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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="অগ্ন্যাশয় পলিপেপটাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অগ্ন্যাশয় পলিপেপটাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreasni_polipeptid" title="Pankreasni polipeptid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pankreasni polipeptid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreatick%C3%BD_polypeptid" title="Pankreatický polypeptid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pankreatický polypeptid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreatisches_Hormon" title="Pankreatisches Hormon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pankreatisches Hormon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ޕެންކްރިއެޓިކް ޕޮލިޕެޕްޓައިޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕެންކްރިއެޓިކް ޕޮލިޕެޕްޓައިޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polip%C3%A9ptido_pancre%C3%A1tico" title="Polipéptido pancreático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polipéptido pancreático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پلی‌پپتید پانکراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌پپتید پانکراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide_pancr%C3%A9atique" title="Polypeptide pancréatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polypeptide pancréatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polip%C3%A9ptido_pancre%C3%A1tico" title="Polipéptido pancreático – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polipéptido pancreático" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polipeptide_pancreatico" title="Polipeptide pancreatico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polipeptide pancreatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polipept%C3%ADdeo_pancre%C3%A1tico" title="Polipeptídeo pancreático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polipeptídeo pancreático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polipeptid_pancreatic" title="Polipeptid pancreatic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polipeptid pancreatic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Панкреатический полипептид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панкреатический полипептид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreasni_polipeptid" title="Pankreasni polipeptid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pankreasni polipeptid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreasni_polipeptid" title="Pankreasni polipeptid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pankreasni polipeptid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கணையப் பல்புரதக்கூறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணையப் பல்புரதக்கூறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Kupirijo" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Kupirijo" data-mw-revid="1258875463"><bdi>Kupirijo</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Kupirijo" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Kupirijo">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kupirijo" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Kupirijo">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>9,015</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">It is a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> and it</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(14 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{short description|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A protein</del> produced by the endocrine pancreas}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{short description|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Protein</ins> produced by the endocrine pancreas}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{distinguish|Pancreatic hormone}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{distinguish|Pancreatic hormone}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| LocusSupplementaryData = -qter</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| LocusSupplementaryData = -qter</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IHC</del> for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pancreatic</del> polypeptide in a mouse pancreas, 200×]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Immunohistochemistry]]</ins> for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pancreatic</ins> polypeptide in a mouse pancreas, 200×]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Pancreatic polypeptide''' ('''PP''') is a [[polypeptide]] secreted by [[PP cell]]s in the [[endocrine pancreas]]. It regulates [[Pancreas|pancreatic]] secretion activities, and also <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">impact</del> [[liver]] [[glycogen]] storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain [[Endocrine oncology|endocrine tumours]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Pancreatic polypeptide''' ('''PP''') is a [[polypeptide]] secreted by [[PP cell]]s in the [[endocrine pancreas]]. It<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> is a [[hormone]] and it</ins> regulates [[Pancreas|pancreatic]] secretion activities, and also <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">impacts</ins> [[liver]] [[glycogen]] storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain [[Endocrine oncology|endocrine tumours]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Gene ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Gene ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The '''PPY''' gene encodes an unusually short protein precursor.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</del>=Boel<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first1=</del>E<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.|last2=</del>Schwartz<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first2=T.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">W.|last3=</del>Norris<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first3=K.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">E.|last4=</del>Fiil<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first4=N.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">P.</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date=April</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1984|</del>title=A cDNA encoding a small common precursor for human pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide|journal=EMBO Journal|volume=3|issue=4|pages=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">909–912</del>|doi=10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01904.x<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|pmc=557446|pmid=6373251</del>}}</ref> This precursor is cleaved to produce pancreatic polypeptide, '''pancreatic icosapeptide''', and a 5- to 7- amino-acid oligopeptide.<ref name=":0" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The '''PPY''' gene encodes an unusually short protein precursor<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> of 95 amino acids in length</ins>.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> vauthors </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Boel<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>E<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>Schwartz <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TW, </ins>Norris <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">KE, </ins>Fiil <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NP </ins>| title<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>A cDNA encoding a small common precursor for human pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The </ins>EMBO Journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>volume<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>issue<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>pages<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 909–12 </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> date = April 1984 | pmid = 6373251 | pmc = 557446 | </ins>doi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01904.x<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref> This precursor is cleaved to produce<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the [[signal peptide]], the</ins> pancreatic polypeptide,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> '''pancreatic icosapeptide''', and a 5- to 7- amino-acid oligopeptide.<ref name=":0" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Structure ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Structure ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pancreatic polypeptide consists of 36 [[amino acids]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Washabau<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first=Robert</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">J.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416036616000018</del>|title=Canine and Feline Gastroenterology|publisher=[[Saunders (imprint)|Saunders]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4160-3661-6|pages=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 - 31</del>|language=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[English language|English]]</del>|chapter=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chapter 1</del> - Integration of Gastrointestinal Function|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4160-3661-6.00001-8}}</ref> It has a molecular weight about 4200 [[Dalton (unit)|Da]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Arch.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Surg</del>. |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Oct</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1981</del> |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=1256–64 |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title=Pancreatic</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">polypeptide</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|vauthors</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lonovics</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">J,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Devitt P, Watson</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Rayford</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PL,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thompson JC</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmid=7025798</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del>doi=10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380220010002}}</ref> It has a similar structure to [[neuropeptide Y]].<ref name=":2" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pancreatic polypeptide consists of 36 [[amino acids]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> vauthors </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Washabau <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">RJ </ins>|title=Canine and Feline Gastroenterology|publisher=[[Saunders (imprint)|Saunders]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4160-3661-6|pages=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1–31</ins>|language=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">en</ins>|chapter=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chapter 1</ins> - Integration of Gastrointestinal Function|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4160-3661-6.00001-8}}</ref> It has a molecular weight about 4200 [[Dalton (unit)|Da]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> vauthors </ins>= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lonovics J, Devitt P, Watson LC, Rayford PL, Thompson JC | title = Pancreatic polypeptide</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> A review</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> journal </ins>= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Archives of Surgery</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>volume<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>116 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>issue<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>10 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>pages<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>1256–64 | <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date</ins> = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">October</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1981</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmid</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7025798</ins> | doi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380220010002<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref> It has a similar structure to [[neuropeptide Y]].<ref name=":2" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Synthesis ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Synthesis ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesised and secreted by [[PP cell<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|PP cells</del>]] (also known as gamma cells or F cells) of the [[pancreatic islets]] of the [[pancreas]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Cozzi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first=Bruno|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124072299000075</del>|title=Anatomy of Dolphins<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|last2=Huggenberger|first2=Stefan|last3=Oelschläger|first3=Helmut</del>|date=2017-01-01|publisher=[[Academic Press]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|year=2017</del>|isbn=978-0-12-407229-9|pages=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">305 - 338</del>|language=en|chapter=Chapter 7 - Body Control: The Endocrine System and the Peripheral Nervous System|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-407229-9.00007-5}}</ref> These are found predominantly in the [[head of the pancreas]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesised and secreted by [[PP cell]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</ins> (also known as gamma cells or F cells) of the [[pancreatic islets]] of the [[pancreas]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> vauthors </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Cozzi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> B, Huggenberger S, Oelschläger H </ins>|title=Anatomy of Dolphins|date=2017-01-01|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=978-0-12-407229-9|pages=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">305–338</ins>|language=en|chapter=Chapter 7 - Body Control: The Endocrine System and the Peripheral Nervous System|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-407229-9.00007-5}}</ref> These are found predominantly in the [[head of the pancreas]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Function ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Function ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, [[fasting]], exercise, and acute [[hypoglycemia|hypoglycaemia]], and is decreased by [[somatostatin]] and intravenous [[glucose]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, [[fasting]], exercise, and acute [[hypoglycemia|hypoglycaemia]], and is decreased by [[somatostatin]] and intravenous [[glucose]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Plasma pancreatic polypeptide has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in [[anorexia nervosa]]. In addition, peripheral administration of polypeptide has been shown to decrease food intake in rodents.<ref name="pmid12915697">{{cite journal|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</del>=Batterham<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first1=</del>RL <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|last2=</del>Le Roux<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first2=</del>CW <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|last3=</del>Cohen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first3=</del>MA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last4=</del>Park<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first4=</del>AJ<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last5=</del>Ellis<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first5=</del>SM<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last6=</del>Patterson<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first6=</del>M<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last7=</del>Frost<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first7=</del>GS<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last8=</del>Ghatei<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first8=</del>MA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last9=</del>Bloom|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first9</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SR</del>| title=Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans| journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|date=Aug</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2003</del>|volume=88|issue=8|pages=3989–92 |doi=10.1210/jc.2003-030630|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pmid=12915697|</del>doi-access=free}}</ref> Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits pancreatic secretion of fluid, [[bicarbonate]], and [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Digestive</del> enzyme<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|digestive enzymes</del>]].<ref name=":2" /> It also stimulates [[Gastric acid|gastric acid secretion]].<ref name=":2" /> It is the antagonist of [[cholecystokinin]] and opposes pancreatic secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin.<ref name=":2" /> It may stimulate the [[migrating motor complex]], synergistic with [[motilin]].<ref name=":2" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Plasma pancreatic polypeptide has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in [[anorexia nervosa]]. In addition, peripheral administration of polypeptide has been shown to decrease food intake in rodents.<ref name="pmid12915697">{{cite journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> vauthors </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Batterham<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>RL<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Le Roux<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>CW<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Cohen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>MA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Park<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>AJ<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Ellis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>SM<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Patterson<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>M<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Frost<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>GS<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Ghatei<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>MA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> Bloom<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> SR </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> display-authors </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 6 </ins>| title<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>| journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>volume<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>88<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>issue<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>8<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>pages<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>3989–92 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> date = August 2003 | pmid = 12915697 | </ins>doi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>10.1210/jc.2003-030630<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>doi-access<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>free<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref> Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits pancreatic secretion of fluid, [[bicarbonate]], and [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">digestive</ins> enzyme]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</ins>.<ref name=":2" /> It also stimulates [[Gastric acid|gastric acid secretion]].<ref name=":2" /> It is the antagonist of [[cholecystokinin]] and opposes pancreatic secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin.<ref name=":2" /> It may stimulate the [[migrating motor complex]], synergistic with [[motilin]].<ref name=":2" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>On fasting, pancreatic polypeptide concentration is 80 pg/ml; after the meal, it rises up from 8 to 10 times more; glucose and fats also induce PP's level increase, but on parenteral introduction of those substances, the level of hormones doesn't change. The administration of [[atropine]], the [[vagotomy]], blocks pancreatic polypeptide secretion after meals. The excitation of the [[vagus nerve]], the administration of [[gastrin]], [[secretin]] or cholecystokinin induce PP secretion.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>On fasting, pancreatic polypeptide concentration is 80 pg/ml; after the meal, it rises up from 8 to 10 times more; glucose and fats also induce PP's level increase, but on parenteral introduction of those substances, the level of hormones doesn't change. The administration of [[atropine]], the [[vagotomy]], blocks pancreatic polypeptide secretion after meals. The excitation of the [[vagus nerve]], the administration of [[gastrin]], [[secretin]] or cholecystokinin induce PP secretion.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Clinical significance ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Clinical significance ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The secretion of pancreatic polypeptide may be increased by pancreatic tumours ([[insulin]], [[glucagon]]), by [[Verner-Morrison syndrome]], and by [[gastrinoma]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</del>.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The secretion of pancreatic polypeptide may be increased by pancreatic tumours ([[insulin]], [[glucagon]]), by [[Verner-Morrison syndrome]], and by [[gastrinoma]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== See also ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== See also ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{reflist}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{reflist}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Further reading ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_18_3_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_15_0_lhs"></a>==External links==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{refbegin}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite book| title= Essentials of Human Physiology| <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>= <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thomas</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">M.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|last= Nosek</del>| chapter=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Section</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6/6ch2/s6ch2_25</del> |chapter-url=http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_25.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_25.htm|archive-date=2016-03-24}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite book| title= Essentials of Human Physiology<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>| <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vauthors </ins>= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nosek</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TM</ins> | chapter= <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Candidate GI Hormone: Pancreatic Polypeptide</ins> |chapter-url=http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_25.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_25.htm|archive-date=2016-03-24}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{refend}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_15_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_18_3_rhs"></a>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>External links<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{MeshName|Pancreatic+polypeptide}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{MeshName|Pancreatic+polypeptide}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6262347.stm Hope over 'obesity-busting gum'] 15 January 2007</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* http://library.usmf.md/downloads/ebooks/Endocrinology_Anestiadi_en_2003/Lecture_11_p.(167-200).pdf{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Neuropeptides}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Neuropeptides}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Gastrointestinal hormones}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Gastrointestinal hormones}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Neuropeptidergics}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Pancreatic hormones]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Pancreatic hormones]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 03:03, 22 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein produced by the endocrine pancreas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Pancreatic polypeptide</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancreatic_hormone_1TZ5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pancreatic_hormone_1TZ5.png/220px-Pancreatic_hormone_1TZ5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pancreatic_hormone_1TZ5.png/330px-Pancreatic_hormone_1TZ5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pancreatic_hormone_1TZ5.png/440px-Pancreatic_hormone_1TZ5.png 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">PPY</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=5539&rn=1">5539</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:9327">9327</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/167780">167780</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_002722">NM_002722</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01298">P01298</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 17 (human)">Chr. 17</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=17p11.1">p11.1-qter</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P01298">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P01298">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg/220px-PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg/330px-PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg/440px-PancreaticPolypeptide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a> for pancreatic polypeptide in a mouse pancreas, 200×</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pancreatic polypeptide</b> (<b>PP</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> secreted by <a href="/wiki/PP_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="PP cell">PP cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine pancreas">endocrine pancreas</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> and it regulates <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreatic</a> secretion activities, and also impacts <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_oncology" title="Endocrine oncology">endocrine tumours</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gene">Gene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>PPY</b> gene encodes an unusually short protein precursor of 95 amino acids in length.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This precursor is cleaved to produce the <a href="/wiki/Signal_peptide" title="Signal peptide">signal peptide</a>, the pancreatic polypeptide, the <b>pancreatic icosapeptide</b>, and a 5- to 7- amino-acid oligopeptide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pancreatic polypeptide consists of 36 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a molecular weight about 4200 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a similar structure to <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">neuropeptide Y</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesised and secreted by <a href="/wiki/PP_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="PP cell">PP cells</a> (also known as gamma cells or F cells) of the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">pancreatic islets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are found predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the pancreas">head of the pancreas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pancreatic polypeptide regulates <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreatic</a> secretion activities by both endocrine and exocrine tissues. It also affects hepatic <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> levels and gastrointestinal secretions. </p><p>Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, exercise, and acute <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycaemia</a>, and is decreased by <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> and intravenous <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>. </p><p>Plasma pancreatic polypeptide has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>. In addition, peripheral administration of polypeptide has been shown to decrease food intake in rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12915697_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12915697-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits pancreatic secretion of fluid, <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also stimulates <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid secretion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the antagonist of <a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">cholecystokinin</a> and opposes pancreatic secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Migrating_motor_complex" title="Migrating motor complex">migrating motor complex</a>, synergistic with <a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">motilin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On fasting, pancreatic polypeptide concentration is 80 pg/ml; after the meal, it rises up from 8 to 10 times more; glucose and fats also induce PP's level increase, but on parenteral introduction of those substances, the level of hormones doesn't change. The administration of <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vagotomy" title="Vagotomy">vagotomy</a>, blocks pancreatic polypeptide secretion after meals. The excitation of the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>, the administration of <a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">gastrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">secretin</a> or cholecystokinin induce PP secretion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The secretion of pancreatic polypeptide may be increased by pancreatic tumours (<a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>), by <a href="/wiki/Verner-Morrison_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner-Morrison syndrome">Verner-Morrison syndrome</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">gastrinoma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypeptide-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide-p">Polypeptide-p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers" title="List of human cell types derived from the germ layers">List of human cell types derived from the germ layers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoelSchwartzNorrisFiil1984" class="citation journal cs1">Boel E, Schwartz TW, Norris KE, Fiil NP (April 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC557446">"A cDNA encoding a small common precursor for human pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide"</a>. <i>The EMBO Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 909–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1984.tb01904.x">10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01904.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC557446">557446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6373251">6373251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EMBO+Journal&rft.atitle=A+cDNA+encoding+a+small+common+precursor+for+human+pancreatic+polypeptide+and+pancreatic+icosapeptide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=909-12&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC557446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6373251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1984.tb01904.x&rft.aulast=Boel&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+TW&rft.au=Norris%2C+KE&rft.au=Fiil%2C+NP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC557446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreatic+polypeptide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonovicsDevittWatsonRayford1981" class="citation journal cs1">Lonovics J, Devitt P, Watson LC, Rayford PL, Thompson JC (October 1981). "Pancreatic polypeptide. A review". <i>Archives of Surgery</i>. <b>116</b> (10): 1256–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchsurg.1981.01380220010002">10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380220010002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7025798">7025798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Pancreatic+polypeptide.+A+review&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1256-64&rft.date=1981-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchsurg.1981.01380220010002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7025798&rft.aulast=Lonovics&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Devitt%2C+P&rft.au=Watson%2C+LC&rft.au=Rayford%2C+PL&rft.au=Thompson%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreatic+polypeptide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashabau2013" class="citation book cs1">Washabau RJ (2013). "Chapter 1 - Integration of Gastrointestinal Function". <i>Canine and Feline Gastroenterology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Saunders_(imprint)" title="Saunders (imprint)">Saunders</a>. pp. 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-3661-6.00001-8">10.1016/B978-1-4160-3661-6.00001-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-3661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-3661-6"><bdi>978-1-4160-3661-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+-+Integration+of+Gastrointestinal+Function&rft.btitle=Canine+and+Feline+Gastroenterology&rft.pages=1-31&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-3661-6.00001-8&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-3661-6&rft.aulast=Washabau&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreatic+polypeptide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCozziHuggenbergerOelschläger2017" class="citation book cs1">Cozzi B, Huggenberger S, Oelschläger H (2017-01-01). "Chapter 7 - Body Control: The Endocrine System and the Peripheral Nervous System". <i>Anatomy of Dolphins</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. 305–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-407229-9.00007-5">10.1016/B978-0-12-407229-9.00007-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-407229-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-407229-9"><bdi>978-0-12-407229-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7+-+Body+Control%3A+The+Endocrine+System+and+the+Peripheral+Nervous+System&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Dolphins&rft.pages=305-338&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-407229-9.00007-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-407229-9&rft.aulast=Cozzi&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Huggenberger%2C+S&rft.au=Oelschl%C3%A4ger%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreatic+polypeptide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12915697-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12915697_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatterhamLe_RouxCohenPark2003" class="citation journal cs1">Batterham RL, Le Roux CW, Cohen MA, Park AJ, Ellis SM, Patterson M, et al. (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2003-030630">"Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>88</b> (8): 3989–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2003-030630">10.1210/jc.2003-030630</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915697">12915697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Pancreatic+polypeptide+reduces+appetite+and+food+intake+in+humans&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3989-92&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.2003-030630&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12915697&rft.aulast=Batterham&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Le+Roux%2C+CW&rft.au=Cohen%2C+MA&rft.au=Park%2C+AJ&rft.au=Ellis%2C+SM&rft.au=Patterson%2C+M&rft.au=Frost%2C+GS&rft.au=Ghatei%2C+MA&rft.au=Bloom%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjc.2003-030630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreatic+polypeptide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosek" class="citation book cs1">Nosek TM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_25.htm">"Candidate GI Hormone: Pancreatic Polypeptide"</a>. <i>Essentials of Human Physiology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_25.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Candidate+GI+Hormone%3A+Pancreatic+Polypeptide&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Human+Physiology&rft.aulast=Nosek&rft.aufirst=TM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanphysiology.tuars.com%2Fprogram%2Fsection6%2F6ch2%2Fs6ch2_25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreatic+polypeptide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_polypeptide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Pancreatic+polypeptide">Pancreatic+polypeptide</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Dynorphin">Dynorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A1%E2%80%938" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynorphin A1–8">Dynorphin A<sub>1–8</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Neoendorphin">α-Neoendorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Neoendorphin">β-Neoendorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">Endomorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endorphin">α-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Endorphin">γ-Endorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">Enkephalins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidorphin" title="Amidorphin">Amidorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin" title="Hemorphin">Hemorphin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiorphin" title="Opiorphin">Opiorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> neuropeptides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin">Kinins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_peptides" title="Tachykinin peptides">Tachykinins</a>: mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_A" title="Neurokinin A">Neurokinin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_B" title="Neurokinin B">Neurokinin B</a></li></ul></dd> <dd>amphibian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kassinin" title="Kassinin">Kassinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physalaemin" title="Physalaemin">Physalaemin</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Neuromedins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B" title="Neuromedin B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_N" title="Neuromedin N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_S" title="Neuromedin S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U" title="Neuromedin U">U</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">Orexins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orexin-A" title="Orexin-A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexin B">B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">Angiotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin" title="Bombesin">Bombesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">Calcitonin gene-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnosine" title="Carnosine">Carnosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sleep-inducing_peptide" title="Delta-sleep-inducing peptide">Delta-sleep-inducing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMRFamide" title="FMRFamide">FMRFamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin" title="Galanin">Galanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin-like_peptide" title="Galanin-like peptide">Galanin-like peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide">Gastrin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide AF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF" title="Neuropeptide FF">Neuropeptide FF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_SF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide SF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide SF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_VF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide VF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide VF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S" title="Neuropeptide S">Neuropeptide S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysins" title="Neurophysins">Neurophysins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin" title="Neurotensin">Neurotensin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide" title="Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide">Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGF" title="VGF">VGF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hormones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hormones" title="Template talk:Hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hormones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">Endocrine<br />glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypothalamic–pituitary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–<br />pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">MCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin" title="Thymosin">Thymosins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thymosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta thymosin">Beta thymosins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopoietin" title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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