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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Municipalism and communalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalism_and_communalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipalization_as_a_Foundation_for_an_Ecological_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalization_as_a_Foundation_for_an_Ecological_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Municipalization as a Foundation for an Ecological Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalization_as_a_Foundation_for_an_Ecological_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critique_of_Privatization_and_Nationalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_Privatization_and_Nationalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.1</span> <span>Critique of Privatization and Nationalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_Privatization_and_Nationalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="موري بوكتشين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موري بوكتشين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="মুরেই বুকচিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুরেই বুকচিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8B_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Μάρεϋ Μπούκτσιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρεϋ Μπούκτσιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماری بوکچین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماری بوکچین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8A%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8A%DA%A9%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مۊری بۊکچین – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مۊری بۊکچین" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B6%81%EC%B9%9C" title="머레이 북친 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머레이 북친" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מארי בוקצ'ין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארי בוקצ'ין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიურეი ბუკჩინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიურეი ბუკჩინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мари Букчин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мари Букчин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مورى بوكتشين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مورى بوكتشين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مواری بوکچین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مواری بوکچین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Букчин, Мюррей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Букчин, Мюррей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مەری بوکچین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەری بوکچین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мари Букчин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мари Букчин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мюррей Букчин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мюррей Букчин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Murray Bookchin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li 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For the artist, see <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bookchin" title="Natalie Bookchin">Natalie Bookchin</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Murray Bookchin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray_Bookchin,_Burlington_Vermont,_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Murray_Bookchin%2C_Burlington_Vermont%2C_1990.jpg/220px-Murray_Bookchin%2C_Burlington_Vermont%2C_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Murray_Bookchin%2C_Burlington_Vermont%2C_1990.jpg/330px-Murray_Bookchin%2C_Burlington_Vermont%2C_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Murray_Bookchin%2C_Burlington_Vermont%2C_1990.jpg/440px-Murray_Bookchin%2C_Burlington_Vermont%2C_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2954" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bookchin in 1990</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mortimore Bookchin</div><br />January 14, 1921<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 30, 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-07-30)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-</a>/<a href="/wiki/21st-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century philosophy">21st-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_ecology" title="Philosophy of ecology">philosophy of ecology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity" title="Post-scarcity">post-scarcity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, ethics, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>, ecology, history of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">popular</a> revolutionary movements</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Communalism, social ecology</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Anarchism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Anarchism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg/150px-American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg/225px-American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg/300px-American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%E2%80%93Grottkau_debate" title="Most–Grottkau debate">Most–Grottkau debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act of 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Ferrer Center and Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club_and_League" title="Libertarian Book Club and League">Libertarian Book Club and League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">Battle of Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilombo" title="Qilombo">Qilombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Occupied_Protest" title="Capitol Hill Occupied Protest">Capitol Hill Occupied Protest</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Abbott" title="Leonard Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Appleton_(anarchist)" title="Henry Appleton (anarchist)">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Austin" title="Kate Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Bari" title="Judi Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_of_Aaron_Bushnell" title="Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell">Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cornell" title="Tom Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Czologsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff" title="Sam Dolgoff">Dolgoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Duffy_Turner" title="Ethel Duffy Turner">Duffy Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fielden" title="Samuel Fielden">Fielden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Fischer" title="Adolph Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Haldeman-Julius" title="E. Haldeman-Julius">Haldeman-Julius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hammond" title="Jeremy Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Harman" title="Moses Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Holmes" title="Lizzie Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_K._Ingalls" title="Joshua K. Ingalls">Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lingg" title="Louis Lingg">Lingg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Lloyd" title="J. William Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Milstein" title="Cindy Milstein">Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Schwab" title="Justus Schwab">Schwab (Justus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwab" title="Michael Schwab">Schwab (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Spies" title="August Spies">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Waisbrooker" title="Lois Waisbrooker">Waisbrooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Walker" title="James L. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lamborn_Wilson" title="Peter Lamborn Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Winn" title="Ross Winn">Winn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Active</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_No_Rio" title="ABC No Rio">ABC No Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-Syndicalist_Review" title="Anarcho-Syndicalist Review">Anarcho-Syndicalist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_Design_Collective" title="Beehive Design Collective">Beehive Design Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_Collective" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Ground Collective">Common Ground Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curious_George_Brigade" title="Curious George Brigade">Curious George Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Anarchist_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Anarchist Studies">Institute for Anarchist Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Anarchist_Coordinating_Council" title="Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council">Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOVE_(Philadelphia_organization)" title="MOVE (Philadelphia organization)">MOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Anarchist_Road_Care" title="Portland Anarchist Road Care">Portland Anarchist Road Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profane_Existence" title="Profane Existence">Profane Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Emma%27s" title="Red Emma's">Red Emma's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruckus_Society" title="Ruckus Society">Ruckus Society</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Just_Vote,_Get_Active" title="Don't Just Vote, Get Active">Don't Just Vote, Get Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Ferrer Center and Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Applied_Autonomy" title="Institute for Applied Autonomy">Institute for Applied Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club_and_League" title="Libertarian Book Club and League">Libertarian Book Club and League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Non-Resistance_Society" title="New England Non-Resistance Society">New England Non-Resistance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Social_Revolutionary_Club" title="New York Social Revolutionary Club">New York Social Revolutionary Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilombo" title="Qilombo">Qilombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Camp" title="Spanish Camp">Spanish Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenacious_Unicorn_Ranch" title="Tenacious Unicorn Ranch">Tenacious Unicorn Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Workers" title="Union of Russian Workers">Union of Russian Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfucker" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfucker">Up Against the Wall Motherfucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Group_(anarchist)" title="Vanguard Group (anarchist)">Vanguard Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why%3F_Group" title="Why? Group">Why? Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Publications</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blast_(magazine)" title="The Blast (magazine)">The Blast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker" title="Catholic Worker">Catholic Worker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronaca_Sovversiva" title="Cronaca Sovversiva">Cronaca Sovversiva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Society" title="Free Society">Free Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freiheit_(1879)" title="Freiheit (1879)">Freiheit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golos_Truda" title="Golos Truda">Golos Truda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908_periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908 periodical)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loompanics" title="Loompanics">Loompanics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_(magazine)" title="Mother Earth (magazine)">Mother Earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regeneraci%C3%B3n" title="Regeneración">Regeneración</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(journal)" title="Vanguard (journal)">Vanguard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Word_(US_magazine)" title="The Word (US magazine)">The Word</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Resistance to Civil Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1849)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Manifesto" title="Pittsburgh Manifesto">To the Workingmen of America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Anarchism" title="In Defense of Anarchism">In Defense of Anarchism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future" title="Industrial Society and Its Future">Industrial Society and Its Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Bakunin_to_Lacan" title="From Bakunin to Lacan">From Bakunin to Lacan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Power" title="Understanding Power">Understanding Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragments_of_an_Anarchist_Anthropology" title="Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology">Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action:_An_Ethnography" title="Direct Action: An Ethnography">Direct Action: An Ethnography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">in Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_idea" title="Chicago idea">Chicago idea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galleanisti" title="Galleanisti">Galleanisti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_US" title="Template:Anarchism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_US" title="Template talk:Anarchism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Murray Bookchin</b> (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-20060808_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-20060808-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theorist</a>, author, orator, historian, and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher.</a> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EoF-2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was a pioneer in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bookchin formulated and developed the theory of social ecology and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> within <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a>, and ecological thought. He was the author of two dozen books covering topics in politics, philosophy, history, urban affairs, and social ecology. Among the most important were <i>Our Synthetic Environment</i> (1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom" title="The Ecology of Freedom">The Ecology of Freedom</a></i> (1982), and <i>Urbanization Without Cities</i> (1987). In the late 1990s, he became disenchanted with what he saw as an increasingly apolitical "<a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">lifestylism</a>" of the contemporary anarchist movement, stopped referring to himself as an anarchist, and founded his own libertarian socialist ideology called "communalism", which seeks to reconcile and expand <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalist</a>, and anarchist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bookchin was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> and advocate of social <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> along ecological and democratic lines. His ideas have influenced social movements since the 1960s, including the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a>, and more recently, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>. He was a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">American green movement</a>. An autodidact who never attended college, he is considered one of the last public intellectuals and most important left theorists of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bookchin was born in New York City to Nathan Bookchin (born Nacham Wisotsky) and his first wife, Rose (Kalusky) Bookchin, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jewish immigrants</a> from the Russian Empire. His father was from <a href="/wiki/Mazyr" title="Mazyr">Mazyr</a> (now Belarus) and his mother from <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> (Lithuania).<sup id="cite_ref-nynat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nynat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was embarrassed by his given name Mortimore and went by his childhood nickname, Murray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaibYCgAAQBAJpgPA25_25fn8]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaibYCgAAQBAJpgPA25_25fn8]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father adopted the name of a relative, Bukczin, and anglicized it to Bookchin. His parents divorced in 1934. He grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx">Bronx</a> with his mother, uncle Daniel, and maternal grandmother, Zeitel, a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary</a> who imbued him with <a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Russian populist</a> ideas. </p><p>After his grandmother's death in 1930, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_America" title="Young Pioneers of America">Young Pioneers of America</a>, the Communist youth organization (for children 9 to 14)<sup id="cite_ref-youtube2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League</a> (for youths) in 1935. He attended the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Workers_School" title="New York Workers School">Workers School</a> near Union Square, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. In the late 1930s he broke with <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and gravitated toward <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, joining the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a> (SWP). In the early 1940s, he worked in a foundry in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne, New Jersey</a>, where he was a trade union organizer and shop steward for the <a href="/wiki/United_Electrical_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Electrical Workers">United Electrical Workers</a> as well as a recruiter for the SWP. Within the SWP, he adhered to the Goldman-<a href="/wiki/Felix_Morrow" title="Felix Morrow">Morrow</a> faction, which broke away after the war ended. He was an auto worker and UAW member at the time of the great <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers_(UAW)_strike_of_1945%E2%80%931946" class="mw-redirect" title="United Auto Workers (UAW) strike of 1945–1946">General Motors strike of 1945–46</a>. In 1949, while speaking to a Zionist youth organization at <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College</a>, Bookchin met a mathematics student, Beatrice Appelstein, whom he married in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were married for 12 years and lived together for 35, remaining close friends and political allies for the rest of his life. They had two children, Debbie and Joseph.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On religious views, Bookchin was an atheist, but was considered to be tolerant of religious views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight199827_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight199827-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1947, Bookchin collaborated with a fellow lapsed Trotskyist, the German expatriate Josef Weber, in New York in the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democracy_of_Content" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for a Democracy of Content">Movement for a Democracy of Content</a>, a group of 20 or so post-Trotskyists who collectively edited the periodical <i>Contemporary Issues – A Magazine for a Democracy of Content</i>. <i>Contemporary Issues</i> embraced utopianism. The periodical provided a forum for the belief that previous attempts to create utopia had foundered on the necessity of toil and drudgery; but now modern technology had obviated the need for human toil, a liberatory development. To achieve this "post-scarcity" society, Bookchin developed a theory of ecological decentralism. The magazine published Bookchin's first articles, including the pathbreaking "The Problem of Chemicals in Food" (1952). In 1958, Bookchin defined himself as an anarchist,<sup id="cite_ref-youtube2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeing parallels between anarchism and environmentalism. His first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Synthetic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Synthetic Environment">Our Synthetic Environment</a>,</i> was published under the pseudonym Lewis Herber, in 1962, a few months before <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>'s famous <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Bookchin joined the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE), and protested racism at the <a href="/wiki/1964_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 World's Fair">1964 World's Fair</a>. During 1964–1967, while living on Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>, he cofounded and was the principal figure in the New York Federation of Anarchists. His groundbreaking essay "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought" introduced environmentalism and, more specifically, ecology as a concept in radical politics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, he founded another group that published the influential <i>Anarchos</i> magazine, which published that and other innovative essays on post-scarcity and on sustainable technologies such as solar and wind energy, and on decentralization and miniaturization. Lecturing throughout the United States, he helped popularize the concept of ecology to the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>. His widely republished 1969 essay "Listen, Marxist!"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warned <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (in vain) against an impending takeover by a Marxist group. "Once again the dead are walking in our midst," he wrote, "ironically, draped in the name of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, the man who tried to bury the dead of the nineteenth century. So the revolution of our own day can do nothing better than parody, in turn, the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> of 1918–1920, with its 'class line,' its <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> Party, its '<a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">proletarian dictatorship</a>,' its <a href="/wiki/Puritanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanical">puritanical</a> morality, and even its slogan, 'Soviet power'".<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969–1970, he taught at the Alternate U, a counter-cultural radical school based on 14th Street in Manhattan. In 1971, he moved to Burlington, Vermont, with a group of friends, to put into practice his ideas of decentralization. In the fall of 1973, he was hired by <a href="/wiki/Goddard_College" title="Goddard College">Goddard College</a> to lecture on technology; his lectures led to a teaching position and to the creation of the Social Ecology Studies program in 1974 and the Institute for Social Ecology (ISE) soon thereafter, of which he became the director. In 1974, he was hired by <a href="/wiki/Ramapo_College" title="Ramapo College">Ramapo College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mahwah,_New_Jersey" title="Mahwah, New Jersey">Mahwah, New Jersey</a>, where he quickly became a full professor. The ISE was a hub for experimentation and study of <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a> in the 1970s. In 1977–78 he was a member of the Spruce Mountain Affinity Group of the <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a>. Also in 1977, he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Anarchists" title="The Spanish Anarchists">The Spanish Anarchists</a></i>, a history of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">the Spanish anarchist movement</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">revolution of 1936</a>. During this period, Bookchin briefly forged some ties with the nascent <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> movement, speaking at a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> convention and contributing to a newsletter edited by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a>. Nevertheless, Bookchin rejected the types of libertarianism that advocated unconstrained individualism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Bookchin co-established the New England Anarchist Conference (NEAC) to organize the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist movement">anarchist movement</a> in the United States. At its first meeting in October 1980, 175 anarchists from the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">northeastern US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> attended. By the second conference in January 1981 in <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>, the NEAC devolved into <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>, which moved Bookchin to lose faith in a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolution">socialist revolution</a> happening in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, Bookchin engaged in occasional critiques of <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>' mayorship in Burlington. Bookchin criticized Sanders' politics, claiming he lacked a drive to establish <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, followed a Marxian deprioritization of ecology, and was a “'centralist' who narrowly focused on economic growth."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bookchin and his social ecologist colleagues in the Burlington Greens, which he co-founded with his former wife Bea Bookchin, criticized the Sanders administration for pushing for a luxury condo waterfront redevelopment, which was eventually rejected by Burlington voters. They advocated for a moratorium on growth, a moral economy, and social justice rooted in grassroots democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Bookchin and <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Left_Green_Network" title="Left Green Network">Left Green Network</a> "as a radical alternative to U.S. Green liberals", based around the principles of social ecology and libertarian municipalism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, Bookchin lamented the decline of <a href="/wiki/American_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="American anarchism">American anarchism</a> into <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">primitivism</a>, anti-technologism, neo-<a href="/wiki/Situationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationism">Situationism</a>, individual self-expression, and "ad hoc adventurism," at the expense of forming a social movement. He formally broke with anarchism in 1999, describing himself in 2002 as a "Communalist" in a major essay elaborating his late-life views, called "The Communalist Project".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He continued to teach at the ISE until 2004. Bookchin died of <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> on July 30, 2006, at his home in Burlington, at the age of 85.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to his political writings, Bookchin wrote extensively on philosophy, calling his ideas dialectical naturalism.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF-2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dialectical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical">dialectical</a> writings of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, which articulate a developmental philosophy of change and growth, seemed to him to lend themselves to an organic, environmentalist approach.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF-2005_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96–97">: 96–97 </span></sup> Although Hegel "exercised a considerable influence" on Bookchin, he was not, in any sense, a Hegelian.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His philosophical writings emphasize <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>, and the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sociological_and_psychological_views">General sociological and psychological views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General sociological and psychological views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bookchin was critical of class-centered analysis of Marxism and simplistic anti-state forms of libertarianism and liberalism and wished to present what he saw as a more complex view of societies. In <i>The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy,</i> he says that: </p> <blockquote> <p>My use of the word <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> in the subtitle of this work is meant to be provocative. There is a strong theoretical need to contrast hierarchy with the more widespread use of the words class and State; careless use of these terms can produce a dangerous simplification of social reality. To use the words hierarchy, class, and State interchangeably, as many social theorists do, is insidious and obscurantist. This practice, in the name of a "classless" or "libertarian" society, could easily conceal the existence of hierarchical relationships and a hierarchical sensibility, both of which—even in the absence of economic exploitation or political coercion—would serve to perpetuate unfreedom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Bookchin also points to an accumulation of hierarchical systems throughout history that has occurred up to contemporary societies which tends to determine the human collective and individual <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>The objective history of the social structure becomes internalized as a subjective history of the psychic structure. Heinous as my view may be to modern <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudians</a>, it is not the discipline of work but the discipline of rule that demands the repression of internal nature. This repression then extends outward to external nature as a mere object of rule and later of exploitation. This mentality permeates our individual psyches in a cumulative form up to the present day—not merely as capitalism but as the vast history of hierarchical society from its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanity's_environmental_predicament"><span id="Humanity.27s_environmental_predicament"></span>Humanity's environmental predicament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humanity's environmental predicament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bookchin's book about humanity's collision course with the natural world, <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Synthetic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Synthetic Environment">Our Synthetic Environment</a></i>, was published six months before <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bookchin rejected <a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a>'s belief that the environmental crisis could be traced to technological choices, <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>'s views that it could be traced to overpopulation, or the even more pessimistic view that traces this crisis to human nature. Rather, Bookchin felt that our environmental predicament is the result of the cancerous logic of capitalism, a system aimed at maximizing profit instead of enriching human lives: "By the very logic of its grow-or-die imperative, capitalism may well be producing ecological crises that gravely imperil the integrity of life on this planet." </p><p> The solution to this crisis, he said, is not a return to hunter-gatherer societies, which Bookchin characterized as xenophobic and warlike. Bookchin likewise opposed "a politics of mere protest, lacking programmatic content, a proposed alternative, and a movement to give people direction and continuity."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claims we need:</p><blockquote><p>...a constant awareness that a given society's irrationality is deep-seated, that its serious pathologies are not isolated problems that can be cured piecemeal but must be solved by sweeping changes in the often hidden sources of crisis and suffering—that awareness alone is what can hold a movement together, give it continuity, preserve its message and organization beyond a given generation, and expand its ability to deal with new issues and developments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The answer then lies in Communalism, a system encompassing a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">directly democratic</a> political organization anchored in loosely confederated popular assemblies, decentralization of power, absence of domination of any kind, and replacing capitalism with human-centered forms of production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_ecology">Social ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Social ecology (disambiguation)">Social ecology</a></div> <p>Social ecology is a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theory" title="Philosophical theory">philosophical theory</a> associated with Bookchin, concerned with the relationship between ecological and social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin-Social-Ecology_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-Social-Ecology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin-Psichenatura_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-Psichenatura-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not a movement but a theory primarily associated with his thought and elaborated over his body of work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19985_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19985-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presents a utopian philosophy of human evolution that combines the nature of biology and society into a third "thinking nature" beyond biochemistry and physiology, which he argues is a more complete, conscious, ethical, and rational nature. Humanity, by this line of thought, is the latest development from the long history of organic development on Earth. Bookchin's social ecology proposes ethical principles for replacing a society's propensity for hierarchy and domination with that of democracy and freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokols2018_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokols2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It emerged from a time in the mid-1960s, under the emergence of both the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">global environmental</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">American civil rights</a> movements, and played a much more visible role from the upward movement against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> by the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin-Socialeco_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-Socialeco-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents ecological problems as arising mainly from social problems, in particular from different forms of hierarchy and domination beginning with gerontocracy and patriarchy and extending through various forms of oppression including gender, race, and class status. It seeks to resolve them through the model of a non-hierarchical ecological society based on self-determination at the local level,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which opposes the current <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">capitalist system of production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumption</a>. It aims to set up a moral, decentralized, united society, guided by reason. While Bookchin distanced himself from <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> later in his life, the philosophical theory of social ecology is often considered to be a form of eco-anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Libertarian_municipalism"></span> </p><p>Bookchin wrote about the effects of urbanization on human life in the early 1960s during his participation in the civil rights and related social movements. He then began to pursue the connection between ecological and social issues, culminating with his best-known book, <i>The Ecology of Freedom</i>, which he had developed over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19985–6_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19985–6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His argument, that human domination and destruction of nature follows from social domination between humans, was a breakthrough position in the growing field of ecology. He writes that life develops from self-organization and evolutionary cooperation (<a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19986_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19986-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bookchin wrote of preliterate societies organized around mutual need but ultimately overrun by institutions of hierarchy and domination, such as city-states and capitalist economies, which he attributes uniquely to societies of humans and not communities of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19987_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19987-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposes confederation between communities of humans run through democracy rather than through administrative logistics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19988_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19988-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bookchin's work, beginning with anarchist writings on the subject in the 1960s, has continuously evolved. Towards the end of the 1990s, he increasingly integrated the principle of communalism, with aspirations more inclined towards institutionalized municipal democracy, which distanced him from certain evolutions of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. Bookchin's work draws inspiration from, and expands up, anarchism (mainly <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> (including the writings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a>). Social ecology refuses the pitfalls of a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusian">Neo-Malthusian</a> ecology which erases social relationships by replacing them with "natural forces", but also of a technocratic ecology which considers that environmental progress must rely on technological breakthroughs and that the state will play an integral role in this technological development. According to Bookchin, these two currents depoliticize ecology and mythologize the past and the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin-Social-Ecology_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-Social-Ecology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, the first "International Social Ecology Meetings" were organized in <a href="/wiki/Lyon,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon, France">Lyon, France</a>, which brought together a hundred radical environmentalists, decreasing figures and libertarians, most of whom came from France, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Spain and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, but also from the United States, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and Canada. At the center of the debates: libertarian municipalism as an alternative to the nation state and the need to rethink activism.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurdish_movement">Kurdish movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kurdish movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bookchin's reflections on social ecology and libertarian municipalism also inspired <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>, the historical leader of the Kurdish movement, to create the concept of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a>, which aims to bring together the peoples of the Middle East in a confederation of democratic, multicultural and <a href="/wiki/Ecologism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologism">ecological</a> communes.<sup id="cite_ref-utopia1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utopia1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diplo1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplo1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) since 2005, Öcalan's project represents a major ideological shift away from their previous goal of establishing a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-utopia1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utopia1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz-2019_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-2019-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the PKK, Öcalan's internationalist project was also well received by its Syrian counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Party of Democratic Union</a> (PYD), which would become the first organization in the world to actually found a society based on the principles of democratic confederalism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 6, 2014, the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a>, federated into autonomous municipalities, adopting a social contract which established a decentralized non-hierarchy society, based on principles of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, ecology, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">cultural pluralism</a>, participatory politics and <a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">economic cooperativism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2015_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz-2019_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-2019-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalism_and_communalism">Municipalism and communalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Municipalism and communalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bookchin's vision of an ecological society is based on <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">highly participatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> politics, in which municipal communities democratically plan and manage their affairs through <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">popular assembly</a>, a program he called <a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">communalism</a>. This democratic deliberation purposefully promotes autonomy and self-reliance, as opposed to centralized state politics. While this program retains elements of anarchism, it emphasizes a higher degree of organization (community planning, voting, and institutions) than general anarchism. In Bookchin's Communalism, these autonomous municipal communities connect with each other via <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1970s, Bookchin argued that the arena for libertarian social change should be the municipal level. In 1980 Bookchin used the term "libertarian municipalism" to describe a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system in which institutions of directly democratic assemblies would oppose and replace the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> with a confederation of free municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Next Revolution</i>, Bookchin stresses the link that libertarian municipalism has with his earlier philosophy of social ecology. He writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Libertarian Municipalism constitutes the politics of social ecology, a revolutionary effort in which freedom is given institutional form in public assemblies that become decision-making bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bookchin proposes that these institutional forms must take place within differently scaled local areas. In a 2001 interview he summarized his views this way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The overriding problem is to change the structure of society so that people gain power. The best arena to do that is the municipality—the city, town, and village—where we have an opportunity to create a face-to-face democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanek_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanek-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Libertarian municipalism intends to create a situation in which the two powers—the municipal confederations and the nation state cannot coexist.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanek_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanek-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Municipalization_as_a_Foundation_for_an_Ecological_Society">Municipalization as a Foundation for an Ecological Society</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Municipalization as a Foundation for an Ecological Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bookchin posits that neither privatization nor nationalization can effectively pave the way toward an ecological society. He asserts that both models are deeply embedded in structures of domination, failing to address the root causes of environmental crises. In contrast, Bookchin advocates for municipalization as a core principle in his libertarian municipalist framework<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Critique_of_Privatization_and_Nationalization">Critique of Privatization and Nationalization</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Critique of Privatization and Nationalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bookchin critiques private property as a central driver of both social and ecological harm, associating it with exploitation, domination, and the prioritization of profit over community and environmental well-being. According to Bookchin, systems based on private ownership promote competition and individualism, which he argues are incompatible with the cooperation and solidarity needed to build a fair and sustainable society. </p><p>Nationalization, often positioned as a remedy to capitalism's excesses, is also seen by Bookchin as inadequate. He contends that nationalization typically shifts control from private companies to centralized bureaucratic entities, merely replacing one form of dominance with another. In this state-centered model, the apparatus of the state, rather than the market, assumes authority over economic activities. This can lead to what Bookchin describes as a "privatized economy in a collectivized form," where workers remain detached from their labor and ecological exploitation persists.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_influence">Legacy and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Bookchin, by his own recognition, failed to win over a substantial body of supporters during his own lifetime, his ideas have nonetheless influenced movements and thinkers across the globe. </p><p>Among these are the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) and closely aligned <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) in Turkey, which have <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">fought the Turkish state</a> since the 1980s to try to secure greater political and cultural rights for the country's <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a>. The PKK is designated as a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> by the Turkish and United States governments, while the YPG has been considered an ally of the US against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though founded on a rigid <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology, the PKK has seen a shift in its thought and aims since the capture and <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan">imprisonment</a> of its leader, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a>, in 1999. Öcalan began reading a variety of <a href="/wiki/Post-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Marxist">post-Marxist</a> political theory while in prison, and found particular interest in Bookchin's works.<sup id="cite_ref-biehl_dialectics_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Öcalan attempted in early 2004 to arrange a meeting with Bookchin through his lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's "student" eager to adapt his thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to accept the request. In May 2004 Bookchin conveyed this message "My hope is that the Kurdish people will one day be able to establish a free, rational society that will allow their brilliance once again to flourish. They are fortunate indeed to have a leader of Mr. Öcalan's talents to guide them". When Bookchin died in 2006, the PKK hailed the American thinker as "one of the greatest social scientists of the 20th century", and vowed to put his theory into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-biehl_dialectics_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a>", the variation on Communalism developed by Öcalan in his writings and adopted by the PKK, does not outwardly seek Kurdish rights within the context of the formation of an independent state separate from Turkey. The PKK claims that this project is not envisioned as being only for Kurds, but rather for all peoples of the region, regardless of their ethnic, national, or religious background. Rather, it promulgates the formation of assemblies and organizations beginning at the grassroots level to enact its ideals in a non-state framework beginning at the local level. It also places a particular emphasis on securing and promoting <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biehl_dialectics_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biehl_dialectics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PKK has had some success in implementing its programme, through organizations such as the Democratic Society Congress (DTK), which coordinates political and social activities within Turkey, and the <a href="/wiki/Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Koma Civakên Kurdistan">Koma Civakên Kurdistan</a> (KCK), which does so across all countries where Kurds live.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin_bibliography" title="Murray Bookchin bibliography">Murray Bookchin bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Anarchists:_The_Heroic_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years">The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom:_The_Emergence_and_Dissolution_of_Hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy">The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="History of the Green Party of the United States">History of the Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-20060808-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-20060808_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmall2006" class="citation news cs1">Small, Mike (August 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/aug/08/guardianobituaries.usa">"Murray Bookchin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Obituary)</span>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716133107/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/aug/08/guardianobituaries.usa">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Murray+Bookchin&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Faug%2F08%2Fguardianobituaries.usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoF-2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoF-2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoF-2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoF-2005_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2005" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akpress.org/ecologyoffreedom.html"><i>The Ecology of Freedom; The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy</i></a>. Chico, CA: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. pp. 8, 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904859260" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904859260"><bdi>978-1904859260</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425033549/https://www.akpress.org/ecologyoffreedom.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Freedom%3B+The+Emergence+and+Dissolution+of+Hierarchy&rft.place=Chico%2C+CA&rft.pages=8%2C+11&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-1904859260&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akpress.org%2Fecologyoffreedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Environmental Philosophy, Inc, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Ethics_(journal)" title="Environmental Ethics (journal)">Environmental Ethics</a></i> v. 12 1990: 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bookchin, Murray. "The Future of the Left," <i>The Next Revolution: Popular Assemblies and the Promise of Direct Democracy</i>. New York: Verso Books, 2015. pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiehl,_Janet" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl, Janet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/janet-biehl-bookchin-breaks-with-anarchism.html">"Bookchin Breaks with Anarchism Communalism October 2007: 1"</a>. <i>theanarchistlibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730221502/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/janet-biehl-bookchin-breaks-with-anarchism.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theanarchistlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Bookchin+Breaks+with+Anarchism+Communalism+October+2007%3A+1.&rft.au=Biehl%2C+Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fjanet-biehl-bookchin-breaks-with-anarchism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby" class="citation web cs1">Jacoby, Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cominsitu.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/russell-jacoby-the-last-intellectuals_-american-culture-in-the-age-of-academe-2nd-edition-2000-1.pdf">"The Last Intellectuals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cominsitu</i>. Basic Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cominsitu&rft.atitle=The+Last+Intellectuals&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcominsitu.wordpress.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F08%2Frussell-jacoby-the-last-intellectuals_-american-culture-in-the-age-of-academe-2nd-edition-2000-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nynat-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nynat_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York, U.S., Naturalization Records, 1882–1944</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014123810/http://www.social-ecology.org/article.php?story=20031028142620228">"<i>The Murray Bookchin Reader: Introduction</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.social-ecology.org/article.php?story=20031028142620228">the original</a> on October 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Murray+Bookchin+Reader%3A+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.social-ecology.org%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20031028142620228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/reader/intro.html">"The Murray Bookchin Reader: Intro"</a>. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906162756/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/reader/intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Murray+Bookchin+Reader%3A+Intro&rft.pub=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2FAnarchist_Archives%2Fbookchin%2Freader%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaibYCgAAQBAJpgPA25_25fn8]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaibYCgAAQBAJpgPA25_25fn8]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiehl2015">Biehl 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aibYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">25fn8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube2007-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube2007_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube2007_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd0hxVUIQvk">"<i>Anarchism in America</i> documentary"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarchism+in+America+documentary&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVd0hxVUIQvk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2006" class="citation news cs1">Price, Andy (August 19, 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/murray-bookchin-412486.html">"Murray Bookchin, Political philosopher and activist who became a founder of the ecological movement"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Murray+Bookchin%2C+Political+philosopher+and+activist+who+became+a+founder+of+the+ecological+movement&rft.date=2006-08-19&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fmurray-bookchin-412486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (August 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/us/07bookchin.html?_r=0">"Murray Bookchin, 85, writer, Activist and Ecology Theorist Dies August 7, 2006"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531064200/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/us/07bookchin.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807055952/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/bio1.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biography+of+Murray+Bookchin+by+Janet+Biehl&rft.pub=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2FAnarchist_Archives%2Fbookchin%2Fbio1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/ecologyandrev.html">"Ecology and Revolution"</a>. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. June 16, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829114202/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/ecologyandrev.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Revolution&rft.pub=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu&rft.date=2004-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2FAnarchist_Archives%2Fbookchin%2Fecologyandrev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasalam.org/bkchn06.htm">"Listen, Marxist!"</a>. Nasalam.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829114536/http://www.nasalam.org/bkchn06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listen%2C+Marxist%21&rft.pub=Nasalam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasalam.org%2Fbkchn06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Walker" title="Jesse Walker">Walker, Jesse</a> (July 31, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2006/07/31/murray-bookchin-rip">Murray Bookchin, RIP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012201439/http://reason.com/blog/2006/07/31/murray-bookchin-rip">Archived</a> October 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bookchin/CMMNL2.MCW.html">"Reflections: Murray Bookchin"</a>. <i>dwardmac.pitzer.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015005827/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bookchin/cmmnl2.mcw.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dwardmac.pitzer.edu&rft.atitle=Reflections%3A+Murray+Bookchin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2Fanarchist_archives%2Fbookchin%2FCMMNL2.MCW.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiehl2015_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiehl2015">Biehl 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi, Marco Rosaire (April 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10455752.2022.2051058">"The Sanders-Bookchin Debate"</a>. <i>Capitalism Nature Socialism</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 120–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455752.2022.2051058">10.1080/10455752.2022.2051058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-5752">1045-5752</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247404346">247404346</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627001222/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10455752.2022.2051058">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitalism+Nature+Socialism&rft.atitle=The+Sanders-Bookchin+Debate&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120-138&rft.date=2022-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247404346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1045-5752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10455752.2022.2051058&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Marco+Rosaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10455752.2022.2051058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vote Green leaflet <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/229304919/Vote-Bea">https://www.scribd.com/doc/229304919/Vote-Bea</a> Retrieved February 24, 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiehl2015b" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl, Janet</a> (March 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325131724/http://www.biehlonbookchin.com/left-green-network/">"The Left Green Network (1988–91)"</a>. <i>Ecology or Catastrophe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biehlonbookchin.com/left-green-network/">the original</a> on March 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecology+or+Catastrophe&rft.atitle=The+Left+Green+Network+%281988%E2%80%9391%29&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft.aulast=Biehl&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biehlonbookchin.com%2Fleft-green-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2015" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (January 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/products/34-the-next-revolution?srsltid=AfmBOoofbfOhAYmEoUj45bb_HVWophtFZIx6eeE6dxJISU7UalD7_Ag1"><i>The Next Revolution: Popular Assemblies and the Promise of Direct Democracy</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781685815" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781685815"><bdi>978-1781685815</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+Revolution%3A+Popular+Assemblies+and+the+Promise+of+Direct+Democracy&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1781685815&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fproducts%2F34-the-next-revolution%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOoofbfOhAYmEoUj45bb_HVWophtFZIx6eeE6dxJISU7UalD7_Ag1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (August 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/us/07bookchin.html">"Murray Bookchin, visionary social theorist, dies at 85"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001031323/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/us/07bookchin.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Murray+Bookchin%2C+visionary+social+theorist%2C+dies+at+85&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F07%2Fus%2F07bookchin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1996" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (1996). <i>The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism</i>. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/Black_Rose_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rose Books">Black Rose Books</a>. p. x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Social+Ecology%3A+Essays+on+Dialectical+Naturalism&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1982" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (1982). <i>The Ecology of Freedom</i>. US: Cheshire Books. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Freedom&rft.place=US&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cheshire+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Re-Enchanting Humanity</i>, London: Cassell, 1995, amongst other works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray Bookchin. <i>The Ecology of Freedom: the emergence and dissolution of Hierarchy</i>. Cheshire Books: Palo Alto. 1982. p. 3 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray Bookchin. <i>The Ecology of Freedom: the emergence and dissolution of Hierarchy</i>. Cheshire Books: Palo Alto. 1982. p. 8 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2015" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (2015). Bookchin, Debbie; Taylor, Blair (eds.). <i>The next revolution: Popular assemblies and the promise of direct democracy (with a foreword by Ursula K. Le Guin)</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781685815" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781685815"><bdi>978-1781685815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+next+revolution%3A+Popular+assemblies+and+the+promise+of+direct+democracy+%28with+a+foreword+by+Ursula+K.+Le+Guin%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1781685815&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookchin-Social-Ecology-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin-Social-Ecology_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin-Social-Ecology_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2006" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new-compass.net/sites/new-compass.net/files/Bookchin%27s%20Social%20Ecology%20and%20Communalism.pdf"><i>Social Ecology and Communalism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-49-9"><bdi>978-1-904859-49-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124111812/http://new-compass.net/sites/new-compass.net/files/Bookchin%27s%20Social%20Ecology%20and%20Communalism.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Ecology+and+Communalism&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904859-49-9&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew-compass.net%2Fsites%2Fnew-compass.net%2Ffiles%2FBookchin%2527s%2520Social%2520Ecology%2520and%2520Communalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookchin-Psichenatura-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin-Psichenatura_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2007" class="citation web cs1">Bookchin, Murray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psichenatura.it/fileadmin/img/M._Bookchin_What_is_Social_Ecology.pdf">"What is Social Ecology?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. psichenatura.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227082949/http://www.psichenatura.it/fileadmin/img/M._Bookchin_What_is_Social_Ecology.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Social+Ecology%3F&rft.pub=psichenatura.it&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psichenatura.it%2Ffileadmin%2Fimg%2FM._Bookchin_What_is_Social_Ecology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19985-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19985_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLight1998">Light 1998</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokols2018-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokols2018_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokols2018" class="citation book cs1">Stokols, Daniel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4mZDgAAQBAJ"><i>Social Ecology in the Digital Age: Solving Complex Problems in a Globalized World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803114-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803114-8"><bdi>978-0-12-803114-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921021324/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4mZDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Ecology+in+the+Digital+Age%3A+Solving+Complex+Problems+in+a+Globalized+World&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-12-803114-8&rft.aulast=Stokols&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4mZDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookchin-Socialeco-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin-Socialeco_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://social-ecology.org/wp/2008/03/on-bookchins-social-ecology-and-its-contributions-to-social-movements/">"On Bookchin's Social Ecology and its Contributions to Social Movements"</a>. social-ecology.org. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929113609/http://social-ecology.org/wp/2008/03/on-bookchins-social-ecology-and-its-contributions-to-social-movements/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Bookchin%27s+Social+Ecology+and+its+Contributions+to+Social+Movements&rft.pub=social-ecology.org&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocial-ecology.org%2Fwp%2F2008%2F03%2Fon-bookchins-social-ecology-and-its-contributions-to-social-movements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2015" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (January 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/products/34-the-next-revolution?srsltid=AfmBOoofbfOhAYmEoUj45bb_HVWophtFZIx6eeE6dxJISU7UalD7_Ag1"><i>The Next Revolution: Popular Assemblies and the Promise of Direct Democracy</i></a>. Verso Books. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781685815" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781685815"><bdi>978-1781685815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+Revolution%3A+Popular+Assemblies+and+the+Promise+of+Direct+Democracy&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1781685815&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fproducts%2F34-the-next-revolution%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOoofbfOhAYmEoUj45bb_HVWophtFZIx6eeE6dxJISU7UalD7_Ag1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span> It is a theory of radical <a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">political ecology</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">communalism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, Iain. <i>An Anarchist FAQ.</i> AK Press: Oakland. 2008. pp. 65.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19985–6-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19985–6_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLight1998">Light 1998</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19986-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19986_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLight1998">Light 1998</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19987-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19987_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLight1998">Light 1998</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELight19988-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight19988_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLight1998">Light 1998</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lecourrier.ch/140925/questions_pour_un_autre_futur">"Questions pour un autre futur"</a> [Questions for another future] (in French). Le Courrier. July 25, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527152530/https://www.lecourrier.ch/140925/questions_pour_un_autre_futur">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+pour+un+autre+futur&rft.pub=Le+Courrier&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecourrier.ch%2F140925%2Fquestions_pour_un_autre_futur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passerelleco.info/article.php?id_article=2091">"Rencontres Internationales de l'Écologie Sociale – 27 28 et 29 mai 2016 Lyon"</a> [International Meetings of Social Ecology – 27 28 and 29 May 2016, Lyon] (in French). Passerelle éco. March 16, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193940/https://www.passerelleco.info/article.php?id_article=2091">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rencontres+Internationales+de+l%27%C3%89cologie+Sociale+%E2%80%93+27+28+et+29+mai+2016+Lyon&rft.pub=Passerelle+%C3%A9co&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passerelleco.info%2Farticle.php%3Fid_article%3D2091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokar2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Tokar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Tokar (page does not exist)">Tokar, Brian</a> (2010). "Bookchin's Social Ecology and its Contributions to the Red-Green Movement". In Huan, Qingzhi (ed.). <i>Eco-socialism as Politics: Rebuilding the Basis of Our Modern Civilisation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 123–140 [123–127]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-3745-9_8">10.1007/978-90-481-3745-9_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3745-9"><bdi>978-90-481-3745-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bookchin%27s+Social+Ecology+and+its+Contributions+to+the+Red-Green+Movement&rft.btitle=Eco-socialism+as+Politics%3A+Rebuilding+the+Basis+of+Our+Modern+Civilisation&rft.pages=123-140+123-127&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-3745-9_8&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3745-9&rft.aulast=Tokar&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utopia1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utopia1_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utopia1_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2018" class="citation web cs1">Bookchin, Debbie (June 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/06/15/how-my-fathers-ideas-helped-the-kurds-create-a-new-democracy/">"How My Father's Ideas Helped the Kurds Create a New Democracy"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901113249/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/06/15/how-my-fathers-ideas-helped-the-kurds-create-a-new-democracy/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=How+My+Father%27s+Ideas+Helped+the+Kurds+Create+a+New+Democracy&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2018%2F06%2F15%2Fhow-my-fathers-ideas-helped-the-kurds-create-a-new-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diplo1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diplo1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernandez, Benjamin (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2016/07/FERNANDEZ/55910">"Murray Bookchin, écologie ou barbarie"</a> [Murray Bookchin, ecology or barbarism] (in French). Le Monde diplomatique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117083059/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2016/07/FERNANDEZ/55910">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Class with Mason.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Class+with+Mason&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Municipalism%3A+Theory+to+Build+Socialism+from+Below&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classwithmason.com%2F2024%2F11%2Flibertarian-municipalism-theory-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2018" class="citation news cs1">Bookchin, Debbie (June 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/06/15/how-my-fathers-ideas-helped-the-kurds-create-a-new-democracy/">"How My Father's Ideas Helped the Kurds Create a New Democracy"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901113249/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/06/15/how-my-fathers-ideas-helped-the-kurds-create-a-new-democracy/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=How+My+Father%27s+Ideas+Helped+the+Kurds+Create+a+New+Democracy&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2018%2F06%2F15%2Fhow-my-fathers-ideas-helped-the-kurds-create-a-new-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnardHubbard2018" class="citation news cs1">Barnard, Anne; Hubbard, Ben (January 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/world/middleeast/turkey-kurds-syria.html">"Allies or Terrorists: Who Are the Kurdish Fighters in Syria?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901113232/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/world/middleeast/turkey-kurds-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Allies+or+Terrorists%3A+Who+Are+the+Kurdish+Fighters+in+Syria%3F&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkey-kurds-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biehl_dialectics-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biehl_dialectics_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biehl_dialectics_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biehl_dialectics_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiehl2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl, Janet</a> (February 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new-compass.net/articles/bookchin-%C3%B6calan-and-dialectics-democracy">"Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy"</a>. New Compass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401092904/http://new-compass.net/articles/bookchin-%C3%B6calan-and-dialectics-democracy">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bookchin%2C+%C3%96calan%2C+and+the+Dialectics+of+Democracy&rft.pub=New+Compass&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.aulast=Biehl&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew-compass.net%2Farticles%2Fbookchin-%25C3%25B6calan-and-dialectics-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong2016" class="citation journal cs1">de Jong, Alex (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/pkk-ocalan-kurdistan-isis-murray-bookchin/">"The New–Old PKK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428070151/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/03/pkk-ocalan-kurdistan-isis-murray-bookchin/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=The+New%E2%80%93Old+PKK&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fpkk-ocalan-kurdistan-isis-murray-bookchin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiehl2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl, Janet</a> (October 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new-compass.net/article/kurdish-communalism">"Kurdish Communalism"</a>. New Compass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901120108/http://new-compass.net/article/kurdish-communalism">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Communalism&rft.pub=New+Compass&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft.aulast=Biehl&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew-compass.net%2Farticle%2Fkurdish-communalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiehl2015" class="citation book cs1">Biehl, Janet (2015). <i><a href="/wiki/Ecology_or_Catastrophe:_The_Life_of_Murray_Bookchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology or Catastrophe: The Life of Murray Bookchin">Ecology or Catastrophe: The Life of Murray Bookchin</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934248-8"><bdi>978-0-19-934248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+or+Catastrophe%3A+The+Life+of+Murray+Bookchin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934248-8&rft.aulast=Biehl&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2007" class="citation book cs1">Curran, Giorel (2007). <i>21st Century Dissent: Anarchism, Anti-Globalization and Environmentalism</i>. International Political Economy. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4881-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-4881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Dissent%3A+Anarchism%2C+Anti-Globalization+and+Environmentalism&rft.series=International+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4881-6&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Giorel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight1998" class="citation book cs1">Light, Andrew, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUdO5qzw-rgC"><i>Social Ecology After Bookchin</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57230-379-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57230-379-4"><bdi>1-57230-379-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98-35447">98-35447</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921021325/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUdO5qzw-rgC">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Ecology+After+Bookchin&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98-35447&rft.isbn=1-57230-379-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZUdO5qzw-rgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2012" class="citation book cs1">Price, Andy (2012). "Social Ecology". In <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Kinna, Ruth</a> (ed.). <i>The Continuum Companion to Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. pp. 231–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4270-2"><bdi>978-1-4411-4270-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Ecology&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Companion+to+Anarchism&rft.pages=231-249&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Murray Bookchin</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=12305586">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=12305586&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Murray Bookchin</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=12305586&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=12305586">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=12305586&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li>Tarinski, Yavor, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blackrosebooks.com/products/tarinski-bookchin-enlightenment-ecology"><i>Enlightenment and ecology: The legacy of Murray Bookchin in the 21st Century</i></a>. Montréal: Black Rose Books, 2021.</li> <li>Price, Andy, <i>Recovering Bookchin: Social Ecology and the Crises of Our Time,</i> New Compass (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl, Janet</a>, <i>The Murray Bookchin Reader</i> (Cassell, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33874-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-33874-5">0-304-33874-5</a>.</li> <li>Biehl, Janet, "Mumford Gutkind Bookchin: The Emergence of Eco-Decentralism" (New Compass, 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-93064-10-7">978-82-93064-10-7</a></li> <li>Marshall, P. (1992), "Murray Bookchin and the Ecology of Freedom", pp. 602–622 in, <i><a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible" title="Demanding the Impossible">Demanding the Impossible</a></i>. Fontana Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-686245-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-686245-4">0-00-686245-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)" title="Brian Morris (anthropologist)">Morris, Brian</a> (2017). "Anarchism and Environmental Philosophy". In Jun, Nathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/35861"><i>Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 369–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004356894_015">10.1163/9789004356894_015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35689-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35689-4"><bdi>978-90-04-35689-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Environmental+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Anarchism+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=369-400&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004356894_015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35689-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F35861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Bookchin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Selva Varengo, <i>La rivoluzione ecologica. Il pensiero libertario di Murray Bookchin</i> (2007) Milano: Zero in condotta. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-95950-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-95950-00-6">978-88-95950-00-6</a>.</li> <li>E. Castano, <i>Ecologia e potere. Un saggio su Murray Bookchin</i>, Mimesis, Milano 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-575-0501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-575-0501-5">978-88-575-0501-5</a>.</li> <li>Damian F. White 'Bookchin – A Critical Appraisal'. Pluto Press (UK/Europe), University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1965-0">978-0-7453-1965-0</a> (HBK); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745319643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745319643">978-0745319643</a> (pbk).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/green-mountain-anarchist-collective-neither-washington-nor-stowe?v=1494095086"><i>Neither Washington Nor Stowe: Common Sense For The Working Vermonter</i></a>, by David Van Deusen, Sean West, and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Anarchist_Collective" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Mountain Anarchist Collective">Green Mountain Anarchist Collective</a> (NEFAC-VT), Catamount Tavern Press, 2004. This libertarian socialist manifesto took many of Bookchin's ideas and articulated them as they would manifest in a revolutionary Vermont.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bookchin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Murray Bookchin</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Murray_Bookchin" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Murray Bookchin">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" class="extiw" title="q:Murray Bookchin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315910" class="extiw" title="d:Q315910">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/Bookchinarchive.html">Murray Bookchin</a> entry at the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchy Archives">Anarchy Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_160/">Murray Bookchin Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tamiment_Library_and_Robert_F._Wagner_Archives" title="Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives">Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives</a> at New York University</li> <li>TRISE Online Conference 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trise.org/conference-2021/">"100 years Murray Bookchin"</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trise.org/2021/11/01/video-recordings-from-our-2021-conference/">Video recordings available here</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.social-ecology.org">Institute of Social Ecology</a> (official site)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Murray_Bookchin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Murray_Bookchin" title="Template:Murray Bookchin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Murray_Bookchin" title="Template talk:Murray Bookchin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Murray_Bookchin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Murray Bookchin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Murray_Bookchin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murray Bookchin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin_bibliography" title="Murray Bookchin bibliography">Bibliography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Anarchists" title="The Spanish Anarchists">The Spanish Anarchists</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom" title="The Ecology of Freedom">The Ecology of Freedom</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecology_or_Catastrophe" title="Ecology or Catastrophe">Ecology or Catastrophe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmentalism" title="Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmentalism" title="Template talk:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Environmentalism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Outline of environmentalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarian_socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />of thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chalieu-Montal Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Models</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Francesc Pi i Maragall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Chris Pallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></b></li> <li><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_US_footer" title="Template:Anarchism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Anarchism_US_footer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Anarchism US footer (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Anarchism in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States#History" title="Anarchism in the United States"><span style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%E2%80%93Grottkau_debate" title="Most–Grottkau debate">Most–Grottkau debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act of 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Ferrer Center and Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club_and_League" title="Libertarian Book Club and League">Libertarian Book Club and League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">Battle of Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilombo" title="Qilombo">Qilombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Occupied_Protest" title="Capitol Hill Occupied Protest">Capitol Hill Occupied Protest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anarchists" title="Category:American anarchists"><span style="color:white">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Abbott" title="Leonard Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Appleton_(anarchist)" title="Henry Appleton (anarchist)">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Austin" title="Kate Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Bari" title="Judi Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_of_Aaron_Bushnell" title="Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell">Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cornell" title="Tom Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Czologsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff" title="Sam Dolgoff">Dolgoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Duffy_Turner" title="Ethel Duffy Turner">Duffy Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fielden" title="Samuel Fielden">Fielden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Fischer" title="Adolph Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Haldeman-Julius" title="E. Haldeman-Julius">Haldeman-Julius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hammond" title="Jeremy Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Holmes" title="Lizzie Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_K._Ingalls" title="Joshua K. Ingalls">Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lingg" title="Louis Lingg">Lingg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Lloyd" title="J. William Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Milstein" title="Cindy Milstein">Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Newman" title="Saul Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Schwab" title="Justus Schwab">Schwab (Justus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwab" title="Michael Schwab">Schwab (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Spies" title="August Spies">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Waisbrooker" title="Lois Waisbrooker">Waisbrooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Walker" title="James L. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lamborn_Wilson" title="Peter Lamborn Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Winn" title="Ross Winn">Winn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Anarchist organizations in the United States"><span style="color:white">Organizations</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_No_Rio" title="ABC No Rio">ABC No Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-Syndicalist_Review" title="Anarcho-Syndicalist Review">Anarcho-Syndicalist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_Design_Collective" title="Beehive Design Collective">Beehive Design Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_Collective" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Ground Collective">Common Ground Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curious_George_Brigade" title="Curious George Brigade">Curious George Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Anarchist_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Anarchist Studies">Institute for Anarchist Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Anarchist_Coordinating_Council" title="Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council">Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOVE_(Philadelphia_organization)" title="MOVE (Philadelphia organization)">MOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Anarchist_Road_Care" title="Portland Anarchist Road Care">Portland Anarchist Road Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profane_Existence" title="Profane Existence">Profane Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Emma%27s" title="Red Emma's">Red Emma's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruckus_Society" title="Ruckus Society">Ruckus Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Just_Vote,_Get_Active" title="Don't Just Vote, Get Active">Don't Just Vote, Get Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Ferrer Center and Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Applied_Autonomy" title="Institute for Applied Autonomy">Institute for Applied Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club_and_League" title="Libertarian Book Club and League">Libertarian Book Club and League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Non-Resistance_Society" title="New England Non-Resistance Society">New England Non-Resistance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Social_Revolutionary_Club" title="New York Social Revolutionary Club">New York Social Revolutionary Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilombo" title="Qilombo">Qilombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Camp" title="Spanish Camp">Spanish Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenacious_Unicorn_Ranch" title="Tenacious Unicorn Ranch">Tenacious Unicorn Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Workers" title="Union of Russian Workers">Union of Russian Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfucker" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfucker">Up Against the Wall Motherfucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Group_(anarchist)" title="Vanguard Group (anarchist)">Vanguard Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why%3F_Group" title="Why? Group">Why? Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blast_(magazine)" title="The Blast (magazine)">The Blast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker" title="Catholic Worker">Catholic Worker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronaca_Sovversiva" title="Cronaca Sovversiva">Cronaca Sovversiva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Society" title="Free Society">Free Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freiheit_(1879)" title="Freiheit (1879)">Freiheit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golos_Truda" title="Golos Truda">Golos Truda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908_periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908 periodical)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loompanics" title="Loompanics">Loompanics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_(magazine)" title="Mother Earth (magazine)">Mother Earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regeneraci%C3%B3n" title="Regeneración">Regeneración</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(journal)" title="Vanguard (journal)">Vanguard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Word_(free_love)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Word (free love)">The Word</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Resistance to Civil Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1849)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Manifesto" title="Pittsburgh Manifesto">To the Workingmen of America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Anarchism" title="In Defense of Anarchism">In Defense of Anarchism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Bakunin_to_Lacan" title="From Bakunin to Lacan">From Bakunin to Lacan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Power" title="Understanding Power">Understanding Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragments_of_an_Anarchist_Anthropology" title="Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology">Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action:_An_Ethnography" title="Direct Action: An Ethnography">Direct Action: An Ethnography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">in Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_idea" title="Chicago idea">Chicago idea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galleanisti" title="Galleanisti">Galleanisti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_flag_waving.svg/15px-Black_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_flag_waving.svg/23px-Black_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_flag_waving.svg/30px-Black_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism"><span style="color:white">Anarchism portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315910#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315910#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315910#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368590628">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12305586">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14513/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktkVVJMPVyVxMDcjD6rq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118513362">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50042221">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11892916w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11892916w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00512143">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35766980">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010602908&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1724408">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/224924">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072894482">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90221819">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000028621&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000123641&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=70211">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200209537">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbfk88j05szgtg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810607725305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258832905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510776706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01737868?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1078020">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118513362">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026739194">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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