h-2.953v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.872a2.217,2.217,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.2,5.2,0,0,1-.738.034c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.443,5.443,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383V197.97Zm14.127-6.141v4.094h-4.564v-4.094Zm0,6.141v17.215h-4.564V197.97Zm4.128,0V192.6h4.463v5.369h2.953v3.188h-2.953v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.873a2.216,2.216,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.2,5.2,0,0,1-.738.034c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.442,5.442,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383V197.97Zm20.436,15.2h-.1a5.524,5.524,0,0,1-4.933,2.483c-3.859,0-5.973-2.383-5.973-6.208V197.97h4.53v10.7c0,2.013.872,3.121,2.852,3.121,2.148,0,3.456-1.611,3.456-3.893V197.97h4.564v17.215h-4.4Zm8.524-15.2V192.6h4.463v5.369h2.953v3.188h-2.953v8.96c0,1.309.671,1.711,1.711,1.711h.872a2.217,2.217,0,0,0,.47-.034v3.356a5.2,5.2,0,0,1-.738.034c-.5.034-1.208.034-2.114.034a5.443,5.443,0,0,1-3.154-.839,3.747,3.747,0,0,1-1.51-3.289v-9.933h-2.383V197.97Zm10.873,15.067a9.228,9.228,0,0,1-2.316-6.477,9.343,9.343,0,0,1,2.383-6.443,8.131,8.131,0,0,1,6.107-2.618,7.577,7.577,0,0,1,6.309,2.886,11.95,11.95,0,0,1,2.181,7.483H445.974c.369,2.685,1.779,4.3,4.4,4.3a3.186,3.186,0,0,0,3.322-2.114h4.5a6.656,6.656,0,0,1-2.45,3.96,8.512,8.512,0,0,1-5.336,1.678A8.693,8.693,0,0,1,443.793,213.037Zm2.248-8.322h7.651a3.59,3.59,0,0,0-3.658-3.691C447.618,201.024,446.444,202.433,446.041,204.715Zm21.443,8.322a9,9,0,0,1-2.517-6.443,9.133,9.133,0,0,1,2.517-6.477,8.865,8.865,0,0,1,6.477-2.618,9,9,0,0,1,6.51,2.618,9.254,9.254,0,0,1,2.483,6.477,9.113,9.113,0,0,1-2.483,6.443,8.892,8.892,0,0,1-6.51,2.651A8.759,8.759,0,0,1,467.484,213.037Zm10.839-6.443c0-3.389-1.544-5.638-4.362-5.638s-4.362,2.248-4.362,5.638c0,3.356,1.544,5.6,4.362,5.6S478.323,209.95,478.323,206.594Zm7.55-8.624v-1.544a4.716,4.716,0,0,1,2.181-4.362,8.937,8.937,0,0,1,5.47-.839v3.524c-2.148-.1-3.087.134-3.087,1.946v1.275h3.087v3.289h-3.087v13.926h-4.564V201.259h-2.349V197.97ZM354.431,222.383v4.094h-7.215v19.9H342.35v-19.9h-7.215v-4.094Zm-.5,21.846a9.228,9.228,0,0,1-2.316-6.477,9.343,9.343,0,0,1,2.383-6.443,8.131,8.131,0,0,1,6.108-2.618,7.577,7.577,0,0,1,6.309,2.886,11.949,11.949,0,0,1,2.181,7.483H356.109c.369,2.685,1.779,4.3,4.4,4.3a3.186,3.186,0,0,0,3.322-2.114h4.5a6.656,6.656,0,0,1-2.45,3.96,8.512,8.512,0,0,1-5.336,1.678A8.693,8.693,0,0,1,353.928,244.229Zm2.248-8.322h7.651a3.59,3.59,0,0,0-3.658-3.691C357.753,232.215,356.579,233.625,356.176,235.907Zm15.872,8.322a9.189,9.189,0,0,1-2.383-6.443,9.465,9.465,0,0,1,2.349-6.477,8.217,8.217,0,0,1,6.242-2.618,8.37,8.37,0,0,1,5.369,1.745,7.372,7.372,0,0,1,2.45,4.564h-4.463a3.1,3.1,0,0,0-3.154-2.651c-2.785,0-4.161,2.047-4.161,5.436,0,3.289,1.275,5.436,4.094,5.436a3.171,3.171,0,0,0,3.456-2.92h4.4a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.248,4.631,8.065,8.065,0,0,1-5.5,1.946A8.521,8.521,0,0,1,372.049,244.229Zm20.638-12.819a5.423,5.423,0,0,1,5-2.718,5.606,5.606,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.833,6.833,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242h-4.564V235.806a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765h-4.564V222.383h4.564v9.027Zm18.121.1a5.5,5.5,0,0,1,5.1-2.819,5.606,5.606,0,0,1,4.3,1.812,6.833,6.833,0,0,1,1.644,4.631v11.242h-4.564V235.806a2.832,2.832,0,0,0-2.987-3.154c-2.013,0-3.49,1.577-3.49,3.96v9.765h-4.564V229.162h4.463v2.349Zm15.336,12.718a8.995,8.995,0,0,1-2.517-6.443,9.133,9.133,0,0,1,2.517-6.477,8.865,8.865,0,0,1,6.477-2.618,9,9,0,0,1,6.51,2.618,9.254,9.254,0,0,1,2.483,6.477,9.113,9.113,0,0,1-2.483,6.443,8.892,8.892,0,0,1-6.51,2.651A8.759,8.759,0,0,1,426.143,244.229Zm10.839-6.443c0-3.389-1.544-5.638-4.362-5.638s-4.362,2.248-4.362,5.638c0,3.356,1.544,5.6,4.362,5.6S436.982,241.142,436.982,237.786Zm11.174-15.4v23.993h-4.564V222.383Zm4.5,21.846a8.995,8.995,0,0,1-2.517-6.443,9.133,9.133,0,0,1,2.517-6.477,8.865,8.865,0,0,1,6.477-2.618,9,9,0,0,1,6.51,2.618,9.254,9.254,0,0,1,2.483,6.477,9.113,9.113,0,0,1-2.483,6.443,8.892,8.892,0,0,1-6.51,2.651A8.759,8.759,0,0,1,452.653,244.229Zm10.839-6.443c0-3.389-1.544-5.638-4.362-5.638s-4.362,2.248-4.362,5.638c0,3.356,1.544,5.6,4.362,5.6S463.492,241.142,463.492,237.786Zm6.074,9.094h4.53c.369,1.074,1.309,1.913,3.456,1.913,2.55,0,3.826-1.175,3.826-3.591v-1.879h-.1a5.467,5.467,0,0,1-4.5,2.013,7.181,7.181,0,0,1-5.2-2.181,8.172,8.172,0,0,1-2.383-6.04,8.954,8.954,0,0,1,2.114-6.141,6.865,6.865,0,0,1,5.336-2.282,5.548,5.548,0,0,1,4.765,2.282h.067v-1.812h4.4v15.906a6.569,6.569,0,0,1-2.047,5.235,9.008,9.008,0,0,1-6.208,1.946C472.854,252.249,470.069,250.236,469.566,246.88Zm11.107-6.577a5.375,5.375,0,0,0,.94-3.289,5.257,5.257,0,0,0-1.007-3.289,3.752,3.752,0,0,0-3.087-1.376c-2.349,0-3.859,1.779-3.859,4.7,0,2.953,1.51,4.631,3.893,4.631A3.775,3.775,0,0,0,480.673,240.3Zm9.933,8.121c1.846,0,2.55-.906,2.55-2.349a6.284,6.284,0,0,0-.268-1.711c-.235-.7-.537-1.644-1.04-2.953l-4.631-12.248h4.8l2.55,7.752c.268.805.5,1.711.738,2.483.1.436.235.839.369,1.275h.067c.1-.436.2-.839.3-1.275a25.347,25.347,0,0,1,.7-2.483l2.416-7.752h4.6l-6.007,17.651a9.269,9.269,0,0,1-2.215,4.027,5.378,5.378,0,0,1-3.859,1.175H489v-3.591Zm-244.229-2.047h19.195V188.792H246.377Zm28.792-67.182h47.987V160H275.169ZM246.377,160h19.195v19.195H246.377Zm-28.792,86.377h19.195V160H217.584Zm-28.792-19.195h19.195V160H188.792ZM160,246.377h19.195V160H160Zm115.169,0h19.195V188.792H275.169Z" transform="translate(-160 -160)"/> </svg> <svg class="mit-logo-name--alt-without-name" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="200" height="105.882" viewBox="0 0 200 105.882"> <path class="mit-logo-name--color" id="mit_logo_std_rgb_black" d="M265.882,265.882h23.529V195.294H265.882Zm35.294-82.353H360V160H301.176ZM265.882,160h23.529v23.529H265.882ZM230.588,265.882h23.529V160H230.588Zm-35.294-23.529h23.529V160H195.294ZM160,265.882h23.529V160H160Zm141.176,0h23.529V195.294H301.176Z" transform="translate(-160 -160)"/> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </div> </div> <nav class="tle-nav"> <a class="tle-nav--title" href="#tle-nav--menu"><span class="visually-hidden">MIT Top </span><span class="title">Menu</span><span class="arrow">↓</span></a> <ul id="tle-nav--menu" class="tle-nav--list"> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/education">Education</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/research">Research</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/admissions-aid">Admissions + Aid</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/campus-life">Campus Life</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item active"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="/">News</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item"><a class="tle-nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/about">About MIT</a></li> <li class="tle-nav--link-item tle-nav--link-item--more-block"> <button class="tle-nav--link tle-nav--link--more-button">More <span class="site-nav__arrow">↓</span></button> <ul class="tle-nav--more--list"></ul> </li> </ul> <div class="tle-nav--search-button"> <a class="tle-nav--search-button--trigger" href="http://web.mit.edu/search/"> <svg class="tle-nav--search-button--icon--open" width="0" viewBox="0 0 23 22"> <g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" fill="none"> <circle cx="9.20757329" cy="8.99160695" r="8.50646589"></circle> <path d="M14.8522097,14.6362434 L20.7140392,20.4980728"></path> </g> </svg><svg class="tle-nav--search-button--icon--close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" d="M1 1L17 17M1 17L17 1"></path> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">Search MIT</span> </a> </div> </nav> </section> <section class="tle-search--wrapper"> <div class="tle-search"> <form method="GET" action="https://web.mit.edu/search/" id="tle-search-form" class="tle-search-form"> <label for="tle-search-form-input" class="tle-search-form--label">Search websites, locations, and people</label> <div class="tle-search-form--input-wrapper"> <svg width="30" viewBox="0 0 23 22" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" class="tle-search-form--search-icon"><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" fill="none"><circle cx="9.20757329" cy="8.99160695" r="8.50646589"></circle> <path d="M14.8522097,14.6362434 L20.7140392,20.4980728" id="Line-4"></path></g></svg> <input type="query" id="tle-search-form--input" autocomplete="off" name="q" aria-label="search MIT" placeholder="What are you looking for?" class="tle-search-form--input"> <button type="reset" for="tle-search-form" aria-label="reset" class="tle-search-form--button-reset"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" class="tle-search-form--button-reset--icon"> <circle fill="red" cx="13" cy="13" r="13"></circle> <path d="M9.9 9.9l6.5 6.5M16.4 9.9l-6.5 6.5" stroke="currentColor"></path> </svg> </button> </div> </form> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--wrapper"> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results"> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--top-links--placeholder"></div> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--locations--placeholder"></div> <div class="tle-search--suggested-results--directory--placeholder"></div> <button type="submit" form="tle-search-form" class="tle-search--suggested-results--button-see-more"> <span class="tle-search--suggested-results--button-see-more--text">See More Results</span> </button> </div> <p class="tle-search--suggested-results--feedback"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/feedback" class="tle-search--suggested-results--feedback--link">Suggestions or feedback?</a></p> </div> </div> </section> <header class="site-header"> <div class="site-header--inner"> <div class="site-logo"> <div class="site-logo--mit-news"> <h2 class="site-logo--mit-news--heading"> <a class="logo--mit-news" href="/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 350.922 78.577" class="logo"> <g class="tagline" transform="translate(0.487 66.798)"> <g> <path d="M12.132,61.991a5.519,5.519,0,0,1-5.866,5.753A5.554,5.554,0,0,1,.4,61.854a5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C9.9,55.965,12.132,58.43,12.132,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C4.45,58.156,3.193,59.526,3.193,61.854Z" transform="translate(-0.4 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M17.884,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H10.9V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(3.765 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M32.441,59.972a2.177,2.177,0,0,0-2.374-1.644c-1.955,0-3.073,1.37-3.073,3.7s1.117,3.7,2.933,3.7a2.319,2.319,0,0,0,2.514-2.055h2.793c-.279,2.6-2.374,4.109-5.308,4.109-3.492,0-5.727-2.328-5.727-5.89S26.435,56,29.927,56c2.793,0,4.749,1.507,5.168,3.835H32.441Z" transform="translate(9.042 -56)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M36.731,65.2l-.7,2.328H33.1L37.29,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H41.341l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(12.572 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M47.209,67.531,45.533,61.5a6.062,6.062,0,0,1-.279-1.1,3.476,3.476,0,0,0-.279-.685v7.807H42.6V56.3h3.771l1.536,5.89a17.317,17.317,0,0,1,.559,2.6c0-.274.14-.274.14-.411l.14-.685a4.758,4.758,0,0,0,.14-.822,2.356,2.356,0,0,0,.14-.685l1.536-5.89h3.771V67.531H51.958V59.724a2.958,2.958,0,0,1-.419,1.233,1.343,1.343,0,0,0-.14.548l-1.676,6.027H47.209Z" transform="translate(16.341 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M56.054,67.531H53.4V56.3h4.609a4.736,4.736,0,0,1,3.212.822A3.7,3.7,0,0,1,62.479,60a3.373,3.373,0,0,1-.978,2.6,4.044,4.044,0,0,1-2.933,1.1H56.054Zm2.1-6.027a1.515,1.515,0,1,0,0-3.013h-2.1v3.15h2.1Z" transform="translate(20.626 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M71.2,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.334,3.334,0,0,1,61.7,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(23.918 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M77.684,59.8v-.137c0-.959-.838-1.507-2.1-1.507s-1.955.411-1.955,1.1c0,.411.419.822,1.117.959l2.374.548a5.282,5.282,0,0,1,2.654,1.1,2.861,2.861,0,0,1,.838,2.191c0,2.328-1.816,3.7-4.889,3.7-3.212,0-5.028-1.507-5.028-3.972h2.654c0,1.233.838,1.918,2.374,1.918,1.4,0,2.235-.411,2.235-1.233,0-.548-.419-.959-1.257-1.1l-2.374-.548a4.257,4.257,0,0,1-2.514-1.1,2.738,2.738,0,0,1-.978-2.191c0-2.191,1.816-3.424,4.749-3.424a4.661,4.661,0,0,1,4.05,1.644,4.541,4.541,0,0,1,.7,2.191H77.684Z" transform="translate(27.489 -55.963)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M86.931,65.2l-.7,2.328H83.3L87.49,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H91.541l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(32.487 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M99.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H92.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(36.256 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M102.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.554,5.554,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(39.946 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M118.631,65.2l-.7,2.328H115L119.19,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231h-3.073l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(45.063 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M127.154,67.531H124.5V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.654-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(48.832 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M144.832,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C142.458,55.965,144.832,58.43,144.832,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C137.011,58.156,135.893,59.526,135.893,61.854Z" transform="translate(52.244 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M153.1,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.333,3.333,0,0,1,143.6,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(56.409 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M159.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H152.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(60.059 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M162.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(63.748 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.385,67.531h-2.654v-9.04H175.1V56.3h9.777v2.191h-3.631v9.04Z" transform="translate(68.906 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M186.454,62.6v4.931H183.8V56.3h2.654v4.246h4.33V56.3h2.654V67.531h-2.654V62.6Z" transform="translate(72.357 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M201.9,58.355h-6.146v2.191h5.308V62.6h-5.308V65.34h6.285v2.191H193.1V56.3h8.8Z" transform="translate(76.046 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M208.312,67.531,205.1,56.3h2.654l1.257,5.068c.279.959.419,1.507.7,2.739a11.82,11.82,0,0,1,.559-2.739l1.117-5.068H213.9l1.117,5.068a23.766,23.766,0,0,1,.559,2.739c.14-.548.279-1.37.559-2.739l1.257-5.068h2.654l-3.352,11.231h-2.514l-1.117-4.657A19.263,19.263,0,0,1,212.5,60c-.279,1.233-.419,1.918-.559,2.876l-1.117,4.657Z" transform="translate(80.807 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M228.532,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C226.3,55.965,228.532,58.43,228.532,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C220.85,58.156,219.593,59.526,219.593,61.854Z" transform="translate(85.449 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M229.954,67.531H227.3V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.514-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(89.614 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M238.954,65.34h5.726v2.191H236.3V56.3h2.654Z" transform="translate(93.184 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M244,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507H244Zm4.47,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(96.239 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> </g> </g> <g class="mit-news"> <path d="M21.773,55.944,13.867,26.123c-.608-2.5-1.095-4.294-1.46-5.487-.487-1.789-.487-2.147-.973-3.7.122,2.028.122,3.459.122,4.413l.122,5.368V55.944H0V0H18l7.3,29.344c1.095,4.413,2.068,8.946,2.8,12.644q.365-1.61.365-1.789l.973-3.578c.122-.954.487-2.266.851-3.817.487-1.789.851-3.578.851-3.7L38.559,0H56.439V55.944H44.762V26.719l.122-5.368c0-1.074,0-2.386.122-4.413-.973,3.34-1.581,5.606-1.825,6.322-.487,1.551-.73,2.624-.851,2.743l-7.785,29.94Z" fill="#333"/> <path d="M64.294,55.944H51.4V0H64.294Z" transform="translate(11.121)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M97.166,55.944H84.272V10.735H67V0h47.438V10.735H97.166Z" transform="translate(14.497)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M158.372,55.944,142.194,27.316l-5.96-10.855c.122,2.982.122,5.01.122,6.68.122,2.982.122,6.322.122,9.781V55.944H124.8V0h13.38l15.691,27.912c2.189,4.175,3.649,7.157,5.839,11.332-.122-2.266-.122-3.817-.122-5.487l-.122-4.175V0h11.677V55.944Z" transform="translate(27.003)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.085,36.911c.73,5.487,4.136,8.588,9.366,8.588,3.284,0,5.6-1.074,7.177-3.578h12.285C207.6,49.793,199.939,54.8,190.086,54.8c-12.772,0-21.286-8.588-21.286-21.352,0-12.644,8.636-21.352,21.165-21.352,8.758,0,15.326,4.294,18.367,11.928,1.46,3.578,2.068,7.276,2.068,12.883Zm16.908-8.469c-.487-4.771-3.284-7.4-8.028-7.4s-7.785,2.624-8.758,7.4Z" transform="translate(36.523 2.333)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M217.485,53.456,205.2,12.9h12.285l3.527,13.24c.973,3.578,2.189,9.781,2.8,13.121,1.216-6.083,2.189-10.735,2.8-13.121l3.527-13.24h10.582l3.649,13.24c1.581,6.2,2.311,9.781,2.919,13.121.73-4.175,1.46-7.873,2.676-13.121l3.284-13.24h12.529L254.1,53.456H242.421l-4.014-14.195c-1.216-4.891-1.946-8.35-3.041-13.6-1.216,5.606-2.189,10.02-3.041,13.6l-3.406,14.195Z" transform="translate(44.398 2.487)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M282.944,25.379c-.487-2.982-3.041-4.652-7.055-4.652-3.527,0-5.839,1.312-5.839,3.34,0,1.551,1.216,2.266,5.109,3.1l7.663,1.551c5.109.954,7.663,2.147,9.366,3.936,1.946,1.789,3.041,4.891,3.041,8.111,0,8.588-7.055,13.956-18.61,13.956-11.434,0-18.61-5.248-19.219-14.314h11.434c.73,3.817,3.284,5.606,8.15,5.606,3.892,0,6.325-1.551,6.325-3.936,0-1.909-1.338-2.982-4.622-3.7l-7.541-1.67c-9.123-1.909-12.529-5.248-12.529-11.69,0-8.111,6.568-13.121,17.637-13.121,10.582,0,17.029,4.652,18.124,13.24H282.944Z" transform="translate(55.693 2.295)" fill="#333"/> </g> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </h2> <div class="site-header--subscribe"> <svg class="icon--mail--subscribe" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="19.403" height="13.778" viewBox="0 0 19.403 13.778"> <g id="Group_2076" data-name="Group 2076" transform="translate(-952 -199)"> <g id="Page-1" transform="translate(949 193)"> <g id="icon-6-mail-envelope-closed" transform="translate(4 8)"> <path id="mail-envelope-closed" d="M4.968,8.938a.74.74,0,0,0-.232.54V18.3a.741.741,0,0,0,.23.541h0l5.7-4.953L4.968,8.938Zm16.469,0a.741.741,0,0,1,.23.541V18.3a.74.74,0,0,1-.232.54l-5.694-4.951,5.7-4.953Zm-6.246,5.431,5.372,4.674H5.84l5.372-4.674L13.2,16.1l1.989-1.729ZM5.475,8A1.472,1.472,0,0,0,4,9.468V18.31a1.468,1.468,0,0,0,1.475,1.468H20.928A1.472,1.472,0,0,0,22.4,18.31V9.468A1.468,1.468,0,0,0,20.928,8ZM13.2,15.14l7.361-6.4H5.84l7.361,6.4Z" transform="translate(-4 -8)" fill="#464646" fill-rule="evenodd"/> </g> </g> <circle id="Ellipse_1111" data-name="Ellipse 1111" cx="3" cy="3" r="3" transform="translate(952 199)" fill="#FF4646"/> </g> </svg> <a class="site-header--subscribe--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/mit-daily-weekly/" target="_blank">Subscribe<span class="visually-hidden"> to MIT News newsletter</span></a></a> </div> <nav class="site-nav"> <a class="site-nav--browse" href="#site-nav--browse"><i class="arrow down"></i><span class="title">Browse</span></a> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="site--browse--search"> <div class="site--browse--search--inner"> <div class="site--search"> <form action="/search" method="get" id="search-form" class="site-nav--search-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <label for="keyword" class="visually-hidden">Enter keywords to search for news articles:</label> <input type="text" id="keyword" name="keyword" class="site-nav--search-form--keyword" placeholder="Search News"> <button id="submit-search" class="site-nav--search-form--submit-button">Submit</button> </form> </div> <a name="site-nav--browse"></a> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-ce19803558087d92e4e81434fae52a5ef737a16a8389838ac055f4cc853bd1c5"> <div><div class="site-browse"> <div class="site-browse--inner"> <div class="site-browse--recommended--head"> <h2 class="site-browse--recommended--head--title">Browse By</h2> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--topics"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Topics</h3> <span class="browse--recommended-head--title--view-all"><a href="/topics" class="browse--recommended-title--view-all--link">View All</a> →</span> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <div class="browse--recommended--descr--title">Explore:</div> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/machine-learning" hreflang="en">Machine learning</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/sustainability" hreflang="en">Sustainability</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/startups" hreflang="en">Startups</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/black-holes" hreflang="en">Black holes</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/topic/classes-and-programs" hreflang="en">Classes and programs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--departments"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Departments</h3> <span class="browse--recommended-head--title--view-all"><a href="/departments" class="browse--recommended-title--view-all--link">View All</a> →</span> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <div class="browse--recommended--descr--title">Explore:</div> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/aeronautics-and-astronautics" hreflang="en">Aeronautics and Astronautics</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/brain-and-cognitive-sciences" hreflang="en">Brain and Cognitive Sciences</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/architecture" hreflang="en">Architecture</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/political-science" hreflang="en">Political Science</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/department/mechanical-engineering" hreflang="en">Mechanical Engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--clp"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Centers, Labs, & Programs</h3> <span class="browse--recommended-head--title--view-all"><a href="/centers-labs-programs" class="browse--recommended-title--view-all--link">View All</a> →</span> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <div class="browse--recommended--descr--title">Explore:</div> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/abdul-latif-jameel-poverty-action-lab-j-pal" hreflang="en">Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/picower-institute" hreflang="en">Picower Institute for Learning and Memory</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/media-lab" hreflang="en">Media Lab</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/clp/lincoln-laboratory" hreflang="en">Lincoln Laboratory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--recommended-section site-browse--recommended-section--schools"> <div> <div class="browse--recommended-head"> <h3 class="browse--recommended-head--title">Schools</h3> </div> <div class="browse--recommended--descr"> <ul class="browse--recommended-descr--list"> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/architecture-and-planning" hreflang="en">School of Architecture + Planning</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/engineering" hreflang="en">School of Engineering</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/humanities-arts-and-social-sciences" hreflang="en">School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/management" hreflang="en">Sloan School of Management</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/science" hreflang="en">School of Science</a></li> <li class="browse--recommended-descr--list--item"><a href="/school/mit-schwarzman-college-computing" hreflang="en">MIT Schwarzman College of Computing</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-browse--view-itm-section"> <span class="site-browse--view-itm"><a class="site-browse--view-itm--link" href="/in-the-media">View all news coverage of MIT in the media</a> →</span> </div> <div class="site-browse--view-podcasts-section"> <span class="site-browse--view-podcasts"><a class="site-browse--view-podcasts--link" href="/podcasts">Listen to audio content from MIT News</a> →</span> </div> <div class="site-browse--subscribe-section"> <span class="site-browse--subscribe"><a class="site-browse--subscribe--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/subscribe/">Subscribe to MIT newsletter</a> →</span> </div> <div class="site-browse--close--container"> <a href="#" class="site-browse--close--button-link"><span class="site-browse--close--button-icon"><svg class="icon--button--close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> <g transform="translate(-32 -33)"> <path id="Path_2543" data-name="Path 2543" d="M43,33A11,11,0,1,0,54,44,11,11,0,0,0,43,33Zm5.318,14.708a.386.386,0,0,1,.113.275.378.378,0,0,1-.113.275l-1.061,1.066a.382.382,0,0,1-.275.113.4.4,0,0,1-.275-.113L43,45.611l-3.7,3.717a.375.375,0,0,1-.275.113.4.4,0,0,1-.275-.113l-1.061-1.066a.386.386,0,0,1-.113-.275.378.378,0,0,1,.113-.275L41.4,43.98,37.677,40.3a.394.394,0,0,1,0-.555l1.061-1.066a.391.391,0,0,1,.55,0L43,42.345l3.717-3.668a.391.391,0,0,1,.55,0l1.061,1.066a.394.394,0,0,1,0,.555L44.606,43.98Z" fill="currentColor"/> </g> </svg> </span> Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main class="site-main" id="main" aria-live="polite"> <div class="page--section"> <div class="page--section--inner"> <div id="block-mit-breadcrumbs"> <div class="block-inner"> <h4 class="breadcrumb--title visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h4> <ol class="breadcrumb--list"> <li class="breadcrumb--list-item"> <a class="breadcrumb--link" href="/">MIT News</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb--list-item"> <a class="breadcrumb--link" href="/clp">Centers, Labs, and Programs</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb--list-item"> Lincoln Laboratory </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-mit-page-title"> <div class="block-inner"> <h2 class="page-title-prefix"></h2> <h1>Lincoln Laboratory</h1> </div> </div> <div id="block-mit-content"> <div class="block-inner"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="page-term--views"> <div class="page-term--views--header-wrapper"> <div class="page-term--views--header-wrapper--inner"> <div class="page-term--views--header"> <header> Displaying 1 - 15 of 351 <i>news articles</i> related to this center/lab/program. <div class="loader-wrapper"><div class="loader"><div class="ball-clip-rotate"><div></div></div></div></div> </header> <a id="search-articles-in-term"></a> <form class="views-exposed-form" novalidate="novalidate" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-taxonomy-term-page-term" action="/clp/lincoln-laboratory" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-taxonomy-term-page__term" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <fieldset data-drupal-selector="edit-type" id="edit-type--wrapper" class="fieldgroup form-composite js-form-item form-item js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Show: </span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div id="edit-type"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-radio form-item-type js-form-item-type"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-type-1" type="radio" id="edit-type-1" name="type" value="1" checked="checked" class="form-radio" /> <label for="edit-type-1" class="option">News Articles</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-radio form-item-type js-form-item-type"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-type-2" type="radio" id="edit-type-2" name="type" value="2" class="form-radio" /> <label for="edit-type-2" class="option">In the Media</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-radio form-item-type js-form-item-type"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-type-3" type="radio" id="edit-type-3" name="type" value="3" class="form-radio" /> <label for="edit-type-3" class="option">Audio</label> </div> </div> </div> </fieldset> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-taxonomy-term" type="submit" id="edit-submit-taxonomy-term" value="Apply" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list"> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/tbird-technology-could-help-image-black-holes-photon-rings-1119" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Three rings of light against a black background. The first is large and diffuse, the second is large and diffuse with precise striations in the light, and the third is thin and precise." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202411/black-hole-images.jpg?itok=zEQnDa5d" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/tbird-technology-could-help-image-black-holes-photon-rings-1119"><span itemprop="name headline">TBIRD technology could help image black holes’ photon rings</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>The Lincoln Laboratory-developed laser communications payload operates at the data rates required to image these never-before-seen thin halos of light.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-11-19T21:30:00Z">November 19, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/tbird-technology-could-help-image-black-holes-photon-rings-1119" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/physicists-predict-exotic-form-matter-1118" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Illustration shows rainbow-hued particles uniformly distributed on a deep blue background. A pair of cirlces labeled "E4" are shown orbiting in a circle at the center." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202411/Anyons-cov.jpg?itok=mD62VmqY" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/physicists-predict-exotic-form-matter-1118"><span itemprop="name headline">MIT physicists predict exotic form of matter with potential for quantum computing</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>New work suggests the ability to create fractionalized electrons known as non-Abelian anyons without a magnetic field, opening new possibilities for basic research and future applications. </span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-11-18T21:55:00Z">November 18, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/physicists-predict-exotic-form-matter-1118" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/communications-user-terminal-prepares-for-moon-flyby-1101" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Two individuals in cleanroom attire examine an optical communications system payload. " class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202410/mit-lincoln-lab-staff-nasa.jpg?itok=l4-xgJqu" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/communications-user-terminal-prepares-for-moon-flyby-1101"><span itemprop="name headline">Communications user terminal developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory prepares for historic moon flyby</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>Aboard NASA’s Orion spacecraft, the terminal will beam data over laser links during the first crewed lunar mission since 1972.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-11-01T20:30:00Z">November 1, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/communications-user-terminal-prepares-for-moon-flyby-1101" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/axis-mission-selected-nasa-astrophysics-probe-competition-finalist-1029" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Illustration of the proposed AXIS Deep Extragalacitc Survey, a conical satellite with an octagonal heat shield and two solar panels, against a black star field" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202410/AXIS-Deep-Field-Composite.jpg?itok=qXR43dEl" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/axis-mission-selected-nasa-astrophysics-probe-competition-finalist-1029"><span itemprop="name headline">AXIS mission selected as NASA Astrophysics Probe competition finalist</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>MIT Kavli Institute scientists and collaborators will produce a concept study to launch a $1B experiment to investigate the X-ray universe.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-10-29T19:55:00Z">October 29, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/axis-mission-selected-nasa-astrophysics-probe-competition-finalist-1029" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/mit-affiliates-receive-american-physical-society-awards-honors-1028" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="7 headshots of awardees" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202410/APS-Awardees-2024-25.jpg?itok=tkJ8DglD" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/mit-affiliates-receive-american-physical-society-awards-honors-1028"><span itemprop="name headline">MIT affiliates receive 2024-25 awards and honors from the American Physical Society</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>Two faculty, a graduate student, and 10 additional alumni receive top awards and prizes; four faculty, one senior researcher, and seven alumni named APS Fellows.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-10-28T21:00:00Z">October 28, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/mit-affiliates-receive-american-physical-society-awards-honors-1028" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/jane-jane-chen-model-scientist-1009" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Jane-Jane Chen poses in front of a brick and glass building" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202410/jane-jane-chen-mit-A1.jpg?itok=31HmMd4h" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/jane-jane-chen-model-scientist-1009"><span itemprop="name headline">Jane-Jane Chen: A model scientist who inspires the next generation</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>A research scientist and internationally recognized authority in the field of blood cell development reflects on 45 years at MIT.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-10-09T20:40:00Z">October 9, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/jane-jane-chen-model-scientist-1009" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/microelectronics-projects-awarded-chips-science-act-funding-1001" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="36 individuals pose on an outdoor stage under a pyramidal awning" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202409/NECM-Funding-Event.jpg?itok=BAqFrFyj" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/microelectronics-projects-awarded-chips-science-act-funding-1001"><span itemprop="name headline">Microelectronics projects awarded CHIPS and Science Act funding </span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>MIT and Lincoln Laboratory are among awardees of $38 million in project awards to the Northeast Microelectronics Coalition to boost U.S. chip technology innovation.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T16:00:00Z">October 1, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/microelectronics-projects-awarded-chips-science-act-funding-1001" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/ai-pareidolia-can-machines-spot-faces-in-inanimate-objects-0930" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="In this watercolor scene a cartoon robot sees a smiling face in the moon, while a dog looks on." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202409/MIT-Faces-In-Things_0.jpg?itok=BzjAuZAN" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/ai-pareidolia-can-machines-spot-faces-in-inanimate-objects-0930"><span itemprop="name headline">AI pareidolia: Can machines spot faces in inanimate objects?</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>New dataset of “illusory” faces reveals differences between human and algorithmic face detection, links to animal face recognition, and a formula predicting where people most often perceive faces.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-09-30T13:00:00Z">September 30, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/ai-pareidolia-can-machines-spot-faces-in-inanimate-objects-0930" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/fifteen-lincoln-laboratory-technologies-receive-rd-100-awards-0924" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="A close-up photo of an imaging sensor and circuitry. " class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202409/engineered-substrates-lincoln-laboratory-rd100-00_0.jpg?itok=ytZFMCsb" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/fifteen-lincoln-laboratory-technologies-receive-rd-100-awards-0924"><span itemprop="name headline">Fifteen Lincoln Laboratory technologies receive 2024 R&D 100 Awards</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>The innovations map the ocean floor and the brain, prevent heat stroke and cognitive injury, expand AI processing and quantum system capabilities, and introduce new fabrication approaches.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-09-24T17:25:00Z">September 24, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/fifteen-lincoln-laboratory-technologies-receive-rd-100-awards-0924" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/lincoln-laboratory-national-strategic-research-institute-launch-student-research-program-0805" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Rachael Rosco and Brandon Sun face one another across a desk strewn with various tools and components" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202407/mit-lincoln-lab-NSRI.jpg?itok=3Y6DOhUf" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/lincoln-laboratory-national-strategic-research-institute-launch-student-research-program-0805"><span itemprop="name headline">Lincoln Laboratory and National Strategic Research Institute launch student research program to tackle biothreats to national security</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>MIT students who participated in the pilot program developed tools to rapidly screen for novel biosynthetic capabilities. </span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-08-15T20:35:00Z">August 15, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/lincoln-laboratory-national-strategic-research-institute-launch-student-research-program-0805" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/new-open-source-tool-helps-detangle-brain-0814" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Screenshot of NeuroTrALE software shows hundreds of neuron filaments in red and one neuron highlighted in yellow." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202408/neurotrale-neurons-00.png?itok=pH9wDV5G" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/new-open-source-tool-helps-detangle-brain-0814"><span itemprop="name headline">New open-source tool helps to detangle the brain</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>The software tool NeuroTrALE is designed to quickly and efficiently process large amounts of brain imaging data semi-automatically.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-08-14T18:30:00Z">August 14, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/new-open-source-tool-helps-detangle-brain-0814" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/helping-robots-practice-skills-independently-adapt-unfamiliar-environments-0808" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Four panels illustrate a quadrupedal robot sweeping with a broom and moving some torus-shaped objects" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202407/MIT-csail-EES-algorithm.jpg?itok=12wqD6U5" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/helping-robots-practice-skills-independently-adapt-unfamiliar-environments-0808"><span itemprop="name headline">Helping robots practice skills independently to adapt to unfamiliar environments</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>A new algorithm helps robots practice skills like sweeping and placing objects, potentially helping them improve at important tasks in houses, hospitals, and factories.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-08-08T14:45:00Z">August 8, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/helping-robots-practice-skills-independently-adapt-unfamiliar-environments-0808" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/researchers-return-arctic-test-integrated-sensor-nodes-0731" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="On a sunny day in the Arctic, 15 people bundled in cold-weather gear stand in a line with flags for Australia, France, Canada, United Kingdom, and USA waving on poles above them." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202407/oic24-flags.jpg?itok=IfmYplfn" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/researchers-return-arctic-test-integrated-sensor-nodes-0731"><span itemprop="name headline">Researchers return to Arctic to test integrated sensor nodes</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>The nodes are intended to become part of a widespread sea-ice monitoring network.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-07-31T20:00:00Z">July 31, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/researchers-return-arctic-test-integrated-sensor-nodes-0731" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/mit-excellence-awards-collier-medal-staff-award-distinction-0711" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="A man wearing a button-down shirt and glasses is being handed an award by a woman who is smiling and wearing a black suit." class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202407/mit-collier-medal-Benjamin-Lewis.jpg?itok=c2Zfm9bx" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/mit-excellence-awards-collier-medal-staff-award-distinction-0711"><span itemprop="name headline">Community members receive 2024 MIT Excellence Awards, Collier Medal, and Staff Award for Distinction in Service</span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>Staff members receive recognition for their exceptional support of the MIT community. </span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-07-11T17:00:00Z">July 11, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/mit-excellence-awards-collier-medal-staff-award-distinction-0711" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-term--views--list-item"><article class="term-page--news-article--item"> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--cover-image"> <a href="/2024/signal-processing-how-did-we-get-where-were-going-0703" class="image--link"> <img loading="lazy" src="/themes/mit/src/img/placeholder/placeholder--frontpage--featured-news.jpg" width="390" height="260" alt="Al Oppenheim" class="ondemand" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/term_page__news_article/public/images/202407/Oppenheim_Alan_headshot_preffered_square.png?itok=iX2oLvQr" /> </a> </div> <div class="term-page--news-article--item--descr"> <h3 class="term-page--news-article--item--title"> <a class="term-page--news-article--item--title--link" href="/2024/signal-processing-how-did-we-get-where-were-going-0703"><span itemprop="name headline">Signal processing: How did we get to where we’re going? </span> </span> </a> </h3> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--dek"> <span>In a retrospective talk spanning multiple decades, Professor Al Oppenheim looked back over the birth of digital signal processing and shared his thoughts on the future of the field.</span> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--publication-date"> <time datetime="2024-07-03T13:00:00Z">July 3, 2024</time> </p> <p class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story visually-hidden"><a href="/2024/signal-processing-how-did-we-get-where-were-going-0703" class="term-page--news-article--item--full-story-link">Read full story</a> →</p> </div> </article> </div> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading" class="views--pager"> <div class="views--pager--inner"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="js-pager__items"> <li> Page 1 </li> <li> <a href="/clp/lincoln-laboratory?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span class="pager--button pager--button--next"><svg class="arrow--point-east--slider" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="0" viewBox="0 0 16.621 30.183"> <defs> <clipPath id="clip-path"> <path id="Path_496" data-name="Path 496" d="M0-126.293H16.621V-96.11H0Z" transform="translate(0 126.293)"/> </clipPath> </defs> <g id="Group_2042" data-name="Group 2042" transform="translate(16.621 30.183) rotate(180)"> <g id="Group_115" data-name="Group 115" clip-path="url(#clip-path)"> <g id="Group_114" data-name="Group 114" transform="translate(0 0)"> <path id="Path_495" data-name="Path 495" d="M-48.055-96.11a1.522,1.522,0,0,1-1.081-.448L-62.7-110.12a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0-2.163l13.562-13.562a1.528,1.528,0,0,1,2.162,0,1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163L-59.454-111.2l12.48,12.48a1.529,1.529,0,0,1,0,2.163,1.524,1.524,0,0,1-1.081.448" transform="translate(63.146 126.293)" /> </g> </g> </g> </svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer--inner" data-nosnippet> <div class="site-footer--intro"> <div class="site-footer--logo"> <div class="site-footer--logo--mit-news"> <h2> <a class="logo-mit-news" href="/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" viewBox="0 0 350.922 78.577" class="logo mit-news-logo"> <g class="tagline" transform="translate(0.487 66.798)"> <g> <path d="M12.132,61.991a5.519,5.519,0,0,1-5.866,5.753A5.554,5.554,0,0,1,.4,61.854a5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C9.9,55.965,12.132,58.43,12.132,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C4.45,58.156,3.193,59.526,3.193,61.854Z" transform="translate(-0.4 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M17.884,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H10.9V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(3.765 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M32.441,59.972a2.177,2.177,0,0,0-2.374-1.644c-1.955,0-3.073,1.37-3.073,3.7s1.117,3.7,2.933,3.7a2.319,2.319,0,0,0,2.514-2.055h2.793c-.279,2.6-2.374,4.109-5.308,4.109-3.492,0-5.727-2.328-5.727-5.89S26.435,56,29.927,56c2.793,0,4.749,1.507,5.168,3.835H32.441Z" transform="translate(9.042 -56)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M36.731,65.2l-.7,2.328H33.1L37.29,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H41.341l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(12.572 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M47.209,67.531,45.533,61.5a6.062,6.062,0,0,1-.279-1.1,3.476,3.476,0,0,0-.279-.685v7.807H42.6V56.3h3.771l1.536,5.89a17.317,17.317,0,0,1,.559,2.6c0-.274.14-.274.14-.411l.14-.685a4.758,4.758,0,0,0,.14-.822,2.356,2.356,0,0,0,.14-.685l1.536-5.89h3.771V67.531H51.958V59.724a2.958,2.958,0,0,1-.419,1.233,1.343,1.343,0,0,0-.14.548l-1.676,6.027H47.209Z" transform="translate(16.341 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M56.054,67.531H53.4V56.3h4.609a4.736,4.736,0,0,1,3.212.822A3.7,3.7,0,0,1,62.479,60a3.373,3.373,0,0,1-.978,2.6,4.044,4.044,0,0,1-2.933,1.1H56.054Zm2.1-6.027a1.515,1.515,0,1,0,0-3.013h-2.1v3.15h2.1Z" transform="translate(20.626 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M71.2,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.334,3.334,0,0,1,61.7,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(23.918 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M77.684,59.8v-.137c0-.959-.838-1.507-2.1-1.507s-1.955.411-1.955,1.1c0,.411.419.822,1.117.959l2.374.548a5.282,5.282,0,0,1,2.654,1.1,2.861,2.861,0,0,1,.838,2.191c0,2.328-1.816,3.7-4.889,3.7-3.212,0-5.028-1.507-5.028-3.972h2.654c0,1.233.838,1.918,2.374,1.918,1.4,0,2.235-.411,2.235-1.233,0-.548-.419-.959-1.257-1.1l-2.374-.548a4.257,4.257,0,0,1-2.514-1.1,2.738,2.738,0,0,1-.978-2.191c0-2.191,1.816-3.424,4.749-3.424a4.661,4.661,0,0,1,4.05,1.644,4.541,4.541,0,0,1,.7,2.191H77.684Z" transform="translate(27.489 -55.963)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M86.931,65.2l-.7,2.328H83.3L87.49,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231H91.541l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(32.487 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M99.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H92.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(36.256 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M102.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.554,5.554,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(39.946 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M118.631,65.2l-.7,2.328H115L119.19,56.3h3.352l3.771,11.231h-3.073l-.7-2.328Zm2.1-6.438-1.4,4.383h2.654Z" transform="translate(45.063 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M127.154,67.531H124.5V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.654-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(48.832 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M144.832,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C142.458,55.965,144.832,58.43,144.832,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C137.011,58.156,135.893,59.526,135.893,61.854Z" transform="translate(52.244 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M153.1,56.2v7.67a3.174,3.174,0,0,1-1.257,2.876,5.531,5.531,0,0,1-3.492.959,5.8,5.8,0,0,1-3.492-.959A3.333,3.333,0,0,1,143.6,63.87V56.2h2.654v7.4c0,.822.14,1.1.419,1.37a3.034,3.034,0,0,0,1.676.548,1.759,1.759,0,0,0,1.536-.548c.419-.274.419-.685.419-1.37V56.2Z" transform="translate(56.409 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M159.784,67.531l-3.352-5.753-1.257-2.191v7.944H152.8V56.3h2.793l3.212,5.616c.419.822.7,1.37,1.257,2.328V56.3h2.374V67.531Z" transform="translate(60.059 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M162.1,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507h-4.05V56.2Zm4.469,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(63.748 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.385,67.531h-2.654v-9.04H175.1V56.3h9.777v2.191h-3.631v9.04Z" transform="translate(68.906 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M186.454,62.6v4.931H183.8V56.3h2.654v4.246h4.33V56.3h2.654V67.531h-2.654V62.6Z" transform="translate(72.357 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M201.9,58.355h-6.146v2.191h5.308V62.6h-5.308V65.34h6.285v2.191H193.1V56.3h8.8Z" transform="translate(76.046 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M208.312,67.531,205.1,56.3h2.654l1.257,5.068c.279.959.419,1.507.7,2.739a11.82,11.82,0,0,1,.559-2.739l1.117-5.068H213.9l1.117,5.068a23.766,23.766,0,0,1,.559,2.739c.14-.548.279-1.37.559-2.739l1.257-5.068h2.654l-3.352,11.231h-2.514l-1.117-4.657A19.263,19.263,0,0,1,212.5,60c-.279,1.233-.419,1.918-.559,2.876l-1.117,4.657Z" transform="translate(80.807 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M228.532,61.991a5.867,5.867,0,0,1-11.732-.137,5.809,5.809,0,0,1,1.816-4.383,6.04,6.04,0,0,1,4.05-1.37C226.3,55.965,228.532,58.43,228.532,61.991Zm-8.939-.137c0,2.328,1.117,3.7,3.073,3.7s3.073-1.37,3.073-3.7-1.117-3.835-3.073-3.835C220.85,58.156,219.593,59.526,219.593,61.854Z" transform="translate(85.449 -55.965)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M229.954,67.531H227.3V56.3h5.168a4.621,4.621,0,0,1,3.073.685,2.9,2.9,0,0,1,1.117,2.328,2.8,2.8,0,0,1-1.955,2.739c1.117.411,1.536.959,1.676,2.465l.14,1.644a2.721,2.721,0,0,0,.419,1.507h-2.654a1.058,1.058,0,0,1-.419-.959l-.14-1.507c-.14-1.37-.7-2.055-2.1-2.055h-1.816v4.383Zm2.514-6.574c.978,0,1.536-.411,1.536-1.233s-.559-1.233-1.536-1.233h-2.654v2.6h2.654Z" transform="translate(89.614 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M238.954,65.34h5.726v2.191H236.3V56.3h2.654Z" transform="translate(93.184 -55.889)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M244,56.2h4.05c2.374,0,3.631.411,4.749,1.507a5.553,5.553,0,0,1,1.4,3.972,6.348,6.348,0,0,1-1.536,4.246c-.978,1.1-2.374,1.507-4.469,1.507H244Zm4.47,9.177c1.257,0,1.955-.274,2.374-1.1a5.132,5.132,0,0,0,0-4.657,2.161,2.161,0,0,0-2.235-1.1h-1.955v6.985h1.816Z" transform="translate(96.239 -55.926)" fill="#333"/> </g> </g> <g class="mit-news"> <path d="M21.773,55.944,13.867,26.123c-.608-2.5-1.095-4.294-1.46-5.487-.487-1.789-.487-2.147-.973-3.7.122,2.028.122,3.459.122,4.413l.122,5.368V55.944H0V0H18l7.3,29.344c1.095,4.413,2.068,8.946,2.8,12.644q.365-1.61.365-1.789l.973-3.578c.122-.954.487-2.266.851-3.817.487-1.789.851-3.578.851-3.7L38.559,0H56.439V55.944H44.762V26.719l.122-5.368c0-1.074,0-2.386.122-4.413-.973,3.34-1.581,5.606-1.825,6.322-.487,1.551-.73,2.624-.851,2.743l-7.785,29.94Z" fill="#333"/> <path d="M64.294,55.944H51.4V0H64.294Z" transform="translate(11.121)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M97.166,55.944H84.272V10.735H67V0h47.438V10.735H97.166Z" transform="translate(14.497)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M158.372,55.944,142.194,27.316l-5.96-10.855c.122,2.982.122,5.01.122,6.68.122,2.982.122,6.322.122,9.781V55.944H124.8V0h13.38l15.691,27.912c2.189,4.175,3.649,7.157,5.839,11.332-.122-2.266-.122-3.817-.122-5.487l-.122-4.175V0h11.677V55.944Z" transform="translate(27.003)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M181.085,36.911c.73,5.487,4.136,8.588,9.366,8.588,3.284,0,5.6-1.074,7.177-3.578h12.285C207.6,49.793,199.939,54.8,190.086,54.8c-12.772,0-21.286-8.588-21.286-21.352,0-12.644,8.636-21.352,21.165-21.352,8.758,0,15.326,4.294,18.367,11.928,1.46,3.578,2.068,7.276,2.068,12.883Zm16.908-8.469c-.487-4.771-3.284-7.4-8.028-7.4s-7.785,2.624-8.758,7.4Z" transform="translate(36.523 2.333)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M217.485,53.456,205.2,12.9h12.285l3.527,13.24c.973,3.578,2.189,9.781,2.8,13.121,1.216-6.083,2.189-10.735,2.8-13.121l3.527-13.24h10.582l3.649,13.24c1.581,6.2,2.311,9.781,2.919,13.121.73-4.175,1.46-7.873,2.676-13.121l3.284-13.24h12.529L254.1,53.456H242.421l-4.014-14.195c-1.216-4.891-1.946-8.35-3.041-13.6-1.216,5.606-2.189,10.02-3.041,13.6l-3.406,14.195Z" transform="translate(44.398 2.487)" fill="#333"/> <path d="M282.944,25.379c-.487-2.982-3.041-4.652-7.055-4.652-3.527,0-5.839,1.312-5.839,3.34,0,1.551,1.216,2.266,5.109,3.1l7.663,1.551c5.109.954,7.663,2.147,9.366,3.936,1.946,1.789,3.041,4.891,3.041,8.111,0,8.588-7.055,13.956-18.61,13.956-11.434,0-18.61-5.248-19.219-14.314h11.434c.73,3.817,3.284,5.606,8.15,5.606,3.892,0,6.325-1.551,6.325-3.936,0-1.909-1.338-2.982-4.622-3.7l-7.541-1.67c-9.123-1.909-12.529-5.248-12.529-11.69,0-8.111,6.568-13.121,17.637-13.121,10.582,0,17.029,4.652,18.124,13.24H282.944Z" transform="translate(55.693 2.295)" fill="#333"/> </g> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">More about MIT News at Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </h2> </div> </div> <p>This website is managed by the MIT News Office, part of the <a href="http://comms.mit.edu" target="_blank">Institute Office of Communications</a>.</p> </div> <div class="site-footer--news-by-schools"> <h3>News by Schools/College:</h3> <ul class="site-footer--news-by-schools--list"> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/architecture-and-planning">School of Architecture and Planning</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/engineering">School of Engineering</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/humanities-arts-and-social-sciences">School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/science">School of Science</a></li> <li class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link-item"><a class="site-footer--news-by-schools--link" href="/school/mit-schwarzman-college-computing">MIT Schwarzman College of Computing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer--resources"> <h3 class="visually-hidden">Resources:</h3> <ul class="site-footer--resources--list"> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/mit-news-office/about">About the MIT News Office</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/press">MIT News Press Center</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/press/inquiries">Press Inquiries</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/press/filming-guidelines">Filming Guidelines</a></li> <li class="site-footer--resources--link-item"><a class="site-footer--resources--link" href="/rss">RSS Feeds</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-footer--cta"> <h3 class="visually-hidden">Tools:</h3> <ul class="site-footer--cta--list"> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/mit-daily-weekly/" target="_blank">Subscribe to MIT Daily/Weekly</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/press/subscribe-to-press-releases">Subscribe to press releases</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/user/login?destination=news-submission">Submit campus news</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/resources-for-campus-news-contributors">Guidelines for campus news contributors</a></li> <li class="site-footer--cta--link-item"><a class="site-footer--cta--link" href="/guidelines-generative-ai">Guidelines on generative AI</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <section class="tle-footer"> <div class="tle-logo"> <div class="tle-logo-mit"> <a class="logo-mit" href="http://web.mit.edu" target="_blank"> <svg class="mit-logo tle--logo-mit" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="200" height="105.882" viewBox="0 0 200 105.882"> <path class="mit-logo-name--color" id="mit_logo_std_rgb_black" d="M265.882,265.882h23.529V195.294H265.882Zm35.294-82.353H360V160H301.176ZM265.882,160h23.529v23.529H265.882ZM230.588,265.882h23.529V160H230.588Zm-35.294-23.529h23.529V160H195.294ZM160,265.882h23.529V160H160Zm141.176,0h23.529V195.294H301.176Z" transform="translate(-160 -160)"/> </svg><span class="visually-hidden">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a> </div> </div> <nav class="tle-footer--nav"> <span class="visually-hidden">MIT Top Level Links:</span> <ul class="tle-footer--nav--list"> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/education">Education</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/research">Research</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/admissions-aid">Admissions + Aid</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/campus-life">Campus Life</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="/">News</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" href="http://web.mit.edu/about">About MIT</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--nav--link-item better-world"><a class="tle-footer--nav--link" target="_blank" href="http://web.mit.edu/building-a-better-world/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="arrow--point-northeast"> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" transform="translate(1 1)"> <polyline points="3 0 14 0 14 11"/> <path d="M14,0 L0,14"/> </g> </svg> Join us in building a better world.</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="tle-footer--info"> <p><a href="http://web.mit.edu" target="_blank" class="mit-name">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><br/>77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA</p> <span class="visually-hidden">Recommended Links:</span> <ul class="tle-footer--utility-list"> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/visitmit">Visit</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://whereis.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Map<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://calendar.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Events<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/people.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">People<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://careers.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Careers<span class="visually-hidden"> (opens in new window)</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/contact">Contact</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item tle-footer--utility-item--privacy"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"><a class="tle-footer--utility-link" href="http://web.mit.edu/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--utility-item"> <ul class="tle-footer--social-list"> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" class="tle-footer--social-link--title" href="http://socialmediahub.mit.edu">Social Media Hub</a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/mit"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.656" height="16" viewBox="0 0 15.656 16"> <path d="M9.317,6.775,15.146,0H13.765L8.7,5.883,4.662,0H0L6.112,8.9,0,16H1.381L6.725,9.788,10.994,16h4.662L9.317,6.775Zm-1.892,2.2-.619-.886L1.879,1.04H4L7.977,6.728l.619.886,5.169,7.394H11.644L7.426,8.974Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path> </svg></span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on X</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/MITnews"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--facebook" width="8" height="16" viewBox="0 0 8 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M5.32 16H1.773V7.999H0V5.242h1.773V3.587c0-2.249 1-3.587 3.844-3.587h2.367v2.758h-1.48c-1.107 0-1.18.385-1.18 1.104l-.005 1.38H8L7.686 8H5.32V16z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"/> </svg> </span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/mit"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--youtube" viewbox="0 0 24 17" height="16" width="23" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M22.938 3.005A2.87 2.87 0 0 0 20.916.984C19.143.5 12.011.5 12.011.5S4.867.512 3.093.996a2.87 2.87 0 0 0-2.022 2.022C.6 4.79.6 8.5.6 8.5s0 3.709.484 5.495a2.87 2.87 0 0 0 2.021 2.021c1.774.484 8.906.484 8.906.484s7.132 0 8.905-.484a2.87 2.87 0 0 0 2.022-2.021c.484-1.774.484-5.495.484-5.495s0-3.709-.484-5.495zm-13.21 8.918V5.077l5.93 3.423-5.93 3.423z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero"></path> </svg> </span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on YouTube</span></a></li> <li class="tle-footer--social-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/mit"><span class="tle-footer--social-link--icon" ><svg class="icon--instagram" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <path id="a" d="M0 .005h15.257V15.26H0z"/> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g transform="translate(.384 .529)"> <mask id="b" fill="#fff"> <use xlink:href="#a"/> </mask> <path d="M7.629.005c-2.072 0-2.332.009-3.146.046-.812.037-1.366.166-1.851.354a3.74 3.74 0 0 0-1.352.88A3.74 3.74 0 0 0 .4 2.636c-.188.486-.317 1.04-.354 1.852C.009 5.302 0 5.562 0 7.633c0 2.072.009 2.332.046 3.146.037.812.166 1.366.355 1.851.194.502.455.928.88 1.352.424.424.849.685 1.35.88.486.188 1.04.317 1.852.354.814.037 1.074.046 3.146.046 2.071 0 2.331-.009 3.145-.046.812-.037 1.366-.166 1.852-.354a3.74 3.74 0 0 0 1.35-.88 3.74 3.74 0 0 0 .88-1.352c.19-.485.318-1.04.355-1.851.037-.814.046-1.074.046-3.146 0-2.071-.009-2.331-.046-3.145-.037-.812-.166-1.366-.354-1.852a3.74 3.74 0 0 0-.88-1.35 3.74 3.74 0 0 0-1.351-.88c-.486-.19-1.04-.318-1.852-.355C9.96.014 9.7.005 7.629.005zm0 1.374c2.037 0 2.278.008 3.082.045.744.034 1.148.158 1.417.262.356.139.61.304.877.571.267.267.432.521.57.877.105.27.23.673.263 1.417.037.804.045 1.046.045 3.082 0 2.037-.008 2.279-.045 3.083-.034.744-.158 1.148-.262 1.417-.139.356-.304.61-.571.877a2.363 2.363 0 0 1-.877.57c-.269.105-.673.23-1.417.263-.804.037-1.045.045-3.082.045s-2.279-.008-3.083-.045c-.744-.034-1.148-.158-1.417-.263a2.363 2.363 0 0 1-.877-.57 2.364 2.364 0 0 1-.57-.877c-.105-.27-.23-.673-.263-1.417-.037-.804-.044-1.046-.044-3.083 0-2.036.007-2.278.044-3.082.034-.744.158-1.148.263-1.417.138-.356.303-.61.57-.877.267-.267.521-.432.877-.57.27-.105.673-.23 1.417-.263.804-.037 1.046-.045 3.083-.045z" fill="currentColor" mask="url(#b)"/> </g> <path d="M8.013 10.705a2.543 2.543 0 1 1 0-5.086 2.543 2.543 0 0 1 0 5.086zm0-6.46a3.917 3.917 0 1 0 0 7.835 3.917 3.917 0 0 0 0-7.835zM13 4.09a.915.915 0 1 1-1.83 0 .915.915 0 0 1 1.83 0" fill="currentColor"/> </g> </svg> </span><span class="visually-hidden">MIT on Instagram</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <script src="/themes/mit/assets/js/modernizr.js?snasqh"></script> <script src="/themes/mit/assets/js/main.js?snasqh"></script> </body> </html>