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id="toc-Family_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_life,_marriage,_and_literary_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_life,_marriage,_and_literary_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Public life, marriage, and literary career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_life,_marriage,_and_literary_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Roman_Empire_from_the_death_of_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Roman_Empire_from_the_death_of_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Roman_Empire_from_the_death_of_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The <i>Histories</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Annals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Annals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>The <i>Annals</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Annals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span><i>Germania</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricola_(De_vita_et_moribus_Iulii_Agricolae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricola_(De_vita_et_moribus_Iulii_Agricolae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span><i>Agricola</i> (<i>De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricola_(De_vita_et_moribus_Iulii_Agricolae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialogus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span><i>Dialogus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approach_to_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approach_to_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Approach to history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approach_to_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Editions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Editions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teubner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teubner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Teubner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teubner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambridge_Classical_Texts_and_Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambridge_Classical_Texts_and_Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambridge_Classical_Texts_and_Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambridge_Greek_and_Latin_Classics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambridge_Greek_and_Latin_Classics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambridge_Greek_and_Latin_Classics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacitus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="تاسيتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاسيتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacito" title="Tacito – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tacito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacito" title="Tacito – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tacito" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1citu" title="Tácitu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tácitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publi_Korneli_Tasit" title="Publi Korneli Tasit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Publi Korneli Tasit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="কর্নেলিয়ুস তাকিতুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্নেলিয়ুস তাকিতুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Публій Карнелій Тацыт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Публій Карнелій Тацыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Публий Корнелий Тацит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Публий Корнелий Тацит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publije_Kornelije_Tacit" title="Publije Kornelije Tacit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Publije Kornelije Tacit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0cit" title="Tàcit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàcit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Τάκιτος (ιστορικός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάκιτος (ιστορικός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1cito" title="Tácito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tácito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacito_(verkisto)" title="Tacito (verkisto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tacito (verkisto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1citu" title="Tácitu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tácitu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornelio_Tazito" title="Kornelio Tazito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kornelio Tazito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="تاسیتوس (تاریخ‌نگار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاسیتوس (تاریخ‌نگار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacite" title="Tacite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tacite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasitus_(skriuwer)" title="Tasitus (skriuwer) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tasitus (skriuwer)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit" title="Tacit – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tacit" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Cornelio_T%C3%A1cito" title="Publio Cornelio Tácito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Publio Cornelio Tácito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%ED%82%A4%ED%88%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="타키투스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타키투스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Կոռնելիոս Տակիտոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոռնելիոս Տակիտոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit" title="Tacit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tacit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacito" title="Tacito – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tacito" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tac%C3%ADtus" title="Tacítus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tacítus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Cornelio_Tacito" title="Publio Cornelio Tacito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Publio Cornelio Tacito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1" title="טקיטוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקיטוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾರ್ನೀಲಿಯಸ್ ಟ್ಯಾಸಿಟಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ನೀಲಿಯಸ್ ಟ್ಯಾಸಿಟಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პუბლიუს კორნელიუს ტაციტუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პუბლიუს კორნელიუს ტაციტუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тацит Публий Корнелий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тацит Публий Корнелий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Tacitus" title="Cornelius Tacitus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cornelius Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacits" title="Tacits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tacits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publijus_Kornelijus_Tacitas" title="Publijus Kornelijus Tacitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Publijus Kornelijus Tacitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacito" title="Tacito – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tacito" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Такит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Такит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടാസിറ്റസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടാസിറ്റസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პუბლიუს კორნელიუს ტაციტუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პუბლიუს კორნელიუს ტაციტუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="تاسيتس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاسيتس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AD%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9" title="タキトゥス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タキトゥス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit" title="Tacit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tacit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsit" title="Tatsit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tatsit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiusz_Korneliusz_Tacyt" title="Publiusz Korneliusz Tacyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Publiusz Korneliusz Tacyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1cito" title="Tácito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tácito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit" title="Tacit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tacit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Публий Корнелий Тацит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Публий Корнелий Тацит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taciti" title="Taciti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Taciti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubbliu_Curneliu_T%C3%A0citu" title="Pubbliu Curneliu Tàcitu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pubbliu Curneliu Tàcitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publij_Kornelij_Tacit" title="Publij Kornelij Tacit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Publij Kornelij Tacit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тацит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тацит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit" title="Tacit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tacit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="ตากิตุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตากิตุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тацит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тацит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1cito" title="Tácito – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tácito" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E9%99%80" title="塔西陀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塔西陀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%97" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman historian and senator (56–120)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the emperor, see <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus (emperor)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tacitus (disambiguation)">Tacitus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Cornelius Tacitus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/220px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/330px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/440px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Statue of Tacitus outside the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament_Building" title="Austrian Parliament Building">Austrian Parliament Building</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 56 AD</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 AD</span> (aged approx. 64)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historian</a>, politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Silver Age of Latin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Rusticus" title="Fabius Rusticus">Fabius Rusticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cluvius_Rufus" title="Marcus Cluvius Rufus">Marcus Cluvius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">oratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annals">Annals</a></i><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></i></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)">Histories</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data">Virtually all of subsequent <a href="/wiki/Historical_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical inquiry">historical inquiry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western World</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Publius Cornelius Tacitus</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known simply as <b>Tacitus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TAS</span>-it-əs</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈtakɪtʊs]</a></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 56</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120</span>), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman historians</a> by modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surviving portions of his two major works—the <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)"><i>Annals</i></a> (Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Annales</i></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)"><i>Histories</i></a> (Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historiae</i></span>)—examine the reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperors</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, and those who reigned in the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> (69 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two works span the history of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from the death of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (14 AD) to the death of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (96 AD), although there are substantial <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">lacunae</a> in the surviving texts. </p><p>Tacitus's other writings discuss <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">oratory</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> format, see <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)"><i>De origine et situ Germanorum</i></a>), and the life of his father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> (the general responsible for much of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>), mainly focusing on his campaign in <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae</a></i>). Tacitus's <i>Histories</i> offers insights into Roman attitudes towards <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, descriptions of Jewish customs, and context for the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>. His <i>Annals</i> are of interest for providing <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">an early account</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians</a> and one of the earliest extra-Biblical references to the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Details about the personal life of Tacitus are scarce. What little is known comes from scattered hints throughout his work, the letters of his friend and admirer <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>, and an inscription found at <a href="/wiki/Mylasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mylasa">Mylasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus was born in 56 or 57 to an <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place and date of his birth, as well as his <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a> (first name) are not known. In the letters of <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> his name is <i>Gaius</i>, but in the major surviving manuscript of his work his name is given as <i>Publius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scholar's suggestion of the name <i>Sextus</i> has been largely rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the older <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> families failed to survive the <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscriptions</a> which took place at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>, and Tacitus makes it clear that he owed his rank to the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian</a> emperors (<i>Hist.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Hist.+1.1">1.1</a>). The claim that he was descended from a <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> is derived from a speech in his writings which asserts that many senators and knights were descended from freedmen (<i>Ann.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+13.27">13.27</a>), but this is generally disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his article on Tacitus in <a href="/wiki/Pauly-Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly-Wissowa">Pauly-Wissowa</a>, I. Borzsak had conjectured that the historian was related to <a href="/wiki/Thrasea_Paetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasea Paetus">Thrasea Paetus</a> and Etruscan family of <a href="/wiki/Caecinia_gens" title="Caecinia gens">Caecinii</a>, about whom he spoke very highly. Furthermore, some later Caecinii bore cognomen Tacitus, which also could indicate some sort of relationship. It had been suggested that the historian's mother was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Caecina_Paetus" title="Aulus Caecina Paetus">Aulus Caecina Paetus</a>, suffect consul of 37, and sister of Arria, wife of Thrasea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000231–232_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000231–232-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strachan_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strachan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father may have been the Cornelius Tacitus who served as <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">procurator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgica" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica">Belgica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentions that Cornelius had a son who aged rapidly (<a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">NH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html">7.76</a>), which implies an early death. </p><p>There is no mention of Tacitus's suffering such a condition, but it is possible that this refers to a brother—if Cornelius was indeed his father.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The friendship between the younger Pliny and Tacitus leads some scholars to conclude that they were both the offspring of wealthy provincial families.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province of his birth remains unknown, though various conjectures suggest <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His marriage to the daughter of Narbonensian senator <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> implies that he came from Gallia Narbonensis. Tacitus's dedication to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fabius_Justus" title="Lucius Fabius Justus">Lucius Fabius Justus</a> in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dialogus</i></span> may indicate a connection with Spain, and his friendship with Pliny suggests origins in northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No evidence exists, however, that Pliny's friends from northern Italy knew Tacitus, nor do Pliny's letters hint that the two men had a common background.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny Book 9, Letter 23, reports that when asked whether he was Italian or provincial, he gave an unclear answer and so was asked whether he was Tacitus or Pliny. Since Pliny was from Italy, some infer that Tacitus was from the provinces, probably Gallia Narbonensis.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His ancestry, his skill in oratory, and his sympathetic depiction of barbarians who resisted Roman rule (e.g., <i>Ann.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+2.9">2.9</a>) have led some to suggest that he was a <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celt</a>. This belief stems from the fact that the Celts who had occupied Gaul prior to the Roman invasion were famous for their skill in oratory and had been subjugated by Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_life,_marriage,_and_literary_career"><span id="Public_life.2C_marriage.2C_and_literary_career"></span>Public life, marriage, and literary career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public life, marriage, and literary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a young man, Tacitus studied <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> in Rome to prepare for a career in law and politics; like Pliny, he may have studied under <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 35 AD</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span>). In 77 or 78, he married Julia Agricola, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">famous general Agricola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known of their domestic life, save that Tacitus loved <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and the outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started his career (probably the <i><a href="/wiki/Latus_clavus" class="mw-redirect" title="Latus clavus">latus clavus</a></i>, mark of the senator)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (r. 69–79), but entered political life as a <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> in 81 or 82 under <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-quaestor_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quaestor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He advanced steadily through the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> in 88 and a <a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">quindecimvir</a>, a member of the priestly college in charge of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Saecular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Saecular Games">Secular Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained acclaim as a lawyer and as an <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>; his skill in public speaking ironically counterpoints his <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a>, <i>Tacitus</i> ("silent").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He served in the provinces from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 89</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 93</span>, either in command of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> or in a civilian post.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his property survived <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>'s reign of terror (81–96), but the experience left him jaded and perhaps ashamed at his own complicity, instilling in him the hatred of <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyranny</a> evident in his works.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Agricola</i>, chs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ag.+44">44</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ag.+45">45</a>, is illustrative: </p> <blockquote><p>Agricola was spared those later years during which Domitian, leaving now no interval or breathing space of time, but, as it were, with one continuous blow, drained the life-blood of the Commonwealth... It was not long before our hands dragged <a href="/wiki/Helvidius_Priscus" title="Helvidius Priscus">Helvidius</a> to prison, before we gazed on the dying looks of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Junius_Mauricus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junius Mauricus (page does not exist)">Mauricus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arulenus_Rusticus" title="Arulenus Rusticus">Rusticus</a>, before we were steeped in <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Senecio" title="Herennius Senecio">Senecio</a>'s innocent blood. Even <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> turned his eyes away, and did not gaze upon the atrocities which he ordered; with Domitian it was the chief part of our miseries to see and to be seen, to know that our sighs were being recorded...</p></blockquote> <p>From his seat in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, he became <a href="/wiki/Suffect_consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffect consul">suffect consul</a> in 97 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, being the <a href="/wiki/Novus_homo" title="Novus homo">first of his family</a> to do so. During his tenure, he reached the height of his fame as an orator when he delivered the funeral oration for the famous veteran soldier <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verginius_Rufus" title="Lucius Verginius Rufus">Lucius Verginius Rufus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following year, he wrote and published the <i>Agricola</i> and <i>Germania</i>, foreshadowing the literary endeavors that would occupy him until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterward, he absented himself from public life, but returned during <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s reign (98–117). In 100, he and his friend Pliny the Younger prosecuted <a href="/wiki/Marius_Priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Priscus">Marius Priscus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Priscus" class="extiw" title="la:Marius Priscus">la</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of Africa) for corruption. Priscus was found guilty and sent into exile; Pliny wrote a few days later that Tacitus had spoken "with all the majesty which characterizes his usual style of oratory".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lengthy absence from politics and law followed while he wrote the <i>Histories</i> and the <i>Annals</i>. In 112 to 113, he held the highest civilian governorship, that of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hazel_2002_p._297_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_2002_p._297-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recorded in the inscription found at Mylasa mentioned above. A passage in the <i>Annals</i> fixes 116 as the <i><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">terminus post quem</a></i> of his death, which may have been as late as 125 or even 130. It seems that he survived both Pliny (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 113</span>) and Trajan (died 117).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remains unknown whether Tacitus had any children. The <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Augustan History</a></i> reports that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Tacitus">Marcus Claudius Tacitus</a> (r. 275–276) claimed him for an ancestor and provided for the preservation of his works, but this story may be fraudulent, like much of the <i>Augustan History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_mentioned_in_the_works_of_Tacitus" title="List of people mentioned in the works of Tacitus">List of people mentioned in the works of Tacitus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipsius_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lipsius_manuscript.jpg/220px-Lipsius_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lipsius_manuscript.jpg/330px-Lipsius_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lipsius_manuscript.jpg/440px-Lipsius_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>The title page of <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a>'s 1598 edition of the complete works of Tacitus, bearing the stamps of the <i>Bibliotheca Comunale</i> in <a href="/wiki/Empoli" title="Empoli">Empoli</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Five works ascribed to Tacitus have survived (albeit with gaps), the most substantial of which are the <i>Annals</i> and the <i>Histories</i>. This canon (with approximate dates) consists of: </p> <ul><li>(98) <i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">De vita Iulii Agricolae</a></i> (<i>The Life of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a></i>)</li> <li>(98) <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">De origine et situ Germanorum</a></i> (<i>Germania</i>)</li> <li>(102) <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></i></span> (<i>Dialogue on Oratory</i>)</li> <li>(105) <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)">Historiae</a></i></span> (<i>Histories</i>)</li> <li>(117) <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Ab excessu divi Augusti</a></i> (<i>Annals</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Roman_Empire_from_the_death_of_Augustus">History of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)">Histories</a></i>, published separately, were meant to form a single edition of thirty books.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Tacitus wrote the <i>Histories</i> before the <i>Annals</i>, the events in the <i>Annals</i> precede the <i>Histories</i>; together they form a continuous narrative from the death of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (14) to the death of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (96). Though most has been lost, what remains is an invaluable record of the era. The first half of the <i>Annals</i> survived in a single manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Corvey" title="Princely Abbey of Corvey">Corvey Abbey</a> in Germany, and the second half in a single manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> in Italy; it is remarkable that they survived at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Histories">The <i>Histories</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)">Histories (Tacitus)</a></div> <p>In an early chapter of the <i>Agricola</i>, Tacitus asserts that he wishes to speak about the years of Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In the <i>Histories</i> the scope has changed; Tacitus says that he will deal with the age of Nerva and Trajan at a later time. Instead, he will cover the period from the civil wars of the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> and end with the despotism of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavians</a>. Only the first four books and twenty-six chapters of the fifth book survive, covering the year 69 and the first part of 70. The work is believed to have continued up to the death of Domitian on September 18, 96. The fifth book contains—as a prelude to the account of Titus's suppression of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>—a short <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> survey of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and it is an invaluable record of Roman attitudes towards them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Annals">The <i>Annals</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Annals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals (Tacitus)</a></div> <p>The <i>Annals</i>, Tacitus's final work, covers the period from the death of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in AD 14. He wrote at least sixteen books, but books 7–10 and parts of books 5, 6, 11, and 16 are missing. Book 6 ends with the death of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, and books 7–12 presumably covered the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>. The remaining books cover the reign of Nero, perhaps until his death in June 68 or until the end of that year to connect with the <i>Histories</i>. The second half of book 16 is missing, ending with the events of 66. It is not known whether Tacitus completed the work; he died before he could complete his planned histories of Nerva and Trajan, and no record survives of the work on Augustus and the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, with which he had planned to finish his work. The <i>Annals</i> is one of the earliest secular historical records to mention <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, which Tacitus does in connection with <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Neronian_persecution" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Nero's persecution of the Christians</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/220px-MII.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/330px-MII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/440px-MII.png 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3373" /></a><figcaption><i>Annals</i> 15.44, in the second Medicean manuscript</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monographs">Monographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus wrote three works with a more limited scope: <i>Agricola</i>, a biography of his father-in-law, Gnaeus Julius Agricola; the <i>Germania</i>, a monograph on the lands and tribes of barbarian Germania; and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dialogus</i></span>, a dialogue on the art of rhetoric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germania"><i>Germania</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania (book)</a></div> <p>The <i>Germania</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> title: <i>De Origine et situ Germanorum</i>) is an ethnographic work on the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> outside the Roman Empire. The <i>Germania</i> fits within a classical ethnographic tradition which includes authors such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. The book begins (chapters 1–27) with a description of the lands, laws, and customs of the various tribes. Later chapters focus on descriptions of particular tribes, beginning with those who lived closest to the Roman empire, and ending with a description of those who lived on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fenni" title="Fenni">Fenni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus had written a similar, albeit shorter, piece in his <i>Agricola</i> (chapters 10–13). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agricola_(De_vita_et_moribus_Iulii_Agricolae)"><span id="Agricola_.28De_vita_et_moribus_Iulii_Agricolae.29"></span><i>Agricola</i> (<i>De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agricola (De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola (book)</a></div> <p>The <i>Agricola</i> (written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 98</span>) recounts the life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, an eminent Roman general and Tacitus's father-in-law; it also covers, briefly, the geography and ethnography of ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>. As in the <i>Germania</i>, Tacitus favorably contrasts the liberty of the native <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> with the tyranny and corruption of the Empire; the book also contains eloquent polemics against the greed of Rome, one of which, that Tacitus claims is from a speech by <a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a>, ends by asserting, <i>Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant.</i> ("To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace."—Oxford Revised Translation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialogus"><i>Dialogus</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dialogus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rhetoric" title="Category:Rhetoric">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/150px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/225px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/300px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#History_and_development" title="Rhetoric">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Ancient_Greece" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_style" title="Asiatic style">Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">Attic orators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Indian_rhetoric" title="Ancient Indian rhetoric">Ancient India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Rome" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature#The_age_of_Cicero" title="Latin literature">The age of Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Medieval_to_Enlightenment" title="Rhetoric">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Byzantine rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Sixteenth_century" title="Rhetoric">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rhetoric" title="Modern rhetoric">Modern period</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captatio_benevolentiae" title="Captatio benevolentiae">Captatio benevolentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chironomia" title="Chironomia">Chironomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delectare" class="mw-redirect" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Docere" class="mw-redirect" title="Docere">Docere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloquence" title="Eloquence">Eloquence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eloquentia_perfecta" title="Eloquentia perfecta">Eloquentia perfecta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">Enthymeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facilitas" title="Facilitas">Facilitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(rhetoric)" title="Scheme (rhetoric)">Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Canons_of_Rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Canons of Rhetoric">Five canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pronuntiatio" title="Pronuntiatio">Pronuntiatio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsos" title="Hypsos">Hypsos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Imitatio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_loci" title="Method of loci">Method of loci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_operations" title="Rhetorical operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion" title="Modes of persuasion">Persuasion</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_situation" title="Rhetorical situation">Situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_style_(rhetoric)" title="Grand style (rhetoric)">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sotto_voce" title="Sotto voce">Sotto voce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">Topos</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Genres</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declamation" title="Declamation">Declamation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Controversia" title="Controversia">Controversia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_rhetoric" title="Deliberative rhetoric">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elocution" title="Elocution">Elocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epideictic" title="Epideictic">Epideictic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">Encomium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">Panegyric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">Eulogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_speech" title="Farewell speech">Farewell speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_rhetoric" title="Forensic rhetoric">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitational_rhetoric" title="Invitational rhetoric">Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_talk" title="Lightning talk">Lightning talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">Maiden speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diatribe" title="Diatribe">Diatribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eristic" title="Eristic">Eristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippic" title="Philippic">Philippic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suasoria" title="Suasoria">Suasoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">Stump speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-war_rhetoric" title="Pro-war rhetoric">War-mongering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_criticism" title="Rhetorical criticism">Criticism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_criticism" title="Cluster criticism">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatistic_pentad" title="Dramatistic pentad">Pentadic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_criticism" title="Genre criticism">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphoric_criticism" title="Metaphoric criticism">Metaphoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis_criticism" title="Mimesis criticism">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_criticism" title="Narrative criticism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aristotelianism_(literature)" title="Neo-Aristotelianism (literature)">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Rhetoricians</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_C._Booth" title="Wayne C. Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Brueggemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Ramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(380 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)#Discussion_of_rhetoric_and_writing_(257c–279c)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 370 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">De Sophisticis Elenchis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(84 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium" title="Rhetorica ad Herennium">Rhetorica ad Herennium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(55 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Oratorical_Partitions" title="A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions">A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Optimo_Genere_Oratorum" title="De Optimo Genere Oratorum">De Optimo Genere Oratorum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(95)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(100–400)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(102)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_doctrina_Christiana" title="De doctrina Christiana">De doctrina Christiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(426)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1305)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1521)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_as_Symbolic_Action" title="Language as Symbolic Action">Language as Symbolic Action</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_Rhetoric" title="A General Rhetoric">A General Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subfields</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argumentation_theory" title="Argumentation theory">Argumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_rhetoric" title="Cognitive rhetoric">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_rhetoric" title="Contrastive rhetoric">Contrastive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_rhetoric" title="Constitutive rhetoric">Constitutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_rhetoric" title="Native American rhetoric">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rhetorics" class="mw-redirect" title="New rhetorics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_health_and_medicine" title="Rhetoric of health and medicine">Health and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_rhetoric_and_composition_pedagogy" title="Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_rhetoric" title="Procedural rhetoric">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_technology" title="Rhetoric of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_therapy" title="Rhetoric of therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_rhetoric" title="Visual rhetoric">Visual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_rhetoric_and_composition" title="Visual rhetoric and composition">Composition</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">Doxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary of rhetorical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossophobia" title="Glossophobia">Glossophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">List of feminist rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches" title="List of speeches">List of speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_skills" title="Oral skills">Oral skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">Orator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rhetoric" title="Public rhetoric">Public rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_social_intervention_model" title="Rhetoric of social intervention model">Rhetoric of social intervention model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetrickery" title="Rhetrickery">Rhetrickery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogerian_argument" title="Rogerian argument">Rogerian argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">Seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">Speechwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_point" title="Talking point">Talking point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terministic_screen" title="Terministic screen">Terministic screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulmin_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulmin model">Toulmin model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_iron" title="Wooden iron">Wooden iron</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhetoric" title="Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhetoric" title="Template talk:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></div> <p>There is uncertainty about when Tacitus wrote <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dialogus de oratoribus</i></span>. Many characteristics set it apart from the other works of Tacitus, so that its authenticity has at various times been questioned. It is likely to be early work, indebted to the author's rhetorical training, since its style imitates that of the foremost Roman orator <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. It lacks (for example) the incongruities that are typical of his mature historical works. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dialogus</i></span> is dedicated to Fabius Iustus, a consul in 102 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_style">Literary style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literary style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus's writings are known for their dense prose that seldom glosses the facts, in contrast to the style of some of his contemporaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. When he writes about a near defeat of the Roman army in <i>Annals</i> I,63, he does so with brevity of description rather than embellishment. </p><p>In most of his writings, he keeps to a chronological narrative order, only seldom outlining the bigger picture, leaving the readers to construct that picture for themselves. Nonetheless, where he does use broad strokes, for example, in the opening paragraphs of the <i>Annals</i>, he uses a few condensed phrases which take the reader to the heart of the story. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approach_to_history">Approach to history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Approach to history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus's historical style owes some debt to <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>. His historiography offers penetrating—often pessimistic—insights into the psychology of power politics, blending straightforward descriptions of events, moral lessons, and tightly focused dramatic accounts. Tacitus's own declaration regarding his approach to history (<i>Annals</i> I,1) is well known: </p> <blockquote><p><i>inde consilium mihi ... tradere ... sine ira et studio, quorum causas procul habeo.</i></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>my purpose is ... to relate ... without either anger or zeal, motives from which I am far removed.</p></blockquote> <p>There has been much scholarly discussion about Tacitus's "neutrality". Throughout his writing, he is preoccupied with the balance of power between the Senate and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperors</a>, and the increasing corruption of the governing <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes</a> of Rome as they adjusted to the ever-growing wealth and power of the empire. In Tacitus's view, senators squandered their cultural inheritance—that of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>—to placate their (rarely benign) emperor. </p><p>Tacitus noted the increasing dependence of the emperor on the goodwill of his armies. The <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudians</a> eventually gave way to generals, who followed Julius Caesar (and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>) in recognizing that military might could secure them the political power in Rome. (<i>Hist.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Hist.+1.4">1.4</a>) </p> <blockquote><p>Welcome as the death of Nero had been in the first burst of joy, yet it had not only roused various emotions in Rome, among the Senators, the people, or the soldiery of the capital, it had also excited all the legions and their generals; for now had been divulged that secret of the empire, that emperors could be made elsewhere than at Rome.</p></blockquote> <p>Tacitus's political career was largely lived out under the emperor Domitian. His experience of the tyranny, corruption, and decadence of that era (81–96) may explain the bitterness and irony of his political analysis. He draws our attention to the dangers of power without accountability, love of power untempered by principle, and the apathy and corruption engendered by the concentration of wealth generated through trade and conquest by the empire. </p><p>Nonetheless, the image he builds of Tiberius throughout the first six books of the <i>Annals</i> is neither exclusively bleak nor approving: most scholars view the image of Tiberius as predominantly <i>positive</i> in the first books, and predominantly <i>negative</i> after the intrigues of <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>. The entrance of Tiberius in the first chapters of the first book is dominated by the hypocrisy of the new emperor and his courtiers. In the later books, some respect is evident for the cleverness of the old emperor in securing his position. </p><p>In general, Tacitus does not fear to praise and to criticize the same person, often noting what he takes to be their more admirable and less admirable properties. One of Tacitus's hallmarks is refraining from <i>conclusively</i> taking sides for or against persons he describes, which has led some to interpret his works as both supporting and rejecting the imperial system (see <a href="/wiki/Tacitean_studies" title="Tacitean studies">Tacitean studies</a>, <i>Black</i> vs. <i>Red</i> Tacitists). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His Latin style is highly praised.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style, although it has a grandeur and eloquence (thanks to Tacitus's education in rhetoric), is extremely concise, even <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrammatic</a>—the sentences are rarely flowing or beautiful, but their point is always clear. The style has been both derided as "harsh, unpleasant, and thorny" and praised as "grave, concise, and pithily eloquent". </p><p>A passage of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1"><i>Annals</i> 1.1</a>, where Tacitus laments the state of the historiography regarding the last four emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>, illustrates his style: "The histories of Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius and Nero, while they were in power, were falsified through terror and after their death were written under the irritation of a recent hatred",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in a word-for-word translation: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Tiberiī Gāīque et Claudiī ac Nerōnis rēs<br /> flōrentibus ipsīs—ob metum—falsae,<br /> postquam occiderant—recentibus ōdiīs—compositae<br /> sunt. </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Tiberius's, Gaius's and Claudius's as well as Nero's acts<br /> while flourishing themselves—out of fear—counterfeited,<br /> after they came to fall—resulting from new-found hate—related<br /> are. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Interpunction and line breaks added for clarity. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Compared to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin#Authors_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Classical Latin">Ciceronian period</a>, where sentences were usually the length of a paragraph and artfully constructed with nested pairs of carefully matched sonorous phrases, this is short and to the point. But it is also very individual. Note the three different ways of saying <i>and</i> in the first line (<i>-que</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>ac</i>), and especially the matched second and third lines. They are parallel in sense but not in sound; the pairs of words ending "<i>-entibus</i> … <i>-is</i>" are crossed over in a way that deliberately breaks the Ciceronian conventions—which one would, however, need to be acquainted with to see the novelty of Tacitus's style. Some readers, then and now, find this teasing of their expectations merely irritating. Others find the deliberate discord, playing against the evident parallelism of the two lines, stimulating and intriguing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His historical works focus on the motives of the characters, often with penetrating insight—though it is questionable how much of his insight is correct, and how much is convincing only because of his rhetorical skill.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is at his best when exposing hypocrisy and dissimulation; for example, he follows a narrative recounting Tiberius's refusal of the title <i>pater patriae</i> by recalling the institution of a law forbidding any "treasonous" speech or writings—and the frivolous prosecutions which resulted (<i>Annals</i>, 1.72). Elsewhere (<i>Annals</i> 4.64–66) he compares Tiberius's public distribution of fire relief to his failure to stop the perversions and abuses of justice which he had begun. Although this kind of insight has earned him praise, he has also been criticized for ignoring the larger context. </p><p>Tacitus owes most, both in language and in method, to Sallust, and <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> is the later historian whose work most closely approaches him in style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus makes use of the official sources of the Roman state: the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Senatus" title="Acta Senatus">Acta Senatus</a></i> (the minutes of the sessions of the Senate) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Diurna" title="Acta Diurna">Acta Diurna</a></i> (a collection of the acts of the government and news of the court and capital). He also read collections of emperors' speeches, such as those of Tiberius and Claudius. He is generally seen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as a scrupulous historian who paid careful attention to his sources. </p><p>Tacitus cites some of his sources directly, among them <a href="/wiki/Cluvius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluvius Rufus">Cluvius Rufus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Rusticus" title="Fabius Rusticus">Fabius Rusticus</a> and Pliny the Elder, who had written <i>Bella Germaniae</i> and a historical work which was the continuation of that of <a href="/wiki/Aufidius_Bassus" title="Aufidius Bassus">Aufidius Bassus</a>. Tacitus also uses collections of letters (<i>epistolarium</i>). He also took information from <i>exitus illustrium virorum</i>. These were a collection of books by those who were antithetical to the emperors. They tell of sacrifices by martyrs to freedom, especially the men who committed suicide. While he places no value on the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> theory of suicide and views suicides as ostentatious and politically useless, Tacitus often gives prominence to speeches made by those about to commit suicide, for example <a href="/wiki/Cremutius_Cordus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremutius Cordus">Cremutius Cordus</a>'s speech in <i>Ann.</i> IV, 34–35. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teubner">Teubner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Teubner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934–36 a <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana" title="Bibliotheca Teubneriana">Teubner edition</a> of complete works by Tacitus (<i>P. Cornelii Taciti libri qui supersunt</i>) edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Koestermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Koestermann (page does not exist)">Erich Koestermann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed:Erich_Koestermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed:Erich Koestermann (page does not exist)">ed</a>]</span> was published. Koestermann prepared then a second edition published in 1960–70. It is now outdated. A completely new Teubner edition (with the same title) was published in 1978–83. The most part of it (<i>Annals</i>, <i>Histories</i> and <i>Dialogue</i>) was edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Heubner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Heubner (page does not exist)">Heinz Heubner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Heubner" class="extiw" title="de:Heinz Heubner">de</a>]</span>, with <i>Germania</i> edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alf_%C3%96nnerfors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alf Önnerfors (page does not exist)">Alf Önnerfors</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_%C3%96nnerfors" class="extiw" title="de:Alf Önnerfors">de</a>]</span> and <i>Agricola</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Delz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Delz (page does not exist)">Josef Delz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Delz" class="extiw" title="de:Josef Delz">de</a>]</span>. Yet another Teubner edition was prepared by <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Borzs%C3%A1k" title="István Borzsák">István Borzsák</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Wellesley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Wellesley (page does not exist)">Kenneth Wellesley</a> in 1986–92: Borzsák edited books I–VI of the <i>Annals</i>, and Wellesley books XI–XVI and the <i>Histories</i>. This edition remains unfinished, as the last volume containing the three minor opuscles was never issued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambridge_Classical_Texts_and_Commentaries">Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Goodyear" title="Frank Goodyear">Goodyear, F. R. D.</a> (1972) <i>The Annals of Tacitus, Books 1–6. Vol. I: Annals I.1—54</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Goodyear, F. R. D. (1981) <i>The Annals of Tacitus, Books 1–6. Vol. II: Annals I.55—81 and Annals II</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Woodman, A. J. and Martin, Ronald H. (2004) <i>The Annals of Tacitus, Book 3</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Woodman, A. J. (2018) <i>The Annals of Tacitus, Book 4</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Woodman, A. J. (2016) <i>The Annals of Tacitus, Books 5–6</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Malloch, S. J. V. (2013) <i>The Annals of Tacitus, Book 11.</i> Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambridge_Greek_and_Latin_Classics">Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Martin, R. H. and Woodman, A. J. (1989) <i>Tacitus: Annals, Book IV</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Ash, Rhiannon (2018) <i>Tacitus: Annals, Book XV</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Damon, Cynthia (2003) <i>Tacitus: Histories Book I.</i> Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Ash, Rhiannon (2007) <i>Tacitus: Histories Book II.</i> Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Woodman, A. J., with Kraus, C. S. (2014) <i>Tacitus: Agricola</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Mayer, Roland (2001) <i>Tacitus: Dialogus de oratoribus</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)"><i>The Republic</i> (Plato)</a>: Tacitus' critique of "model state" philosophies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a>: a well-known passage from the <i>Annals</i> mentions the death of Jesus of Nazareth (<i>Ann.</i>, xv 44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Fauchet_(historian)" title="Claude Fauchet (historian)">Claude Fauchet</a>: the first person to translate all of Tacitus's works into French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a>: produced an extremely influential early modern edition of Tacitus (1574)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His full nomenclature may have been "Publius Cornelius Tacitus Caecina Paetus".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000232_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000232-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000232-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000232_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Tacitus">"Tacitus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2008" class="citation book cs1">Longman, J.C. (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405881173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405881173"><bdi>978-1405881173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+ESL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405881173&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_VoorstEvansChilton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Van Voorst, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce</a> (2000). "Tacitus: The Executed Christ". In <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC"><i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Studying the Historical Jesus</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802843685" title="Special:BookSources/9780802843685"><bdi>9780802843685</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Cornelius Tacitus is generally considered the greatest Roman historian [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tacitus%3A+The+Executed+Christ&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence+Studying+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780802843685&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Chilton%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (1987). "Literature and language". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC"><i>Backgrounds of Early Christianity</i></a> (3 ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing (published 2003). p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802822215" title="Special:BookSources/9780802822215"><bdi>9780802822215</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Silver Age produced two outstanding historians. Cornelius Tacitus (c. A.D. 55-120), through his <i>Histories</i> and the <i>Annals</i>, is the major source for the history of the empire in the first century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+and+language&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=116&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780802822215&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuKkxU4-ncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodribbGodley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brodribb, William Jackson; Godley, Alfred Denis (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tacitus, Cornelius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tacitus,_Cornelius">"Tacitus, Cornelius" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">345–</span>46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tacitus%2C+Cornelius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Brodribb&rft.aufirst=William+Jackson&rft.au=Godley%2C+Alfred+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orientis_Graeci_Inscriptionis_Selectae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orientis Graeci Inscriptionis Selectae (page does not exist)">OGIS</a></i> 487, first brought to light in <i>Bulletin de correspondance hellénique</i>, 1890, pp. 621–623 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/bch_0007-4217_1890_num_14_1_3880">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since he was appointed to the quaestorship during Titus's short rule (see <a href="#note-quaestor">note</a> below) and twenty-five was the minimum age for the position, the date of his birth can be fixed with some accuracy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Oliver, 1951, for an analysis of the manuscript from which the name Publius is taken; see also Oliver, 1977, which examines the evidence for each suggested praenomen (the well-known <i>Gaius</i> and <i>Publius</i>, the lesser-known suggestions of <i>Sextus</i> and <i>Quintus</i>) before settling on <i>Publius</i> as the most likely.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, 1977, cites an article by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Mattingly" title="Harold Mattingly">Harold Mattingly</a> in <i>Rivista storica dell'Antichità</i>, 2 (1972) 169–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1958, pp. 612–13; Gordon, 1936, pp. 145–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000231–232-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000231–232_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 231–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strachan-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strachan_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strachan.dk/family/caecina.htm">Caecina</a>. Strachan stemma.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1958, pp. 60, 613; Gordon, 1936, pg. 149; Martin, 1981, pg. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1958, pg. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Grant in Introduction to Tacitus, <i>The Annals of Imperial Rome</i>, p. xvii; Herbert W. Benario in Introduction to Tacitus, <i>Germany</i>, pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1958, pp. 614–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1958, pp. 616–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1958, pg. 619; Gordon, 1936, pg. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, 1936, pp. 150–51; Syme, 1958, pp. 621–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The fact that he studied rhetoric and law is known from the <i>Dialogus</i>, ch. 2; see also Martin, 1981, p. 26; Syme, 1958, pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Agricola</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ag.+9">9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Letters</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/pliny1.html#6">1.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/pliny9.html#10">9.10</a>; Benario, 1975, pp. 15, 17; Syme, 1958, pp. 541–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1958, pg. 63; Martin, 1981, pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Hist.+1.1">1.1</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quaestor-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quaestor_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He states his debt to Titus in his <i>Histories</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Hist.+1.1">1.1</a>); since Titus ruled only briefly, these are the only years possible.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Annals</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+11.11">11.11</a>), he mentions that, as praetor, he assisted in the Secular Games held by Domitian, which can be precisely dated to 88. See Syme, 1958, pg. 65; Martin, 1981, pg. 27; Benario in his Introduction to Tacitus, <i>Germany</i>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Agricola</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ag.+45">45.5</a>) indicates that Tacitus and his wife were absent at the time of Julius Agricola's death in 93. For his occupation during this time see Syme, 1958, p. 68; Benario, 1975, p. 13; Dudley, 1968, pp. 15–16; Martin, 1981, p. 28; Mellor, 1993, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the effects on Tacitus of this experience see Dudley, 1968, pg. 14; Mellor, 1993, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Letters</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vroma.org/~hwalker/Pliny/Pliny02-01-L.html">2.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vroma.org/~hwalker/Pliny/Pliny02-01-E.html">(English)</a>; Benario in his Introduction to Tacitus, <i>Germany</i>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Agricola</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ag.+3">3</a>), he announces what was probably his first major project: the <i>Histories</i>. See Dudley, 1968, pg. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Letters</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/pliny2.html#11">2.11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazel_2002_p._297-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hazel_2002_p._297_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazel2002" class="citation book cs1">Hazel, J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfkd6fy_zb8C&pg=PA297"><i>Who's who in the Roman World</i></a>. Routledge who's who series. Routledge. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29162-0"><bdi>978-0-415-29162-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>Seniority brought him the governorship of the province of Asia as proconsul in 112–113.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+the+Roman+World&rft.series=Routledge+who%27s+who+series&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29162-0&rft.aulast=Hazel&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbfkd6fy_zb8C%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant in his Introduction to Tacitus, <i>Annals</i>, pg. xvii; Benario in his Introduction to Tacitus, <i>Germania</i>, pg. 2. <i>Annals</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+2.61">2.61</a>, says that the Roman Empire "now extends to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>". If by <i>mare rubrum</i> he means the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the passage must have been written after Trajan's eastern conquests in 116, but before <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> abandoned the new territories in 117. But this may only indicate the date of publication for the first books of the <i>Annals</i>; Tacitus could have lived well into Hadrian's reign, and there is no reason to suppose that he did not. See Dudley, 1968, pg. 17; Mellor, 1993, pg. 9; Mendell, 1957, pg. 7; Syme, 1958, pg. 473; against this traditional interpretation, e.g., Goodyear, 1981, pp. 387–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Augustan History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Tacitus*.html"><i>Tacitus</i> X</a>. Scholarly opinion on this story is that it is either "a confused and worthless rumor" (Mendell, 1957, pg. 4) or "pure fiction" (Syme, 1958, p. 796). <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> reports (<i>Letters</i>, 4.14; cited in Syme, 1958, pg. 796) that <a href="/wiki/Polemius" title="Polemius">Polemius</a>, a 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> aristocrat, is descended from Tacitus — but this claim, says Syme (ibid.), is of little value.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a> (14.1, 2; quoted in Mendell, 1957, p. 228) says that Tacitus's history was extant <i>triginta voluminibus</i>, "in thirty volumes".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Thunberg" title="Carl L. Thunberg">Thunberg, Carl L.</a> (2012). <i>Att tolka Svitjod</i> [<i>To interpret Svitjod</i>]. University of Gothenburg. p. 44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-4-2">978-91-981859-4-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald R. Dudley. Introduction to: <i>The Annals of Tacitus</i>. NY: Mentor Book, 1966. p. xiv: "No other writer of Latin prose—not even Cicero—deploys so effectively the full resources of the language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1&oldid=3754977#1">The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#1</a> Translation based on Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb (1876). <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, 15 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostler 2007, pp. 98–99 where the quoted example is used; Further quotes from the book: "…some writers—notably the perverse genius Tacitus—delighted in disappointing the expectations raised by periodic theory." – "this monkeying with hard-won stylistic norms…only makes sense if readers knew the rules that Tacitus was breaking."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Taylor. <i>Tacitus and the Boudican Revolt</i>. Dublin: Camvlos, 1998. p. 1 ff</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Benario, Herbert W. <i>An Introduction to Tacitus</i>. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1975) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-0361-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-0361-5">0-8203-0361-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2000" class="citation journal cs1">Birley, Anthony R. (2000). "The Life and Death of Cornelius Tacitus". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">230–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436577">4436577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Cornelius+Tacitus&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burke, P. "Tacitism" in Dorey, T.A., 1969, pp. 149–171</li> <li>Damon, Cynthia. "Relatio vs. Oratio: Tacitus, Ann. 3.12 and the Senatus Consultum De Cn. Pisone Patre." <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, vol. 49, no. 1, (1999), pp. 336–338</li> <li>Damon, Cynthia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=classics_papers">"The Trial of Cn. Piso in Tacitus' Annals and the 'Senatus Consultum De Cn. Pisone Patre': New Light on Narrative Technique"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, vol. 120, no. 1, (1999), pp. 143–162. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719235326/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=classics_papers">Archived</a> 2018-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Damon, Cynthia. <i>Writing with Posterity in Mind: Thucydides and Tacitus on Secession.</i> In <i>The Oxford Handbook of Thucydides.</i> (Oxford University Press, 2017).</li> <li>Dudley, Donald R. <i>The World of Tacitus</i> (London: Secker and Warburg, 1968) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-13900-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-13900-6">0-436-13900-6</a></li> <li>Goodyear, F.R.D. <i>The Annals of Tacitus</i>, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Commentary on <i>Annals</i> 1.55–81 and <i>Annals</i> 2.</li> <li>Gordon, Mary L. "The Patria of Tacitus". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>, Vol. 26, Part 2 (1936), pp. 145–151.</li> <li>Martin, Ronald. <i>Tacitus</i> (London: Batsford, 1981)</li> <li>Mellor, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Tacitus.html?id=7BBe_09Fc_QC"><i>Tacitus</i></a> (New York / London: Routledge, 1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90665-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90665-2">0-415-90665-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415910021" title="Special:BookSources/0415910021">0415910021</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415910026" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415910026">978-0415910026</a></li> <li>Mellor, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K44A69SUSlcC"><i>Tacitus’ Annals</i></a> (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2010) (Oxford Approaches to Classical Literature) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198034679" title="Special:BookSources/0198034679">0198034679</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198034674" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198034674">978-0198034674</a></li> <li>Mellor, Ronald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Tacitus.html?id=3K0iAQAAIAAJ"><i>Tacitus: The Classical Heritage</i></a> (New York: Garland Publishing, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0933-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0933-3">0-8153-0933-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815309338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815309338">978-0815309338</a></li> <li>Mendell, Clarence. <i>Tacitus: The Man and His Work</i>. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-00818-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-208-00818-7">0-208-00818-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revilo_P._Oliver" title="Revilo P. Oliver">Oliver, Revilo P.</a> "The First Medicean MS of Tacitus and the Titulature of Ancient Books". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>, Vol. 82 (1951), pp. 232–261.</li> <li>Oliver, Revilo P. "The Praenomen of Tacitus". <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, Vol. 98, No. 1 (Spring, 1977), pp. 64–70.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ostler" title="Nicholas Ostler">Ostler, Nicholas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpOeQjTW1E0C"><i>Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin</i>.</a> HarperCollins in the UK, and Walker & Co. in the US: London and New York, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-734306-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-734306-5">978-0-00-734306-5</a>; 2009 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080271840X" title="Special:BookSources/080271840X">080271840X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802718402" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802718402">978-0802718402</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uACEKyHg670C">2010 e-book:</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0007364881" title="Special:BookSources/0007364881">0007364881</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007364886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007364886">978-0007364886</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagán2023" class="citation book cs1">Pagán, Victoria Emma (2023). <i>The Tacitus encyclopedia</i>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444350258" title="Special:BookSources/9781444350258"><bdi>9781444350258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tacitus+encyclopedia&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781444350258&rft.aulast=Pag%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a>. <i>Tacitus</i>, Volumes 1 and 2. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958) (reprinted in 1985 by the same publisher, with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814327-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814327-3">0-19-814327-3</a>) is the definitive study of his life and works.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFten_Berge2023" class="citation book cs1">ten Berge, Bram L.H. (2023). <i>Writing imperial history: Tacitus from Agricola to Annales</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472133437" title="Special:BookSources/9780472133437"><bdi>9780472133437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+imperial+history%3A+Tacitus+from+Agricola+to+Annales&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780472133437&rft.aulast=ten+Berge&rft.aufirst=Bram+L.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, John W. <i>Tacitus and the Boudican Revolt</i>. (Dublin, Ireland: Camuvlos, 1998)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Tacitus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Tacitus">Tacitus</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Tacitus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Tacitus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Tacitus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Tacitus</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Tacitus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Tacitus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Tacitus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <p><b>Works by Tacitus</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2591">Works by Tacitus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Tacitus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tacitus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tacitus%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Tacitus%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Tacitus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/704">Works by Tacitus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Tacitus">Works by Tacitus at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030821170458/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/tacitusx.html">Comprehensive links to Latin text and translations in various languages</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> at ForumRomanum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/tac/index.htm">Complete works, Latin and English translation</a> at "The Internet Sacred Text Archive" (not listed above)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcc.dickinson.edu/tacitus-agricola/preface">Agricola</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcc.dickinson.edu/tacitus-annals/preface-and-acknowledgments">Annals 15.20–23, 33–45</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College_Commentaries" title="Dickinson College Commentaries">Dickinson College Commentaries</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Glitius_Atilius_Agricola" title="Quintus Glitius Atilius Agricola">Quintus Glitius Atilius Agricola</a>, <br />and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Pomponius_Maternus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Pomponius Maternus (page does not exist)">Lucius Pomponius Maternus</a></div><i><b>as Suffect consuls </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Suffect consul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </b><br />97<br /><i>with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Ostorius_Scapula_(consul_97)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Ostorius Scapula (consul 97) (page does not exist)">Marcus Ostorius Scapula</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> IV, <br />and <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> II</div><i><b>as Ordinary consuls </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2161#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2161#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2161#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121033889">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100226923">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1956150032981911180008">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6584151778230018130006">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/63691/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118620452">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tacitus, Cornelius."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80145600">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887667z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887667z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458252">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tacitus, Publius Cornelius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000651">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35537666">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008405&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX911272">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/89824">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068832583">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90098107">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042933&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000034703&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000097653">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62586">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199636834">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prs98w0qbvm9p">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671373005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52539">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268758405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000060279">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514998406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14146067">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00465423?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118620452">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/988665">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118620452.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118620452">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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