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mw-parser-output" lang="fi" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="font-size:92%;font-size: 0.9em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 22em; border-collapse: collapse; width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; font-size:large;">Alexander Fleming</th> </tr><tr><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height:1.4; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg/250px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg/375px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; ;">Henkilötiedot</th> </tr><tr><td class="" style=""><b>Syntynyt</b></td><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/6._elokuuta" title="6. elokuuta">6. elokuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a></td></tr><tr><td class="" style=""><b>Kuollut</b></td><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/11._maaliskuuta" title="11. maaliskuuta">11. maaliskuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a> (73 vuotta)</td></tr><tr><td class="" style=""><b>Arvonimi</b></td><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></td></tr><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; ;">Koulutus ja ura</th> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Tutkinnot</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Tutkimusalue</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> bakteriologia, immunologia</td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Tunnetut työt</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> <a href="/wiki/Penisilliini" class="mw-redirect" title="Penisilliini">penisilliini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysotsyymi" title="Lysotsyymi">lysotsyymi</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Palkinnot</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nobel-palkinto" title="Nobel-palkinto"><img alt="Nobel-palkinto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobelin_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto</a> (1945)</td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height:1.4; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nimikirjoitus"><img alt="Nimikirjoitus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg/128px-Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg/192px-Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg/256px-Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="103" /></a></span><br /><small>Nimikirjoitus</small></td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="2" style=""> <div style="text-align:center"> <small>[ <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37064" class="extiw" title="d:Q37064">Muokkaa Wikidatassa</a> ] <span style="display:none" class="showlinkback"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/" title="Näytä Wikidatasta tulevat arvot"><img alt="Näytä Wikidatasta tulevat arvot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></span></small></div> </td> </tr><tr class="infobox_tests" style="display:none"><td><span class="wd_tests"><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/fiwiki-tools/testit/INFOBOX/OK">Infobox OK</a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod,_1935_(9672239344).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg/250px-Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg/375px-Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg/500px-Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4684" data-file-height="3796" /></a><figcaption>Näyte penisilliinihomeesta jonka Alexander Fleming esitteli, vuonna 1935.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alexander Fleming</b> (<a href="/wiki/6._elokuuta" title="6. elokuuta">6. elokuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a> – <a href="/wiki/11._maaliskuuta" title="11. maaliskuuta">11. maaliskuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>) oli <a href="/wiki/Skotit" title="Skotit">skotlantilainen</a> tutkija, joka tunnetaan <a href="/wiki/Penisilliini" class="mw-redirect" title="Penisilliini">penisilliinin</a> keksijänä. Hän eristi myös ensimmäisenä <a href="/wiki/Lysotsyymi" title="Lysotsyymi">lysotsyymin</a> vuonna <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="fi" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sisällys</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Elämä"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Elämä</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Lähteet"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Lähteet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Kirjallisuutta"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kirjallisuutta</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Aiheesta_muualla"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aiheesta muualla</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elämä"><span id="El.C3.A4m.C3.A4"></span>Elämä</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muokkaa osiota Elämä" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=1" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Elämä"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleming syntyi maatilalla <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A4-Ayrshire" title="Itä-Ayrshire">Itä-Ayrshiressa</a>, kävi paikalliset koulut ja hankki työpaikan laivanvarustamosta. 20-vuotiaana hän sai perinnön sedältään, ja sen turvin aloitti opinnot St. Mary's Hospitalin lääketieteellisessä koulussa Lontoossa vuonna 1901. Hän valmistui vuonna 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-UDS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa Fleming oli lääkärinä Boulognessa hoitamassa englantilaisia joukkoja. Hän etsi antiseptisiä aineita haavatulehdusten hoitoon. Sodan jälkeen hän jatkoi työtään tutkijana ja opettajana St. Mary's Hospitalin lääketieteellisessä koulussa ja rokotuslaboratoriossa, joka liitettiin vuonna 1933 Institute of Pathology and Researchin osaksi. Flemingistä tuli vuonna 1921 rokotuslaboratorion johtajan sijainen. Samana vuonna hän eristi <a href="/wiki/Lysotsyymi" title="Lysotsyymi">lysotsyymin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Se on syljessä ja kyynelnesteessä esiintyvä bakteereita tuhoava <a href="/wiki/Entsyymi" title="Entsyymi">entsyymi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kun Fleming tuli syyskuussa <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a> muutaman viikon poissaolon jälkeen takaisin laboratorioon, hän huomasi erääseen bakteeriviljelymaljaan vahingossa päässeen homepesäkkeen ja sen ympärillä kehän, jossa maljassa viljellyt stafylokokit eivät kasvaneet. Fleming ei heittänyt pois pilalle mennyttä maljaa vaan alkoi tutkia havaitsemaansa ilmiötä. Hän totesi, että kyseinen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium (sivua ei ole)">Penicillium</a></i>-sukuun kuuluva home eritti kasvupaikkansa ympäristöön ainetta, joka aiheutti stafylokokeissa sekä kasvun estymistä että bakteerien hajoamista. Home, jonka Fleming löysi, todettiin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium_notatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium notatum (sivua ei ole)">Penicillium notatum</a> -lajiksi. Vaikuttavalle, vielä tuntemattomalle aineelle annettiin nimi <a href="/wiki/Penisilliini" class="mw-redirect" title="Penisilliini">penisilliini</a> sitä valmistavan homeen mukaan. Fleming arveli, että penisilliinistä saattaisi kehittyä hyvä lääke ihmisten hoitamiseksi. Ainetta ei voitu kuitenkaan tuottaa tehokkaasti eikä helposti tarpeeksi suuria määriä, joten hometta tutkittiin lähinnä vain hänen laboratoriossaan. Vasta toisen maailmansodan puhjettua syntyi liittoutuneilla kiinnostus kaikkia antiseptisia aineita kohtaan. Silloin ruvettiin tutkimaan penisilliinin massatuotannon mahdollisuuksia. Yhdysvalloissa aloitettiin teollinen tuotanto vuonna <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>, kun oli löydetty parempia elatusaineita ja <i>Penicillium notatum</i> -laji, joka kasvoi elatusaineessa upoksissa. Vuoden 1944 puolivälissä penisilliiniä valmistettiin jo niin paljon, että sitä riitti tarpeeksi liittoutuneiden sotavoimien käyttöön. Toisen maailmansodan päätyttyä penisilliini saatiin myös vähitellen siviilikäyttöön eri puolilla maailmaa.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming sai <a href="/wiki/Royal_Societyn_j%C3%A4senyys" title="Royal Societyn jäsenyys">Royal Societyn jäsenyyden</a> vuonna 1943, hänet aateloitiin vuonna 1944, ja vuonna 1945 sai hän <a href="/wiki/Nobelin_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin</a> fysiologian ja lääketieteen palkinnon <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Floreyn</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Boris Chainin</a> kanssa penisilliinin keksimisestä.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming oli vuodesta 1946 johtajana Institute of Pathology and Research -laitoksessa, jonka nimeksi tuli Wright-Fleming-Institute vuonna 1948, jolloin Fleming siirtyi eläkkeelle.<sup id="cite_ref-yo26_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo26-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming kuoli vuonna 1955 keväällä sydäninfarktiin <a href="/wiki/Lontoo" title="Lontoo">Lontoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_(Lontoo)" title="Chelsea (Lontoo)">Chelseassa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hänen tuhkansa on haudattu <a href="/wiki/St_Paulin_katedraali" title="St Paulin katedraali">St Paulin katedraaliin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UDS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lähteet"><span id="L.C3.A4hteet"></span>Lähteet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muokkaa osiota Lähteet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=2" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Lähteet"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="viitteet-malline" class="viitteet-malline" style="list-style-type:decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UDS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-UDS_1-0"><sup><i>a</i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDS_1-1"><sup><i>b</i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/f/alexanderfleming.html">Alexander Fleming</a> <i>Undiscovered Scotland</i>. Viitattu 8.12.2019.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-AF_2-0"><sup><i>a</i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_2-1"><sup><i>b</i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_2-2"><sup><i>c</i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_2-3"><sup><i>d</i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="lehtiviite" title="Lehtiviite">Forsius, Arno: Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) – penisilliinin keksijä. <i>Suomen Lääkärilehti</i>, 2001, nro 3, s. 332.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saunalahti.fi/arnoldus/fleming.html">Artikkelin verkkoversio</a>. Viitattu 15.9.2018.</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204139/http://www.saunalahti.fi/arnoldus/fleming.html">Arkistoitu</a> – Internet Archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite">Kevin Brown: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Viitattu 8.12.2019.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yo26-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-yo26_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Forsius, A.: <i>Ihmisiä lääketieteen historiassa</i>.  Helsinki:  Suomen Lääkäriliitto, 2001.  <span class="error">Virhe: Virheellinen ISBN-tunniste</span>  </span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjallisuutta">Kirjallisuutta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muokkaa osiota Kirjallisuutta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=3" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Kirjallisuutta"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Maurois, André: <i>Sir Alexander Fleming : elämä ja työ</i>.  Suomentanut Hollo, J. A.. Porvoo:  Werner Söderström, 1961. </span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aiheesta_muualla">Aiheesta muualla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muokkaa osiota Aiheesta muualla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=4" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Aiheesta muualla"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22431496">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commonsissa</a> on kuvia tai muita tiedostoja aiheesta <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Fleming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></b>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/biographical/">Sir Alexander Fleming, Biographical</a> <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. Viitattu 15.9.2018 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span>.</span></li> <li><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/alexander-fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> <i>Science History Institute</i>. Viitattu 15.9.2018 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span>.</span></li> <li><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html">Discovery and Development of Penicillin, International Historic Chemical Landmark</a> <i>American Chemical Society</i>. Viitattu 15.9.2018 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span>.</span></li> <li><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fleming_alexander.shtml">Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)</a> <i>BBC History</i>.  2014. Viitattu 15.9.2018 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span>.</span></li> <li><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/alexander-fleming/">Alexander Fleming, Lived 1881 – 1955</a> <i>Famous Scientists – The Art of Genius</i>. Viitattu 15.9.2018 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span>.</span></li> <li><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/alex-fleming.html">Alexander Fleming</a> <i>Biography Online</i>. Viitattu 15.9.2018 <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span>.</span></li></ul> <div class="NavFrame" style="margin: auto; clear:both; color: var( --color-emphasized, #000000 ); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #FFFFFF ); width: auto;"><div class="NavHead" style="display:block;text-align:center; color: var( --color-emphasized, #000 ); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #E6E6FA ); font-weight:bold;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nobelin_fysiologian_tai_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinnon</a> saajat</b></div><div class="NavContent" style="text-align: center"> <table style="text-align: left; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1901–1925 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> 1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> 1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> 1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> 1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> 1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> 1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Met%C5%A1nikov" title="Ilja Metšnikov">Metšnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> 1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> 1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> 1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> 1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> 1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> 1914: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> 1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> 1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> 1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" title="John James Rickard Macleod">Macleod</a> 1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1926–1950 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Fibiger</a> 1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> 1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a> 1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> 1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> 1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> 1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dale" title="Henry Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> 1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> 1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a> 1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> 1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> 1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gasser" title="Herbert Gasser">Gasser</a> 1945: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> 1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> 1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Alberto_Houssay" title="Bernardo Alberto Houssay">Houssay</a> 1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> 1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1951–1975 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> 1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lipmann" title="Fritz Lipmann">Lipmann</a> 1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> 1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> 1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> 1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> 1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> 1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> 1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> 1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> 1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Lynen</a> 1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" title="André Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> 1966: <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" title="Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huggins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Huggins">Huggins</a> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> 1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> 1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> 1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> 1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Sutherland</a> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Porter</a> 1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> 1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> 1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1976–2000 </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> 1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Yalow</a> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith" title="Hamilton Smith">Smith</a> 1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> 1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> 1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> 1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_K._Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune K. Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Vane" title="John R. Vane">Vane</a> 1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_K._Jerne" title="Niels K. Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> 1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" title="Michael S. Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a> 1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> 1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> 1988: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> 1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> 1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> 1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> 1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> 1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts" title="Richard Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> 1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Wieschaus" title="Eric Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> 1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Doherty" title="Peter Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Zinkernagel" title="Rolf Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> 1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Prusiner</a> 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> 1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> 2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">2001– </th> <td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;"> <p>2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> 2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">Sulston</a> 2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> 2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> 2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> 2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> 2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a> 2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> 2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Szostak</a> 2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Edwards" title="Robert G. Edwards">Edwards</a> 2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Steinman</a> 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> 2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> 2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%E2%80%99Keefe" title="John O’Keefe">O’Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">M.-B. Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">E. Moser</a> 2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Ōmura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu</a> 2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_%C5%8Csumi" title="Yoshinori Ōsumi">Ōsumi</a> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> 2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> 2019: <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin" title="William Kaelin">Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> 2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> 2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> 2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> 2023: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> 2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22837949">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV112312">Italia</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261145905171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14470329">Belgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83228021">Yhdysvallat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hkklgp33lz8jr">Ruotsi</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034167&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620666">Japani</a></span></li> <li><span 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Henkilöt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/37623969">Alankomaat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118533894.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118533894">DDB</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1291913">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f872rz">SNAC</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cz3kdf">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032480784">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Noudettu kohteesta ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&oldid=22775405">https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&oldid=22775405</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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<nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Työkalut</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:T%C3%A4nne_viittaavat_sivut/Alexander_Fleming" title="Lista sivuista, jotka viittaavat tänne [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Tänne viittaavat sivut</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Linkitetyt_muutokset/Alexander_Fleming" rel="nofollow" title="Viimeisimmät muokkaukset sivuissa, joille viitataan tältä sivulta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Linkitettyjen sivujen muutokset</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Toimintosivut" title="Näytä toimintosivut [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Toimintosivut</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" 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class="vector-menu-heading-label">Muissa hankkeissa</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37064" title="Linkki yhdistettyyn keskustietovaraston kohteeseen [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-kohde</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Muilla kielillä</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ألكسندر فلمنج — arabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر فلمنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — aragonia" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফ্লেমিং — assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফ্লেমিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Fleminq" title="Aleksandr Fleminq — azeri" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Fleminq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الکساندر فلمینگ — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — malaiji" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="অ্যালেকজান্ডার ফ্লেমিং — bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালেকজান্ডার ফ্লেমিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — min nan -kiina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan -kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александр Флеминг — baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Александр Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Аляксандр Флемінг — valkovenäjä" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valkovenäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Аляксандар Флемінг — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — bretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александър Флеминг — bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — tšekki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšekki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — kymri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kymri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — tanska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="tanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — viro" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="viro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Αλεξάντερ Φλέμινγκ — kreikka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντερ Φλέμινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreikka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — englanti" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — espanja" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الکساندر فلمینگ — persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — ranska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ranska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — länsifriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="länsifriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ફ્લેમિંગ — gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ફ્લેમિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%8D" title="알렉산더 플레밍 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산더 플레밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Ալեքսանդր Ֆլեմինգ — armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Ֆլեմինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — kroatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — islanti" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="אלכסנדר פלמינג — heprea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר פלמינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heprea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್‌ — kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი — georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александр Флеминг — kazakki" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Flemings" title="Aleksandrs Flemings — latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Flemings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — luxemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — liettua" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="liettua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — unkari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="unkari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александар Флеминг — makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഫ്ലെമിങ് — malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഫ്ലെമിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="अलेक्झांडर फ्लेमिंग — marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांडर फ्लेमिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი — mingreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC" title="الكسندر فلمنج — egyptinarabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر فلمنج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptinarabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الکساندر فلمینگ — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الکساندر فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александр Флеминг — mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဖလင်းမင်း — burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဖလင်းမင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — hollanti" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ — nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="アレクサンダー・フレミング — japani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンダー・フレミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — norjan bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norjan bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — norjan nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norjan nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଆଲେକ୍‌ଜାଣ୍ଡର ଫ୍ଲେମିଙ୍ଗ — orija" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲେକ୍‌ଜାଣ୍ଡର ଫ୍ଲେମିଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — uzbekki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਫ਼ਲੈਮਿੰਗ — pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਫ਼ਲੈਮਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AB" title="الکساندر فلمېنګ — paštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الکساندر فلمېنګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — puola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="puola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александер Флеминг — ruteeni" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Александер Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Флеминг, Александр — venäjä" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флеминг, Александр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="venäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya-li-san-ta.Bow-la-min" title="Ya-li-san-ta.Bow-la-min — Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ya-li-san-ta.Bow-la-min" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="सर् अलेक्साण्डर् प्लेमिङ्ग् — sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सर् अलेक्साण्डर् प्लेमिङ्ग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — skotti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82" title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ෆ්ලෙමිං — sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ෆ්ලෙමිං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — slovakki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Fileming" title="Aleksander Fileming — somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aleksander Fileming" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەلیکساندەر فلیمین — soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلیکساندەر فلیمین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александер Флеминг — serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александер Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — serbokroaatti" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaatti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — ruotsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ruotsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சாண்டர் பிளெமிங் — tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாண்டர் பிளெமிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D2%A3" title="Александер Флемиң — tataari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александер Флемиң" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="అలెగ్జాండర్ ఫ్లెమింగ్ — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలెగ్జాండర్ ఫ్లెమింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เฟลมมิง — thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เฟลมมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್ — tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — turkki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александер Флемінг — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александер Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E" title="亚历山大·弗莱明 — wu-kiina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·弗莱明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E6%98%8E" title="弗萊明 — kantoninkiina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="弗萊明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoninkiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E" title="亚历山大·弗莱明 — kiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大·弗莱明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muokkaa kieltenvälisiä linkkejä" class="wbc-editpage">Muokkaa linkkejä</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" 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