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id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_video_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_video_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern video standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_video_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_camera_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_camera_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Electronic camera specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_camera_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Computer games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_rate_up-conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_rate_up-conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Frame rate up-conversion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frame_rate_up-conversion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Frame rate up-conversion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Frame_rate_up-conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flow-based_FRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow-based_FRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Flow-based FRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow-based_FRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pixel_hallucination-based_FRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pixel_hallucination-based_FRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Pixel hallucination-based FRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pixel_hallucination-based_FRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="معدل أطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معدل أطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzina_smjenjivanja_kadrova" title="Brzina smjenjivanja kadrova – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brzina smjenjivanja kadrova" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograma_per_segon" title="Fotograma per segon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotograma per segon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%ADmkov%C3%A1_frekvence" title="Snímková frekvence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Snímková frekvence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPS" title="FPS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FPS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildfrequenz" title="Bildfrequenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bildfrequenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaadrisagedus" title="Kaadrisagedus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaadrisagedus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Καρέ ανά δευτερόλεπτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρέ ανά δευτερόλεπτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotogramas_por_segundo" title="Fotogramas por segundo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotogramas por segundo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="نرخ فریم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرخ فریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_par_seconde" title="Images par seconde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Images par seconde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9E%84_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="프레임 레이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레임 레이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կադրի հաճախություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կադրի հաճախություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sli%C4%8Dice_po_sekundi" title="Sličice po sekundi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sličice po sekundi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkat_bingkai" title="Tingkat bingkai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tingkat bingkai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequenza_dei_fotogrammi" title="Frequenza dei fotogrammi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frequenza dei fotogrammi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קצב פריימים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קצב פריימים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="კადრის სიხშირე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კადრის სიხშირე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadri_sekund%C4%93" title="Kadri sekundē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kadri sekundē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadar_bidang" title="Kadar bidang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kadar bidang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelden_per_seconde" title="Beelden per seconde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beelden per seconde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="フレームレート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレームレート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildefrekvens" title="Bildefrekvens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bildefrekvens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_p%C3%A8r_seconde" title="Images pèr seconde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Images pèr seconde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klatki_na_sekund%C4%99" title="Klatki na sekundę – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klatki na sekundę" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadros_por_segundo" title="Quadros por segundo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quadros por segundo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кадровая частота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадровая частота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuenca_vizuale" title="Frekuenca vizuale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Frekuenca vizuale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frame rate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrazov%C3%A1_frekvencia" title="Obrazová frekvencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obrazová frekvencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3" title="ئێف پی ئێس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێف پی ئێس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Брзина смењивања слика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брзина смењивања слика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvataajuus" title="Kuvataajuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvataajuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildhastighet" title="Bildhastighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bildhastighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="อัตราเฟรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัตราเฟรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saniyedeki_kare_say%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Saniyedeki kare sayısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saniyedeki kare sayısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Частота кадрів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Частота кадрів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%91c_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_khung_h%C3%ACnh" title="Tốc độ khung hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tốc độ khung hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%80%E7%8E%87" title="幀率 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="幀率" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frames_per_second&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">Frames per second</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Number of frames rendered in one second</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Update rate" and "Burst rate" redirect here. For the measurement of computer performance, see <a href="/wiki/Giga-updates_per_second" title="Giga-updates per second">Giga-updates per second</a>. For the method of measuring bandwidth based on peak use, see <a href="/wiki/Burstable_billing" title="Burstable billing">Burstable billing</a>. For the audio sample rate, see <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)#Theory" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling rate</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Frame_rate" title="Special:EditPage/Frame rate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Frame+rate%22">"Frame rate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Frame+rate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Frame+rate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Frame+rate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Frame+rate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Frame+rate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frame rate</b>, most commonly expressed in <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="frames_per_second"></span><span class="vanchor-text">frames per second</span></span></b> or <b>FPS</b>, is typically the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> (rate) at which consecutive <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> (<a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a>) are captured or displayed. This definition applies to <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a> systems. In these contexts, frame rate may be used interchangeably with <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="frame_frequency"></span><span class="vanchor-text">frame frequency</span></span></b> and <b>refresh rate</b>, which are expressed in <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>. Additionally, in the context of computer graphics performance, FPS is the rate at which a system, particularly a <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a>, is able to generate frames, and refresh rate is the frequency at which a display shows completed frames.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to the maximum possible rate frames could be captured, but in practice, other settings (such as exposure time) may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_vision">Human vision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Human vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">Motion perception</a></div> <p>The temporal sensitivity and resolution of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">human vision</a> varies depending on the type and characteristics of visual stimulus, and it differs between individuals. The human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> can process 10 to 12 images per second and perceive them individually, while higher rates are perceived as motion.<sup id="cite_ref-Read2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modulated light (such as a <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">computer display</a>) is perceived as stable by the majority of participants in studies when the rate is higher than 50 Hz. This perception of modulated light as steady is known as the <a href="/wiki/Flicker_fusion_threshold" title="Flicker fusion threshold">flicker fusion threshold</a>. However, when the modulated light is non-uniform and contains an image, the flicker fusion threshold can be much higher, in the hundreds of hertz.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_visual_object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition">image recognition</a>, people have been found to recognize a specific image in an unbroken series of different images, each of which lasts as little as 13 milliseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persistence_of_vision" title="Persistence of vision">Persistence of vision</a> sometimes accounts for very short single-millisecond visual stimulus having a perceived duration of between 100 ms and 400 ms. Multiple stimuli that are very short are sometimes perceived as a single stimulus, such as a 10 ms green flash of light immediately followed by a 10 ms red flash of light perceived as a single yellow flash of light.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_video">Film and video</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Film and video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silent_film">Silent film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Silent film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> had stated frame rates anywhere from 16 to 24 frames per second (fps),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since the cameras were hand-cranked, the rate often changed during the scene to fit the mood. Projectionists could also change the frame rate in the theater by adjusting a <a href="/wiki/Rheostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheostat">rheostat</a> controlling the voltage powering the film-carrying mechanism in the <a href="/wiki/Image_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Image projector">projector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film companies often intended that theaters show their silent films at higher frame rates than they were filmed at.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These frame rates were enough for the sense of motion, but it was perceived as jerky motion. To minimize the perceived flicker, projectors employed dual- and triple-blade <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector#Shutter" title="Movie projector">shutters</a>, so each frame was displayed two or three times, increasing the flicker rate to 48 or 72 hertz and reducing eye strain. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> said that 46 frames per second was the minimum needed for the eye to perceive motion: "Anything less will strain the eye."<sup id="cite_ref-Brownlow_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownlow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid to late 1920s, the frame rate for silent film increased to 20–26 FPS.<sup id="cite_ref-Brownlow_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownlow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_film">Sound film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sound film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> was introduced in 1926, variations in film speed were no longer tolerated, as the human ear is more sensitive than the eye to changes in frequency. Many theaters had shown silent films at 22 to 26 FPS, which is why the industry chose 24 FPS for sound film as a compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-geek_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geek-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1927 to 1930, as various studios updated equipment, the rate of 24 FPS became standard for 35 mm sound film.<sup id="cite_ref-Read2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 24 FPS, the film travels through the projector at a rate of 456 millimetres (18.0 in) per second. This allowed simple two-blade <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector#Shutter" title="Movie projector">shutters</a> to give a projected series of images at 48 per second, satisfying Edison's recommendation. Many modern 35 mm film projectors use three-blade shutters to give 72 images per second—each frame is flashed on screen three times.<sup id="cite_ref-Brownlow_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownlow-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animhorse.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Animhorse.gif/220px-Animhorse.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Animhorse.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">animated cartoon</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">galloping horse</a> is displayed at 12 drawings per second, and the fast motion is on the edge of being objectionably jerky.</figcaption></figure> <p>In drawn <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">animation</a>, moving characters are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frame per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary production cost.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animation for most "<a href="/wiki/Saturday_morning_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday morning cartoon">Saturday morning cartoons</a>" was produced as cheaply as possible and was most often shot on "threes" or even "fours", i.e. three or four frames per drawing. This translates to only 8 or 6 drawings per second respectively. <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> is also usually drawn on threes or twos.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_video_standards">Modern video standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern video standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcast_video_formats" title="List of broadcast video formats">List of broadcast video formats</a></div> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Mains_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Mains frequency">mains frequency</a> of electric grids, analog television broadcast was developed with frame rates of 50 Hz (most of the world) or 60 Hz (Canada, US, Mexico, Philippines, Japan, South Korea). The frequency of the electricity grid was extremely stable and therefore it was logical to use for synchronization. </p><p>The introduction of color television technology made it necessary to lower that 60 FPS frequency by 0.1% to avoid "<a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">dot crawl</a>", a display artifact appearing on legacy black-and-white displays, showing up on highly-color-saturated surfaces. It was found that by lowering the frame rate by 0.1%, the undesirable effect was minimized. </p><p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, video transmission standards in North America, Japan, and South Korea are still based on 60/1.001 ≈ 59.94 images per second. Two sizes of images are typically used: 1920×1080 ("1080i/p") and 1280×720 ("720p"). Confusingly, <i>interlaced</i> formats are customarily stated at 1/2 their image rate, 29.97/25 FPS, and <i>double</i> their image height, but these statements are purely custom; in each format, 60 images per second are produced. A resolution of 1080i produces 59.94 or 50 1920×540 images, each squashed to half-height in the photographic process and stretched back to fill the screen on playback in a television set. The 720p format produces 59.94/50 or 29.97/25 1280×720p images, not squeezed, so that no expansion or squeezing of the image is necessary. This confusion was industry-wide in the early days of digital video software, with much software being written incorrectly, the developers believing that only 29.97 images were expected each second, which was incorrect. While it was true that each picture element was polled and sent only 29.97 times per second, the pixel location immediately below that one was polled 1/60 of a second later, part of a completely separate image for the next 1/60-second frame. </p><p>At its native 24 FPS rate, film could not be displayed on 60 Hz video without the necessary <a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">pulldown</a> process, often leading to "judder": to convert 24 frames per second into 60 frames per second, every odd frame is repeated, playing twice, while every even frame is tripled. This creates uneven motion, appearing stroboscopic. Other conversions have similar uneven frame doubling. Newer video standards support 120, 240, or 300 frames per second, so frames can be evenly sampled for standard frame rates such as 24, 48 and 60 FPS film or 25, 30, 50 or 60 FPS video. Of course these higher frame rates may also be displayed at their native rates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_camera_specifications">Electronic camera specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electronic camera specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to the maximum possible rate frames that can be captured (e.g. if the exposure time were set to near-zero), but in practice, other settings (such as exposure time) may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_games">Computer games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">computer video games</a>, frame rate plays an important part in the experience as, unlike film, games are rendered in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a>. 60 frames per second has for a long time been considered the "optimal" frame rate for smoothly animated game play.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video games designed for <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> markets, before the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">sixth generation of video game consoles</a>, had lower frame rates by design due to the 50 Hz output. This noticably made fast-paced games, such as racing or fighting games, run slower.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frame_rate_up-conversion">Frame rate up-conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Frame rate up-conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Frame_rate" title="Special:EditPage/Frame rate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Frame+rate%22">"Frame rate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Frame+rate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Frame+rate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Frame+rate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Frame+rate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Frame+rate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Frame rate up-conversion (FRC) is the process of increasing the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_resolution" title="Temporal resolution">temporal resolution</a> of a video sequence by synthesizing one or more intermediate frames between two consecutive frames. A low frame rate causes <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a>, yields abrupt motion artifacts, and degrades the video quality. Consequently, the temporal resolution is an important factor affecting video quality. Algorithms for FRC are widely used in applications, including visual quality enhancement, video compression and slow-motion video generation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_frame_rate_example.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Low_frame_rate_example.gif/220px-Low_frame_rate_example.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Low_frame_rate_example.gif/330px-Low_frame_rate_example.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Low_frame_rate_example.gif/440px-Low_frame_rate_example.gif 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Low frame rate video</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_frame_rate_video.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/High_frame_rate_video.gif/220px-High_frame_rate_video.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/High_frame_rate_video.gif/330px-High_frame_rate_video.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/High_frame_rate_video.gif/440px-High_frame_rate_video.gif 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Video with 4 times increased frame rate</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most FRC methods can be categorized into <a href="/wiki/Optical_flow" title="Optical flow">optical flow</a> or kernel-based<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_Niklaus,_Long_Mai,_and_Feng_Liu_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_Niklaus,_Long_Mai,_and_Feng_Liu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huaizu_Jiang,_Deqing_Sun,_Varun_Jampani,_Ming-Hsuan_Yang,_Erik_Learned-Miller,_and_Jan_Kautz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huaizu_Jiang,_Deqing_Sun,_Varun_Jampani,_Ming-Hsuan_Yang,_Erik_Learned-Miller,_and_Jan_Kautz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pixel hallucination-based methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Shurui_Gui,_Chaoyue_Wang,_Qihua_Chen,_and_Dacheng_Tao_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shurui_Gui,_Chaoyue_Wang,_Qihua_Chen,_and_Dacheng_Tao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myungsub_Choi,_Heewon_Kim,_Bohyung_Han,_Ning_Xu,_and_Kyoung_Mu_Lee_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myungsub_Choi,_Heewon_Kim,_Bohyung_Han,_Ning_Xu,_and_Kyoung_Mu_Lee-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flow-based_FRC">Flow-based FRC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flow-based FRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flow-based methods linearly combine predicted optical flows between two input frames to approximate flows from the target intermediate frame to the input frames. They also propose flow reversal (projection) for more accurate <a href="/wiki/Image_warping" title="Image warping">image warping</a>. Moreover, there are algorithms that give different weights of overlapped flow vectors depending on the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">object depth</a> of the scene via a flow projection layer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pixel_hallucination-based_FRC">Pixel hallucination-based FRC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pixel hallucination-based FRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pixel hallucination-based methods use deformable <a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">convolution</a> to the center frame generator by replacing optical flows with offset vectors. There are algorithms that also interpolate middle frames with the help of deformable convolution in the feature domain. However, since these methods directly hallucinate pixels unlike the flow-based FRC methods, the predicted frames tend to be <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">blurry</a> when fast-moving objects are present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_timing" title="Delta timing">Delta timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_1037C" title="Federal Standard 1037C">Federal Standard 1037C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-out" title="Film-out">Film-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flicker_fusion_threshold" title="Flicker fusion threshold">Flicker fusion threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_terms" title="Glossary of video terms">Glossary of video terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frame_rate" title="High frame rate">High frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motion_picture_film_formats" title="List of motion picture film formats">List of motion picture film formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_stuttering" title="Micro stuttering">Micro stuttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-188" title="MIL-STD-188">MIL-STD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">Video compression</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTamasi2019" class="citation web cs1">Tamasi, Tony (3 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/what-is-fps-and-how-it-helps-you-win-games/">"What is Frame Rate and Why is it Important to PC Gaming?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Frame+Rate+and+Why+is+it+Important+to+PC+Gaming%3F&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft.aulast=Tamasi&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvidia.com%2Fen-us%2Fgeforce%2Fnews%2Fwhat-is-fps-and-how-it-helps-you-win-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrame+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Read2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Read2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadMeyerGamma_Group2000" class="citation book cs1">Read, Paul; Meyer, Mark-Paul; Gamma Group (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzbUUL0xJAEC&pg=PA24"><i>Restoration of motion picture film</i></a>. Conservation and Museology. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2793-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2793-1"><bdi>978-0-7506-2793-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+of+motion+picture+film&rft.series=Conservation+and+Museology&rft.pages=24-26&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2793-1&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Mark-Paul&rft.au=Gamma+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzbUUL0xJAEC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrame+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Davis1986" class="citation cs2">James Davis (1986), "Humans perceive flicker artefacts at 500 Hz", <i>Sci. 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In David Neumeyer (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Film Music Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195328493" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195328493"><bdi>978-0195328493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Audio-visual+Palimpsests%3A+Resynchronizing+Silent+Films+with+%27Special%27+Music&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Film+Music+Studies&rft.pages=588&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0195328493&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWdBAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrame+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1975" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Walter (1975). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silentclowns00kerrrich"><i>Silent Clowns</i></a></span>. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silentclowns00kerrrich/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394469072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394469072"><bdi>978-0394469072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Clowns&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0394469072&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilentclowns00kerrrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrame+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard1994" class="citation book cs1">Card, James (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seductivecinemaa00card/page/53"><i>Seductive cinema: the art of silent film</i></a></span>. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seductivecinemaa00card/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394572185" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394572185"><bdi>978-0394572185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seductive+cinema%3A+the+art+of+silent+film&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0394572185&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseductivecinemaa00card%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrame+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownlow-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brownlow_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownlow_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownlow_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlow1980" class="citation journal cs1">Brownlow, Kevin (Summer 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708155615/http://www.cinemaweb.com/silentfilm/bookshelf/18_kb_2.htm">"Silent Films: What Was the Right Speed?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a></i>. <b>49</b> (3): 164–167. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sight+%26+Sound&rft.atitle=Silent+Films%3A+What+Was+the+Right+Speed%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=164-167&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Brownlow&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaweb.com%2Fsilentfilm%2Fbookshelf%2F18_kb_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrame+rate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsaesserBarker1990" class="citation book cs1">Elsaesser, Thomas; Barker, Adam (1990). <i>Early cinema: space, frame, narrative</i>. 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id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frame_rate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801070523/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/TempRate.mspx">"Temporal Rate Conversion"</a>—a very detailed guide about the visual interference of TV, video & PC</li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> copy) </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frames-per-second.appspot.com/">Compare frames per second: which looks better?</a>—a web tool to visually compare differences in frame rate and motion blur.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_processing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_processing" title="Template:Video processing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_processing" title="Template talk:Video processing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_processing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video processing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_processing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_post-processing" title="Video post-processing">Post-processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scaling" title="Image scaling">Resizing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_gallery_of_image_scaling_algorithms" title="Comparison gallery of image scaling algorithms">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">Deinterlacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_denoising" title="Video denoising">Denoising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflicking" title="Deflicking">Deflicking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Special processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_colorization" title="Film colorization">Film colorization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Film_tinting" title="Film tinting">tinting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">Color grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_look" title="Film look">Film look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-resolution_imaging" title="Super-resolution imaging">Super-resolution imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_matting" title="Video matting">Video matting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel-art_scaling_algorithms" title="Pixel-art scaling algorithms">Pixel art scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">Telecine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Graphics_processing_unit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template talk:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Graphics_processing_unit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GPU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">GT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Nvidia graphics processing units">Nvidia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeForce" title="GeForce">GeForce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadro" title="Quadro">Quadro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tegra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Tegra">Tegra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">AMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">Radeon Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct" title="AMD Instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniteReality" title="InfiniteReality">InfiniteReality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%C2%B5PD7220" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC µPD7220">NEC µPD7220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_3dfx_graphics_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of 3dfx graphics processing units">3dfx Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze3D" title="Glaze3D">Glaze3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_(GPU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali (GPU)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoCore" title="VideoCore">VideoCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivante_Corporation" title="Vivante Corporation">Vivante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageon" title="Imageon">Imageon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_2700G" title="Intel 2700G">Intel 2700G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">Compute kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">FinFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_pipeline" title="Graphics pipeline">Graphics pipeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_pipelines" title="Geometry pipelines">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_pipeline" title="Vertex pipeline">Vertex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">HDR rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" title="Multiply–accumulate operation">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">Rasterisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray-tracing_hardware" title="Ray-tracing hardware">Ray-tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">SIMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation_(computer_graphics)" title="Tessellation (computer graphics)">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">T&L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiled_rendering" title="Tiled rendering">Tiled rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_shader_model" title="Unified shader model">Unified shader model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">Blitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">Input–output memory management unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_output_unit" title="Render output unit">Render output unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping_unit" title="Texture mapping unit">Texture mapping unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">Video display controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processing unit">Video processing unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SGRAM">SGRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR2">GDDR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR3" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR3">GDDR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR4" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR4">GDDR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR5" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR5">GDDR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR6" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR6">GDDR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR7" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR7">GDDR7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HBM2" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2">HBM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM2E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2E">HBM2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3">HBM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM-PIM" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM-PIM">HBM-PIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3E">HBM3E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_bandwidth" title="Memory bandwidth">Memory bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_graphics_memory" title="Shared graphics memory">Shared graphics memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_memory" title="Texture memory">Texture memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">VRAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form factor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">IP core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Discrete graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPU_cluster" title="GPU cluster">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU_switching" title="GPU switching">Switching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="External GPU">External graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated graphics">Integrated graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillrate" title="Fillrate">Fillrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigapixel_image" title="Gigapixel image">Pixel/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel/s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOP/s</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">Scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">GI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">Graphics library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Image processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Compression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_compression_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compression_methods" title="Template talk:Compression methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_compression_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">Byte pair encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/842_(compression_algorithm)" title="842 (compression algorithm)">842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZRW" title="LZRW">LZRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski" title="Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski">LZSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZWL" title="LZWL">LZWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">BWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_tree_weighting" title="Context tree weighting">CTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_mixing" title="Context mixing">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Markov_compression" title="Dynamic Markov compression">DMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">LDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move-to-front_transform" title="Move-to-front transform">MTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac" title="Lempel–Ziv–Stac">LZS</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZSS + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA/LZH</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Range <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">LZMA</a></li> <li>LZHAM</li></ul></li> <li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Predictive type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">DM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">FT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhunen%E2%80%93Lo%C3%A8ve_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen–Loève theorem">KLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(image_processing)" title="Pyramid (image processing)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_zerotrees_of_wavelet_transforms" title="Embedded zerotrees of wavelet transforms">EZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, 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