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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Books and articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Брегова артилерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брегова артилерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleria_costanera" title="Artilleria costanera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artilleria costanera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCstengesch%C3%BCtz" title="Küstengeschütz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Küstengeschütz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiller%C3%ADa_costera" title="Artillería costera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artillería costera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillerie_c%C3%B4ti%C3%A8re" title="Artillerie côtière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artillerie côtière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%95%88%ED%8F%AC" title="해안포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해안포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileri_pesisir" title="Artileri pesisir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Artileri pesisir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiglieria_costiera" title="Artiglieria costiera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artiglieria costiera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3" title="תותח חוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תותח חוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жағалау артиллериясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жағалау артиллериясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileri_pantai" title="Artileri pantai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Artileri pantai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E7%A0%B2" title="沿岸砲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沿岸砲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kystartilleri" title="Kystartilleri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kystartilleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kystartilleri" title="Kystartilleri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kystartilleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artyleria_nadbrze%C5%BCna" title="Artyleria nadbrzeżna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Artyleria nadbrzeżna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilharia_de_costa" title="Artilharia de costa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artilharia de costa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Береговая артиллерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Береговая артиллерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Обалска артиљерија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обалска артиљерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannikkotykist%C3%B6" title="Rannikkotykistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rannikkotykistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustartilleri" title="Kustartilleri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kustartilleri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1_topu" title="Kıyı topu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıyı topu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Берегова артилерія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берегова артилерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/220px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/330px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/440px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Castle_Islands_Fortifications,_Bermuda" title="Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda">fortifications of the Castle Harbour Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Harbour, Bermuda">St. George's Harbour</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg/220px-Redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg/330px-Redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg/440px-Redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> redoubt of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Fortified_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles Fortified Area">Dardanelles Fortified Area</a>. The weapon is possibly a German-made <a href="/wiki/28_cm_SK_L/40_gun" title="28 cm SK L/40 gun">28 cm SK L/40 gun</a> on a coast defense mount.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coastal artillery</b> is the branch of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> concerned with operating anti-ship <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> or fixed <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">gun batteries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortification" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal fortification">coastal fortifications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, coastal artillery and <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">naval artillery</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> were highly important to military affairs and generally represented the areas of <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">highest technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_cost" title="Capital cost">capital cost</a> among <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a>. The advent of 20th-century technologies, especially <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">guided</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>, reduced the primacy of cannons, battleships, and coastal artillery. In countries where coastal artillery has not been disbanded, these forces have acquired <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> capabilities. In <a href="/wiki/Littoral_warfare" title="Littoral warfare">littoral warfare</a>, mobile coastal artillery armed with <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">surface-to-surface missiles</a> can still be used to <a href="/wiki/Sea_denial" title="Sea denial">deny</a> the use of <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes</a>. </p><p>It was long held as a rule of thumb that one shore-based gun equaled three naval guns of the same caliber, due to the steadiness of the coastal gun which allowed for significantly higher accuracy than their sea-mounted counterparts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Land-based guns also benefited in most cases from the additional protection of walls or earth mounds. The range of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>-based coastal artillery also has a derivative role in international law and diplomacy, wherein a country's <i><a href="/wiki/Three-mile_limit" title="Three-mile limit">three-mile limit</a></i> of "coastal waters" is recognized as under the nation or state's laws.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbiad_10-inch_Model_1840_Side_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Columbiad_10-inch_Model_1840_Side_View.jpg/220px-Columbiad_10-inch_Model_1840_Side_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Columbiad_10-inch_Model_1840_Side_View.jpg/330px-Columbiad_10-inch_Model_1840_Side_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Columbiad_10-inch_Model_1840_Side_View.jpg/440px-Columbiad_10-inch_Model_1840_Side_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="1837" /></a><figcaption>50-pounder Model 1811 <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">Columbiad</a> (7.25 inch or 184 mm bore) and center-pivot mounting designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Bomford" title="George Bomford">George Bomford</a> as an experimental coastal defense gun. This gun was built in 1811 as a component of the <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States#Second_system" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Second System of US fortifications</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first recorded uses of coastal artillery was in 1381—during the war between <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II of Castile</a>—when the troops of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> used <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> to defend <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> against an attack from the Castilian naval fleet. </p><p>The use of coastal artillery expanded during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Discoveries">Age of Discoveries</a>, in the 16th century; when a colonial power took over an overseas territory, one of their first tasks was to build a coastal fortress, both to deter rival naval powers and to subjugate the natives. The <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a> is an excellent example of a widely used coastal fort that mounted defensive artillery, in this case, muzzle-loading cannon. During the 19th century <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> also built hundreds of coastal fortresses in an attempt to counter Western naval threats. </p><p>Coastal artillery fortifications generally followed the development of land fortifications; sometimes separate land defence forts were built to protect coastal forts. Through the middle 19th century, coastal forts could be <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">polygonal forts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">sea forts</a>, the first three types often with detached gun batteries called "water batteries".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal defence weapons throughout history were heavy <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">naval guns</a> or weapons based on them, often supplemented by lighter weapons. In the late 19th century separate batteries of coastal artillery replaced forts in some countries; in some areas, these became widely separated geographically through the mid-20th century as weapon ranges increased. The amount of landward defence provided began to vary by country from the late 19th century; by 1900 new US forts almost totally neglected these defences. <a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Booms</a> were also usually part of a protected harbor's defences. In the middle 19th century <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">underwater minefields</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Controlled_mines" title="Controlled mines">controlled mines</a> were often used, or stored in peacetime to be available in wartime. With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> threat at the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_net" title="Anti-submarine net">anti-submarine nets</a> were used extensively, usually added to boom defences, with major warships often being equipped with them (to allow rapid deployment once the ship was anchored or moored) through early World War I. In World War I <a href="/wiki/Railway_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway artillery">railway artillery</a> emerged and soon became part of coastal artillery in some countries; with railway artillery in coast defence some type of revolving mount had to be provided to allow tracking of fast-moving targets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coastal artillery could be part of the Navy (as in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries, war-time <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>), or part of the Army (as in <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking countries</a>). In English-speaking countries, certain coastal artillery positions were sometimes referred to as 'Land Batteries',<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguishing this form of <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery battery</a> from for example <a href="/wiki/Floating_battery" title="Floating battery">floating batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, in the later 19th and earlier 20th Centuries, the land batteries of the coastal artillery were the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Garrison Artillery</a>. </p><p>In the United States, coastal artillery was established in 1794 as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">series of construction programs</a> of coastal defenses began: the "First System" in 1794, the "Second System" in 1804, and the "Third System" or "Permanent System" in 1816. Masonry forts were determined to be obsolete following the American Civil War, and a postwar program of earthwork defenses was poorly funded. In 1885 the <a href="/wiki/Endicott_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Endicott Board">Endicott Board</a> recommended an extensive program of new <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command" title="Harbor Defense Command">U.S. harbor defenses</a>, featuring new rifled artillery and minefield defenses; most of the board's recommendations were implemented. Construction on these was initially slow, as new weapons and systems were developed from scratch, but was greatly hastened following the Spanish–American War of 1898. Shortly thereafter, in 1907, Congress split the field artillery and coast artillery into separate branches, creating a separate <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">Coast Artillery Corps</a> (CAC) The CAC was disbanded as a separate branch in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first decade of the 20th century, the United States Marine Corps established the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Base_Force" title="Advanced Base Force">Advanced Base Force</a>. The force was used for setting up and defending advanced overseas bases, and its close ties to the Navy allowed it to man coast artillery around these bases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Japanese_War">Russo-Japanese War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russo-Japanese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg/220px-Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg/330px-Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg/440px-Japanese_11_inch_siege_gun_shells_Port_Stanley_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>Japanese 11-inch howitzer firing; shell visible in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur#Destruction_of_the_Russian_Pacific_fleet" title="Siege of Port Arthur">Siege of Port Arthur</a>, Japanese forces had captured the vantage point on 203 Meter Hill overlooking Port Arthur harbor. After relocating heavy 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers with 500 pound (~220 kg) armor-piercing shells to the summit of the Hill, the Japanese bombarded the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Pacific_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Pacific Fleet">Russian fleet</a> in the harbor, systematically sinking the Russian ships within range. The Japanese were attacking the city and the Russian ships were trapped in the harbor due to mines, making this one of the few cases of coastal guns being employed in an offensive action. </p><p>On December 5, 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Poltava_(1894)" title="Russian battleship Poltava (1894)"><i>Poltava</i></a> was destroyed, followed by the battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Retvizan" title="Russian battleship Retvizan"><i>Retvizan</i></a> on December 7, 1904, the battleships <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Pobeda" title="Russian battleship Pobeda"><i>Pobeda</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Peresvet" title="Russian battleship Peresvet"><i>Peresvet</i></a> and the cruisers <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Pallada_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Pallada (1899)"><i>Pallada</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Bayan_(1900)" title="Russian cruiser Bayan (1900)"><i>Bayan</i></a> on December 9, 1904. The battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sevastopol_(1895)" title="Russian battleship Sevastopol (1895)"><i>Sevastopol</i></a>, although hit 5 times by 11-inch (280 mm) shells, managed to move out of range of the guns. Stung by the fact that the Russian Pacific Fleet had been sunk by the army and not by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with a direct order from Tokyo that the <i>Sevastopol</i> was not to be allowed to escape, Admiral Togo sent in wave after wave of <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> in six separate attacks on the sole remaining Russian battleship. After 3 weeks, the <i>Sevastopol</i> was still afloat, having survived 124 <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> fired at her while sinking two Japanese destroyers and damaging six other vessels. The Japanese had meanwhile lost the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takasago" title="Japanese cruiser Takasago"><i>Takasago</i></a> to a mine outside the harbor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28_cm_gun_at_Oscarsborg_Fortress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/28_cm_gun_at_Oscarsborg_Fortress.jpg/220px-28_cm_gun_at_Oscarsborg_Fortress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/28_cm_gun_at_Oscarsborg_Fortress.jpg/330px-28_cm_gun_at_Oscarsborg_Fortress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/28_cm_gun_at_Oscarsborg_Fortress.jpg/440px-28_cm_gun_at_Oscarsborg_Fortress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>One of the three 28 cm main battery guns at <a href="/wiki/Oscarsborg_Fortress" title="Oscarsborg Fortress">Oscarsborg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dr%C3%B8bak_Sound" title="Battle of Drøbak Sound">Battle of Drøbak Sound</a> in April 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">German navy</a> lost the new <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="German cruiser Blücher"><i>Blücher</i></a>, one of their most modern ships, to a combination of fire from various coastal artillery emplacements, including two obsolete German-made <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> 280 mm (11 in) guns and equally obsolete <a href="/wiki/Whitehead_torpedo" title="Whitehead torpedo">Whitehead torpedoes</a>. The Blücher had entered the narrow waters of the <a href="/wiki/Oslofjord" title="Oslofjord">Oslofjord</a>, carrying 1,000 soldiers and leading a German invasion fleet. The first salvo from the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> defenders, fired from <a href="/wiki/Oscarsborg_Fortress" title="Oscarsborg Fortress">Oscarsborg Fortress</a> about 950 meters distance, disabled the center propeller turbine and set her afire. </p><p>Fire from the smaller guns (57 mm to 150 mm) swept her decks and disabled her steering, and she received two torpedo hits before the fires reached her magazines and doomed her. As a result, the remainder of the invasion fleet reversed, the Norwegian royal family, parliament and cabinet escaped, and the Norwegian gold reserves were safely removed from the city before it fell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements#Naval_base" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> was defended by its famous large-caliber coastal guns, which included one battery of three <a href="/wiki/BL_15_inch_Mk_I_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 15 inch Mk I naval gun">15-inch (381 mm) guns</a> and one with two 15-inch (381 mm) guns. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> nicknamed the garrison as "The <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> of the East" and the "Lion of the Sea". This perhaps compelled the Japanese to launch their invasion of Singapore from the north, via <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, in December 1941.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is a commonly repeated misconception that Singapore's large-calibre coastal guns were ineffective against the Japanese because they were designed to face south to defend the harbour against naval attack and could not be turned round to face north. In fact, most of the guns could be turned, and were indeed fired at the invaders. However, the guns were supplied mostly with <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shot_and_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing shot and shell">armour-piercing</a> (AP) shells and few <a href="/wiki/High_explosive#High_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosive</a> (HE) shells. AP shells were designed to penetrate the hulls of heavily armoured warships and were mostly ineffective against infantry targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2006442–443_&_527_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2006442–443_&_527-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1954361_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1954361-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military analysts later estimated that if the guns had been well supplied with HE shells the Japanese attackers would have suffered heavy casualties, but the invasion would not have been prevented by this means alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201124–26_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung201124–26-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guns of Singapore achieved their purpose in deterring a Japanese naval attack as the possibility of an expensive capital ship being sunk made it inadvisable for the Japanese to attack Singapore via the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201126_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung201126-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very fact that the Japanese chose to advance down from Thailand through Malaya to take Singapore was a testament for the respect the Japanese had for the coastal artillery at Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201126_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung201126-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the lack of HE shells rendered Singapore vulnerable to a land based attack from Malaya via the Johore straits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201126_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung201126-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific">Pacific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1941, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island#First_landing_attempt_(December_11)" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a>, US <a href="/wiki/Marine_defense_battalions" title="Marine defense battalions">Marine defense battalions</a> fired at the Japanese invasion fleet with six <a href="/wiki/5%22/51_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/51 caliber gun">5-inch (127 mm) guns</a>, sinking the Japanese destroyer <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hayate_(1925)" title="Japanese destroyer Hayate (1925)">Hayate</a></i> by scoring direct hits on her magazines, and scoring eleven hits on the light cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yubari" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cruiser Yubari">Yubari</a></i>, forcing her to withdraw, and temporarily repulsing Japanese efforts to take the island. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Manila_and_Subic_Bays" title="Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays">Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays</a> denied Manila harbor to the invading Japanese until <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a> fell to amphibious assault on 6 May 1942, nearly a month after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">fall of Bataan</a>. Beyond tying up besieging Japanese forces (who suffered severe supply shortages due to the inability to use Manila as a port), the forts allowed <a href="/wiki/Station_CAST" title="Station CAST">interception of radio traffic</a> later decisive at Midway. </p><p>The Japanese defended the island of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Betio</a> in the Tarawa atoll with numerous 203 mm (8-inch) coastal guns. In 1943, these were knocked out early in the battle with a combined USN naval and aerial bombardment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlantic_Wall">Atlantic Wall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Atlantic Wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A,_Atlantikwall,_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A 38 cm gun of <i><a href="/wiki/Todt_Battery" title="Todt Battery">Batterie Todt</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Nazi Germany fortified its conquered territories with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organization_Todt" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization Todt">Organization Todt</a> built a string of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Bunker#Pillbox" title="Bunker">pillboxes</a> and bunkers along the beaches, or sometimes slightly inland, to house <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antitank_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitank guns">antitank guns</a>, and artillery ranging in size up to the large <a href="/wiki/40.6_cm_SK_C/34_gun" title="40.6 cm SK C/34 gun">40.6 cm naval guns</a>. The intent was to destroy Allied <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a> before they could unload. During the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">Normandy Landings</a> in 1944, shore bombardment was given a high importance, using ships from battleships to destroyers and landing craft. For example, the Canadians at Juno beach had fire support many times greater than they had had for the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> in 1942. </p><p>The old battleships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_(07)" title="HMS Ramillies (07)">HMS <i>Ramillies</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">Warspite</a></i> with the monitor <a href="/wiki/HMS_Roberts_(F40)" title="HMS Roberts (F40)">HMS <i>Roberts</i></a> were used to suppress shore batteries east of the <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a>; cruisers targeted shore batteries at <a href="/wiki/Ver-sur-Mer" title="Ver-sur-Mer">Ver-sur-Mer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moulineaux" title="Moulineaux">Moulineaux</a>; while eleven destroyers provided local fire support. The (equally old) battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)"><i>Texas</i></a> was used to suppress the battery at <a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a>, but the guns there had been moved to an inland position, unbeknownst to the Allies. In addition, there were modified <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>: eight "Landing Craft Gun", each with two 4.7-inch guns; four "Landing Craft Support" with automatic cannon; eight <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Tank_(Rocket)" title="Landing Craft Tank (Rocket)">Landing Craft Tank (Rocket)</a>, each with a single salvo of 1,100 5-inch rockets; eight <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Assault" title="Landing Craft Assault">Landing Craft Assault</a> (Hedgerow), each with twenty-four bombs intended to detonate beach mines prematurely. Twenty-four Landing Craft Tank carried <a href="/wiki/M7_Priest" title="M7 Priest">Priest</a> self-propelled 105mm <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> which also fired while they were on the run-in to the beach. Similar arrangements existed at other beaches. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Texas-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/USS_Texas-11.jpg/220px-USS_Texas-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/USS_Texas-11.jpg/330px-USS_Texas-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/USS_Texas-11.jpg/440px-USS_Texas-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>240 mm (9.4 in) shell from Battery Hamburg lands near USS <i>Texas</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Bombardment of Cherbourg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On June 25, 1944, the American battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)"><i>Texas</i></a> engaged German shore batteries on the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> around Cherbourg. Battery Hamburg straddled the ship with a salvo of 240 mm shells, eventually hitting <i>Texas</i> twice; one shell damaging the conning tower and navigation bridge, with the other penetrating below decks but failing to explode. Return fire from <i>Texas</i> knocked out the German battery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batteria_puntachiappa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Batteria_puntachiappa.JPG/220px-Batteria_puntachiappa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Batteria_puntachiappa.JPG/330px-Batteria_puntachiappa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Batteria_puntachiappa.JPG/440px-Batteria_puntachiappa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Blockhouse for 152 mm gun, near <a href="/wiki/Camogli" title="Camogli">Camogli</a>. Part of the complex called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligurian_Wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligurian Wall (page does not exist)">Ligurian Wall</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Allied efforts to take the port of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> in August 1944 ran into "Big Willie", a battery consisting of two prewar French turrets, equipped with the guns taken from the French battleship <i><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Provence" title="French battleship Provence">Provence</a></i>, each mounting a pair of <a href="/wiki/340mm/45_Mod%C3%A8le_1912_gun" title="340mm/45 Modèle 1912 gun">340 mm naval guns</a>. The range and power of these guns was such that the Allies dedicated a <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> to shelling the fort every day, with the battleship <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">Nevada</a></i> eventually silencing the guns on August 23, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the advent of <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missiles</a> reduced the role of coastal artillery in defending a country against air and sea attacks while also rendering fixed artillery emplacements vulnerable to enemy strikes. </p><p>The Scandinavian countries, with their long coastlines and relatively weak navies, continued in the development and installation of modern coastal artillery systems, usually hidden in well-camouflaged armored turrets (for example Swedish <a href="/wiki/12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m/70" title="12 cm tornautomatpjäs m/70">12 cm automatic turret gun</a>). In these countries the coastal artillery was part of the naval forces and used naval targeting systems. Both mobile and stationary (e.g. <a href="/wiki/100_56_TK" title="100 56 TK">100 56 TK</a>) systems were used. </p><p>In countries where coastal artillery has not been disbanded, these forces have acquired <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missile</a> capabilities. In constricted waters, mobile coastal artillery armed with <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">surface-to-surface missiles</a> still can be used to deny the use of sea lanes. The <a href="/wiki/Type_88_surface-to-ship_missile" title="Type 88 surface-to-ship missile">Type 88 surface-to-ship missile</a> is an example of modern mobile coastal artillery. Poland also retains a coastal missile division armed with the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Strike_Missile" title="Naval Strike Missile">Naval Strike Missile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> in 1991, coastal artillery operated by <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian forces</a> played an important role in defending Croatian <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast from <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav</a> naval and air strikes, especially around Zadar, Šibenik and Split, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Yugoslav Navy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Channels">Battle of the Dalmatian Channels</a>. </p><p>In practice, there is a distinction between artillery sited to bombard a coastal region and coastal artillery, which has naval-compatible targeting systems and communications that are integrated with the navy rather than the army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>In the UK</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Pier_Turret" title="Admiralty Pier Turret">Admiralty Pier Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Turrets" title="Tyne Turrets">Tyne Turrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Channel_guns_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War">Cross-Channel guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts" title="Palmerston Forts">Palmerston Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needles_Battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Needles Battery">Needles Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_Battery" title="Ness Battery">Ness Battery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>British coastal guns outside the UK</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Islands_Fortifications,_Bermuda" title="Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda">Castle Islands Fortifications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Catherine" title="Fort St. Catherine">Fort St. Catherine's</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Battery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. David's Battery">St. David's Battery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda</a> and nearly a hundred other forts and batteries built in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> between 1612 and 1939.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Siloso" title="Fort Siloso">Fort Siloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ostenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ostenburg">Fort Ostenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Queenscliff" title="Fort Queenscliff">Fort Queenscliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart_coastal_defences" title="Hobart coastal defences">Hobart coastal defences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_New_Zealand" title="Coastal fortifications of New Zealand">Coastal fortifications of New Zealand</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>United States of America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications" title="Board of Fortifications">Board of Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps">U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Seacoast defense in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_fortifications_of_the_United_States" title="List of coastal fortifications of the United States">List of coastal fortifications of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Chamberlin" title="Battery Chamberlin">Battery Chamberlin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Canada</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/York_Redoubt" title="York Redoubt">York Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaught_Battery" title="Connaught Battery">Connaught Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Spear" title="Cape Spear">Cape Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Amherst,_St._John%27s" title="Fort Amherst, St. John's">Fort Amherst</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Manila_and_Subic_Bays" title="Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays">Manila and Subic Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Drum_(El_Fraile_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)">Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mills" title="Fort Mills">Fort Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Preparations" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a> – consisted of five 15-inch (381 mm) guns</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Nazi Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanstholm_fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanstholm fortress">Hanstholm fortress</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cannon_Museum" title="Kristiansand Cannon Museum">Batterie Vara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Channel_guns_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War">Cross-Channel guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Lothringen" title="Battery Lothringen">Battery Lothringen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>South & Central America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callao" title="Battle of Callao">Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Copacabana" title="Fort Copacabana">Fort Copacabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Battery" title="Santa Clara Battery">Santa Clara Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivian_fort_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivian fort system">Valdivian fort system</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Australia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Denison" title="Fort Denison">Fort Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Glanville_Conservation_Park" title="Fort Glanville Conservation Park">Fort Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pearce" title="Fort Pearce">Fort Pearce</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery_of_the_Dardanelles_Strait" title="Coastal artillery of the Dardanelles Strait">Coastal artillery of the Dardanelles Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_coastal_battery_Tirpitz" title="German coastal battery Tirpitz">German coastal battery Tirpitz</a> near <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Coastal_Artillery" title="Swedish Coastal Artillery">Swedish Coastal Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great%27s_Naval_Fortress" title="Peter the Great's Naval Fortress">Peter the Great's Naval Fortress</a>, part of the fortification line protecting <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li>Spanish Army Coastal Artillery, including eighteen <a href="/wiki/38.1_cm_/45_Model_1926_naval_gun" title="38.1 cm /45 Model 1926 naval gun">38.1 cm /45 Model 1926 naval gun</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun_at_Fort_George_in_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="RML 11 inch 25 ton gun at Fort George, Bermuda."><img alt="RML 11 inch 25 ton gun at Fort George, Bermuda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun_at_Fort_George_in_Bermuda.jpg/180px-RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun_at_Fort_George_in_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun_at_Fort_George_in_Bermuda.jpg/270px-RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun_at_Fort_George_in_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun_at_Fort_George_in_Bermuda.jpg/360px-RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun_at_Fort_George_in_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/RML_11_inch_25_ton_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="RML 11 inch 25 ton gun">RML 11 inch 25 ton gun</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Bermuda" title="Fort George, Bermuda">Fort George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16-inch_coast_artillery_gun_stamped_Watervliet_Arsenal_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16-inch howitzer M1920, Fort Story, Virginia, USA 1942."><img alt="16-inch howitzer M1920, Fort Story, Virginia, USA 1942." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-inch_coast_artillery_gun_stamped_Watervliet_Arsenal_1921.jpg/180px-16-inch_coast_artillery_gun_stamped_Watervliet_Arsenal_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-inch_coast_artillery_gun_stamped_Watervliet_Arsenal_1921.jpg/270px-16-inch_coast_artillery_gun_stamped_Watervliet_Arsenal_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-inch_coast_artillery_gun_stamped_Watervliet_Arsenal_1921.jpg/360px-16-inch_coast_artillery_gun_stamped_Watervliet_Arsenal_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8202" data-file-height="6503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/16-inch_howitzer_M1920" title="16-inch howitzer M1920">16-inch howitzer M1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Story">Fort Story</a>, Virginia, USA 1942.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pallada under fire as the Oil Depot burns"><img alt="Pallada under fire as the Oil Depot burns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/180px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/270px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg/360px-Fire_of_the_Oil_Depot_Caused_by_Our_Gunfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pallada</i> under fire as the Oil Depot burns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pallada and Pobeda"><img alt="Pallada and Pobeda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg/180px-Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg/270px-Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg/360px-Pallada_and_Pobeda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pallada</i> and <i>Pobeda</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort,_Ferry_Reach,_Bermuda_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The evolution of coastal fortification design, between the 1790s and 1822, can be discerned between Ferry Island Fort (in the foreground), with multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, and the Martello tower in the background, which used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover the area."><img alt="The evolution of coastal fortification design, between the 1790s and 1822, can be discerned between Ferry Island Fort (in the foreground), with multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, and the Martello tower in the background, which used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover the area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg/180px-Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg/270px-Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg/360px-Martello_Tower_seen_from_Ferry_Island_Fort%2C_Ferry_Reach%2C_Bermuda_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The evolution of coastal fortification design, between the 1790s and 1822, can be discerned between <i><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Reach,_Bermuda" title="Ferry Reach, Bermuda">Ferry Island Fort</a></i> (in the foreground), with multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, and the <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a> in the background, which used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover the area.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomenlinna_gun_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century coastal artillery guns preserved in Suomenlinna fortress in Helsinki."><img alt="19th-century coastal artillery guns preserved in Suomenlinna fortress in Helsinki." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Suomenlinna_gun_5.jpg/180px-Suomenlinna_gun_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Suomenlinna_gun_5.jpg/270px-Suomenlinna_gun_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Suomenlinna_gun_5.jpg/360px-Suomenlinna_gun_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century coastal artillery guns preserved in <a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a> fortress in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_(RML)_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount,_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort,_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British 64 Pounder RML Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. The fort housed a fixed battery, meant to serve as coastal artillery, as well as guarding against an overland attack."><img alt="British 64 Pounder RML Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. The fort housed a fixed battery, meant to serve as coastal artillery, as well as guarding against an overland attack." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg/180px-British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg/270px-British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg/360px-British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British 64 Pounder RML Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. The fort housed a fixed battery, meant to serve as coastal artillery, as well as guarding against an overland attack.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coastal_fortification,_gun_turret_schematic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic of a coastal fortification with a rotating gun turret."><img alt="Schematic of a coastal fortification with a rotating gun turret." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coastal_fortification%2C_gun_turret_schematic.png/180px-Coastal_fortification%2C_gun_turret_schematic.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coastal_fortification%2C_gun_turret_schematic.png/270px-Coastal_fortification%2C_gun_turret_schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coastal_fortification%2C_gun_turret_schematic.png/360px-Coastal_fortification%2C_gun_turret_schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schematic of a coastal fortification with a rotating gun turret.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coastal_fortification,_fixed_battery_schematic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal fortification with fixed guns."><img alt="Coastal fortification with fixed guns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coastal_fortification%2C_fixed_battery_schematic.png/180px-Coastal_fortification%2C_fixed_battery_schematic.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coastal_fortification%2C_fixed_battery_schematic.png/270px-Coastal_fortification%2C_fixed_battery_schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coastal_fortification%2C_fixed_battery_schematic.png/360px-Coastal_fortification%2C_fixed_battery_schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coastal fortification with fixed guns.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12507,_Amerika,_K%C3%BCstenbatterie_beim_Abschuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun (possibly MkIIIMI) firing from a US Army coast defense mount, 1931. The weapon behind it is on a disappearing carriage."><img alt="16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun (possibly MkIIIMI) firing from a US Army coast defense mount, 1931. The weapon behind it is on a disappearing carriage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12507%2C_Amerika%2C_K%C3%BCstenbatterie_beim_Abschuss.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12507%2C_Amerika%2C_K%C3%BCstenbatterie_beim_Abschuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12507%2C_Amerika%2C_K%C3%BCstenbatterie_beim_Abschuss.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12507%2C_Amerika%2C_K%C3%BCstenbatterie_beim_Abschuss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12507%2C_Amerika%2C_K%C3%BCstenbatterie_beim_Abschuss.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12507%2C_Amerika%2C_K%C3%BCstenbatterie_beim_Abschuss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun">16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun</a> (possibly MkIIIMI) firing from a US Army coast defense mount, 1931. The weapon behind it is on a disappearing carriage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16-inch-Casemated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical US Army World War II installation of a 16-inch casemated gun."><img alt="Typical US Army World War II installation of a 16-inch casemated gun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/16-inch-Casemated.jpg/180px-16-inch-Casemated.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/16-inch-Casemated.jpg/270px-16-inch-Casemated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/16-inch-Casemated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical US Army World War II installation of a 16-inch casemated gun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._David%27s_Battery_(or_the_Examination_Battery),_St._David%27s,_Bermuda_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 9.2" RBL (two 6" RBLs are in background) of the St. David's Battery (or the Examination Battery), St. David's Island, Bermuda in 2011"><img alt="A 9.2" RBL (two 6" RBLs are in background) of the St. David's Battery (or the Examination Battery), St. David's Island, Bermuda in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/St._David%27s_Battery_%28or_the_Examination_Battery%29%2C_St._David%27s%2C_Bermuda_in_2011.jpg/180px-St._David%27s_Battery_%28or_the_Examination_Battery%29%2C_St._David%27s%2C_Bermuda_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/St._David%27s_Battery_%28or_the_Examination_Battery%29%2C_St._David%27s%2C_Bermuda_in_2011.jpg/270px-St._David%27s_Battery_%28or_the_Examination_Battery%29%2C_St._David%27s%2C_Bermuda_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/St._David%27s_Battery_%28or_the_Examination_Battery%29%2C_St._David%27s%2C_Bermuda_in_2011.jpg/360px-St._David%27s_Battery_%28or_the_Examination_Battery%29%2C_St._David%27s%2C_Bermuda_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 9.2" RBL (two 6" RBLs are in background) of the <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Battery,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="St. David's Battery, Bermuda">St. David's Battery</a> (or the Examination Battery), <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. David's Island, Bermuda">St. David's Island, Bermuda</a> in 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_X_at_Fort_Victoria_on_St._George%27s_Island_in_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="9.2" RBL at Fort Victoria on St. George's Island in Bermuda"><img alt="9.2" RBL at Fort Victoria on St. George's Island in Bermuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_X_at_Fort_Victoria_on_St._George%27s_Island_in_Bermuda.jpg/180px-BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_X_at_Fort_Victoria_on_St._George%27s_Island_in_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_X_at_Fort_Victoria_on_St._George%27s_Island_in_Bermuda.jpg/270px-BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_X_at_Fort_Victoria_on_St._George%27s_Island_in_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_X_at_Fort_Victoria_on_St._George%27s_Island_in_Bermuda.jpg/360px-BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_X_at_Fort_Victoria_on_St._George%27s_Island_in_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_IX%E2%80%93X" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 9.2 inch gun Mk IX–X">9.2" RBL</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Victoria,_Bermuda" title="Fort Victoria, Bermuda">Fort Victoria</a> on <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Island, Bermuda">St. George's Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._David%27s_Battery,_Bermuda_in_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. David's Battery, Bermuda in 1942, with two 9.2" (left) and two 6" guns"><img alt="St. David's Battery, Bermuda in 1942, with two 9.2" (left) and two 6" guns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda_in_1942.jpg/180px-St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda_in_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda_in_1942.jpg/270px-St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda_in_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda_in_1942.jpg/360px-St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda_in_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Battery,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="St. David's Battery, Bermuda">St. David's Battery, Bermuda</a> in 1942, with two 9.2" (left) and two 6" guns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_6_inch_rifle,_with_two_BL_9.2_inch_rifles_beyond,_at_St._David%27s_Battery,_Bermuda,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 6" RBL, and two 9.2" RBLs, at St. David's Battery, in Bermuda, in 2011"><img alt="A 6" RBL, and two 9.2" RBLs, at St. David's Battery, in Bermuda, in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BL_6_inch_rifle%2C_with_two_BL_9.2_inch_rifles_beyond%2C_at_St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda%2C_2011.jpg/180px-BL_6_inch_rifle%2C_with_two_BL_9.2_inch_rifles_beyond%2C_at_St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BL_6_inch_rifle%2C_with_two_BL_9.2_inch_rifles_beyond%2C_at_St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda%2C_2011.jpg/270px-BL_6_inch_rifle%2C_with_two_BL_9.2_inch_rifles_beyond%2C_at_St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BL_6_inch_rifle%2C_with_two_BL_9.2_inch_rifles_beyond%2C_at_St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda%2C_2011.jpg/360px-BL_6_inch_rifle%2C_with_two_BL_9.2_inch_rifles_beyond%2C_at_St._David%27s_Battery%2C_Bermuda%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/BL_6_inch_Mk_VII_naval_gun#Coast_defence_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 6 inch Mk VII naval gun">6" RBL</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/BL_9.2_inch_gun_Mk_IX%E2%80%93X" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 9.2 inch gun Mk IX–X">9.2" RBLs</a>, at St. David's Battery, in Bermuda, in 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tk3_at_Fem%C3%B6refortet.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="75 mm turret gun model 1957 at Femöre battery, Sweden"><img alt="75 mm turret gun model 1957 at Femöre battery, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tk3_at_Fem%C3%B6refortet.jpeg/180px-Tk3_at_Fem%C3%B6refortet.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tk3_at_Fem%C3%B6refortet.jpeg/270px-Tk3_at_Fem%C3%B6refortet.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tk3_at_Fem%C3%B6refortet.jpeg/360px-Tk3_at_Fem%C3%B6refortet.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/7.5_cm_tornpj%C3%A4s_m/57" title="7.5 cm tornpjäs m/57">75 mm turret gun model 1957</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fem%C3%B6re_battery" title="Femöre battery">Femöre battery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bateria_Out%C3%A3o_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="3 abandoned BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun at 7th coastal artillery battery at Outão, Portugal"><img alt="3 abandoned BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun at 7th coastal artillery battery at Outão, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bateria_Out%C3%A3o_01.JPG/180px-Bateria_Out%C3%A3o_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bateria_Out%C3%A3o_01.JPG/270px-Bateria_Out%C3%A3o_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bateria_Out%C3%A3o_01.JPG/360px-Bateria_Out%C3%A3o_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3 abandoned <a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_Mk_VII_naval_gun" title="BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun">BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun</a> at 7th coastal artillery battery at <a href="/wiki/Out%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Outão">Outão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_artillery" title="List of coastal artillery">List of coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Seacoast defense in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laying" title="Gun laying">Gun laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ship ballistic missile">Anti-ship ballistic missile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_and_articles">Books and articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChung2011" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Ong Chit (2011). <i>Operation Matador: World War II – Britain's Attempt to Foil the Japanese Invasion of Malaya and Singapore</i>. Hong Kong: Marshall Cavendish International Asia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814435444" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814435444"><bdi>978-9814435444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Matador%3A+World+War+II+%E2%80%93+Britain%27s+Attempt+to+Foil+the+Japanese+Invasion+of+Malaya+and+Singapore&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9814435444&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Ong+Chit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_DoyleMatthew_R._Bennett2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Doyle; Matthew R. Bennett (2002). <i>Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History</i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0433-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0433-8"><bdi>1-4020-0433-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Battle%3A+Terrain+in+Military+History&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4020-0433-8&rft.au=Peter+Doyle&rft.au=Matthew+R.+Bennett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>www.pacioos.hawaii.edu</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/voyager/info/three_nautical_mile.html">https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/voyager/info/three_nautical_mile.html</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pacioos.hawaii.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacioos.hawaii.edu%2Fvoyager%2Finfo%2Fthree_nautical_mile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver_II2018" class="citation book cs1">Weaver II, John R. (2018). <i>A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816–1867</i> (2nd ed.). McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. pp. 16–17, 24–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7323916-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7323916-1-1"><bdi>978-1-7323916-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legacy+in+Brick+and+Stone%3A+American+Coastal+Defense+Forts+of+the+Third+System%2C+1816%E2%80%931867&rft.place=McLean%2C+VA&rft.pages=16-17%2C+24-34&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Redoubt+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7323916-1-1&rft.aulast=Weaver+II&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Ian V. (2002). <i>British & American Artillery of World War II</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-478-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-478-8"><bdi>1-85367-478-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+%26+American+Artillery+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85367-478-8&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Ian+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Floyd_Duckett1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_Duckett" title="George Floyd Duckett">George Floyd Duckett</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HEkMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22land+battery%22+coast&pg=PA201"><i>Technological military dictionary, German-English-French</i></a>. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technological+military+dictionary%2C+German-English-French&rft.pages=201&rft.date=1848&rft.au=George+Floyd+Duckett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHEkMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522land%2Bbattery%2522%2Bcoast%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gross_Barnard1861" class="citation book cs1">John Gross Barnard (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesonseacoast00barngoog"><i>Notes on Sea-Coast Defence</i></a>. D. Van Nostrand. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesonseacoast00barngoog/page/n57">48</a>. <q>land battery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Sea-Coast+Defence&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1861&rft.au=John+Gross+Barnard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotesonseacoast00barngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivil_War_Forificiations_Digital_Research_Library2004" class="citation web cs1">Civil War Forificiations Digital Research Library (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lly.org/~rcw/cwf/dictionary/xgb-016.html">"Batteries, River and Coast Defense"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Fortification</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Fortification&rft.atitle=Batteries%2C+River+and+Coast+Defense&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Civil+War+Forificiations+Digital+Research+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flly.org%2F~rcw%2Fcwf%2Fdictionary%2Fxgb-016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Tucker2015" class="citation book cs1">Glenn Tucker (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9SxvCwAAQBAJ&q=%22floating+battery%22+%22land+battery%22&pg=PT119"><i>Chickamauga: Bloody Battle In The West</i></a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786251152" title="Special:BookSources/9781786251152"><bdi>9781786251152</bdi></a>. <q><i>Hamilton had experimented with an ironclad floating battery, and Stevens had set up an ironclad land battery</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chickamauga%3A+Bloody+Battle+In+The+West&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781786251152&rft.au=Glenn+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9SxvCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522floating%2Bbattery%2522%2B%2522land%2Bbattery%2522%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutter1867" class="citation news cs1">Rutter (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63513296">"The Great Ironclad Floating Gun Battery For Bay and Harbour Defences"</a>. Illustrated Sydney News – via Trove – National Library of Australia. <q><i>[the floating battery] will have all the advantages of a land battery, combined with, the capability of motion</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Great+Ironclad+Floating+Gun+Battery+For+Bay+and+Harbour+Defences&rft.date=1867&rft.au=Rutter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F63513296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview, Bolling W. Smith and William C. Gaines, in a 2008 update to "American Seacoast Defenses," Mark Berhow, Ed., CDSG Press, McLean, VA, 2004. An online version of this article can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/short-history/">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2006442–443_&_527-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2006442–443_&_527_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, pp. 442–443 & 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1954361-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1954361_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby1954">Kirby 1954</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung201124–26-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201124–26_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChung2011">Chung 2011</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChung201126-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201126_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201126_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChung201126_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChung2011">Chung 2011</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarig,_Commander_WalterBurton,_Lieutenant_EarlFreeland,_Lieutenant_Stephen_L.1946" class="citation book cs1">Karig, Commander Walter; Burton, Lieutenant Earl; Freeland, Lieutenant Stephen L. (1946). <i>Battle Report (Volume 2); The Atlantic War</i>. New York/Toronto: Farrar and Rinehart, Inc. pp. 386–387.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Report+%28Volume+2%29%3B+The+Atlantic+War&rft.place=New+York%2FToronto&rft.pages=386-387&rft.pub=Farrar+and+Rinehart%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Karig%2C+Commander+Walter&rft.au=Burton%2C+Lieutenant+Earl&rft.au=Freeland%2C+Lieutenant+Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Burton, Earl (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4442/is_200409/ai_n16065904/pg_7/?tag=artBody;col1">"The Other D-Day: The Invasion Of Southern France"</a>. <i>Sea Classics</i>. <b>37</b> (9): 60–70<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sea+Classics&rft.atitle=The+Other+D-Day%3A+The+Invasion+Of+Southern+France&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=60-70&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa4442%2Fis_200409%2Fai_n16065904%2Fpg_7%2F%3Ftag%3DartBody%3Bcol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altair.com.pl/news/view?news_id=10814">"Altair Agencja Lotnicza"</a>. <i>www.altair.com.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.altair.com.pl&rft.atitle=Altair+Agencja+Lotnicza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altair.com.pl%2Fnews%2Fview%3Fnews_id%3D10814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_artillery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coastal_artillery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdsg.org/">Coast Defense Study Group homepage</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsg.org/fort-and-battery-list/">list of US forts and batteries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050210083647/http://www-tradoc.army.mil/museum/cahistory.asp">A brief history of the coast artillery corps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/PacHD.html">Defenses along the Pacific Coast of the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114002901/http://www.bytenet.net/rmscaronia/Main%20Fort%20Carroll%20Page%20old.htm">Fort Carroll</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortfort.ru/coastal/index_e.html">Coastal Artillery of Finland and Russia at Northern Fortress</a></li> <li>John T. Duchesneau: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnmeadgould.com/adamsguns.html">The Artillery of Fort Adams</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGander" class="citation web cs1">Gander, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414084352/http://www.fsgfort.com/uploads/pdfs/Public/British%20Coastal%20Artillery%20P.pdf">"TWENTIETH CENTURY BRITISH COAST DEFENCE GUNS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fortress Study Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsgfort.com/uploads/pdfs/Public/British%20Coastal%20Artillery%20P.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TWENTIETH+CENTURY+BRITISH+COAST+DEFENCE+GUNS&rft.pub=Fortress+Study+Group&rft.aulast=Gander&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsgfort.com%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2FPublic%2FBritish%2520Coastal%2520Artillery%2520P.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Colin (2006). <i>Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101036-6"><bdi>978-0-14-101036-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Burning%3A+Heroism+and+Surrender+in+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101036-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Woodburn_Kirby" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Woodburn Kirby">Kirby, Stanley Woodburn</a> (1954). <i>War Against Japan: The Loss of Singapore</i>. History of the Second World War. Vol. I. HMSO. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58958687">58958687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Against+Japan%3A+The+Loss+of+Singapore&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58958687&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Woodburn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+artillery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fortifications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fortifications" title="Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fortifications" title="Template talk:Fortifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fortifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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