CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kurdification - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ba04106-1dda-4c68-94ca-34b60e81fffb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kurdification","wgTitle":"Kurdification","wgCurRevisionId":1255614077,"wgRevisionId":1255614077,"wgArticleId":4650431,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022","Cultural assimilation","Kurdish nationalism","Kurdistan Region (Iraq)","Political neologisms","Politics of Iraq"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kurdification","wgRelevantArticleId":4650431,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3357856", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/1200px-Roj_emblem.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/800px-Roj_emblem.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/640px-Roj_emblem.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kurdification - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdification"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdification"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kurdification rootpage-Kurdification skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kurdification" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kurdification" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kurdification" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kurdification" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turkey subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkmen_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Turkmen tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasian_refugees_(1860s–1910s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasian_refugees_(1860s–1910s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Caucasian refugees (1860s–1910s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasian_refugees_(1860s–1910s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization_of_Kurds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization_of_Kurds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Urbanization of Kurds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization_of_Kurds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iraq subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shabaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shabaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shabaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shabaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>After 2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kirkuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirkuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Kirkuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirkuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iran-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iran subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Küresunni_Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Küresunni_Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Küresunni Turks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Küresunni_Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tilku_Tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tilku_Tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tilku Tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tilku_Tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurdification</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="تكريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrdl%C9%99%C5%9Fdirm%C9%99" title="Kürdləşdirmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürdləşdirmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کردسازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کردسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdifikasi" title="Kurdifikasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kurdifikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdkirin" title="Kurdkirin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kurdkirin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdifisering" title="Kurdifisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurdifisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdlashtirish" title="Kurdlashtirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kurdlashtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="کورداندن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کورداندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdifiering" title="Kurdifiering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurdifiering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrtle%C5%9Ftirme" title="Kürtleştirme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kürtleştirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdkerd%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Kurdkerdış – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kurdkerdış" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3357856#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kurdification" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kurdification"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kurdification"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kurdification" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kurdification" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&oldid=1255614077" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kurdification&id=1255614077&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKurdification"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKurdification"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kurdification&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3357856" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adoption of Kurdish culture or language</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:85%;"><span style="padding-left:2.25em;"> </span> <div style="line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kurds" title="Category:Kurds">a series</a> on</span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:135%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">Kurdish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roj_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/150px-Roj_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/225px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/300px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurds" title="List of Kurds">List of Kurds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><b>Homeland</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Northern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Eastern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Southern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Diaspora</a></b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Belgium" title="Kurds in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Kurds" title="Caucasian Kurds">Caucasia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Armenia" title="Kurds in Armenia">Armenia</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Azerbaijan" title="Kurds in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Georgia" title="Kurds in Georgia">Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Denmark" title="Kurds in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Finland" title="Kurds in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Greece" title="Kurds in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Japan" title="Kurds in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Jordan" title="Kurds in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Kazakhstan" title="Kurds in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Lebanon" title="Kurds in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Norway" title="Kurds in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Palestine" title="Kurds in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Pakistan" title="Kurds in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chechen_Kurds" title="Chechen Kurds">Chechnya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Sweden" title="Kurds in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkmenistan" title="Kurds in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Ukraine" title="Kurds in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Kurds in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kurdish_uprisings" title="Timeline of Kurdish uprisings">Timeline of Kurdish uprisings</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ancient</b><br /> </p> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Karduchian dynasties</span></dt> <dd><br /><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zabdicene" title="Zabdicene">Zabdicene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Moxoene" title="Moxoene">Moxoene</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kayus" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kayus">Kayusids</a></li></ul> <p><b>Medieval</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor" title="Shahrizor">Shahrizor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni" title="Mir Jafar Dasni">Mir Jafar Dasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishanids">Aishanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisam" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisam">Daisam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhabani">Hadhabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis" title="Principality of Bitlis">Badlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahdinan" title="Bahdinan">Badinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokryan">Mokryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Simko Shikak revolt">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koçgiri Rebellion">Koçgiri Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim Rebellion">Dersim Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Ararat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Republic of Ararat">Kurdish Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal campaign">Al-Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish Republic of Lachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_historical_sites" title="List of Kurdish historical sites">Historical sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_philosophers" title="List of Kurdish philosophers">Kurdish philosophers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a></span></dt> <dd><br /></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kurdistan" title="Religion in Kurdistan">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_among_Kurds" title="Spread of Islam among Kurds">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurds" title="Template:Kurds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurds" title="Template talk:Kurds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Kurdification</b> is a cultural change in which people, territory, or language become <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can happen both naturally (as in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a>) or as a deliberate government policy (as in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">the 2003 invasion</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of Kurdification is different from country to country. In Turkish Kurdistan, many ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cerkes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerkes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-checheningush_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-checheningush-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingushs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-checheningush_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-checheningush-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> have become Kurdified as a result of fleeing to the region and having subsequently assimilated to the Kurdish culture and language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey">Turkey</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmen_tribes">Turkmen tribes</h3></div> <p>Throughout history, many Turkic tribes either settled or were forced to settle in Kurdish-inhabited areas. In an interview from 1996, Kurdish writer <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Kemal" title="Yaşar Kemal">Yaşar Kemal</a> described his visit to a large Afshar Turkmen village in Diyarbakır. There were overall 8 such villages which also didn't know any Kurdish and were exiled to the region after the Kozanoğlu rebellion in 1865. As historically 30 thousand tents were exiled to the region, Kemal asked the elders why they were only 8 villages. The elders responded that the rest got Kurdified, because they were Sunnis, while these last 8 villages were Alevis and didn't interact with the Sunni Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasian_refugees_(1860s–1910s)"><span id="Caucasian_refugees_.281860s.E2.80.931910s.29"></span>Caucasian refugees (1860s–1910s)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Kurds" title="Chechen Kurds">Chechen Kurds</a></div> <p>When refugees from <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Constantinople decided not to settle these in Kurdistan due to the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a> and lack of material resources for the refugees. Yet after some time, the Ottomans started seeing the refugees as a chance to diminish the Kurdish claim to the region and allowed the refugees to settle in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-klein_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862, Circassian refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Shapsug" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapsug">Shapsug</a> tribe arrived in the Kurdish areas of <a href="/wiki/Ahlat" title="Ahlat">Ahlat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adilcevaz" title="Adilcevaz">Adilcevaz</a> and settled in the three Kurdish villages of Yoğurtyemez, Xanik (Çukurtarla), Develik and founded the village of Koxiş (Yolçatı).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first big wave of Caucasian refugees to Kurdistan was in 1864 when 15,000 to 20,000 refugees settled in <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1kam%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Sarıkamış">Sarıkamış</a>, founding new villages and settling in abandoned Greek and Armenian villages.<sup id="cite_ref-chochievkoc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chochievkoc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest group of refugees were Circassias who fled the <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> region (part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Circassians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic cleansing of Circassians">ethnic cleansing of Circassians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently with the Circassian migration, Ossetians settled in the villages of Xulik (Otluyazı) and Ağcaviran (Akçaören) in Ahlat.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Russian intelligence officer Aleksandr Kolyubakin, no less than 1,500 Ossetians lived in the <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Sanjak of Muş</a> in the late 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chechens and <a href="/wiki/Ingushs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingushs">Ingushs</a> mostly settled in <a href="/wiki/Varto" title="Varto">Varto</a> area, in the villages of Arincik (Kıyıbaşı), Çarbuhur (Bağiçi), Tepeköy, Artet (Serinova), Ulusırt and Arinç (Çöğürlü).<sup id="cite_ref-checheningush_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-checheningush-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From early stage on, these Caucasians went through a process of Kurdification and thereby had Kurdish as their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cerkes_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerkes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization_of_Kurds">Urbanization of Kurds</h3></div> <p>With the departure of non-Muslim populations of many cities in regions with significant Kurdish population, the native urban Muslim populations also migrated to cities such as Gaziantep, İzmir, Adana, Ankara, and Istanbul. The tractorization in rural Kurdish communities during the 1950s and the later abandonment of villages due to the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish-Turkish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish-Turkish conflict">Kurdish-Turkish conflict</a> caused many Kurds to migrate to nearby cities that were losing their native population such as Diyarbakır but also to distant cities like Mersin, either mostly or partially Kurdifying the ethnic makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the resettlements and depopulation of the Kurdish population from villages to the cities were the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the Kurdish population<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or according to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Be%C5%9Fik%C3%A7i" title="İsmail Beşikçi">İsmail Beşikçi</a> the destruction of the Kurdish nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iraq">Iraq</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shabaks">Shabaks</h3></div> <p>On 21 August 2006, Shabak Democratic Party leader Hunain Qaddo, proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain, arguing that the move was to combat the <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and Kurdification of Iraqi minorities. The Iraqi government voted against the proposition.<sup id="cite_ref-jihadology.net_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jihadology.net-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_2011">After 2011</h3></div> <p>Some Assyrians in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq complained that construction plans are "aimed at affecting a demographic change that divides Assyrian blocs". Also some Yazidis, Shabaks and Turkmens have reported that they are facing a policy of cultural and security control against them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, some Yazidi activists voiced their "concern over forced assimilation into Kurdish identity". Some have accused the Kurdish and Iraqi parties of diverting US $12 million of reconstruction funds allocated for Yazidi areas in <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Jebel Sinjar</a> to a Kurdish village and marginalizing them politically. According to Sweden-based economist David Ghanim, the goal of some tactics of the KRG had been to push <a href="/wiki/Shabak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak people">Shabak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a> communities to identify as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, which has been strongly denied by KRG authorities. He also claimed that the Kurdish authorities are working to impose Kurdish identity on the Yazidis and the Shabaks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kurdish regional government has also been accused of trying to Kurdify other regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> by providing financial support for Kurds who want to settle in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">Kirkuk Massacre of 1959</a></div> <p>While Kurdish forces held the city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, Kurdish authorities attempted to Kurdify the city. Turkmen and Arab residents in Kirkuk experienced intimidation, harassment and were forced to leave their homes, in order to increase the Kurdish demographic in Kirkuk and bolster their claims to the city. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reports detail the confiscation of Turkmen and Arab families' documents, preventing them from voting, buying property and travelling. Turkmen residents of Kirkuk were detained by Kurdish forces and compelled to leave the city. Kurdish authorities expelled hundreds of Arab families from the city, demolishing their homes in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> reports since 2006 have documented that Kurdish authorities and Peshmerga militia forces were illegally policing Kirkuk and other disputed areas, and that these militia have abducted Turkmen and Arabs, subjecting them to torture.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran">Iran</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Küresunni_Turks"><span id="K.C3.BCresunni_Turks"></span>Küresunni Turks</h3></div> <p>In the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Khoy" title="Khoy">Khoy</a>, there are Kurdicized groups of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a> Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tilku_Tribe">Tilku Tribe</h3></div> <p>A group of Kurdicized Tilku Turks live around <a href="/wiki/Santeh,_Kurdistan" title="Santeh, Kurdistan">Santeh</a> and Zagheh of <a href="/wiki/Saqqez_County" title="Saqqez County">Saqqez County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syria">Syria</h2></div><p> During the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>, have been accused of Kurdification. <sup id="cite_ref-cfr_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thenation_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2016, <a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Balanche" title="Fabrice Balanche">Fabrice Balanche</a> reported that the PYD was aiming to connect Kobane and Afrin cantons in the Manbij area between the Euphrates River and Afrin, where Kurds represent less than a quarter of the population, believing that various Kurdification methods could help subdue a large portion of the Turkmen and Arab population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liz_Sly" title="Liz Sly">Liz Sly</a> of the Washington Post stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The Kurds formally renamed <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> with a Kurdish name, "Gire Spi", and proclaim its new identity in signs throughout the town — written in the Latin script used by Turkish Kurds but not readily understood by Syrian Kurds or Arabs. They have also unilaterally detached it from the existing Syrian province of Raqqa and made it a part of their newly formed autonomous enclave, carved from areas traditionally inhabited by Kurds but steadily encroaching also on territories that were historically Arab."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Liz Sly, "They freed a Syrian town from ISIS. Now they have to govern it.", The Washington Post</cite></div></blockquote><p>Likewise, YPG is accused of Kurdifying the names of the villages, especially the Arab villages in Raqqa.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Arameans" title="World Council of Arameans">World Council of Arameans</a> has also accused PYD of Kurdifying the region and terrorizing the Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, many states, NGOs such as Human Rights Watch,<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than a dozen of Syrian rebel groups<sup id="cite_ref-tna_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tna-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accused the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> of Kurdifying traditional <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a><sup id="cite_ref-cfr_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thenation_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Turkmen lands.<sup id="cite_ref-tna_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tna-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> disclosed allegations of unjustified forced displacement, demolition of homes, and the seizure and destruction of property of Arabs and Turkmens (including the destruction of entire villages in some cases) through a field research.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report published by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic</a> on 10 March 2017, the Commission refuted Amnesty International's reports of ethnic cleansing, stating that "'though allegations of 'ethnic cleansing' continued to be received during the period under review, the Commission found no evidence to substantiate reports that YPG or SDF forces ever targeted Arab communities on the basis of ethnicity."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_report_counters_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_report_counters-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-refutes_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refutes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In interviews, YPG spokespersons acknowledged that a number of families were in fact displaced. However, they placed the number at no more than 25, and stated military necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stated that the family members of terrorists maintained communications with them, and therefore had to be removed from areas where they might pose a danger.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They further stated that IS was using civilians in those areas to plant car bombs or carry out other attacks on the YPG.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds" title="A Modern History of the Kurds">A Modern History of the Kurds</a> by David McDowall</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrye1984" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye"><i>The History of Ancient Iran</i></a></span>. C.H.Beck. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406093975" title="Special:BookSources/9783406093975"><bdi>9783406093975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9783406093975&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient0000frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Ali,_Pratt2009" class="citation book cs1">Al-Ali, Pratt, Nadje Sadig, Nicola Christine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KnoG_52Jh8C&pg=PA109"><i>What kind of liberation?: women and the occupation of Iraq</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25729-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25729-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25729-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+kind+of+liberation%3F%3A+women+and+the+occupation+of+Iraq&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25729-0&rft.aulast=Al-Ali%2C+Pratt&rft.aufirst=Nadje+Sadig%2C+Nicola+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KnoG_52Jh8C%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreti_Taneja,_Minority_Rights_Group_International2007" class="citation book cs1">Preti Taneja, Minority Rights Group International (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c22553,4565c25f653,469cbf9d0,0.html"><i>Assimilation, exodus, eradication: Iraq's minority communities since 2003</i></a>. Minority Rights Group International. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assimilation%2C+exodus%2C+eradication%3A+Iraq%27s+minority+communities+since+2003&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Preti+Taneja%2C+Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Ftopic%2C4565c22553%2C4565c25f653%2C469cbf9d0%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmen_van_der_Wilt" class="citation book cs1">Harmen van der Wilt. <i>The Genocide Convention: The Legacy of 60 Years</i>. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genocide+Convention%3A+The+Legacy+of+60+Years&rft.pages=147&rft.au=Harmen+van+der+Wilt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cerkes-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cerkes_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cerkes_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeldar_Barış_Kalkan2006" class="citation book cs1">Yeldar Barış Kalkan (2006). <i>Çerkes halkı ve sorunları: Çerkes tarih, kültür, coğrafya ve siyasetine sınıfsal yaklaşım</i>. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%87erkes+halk%C4%B1+ve+sorunlar%C4%B1%3A+%C3%87erkes+tarih%2C+k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%2C+co%C4%9Frafya+ve+siyasetine+s%C4%B1n%C4%B1fsal+yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1m&rft.pages=175&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Yeldar+Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F+Kalkan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-checheningush-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-checheningush_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-checheningush_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-checheningush_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Caucasian battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2011-02-17. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01335-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01335-2"><bdi>978-1-108-01335-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caucasian+battlefields%3A+A+History+of+the+Wars+on+the+Turco-Caucasian+Border%2C+1828%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01335-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGürbüz2021" class="citation book cs1">Gürbüz, Macit (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6MgEAAAQBAJ"><i>Eskiden Türk'tük, şimdi Kürt'ük: Kürtleşen Türkler</i></a> (4 ed.). p. 218<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eskiden+T%C3%BCrk%27t%C3%BCk%2C+%C5%9Fimdi+K%C3%BCrt%27%C3%BCk%3A+K%C3%BCrtle%C5%9Fen+T%C3%BCrkler&rft.pages=218&rft.edition=4&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz&rft.aufirst=Macit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6MgEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klein_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_Klein2011" class="citation book cs1">Janet Klein (2011). <i>The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7775-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7775-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-7775-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Margins+of+Empire%3A+Kurdish+Militias+in+the+Ottoman+Tribal+Zone&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7775-9&rft.au=Janet+Klein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerkesfed.org/2016/08/16/unutulmus-ahlat-cerkesleri-1/">"Unutulmuş Ahlat Çerkesleri-1"</a> (in Turkish). Cerkes-Fed. 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unutulmu%C5%9F+Ahlat+%C3%87erkesleri-1&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cerkesfed.org%2F2016%2F08%2F16%2Funutulmus-ahlat-cerkesleri-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chochievkoc-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chochievkoc_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgi_Chochiev_and_Bekir_Koç2006" class="citation journal cs1">Georgi Chochiev and Bekir Koç (2006). "Migrants from the North Caucasus in Eastern Anatolia: Some Notes on Their Settlement and Adaptation". <i>Journal of Asian History</i>. <b>40</b> (183). Harrassowitz Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Migrants+from+the+North+Caucasus+in+Eastern+Anatolia%3A+Some+Notes+on+Their+Settlement+and+Adaptation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=183&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Georgi+Chochiev+and+Bekir+Ko%C3%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_L._P._Burdett1998" class="citation book cs1">Anita L. P. Burdett (1998). <i>Armenia: Political and Ethnic Boundaries 1878–1948</i>. Archive Ed. p. 1017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85207-955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85207-955-0"><bdi>978-1-85207-955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+Political+and+Ethnic+Boundaries+1878%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=1017&rft.pub=Archive+Ed.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85207-955-0&rft.au=Anita+L.+P.+Burdett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorman_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorman_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Gorman2015" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Gorman (2015-05-29). <i>Diasporas of the Modern Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8611-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8611-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-8611-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diasporas+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8611-7&rft.au=Anthony+Gorman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Çerkes fıkraları</i> (in Turkish). University of Wisconsin – Madison. 1994. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%87erkes+f%C4%B1kralar%C4%B1&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+Madison&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmet Buran Ph.D., Türkiye'de Diller ve Etnik Gruplar, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDursun_Gümüşoğlu2008" class="citation book cs1">Dursun Gümüşoğlu (2008). <i>Anadolu'da bir köy: Eskikonak : antropolojik inceleme</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anadolu%27da+bir+k%C3%B6y%3A+Eskikonak+%3A+antropolojik+inceleme&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Dursun+G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanmış2017" class="citation book cs1">Yanmış, Mehmet (11 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cA6SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81"><i>Yakın Dönemde Kürtler: Kimlik, Din, Gelenek</i></a>. eKitap Projesi & Cheapest Books. pp. 81, 82, 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786059496377" title="Special:BookSources/9786059496377"><bdi>9786059496377</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yak%C4%B1n+D%C3%B6nemde+K%C3%BCrtler%3A+Kimlik%2C+Din%2C+Gelenek&rft.pages=81%2C+82%2C+121&rft.pub=eKitap+Projesi+%26+Cheapest+Books&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.isbn=9786059496377&rft.aulast=Yanm%C4%B1%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcA6SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2009" class="citation web cs1">Jongerden, Joost (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edepot.wur.nl/108719">"Crafting Space, Making People: The Spatial Design of Nation in Modern Turkey"</a>. <i>European Journal of Turkish Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=Crafting+Space%2C+Making+People%3A+The+Spatial+Design+of+Nation+in+Modern+Turkey&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedepot.wur.nl%2F108719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jongerden, Joost (2009).p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jihadology.net-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jihadology.net_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jihadology.net/2015/01/12/hizballah-cavalcade-quwat-sahl-ninawa-iraqs-shia-shabak-get-their-own-militia/">"Hizballah Cavalcade: Quwat Sahl Nīnawā: Iraq's Shia Shabak Get Their Own Militia"</a>. <i>JIHADOLOGY: A clearinghouse for jihādī primary source material, original analysis, and translation service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JIHADOLOGY%3A+A+clearinghouse+for+jih%C4%81d%C4%AB+primary+source+material%2C+original+analysis%2C+and+translation+service&rft.atitle=Hizballah+Cavalcade%3A+Quwat+Sahl+N%C4%ABnaw%C4%81%3A+Iraq%27s+Shia+Shabak+Get+Their+Own+Militia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjihadology.net%2F2015%2F01%2F12%2Fhizballah-cavalcade-quwat-sahl-ninawa-iraqs-shia-shabak-get-their-own-militia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/tastekin-iraqi-turkmen-isis-kirkuk-mosul-arms-itf.html">"Iraqi Turkmen take up arms in Kirkuk - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i>. 2014-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Turkmen+take+up+arms+in+Kirkuk+-+Al-Monitor%3A+the+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F06%2Ftastekin-iraqi-turkmen-isis-kirkuk-mosul-arms-itf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/iraq-kurdistan-region-protect-minority-rights.html">"Iraqi Kurdistan Must Ensure Minority Rights"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i>. 2013-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Kurdistan+Must+Ensure+Minority+Rights&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2013%2F09%2Firaq-kurdistan-region-protect-minority-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanim2011" class="citation book cs1">Ghanim, David (2011-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ076ls9unQC&q=Iraq%27s+Dysfunctional+Democracy"><i>Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy</i></a>. Abc-Clio. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313398025" title="Special:BookSources/9780313398025"><bdi>9780313398025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Dysfunctional+Democracy&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft.isbn=9780313398025&rft.aulast=Ghanim&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZ076ls9unQC%26q%3DIraq%2527s%2BDysfunctional%2BDemocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashim2005" class="citation book cs1">Hashim, Ahmed (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pHkXuYNw4C&pg=PT251"><i>Insurgency and counter-insurgency in Iraq</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4452-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-4452-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107174842/https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pHkXuYNw4C&pg=PT251">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgency+and+counter-insurgency+in+Iraq&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4452-4&rft.aulast=Hashim&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6pHkXuYNw4C%26pg%3DPT251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaneja2007" class="citation book cs1">Taneja, Preti (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2otAQAAIAAJ"><i>Assimilation, exodus, eradication: Iraq's minority communities since 2003</i></a>. Minority Rights Group International. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904584605" title="Special:BookSources/9781904584605"><bdi>9781904584605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107174842/https://books.google.com/books?id=P2otAQAAIAAJ&q">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assimilation%2C+exodus%2C+eradication%3A+Iraq%27s+minority+communities+since+2003&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781904584605&rft.aulast=Taneja&rft.aufirst=Preti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2otAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/07/iraq-kirkuk-security-forces-expel-displaced-turkmen">"Iraq: Kirkuk Security Forces Expel Displaced Turkmen"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Kirkuk+Security+Forces+Expel+Displaced+Turkmen&rft.date=2017-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F07%2Firaq-kirkuk-security-forces-expel-displaced-turkmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/03/krg-kurdish-forces-ejecting-arabs-kirkuk">"KRG: Kurdish Forces Ejecting Arabs In Kirkuk"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=KRG%3A+Kurdish+Forces+Ejecting+Arabs+In+Kirkuk&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2016%2F11%2F03%2Fkrg-kurdish-forces-ejecting-arabs-kirkuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7ykOzhXU58">"Iraq: Arab's homes destroyed in Kirkuk"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/W7ykOzhXU58">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Arab%27s+homes+destroyed+in+Kirkuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DW7ykOzhXU58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-710-Download-full-report.pdf">"Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq's Uprooted Minorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minority Rights Group International</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.atitle=Uncertain+Refuge%2C+Dangerous+Return%3A+Iraq%27s+Uprooted+Minorities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fold-site-downloads%2Fdownload-710-Download-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-tribes">The most important Kurdish tribes in that region are ..., <b>Korahsunni</b> Kurdicized Turks, southwest of Ḵoy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-tribes">iranicaonline:Tilakuʾi (Kurdicized Turks, around Sonnata and Zāḡa)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfr-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfr_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/conference-calls/future-kurds-syria">"The Future of the Kurds in Syria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></i>. 2019-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+the+Kurds+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fconference-calls%2Ffuture-kurds-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thenation-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thenation_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenation_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/have-the-syrian-kurds-committed-war-crimes/">"Have the Syrian Kurds Committed War Crimes?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></i>. 2017-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Have+the+Syrian+Kurds+Committed+War+Crimes%3F&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Fhave-the-syrian-kurds-committed-war-crimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanche" class="citation web cs1">Balanche, Fabrice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/rojavas-sustainability-and-pkks-regional-strategy">"Rojava's Sustainability and the PKK's Regional Strategy"</a>. <i>The Washington Institute for Near East Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Rojava%27s+Sustainability+and+the+PKK%27s+Regional+Strategy&rft.aulast=Balanche&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Frojavas-sustainability-and-pkks-regional-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-challenges-of-governing-after-the-islamic-state/2015/10/30/8985938c-7673-11e5-a5e2-40d6b2ad18dd_story.html">"They freed a Syrian town from ISIS. Now they have to govern it"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=They+freed+a+Syrian+town+from+ISIS.+Now+they+have+to+govern+it&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe-challenges-of-governing-after-the-islamic-state%2F2015%2F10%2F30%2F8985938c-7673-11e5-a5e2-40d6b2ad18dd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivrikaya2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sivrikaya, Halil Atilla (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/854266">"ARAP BAHARI'NIN SURİYE SAHASINDA ARAP DİLİNE OLAN YANSIMALARI: PYD/YPG ÖRNEĞİ"</a>. <i>Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.28956%2Fgbd.646356">10.28956/gbd.646356</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213975513">213975513</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%BCvenlik+Bilimleri+Dergisi&rft.atitle=ARAP+BAHARI%27NIN+SUR%C4%B0YE+SAHASINDA+ARAP+D%C4%B0L%C4%B0NE+OLAN+YANSIMALARI%3A+PYD%2FYPG+%C3%96RNE%C4%9E%C4%B0&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.28956%2Fgbd.646356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213975513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sivrikaya&rft.aufirst=Halil+Atilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F854266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wca-ngo.org/wca-news/press-releases/656-kurdish-pyd-ypg-shamelessly-terrorizes-christian-churches-in-northeast-syria">"Kurdish PYD-YPG Shamelessly Terrorizes Christian Churches In Northeast Syria"</a>. <i>World Council of Arameans (Syriacs)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Council+of+Arameans+%28Syriacs%29&rft.atitle=Kurdish+PYD-YPG+Shamelessly+Terrorizes+Christian+Churches+In+Northeast+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwca-ngo.org%2Fwca-news%2Fpress-releases%2F656-kurdish-pyd-ypg-shamelessly-terrorizes-christian-churches-in-northeast-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2019" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, David L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxKEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT224"><i>The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East</i></a>. New York: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786725769" title="Special:BookSources/9781786725769"><bdi>9781786725769</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Betrayal%3A+How+America+Abandoned+the+Kurds+and+Lost+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781786725769&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxKEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tna-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tna_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tna_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/syrian-refugees-return-tal-abyad-after-defeat">"Syrian refugees 'return to Tal Abyad' after IS defeat"</a>. <i>The New Arab</i>. 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Syrian+refugees+%27return+to+Tal+Abyad%27+after+IS+defeat&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsyrian-refugees-return-tal-abyad-after-defeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/2503/2015/en/">"Syria: 'We had nowhere to go' – Forced displacement and demolitions in Northern Syria"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. 12 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+%27We+had+nowhere+to+go%27+%E2%80%93+Forced+displacement+and+demolitions+in+Northern+Syria&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde24%2F2503%2F2015%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054645/https://komnews.com/syria-and-islamist-groups-guilty-of-war-crimes-ypg-cleared-un-report/">"Syria and Islamist groups guilty of war crimes, YPG cleared: UN report"</a>. <i>Kom News</i>. 15 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://komnews.com/syria-and-islamist-groups-guilty-of-war-crimes-ypg-cleared-un-report/">the original</a> on 17 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kom+News&rft.atitle=Syria+and+Islamist+groups+guilty+of+war+crimes%2C+YPG+cleared%3A+UN+report&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkomnews.com%2Fsyria-and-islamist-groups-guilty-of-war-crimes-ypg-cleared-un-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_report_counters-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_report_counters_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonopoulos2017" class="citation web cs1">Antonopoulos, Paul (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518193449/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/un-report-counters-amnesty-internationals-claim-that-kurds-are-ethnically-cleansing-in-syria/">"UN report counters Amnesty International's claim that Kurds are ethnically cleansing in Syria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/un-report-counters-amnesty-internationals-claim-that-kurds-are-ethnically-cleansing-in-syria/">the original</a> on 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+report+counters+Amnesty+International%27s+claim+that+Kurds+are+ethnically+cleansing+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.aulast=Antonopoulos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fun-report-counters-amnesty-internationals-claim-that-kurds-are-ethnically-cleansing-in-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refutes-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refutes_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekurd.net/ypg-changing-demographics-2017-03-14">"UN report refutes ethnic cleansing claims against Syrian Kurdish YPG, SDF"</a>. 14 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+report+refutes+ethnic+cleansing+claims+against+Syrian+Kurdish+YPG%2C+SDF&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fekurd.net%2Fypg-changing-demographics-2017-03-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2425032015ENGLISH.pdf">"We had nowhere else to go, Forced displacement and demolition in northern Syria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i>. October 2015. p. 28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>In some dangerous areas there are some specific cases that are very small, resulting from the terrorist threat, where families were sent away from the area ... Only 25 families were forced to leave across Rojava ... (They are told) 'Folks, remove your things please, and if you leave from this area until the war ends it will be a good thing ...' You have terrorists in al-Raqqa and their families – the uncle, and brother, and sister – are here, and they are in communication, giving them information. We were forced to distance these families. Not detain them. Distance them. Take them outside of the area.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=We+had+nowhere+else+to+go%2C+Forced+displacement+and+demolition+in+northern+Syria&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2FMDE2425032015ENGLISH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2425032015ENGLISH.pdf">"We had nowhere else to go, Forced displacement and demolition in northern Syria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i>. October 2015. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>He added that IS was benefiting from the presence of civilians in these areas, and using them to plant car bombs or carry out other attacks on the YPG.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=We+had+nowhere+else+to+go%2C+Forced+displacement+and+demolition+in+northern+Syria&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2FMDE2425032015ENGLISH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmen.nl/ITRAC1.pdf">A. Bazzaz, turkmen.nl</a> "The Kurdification procedure was soon implemented by the Kurdish leadership after toppling Saddam down in April 2003"</li> <li>Park, Bill, <i>The Kurds and post-Saddam political arrangements in Iraq</i> The Adelphi Papers (2005), Taylor & Francis: "The Kurds, who are intent on the further ‘Kurdification’ of Kirkuk before any census is held"</li> <li>Park, Bill, <i>Iraqi scenarios</i>, The Adelphi Papers, Volume 45, Number 374, May 2005, pp. 49–66</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/index/768140031.pdf">PKK Iran - Strategic Comments, 2004 - informaworld.com</a> "recent months Turkish intelligence has begun to report Turcoman frustration with Ankara’s failure to prevent the increasing ‘Kurdification’ of northern Iraq"</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_assimilation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a> or Castilianization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonezation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> or Hungarization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianization">Macedonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> or Latinization <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianization</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabization">De-arabization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&oldid=1255614077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&oldid=1255614077</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_assimilation" title="Category:Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_nationalism" title="Category:Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdistan_Region_(Iraq)" title="Category:Kurdistan Region (Iraq)">Kurdistan Region (Iraq)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_neologisms" title="Category:Political neologisms">Political neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Iraq" title="Category:Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 20:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdification&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l65hk","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.672","walltime":"0.832","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3025,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":114216,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2515,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":162731,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 719.443 1 -total"," 44.67% 321.358 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.47% 183.271 17 Template:Cite_book"," 13.97% 100.500 1 Template:Kurds"," 13.67% 98.363 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.80% 77.728 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.30% 59.741 17 Template:Cite_web"," 7.20% 51.766 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.59% 47.447 1 Template:Cultural_assimilation"," 6.11% 43.977 2 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.428","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7391500,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c2jr9","timestamp":"20241122170600","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kurdification","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kurdification","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3357856","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3357856","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-04-06T16:50:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T20:51:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a0\/Roj_emblem.svg","headline":"adoption of Kurdish culture or language by non-Kurdish people"}</script> </body> </html>