CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tibeto-Burman languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"882d4ec4-ab42-4563-903b-c522c416f90f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tibeto-Burman_languages","wgTitle":"Tibeto-Burman languages","wgCurRevisionId":1246310690,"wgRevisionId":1246310690,"wgArticleId":24335531,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Families rejected by Glottolog","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Tibeto-Burman languages","Languages of Tibet","Languages of Myanmar"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tibeto-Burman_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":24335531, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q34064","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="903"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="602"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="481"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tibeto-Burman languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tibeto-Burman_languages rootpage-Tibeto-Burman_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tibeto-Burman+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tibeto-Burman+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tibeto-Burman+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tibeto-Burman+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_southwest_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia_and_southwest_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Southeast Asia and southwest China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_southwest_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet_and_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet_and_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tibet and South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet_and_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shafer_(1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shafer_(1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shafer (1955)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shafer_(1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedict_(1972)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedict_(1972)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Benedict (1972)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedict_(1972)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matisoff_(1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matisoff_(1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Matisoff (1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matisoff_(1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bradley_(2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bradley_(2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bradley (2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bradley_(2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-van_Driem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#van_Driem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>van Driem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-van_Driem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matisoff_(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matisoff_(2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Matisoff (2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matisoff_(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibeto-Burman languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Birmaanse_tale" title="Tibeto-Birmaanse tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tibeto-Birmaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات تبتية بورمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات تبتية بورمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tibetano-birmanes" title="Llingües tibetano-birmanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües tibetano-birmanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet-Birma_dill%C9%99ri" title="Tibet-Birma dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibet-Birma dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Тыбета-бірманскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыбета-бірманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тибето-бирмански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тибето-бирмански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་འབར་སྐད་རིགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་འབར་སྐད་རིགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_tibetek-burmek" title="Yezhoù tibetek-burmek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù tibetek-burmek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_tibetobirmanes" title="Llengües tibetobirmanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües tibetobirmanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetobarmsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Tibetobarmské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetobarmské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Tibeto-Bwrmaidd" title="Ieithoedd Tibeto-Bwrmaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Tibeto-Bwrmaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetobirmanische_Sprachen" title="Tibetobirmanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetobirmanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibeti-Birma_keeled" title="Tiibeti-Birma keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiibeti-Birma keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas" title="Lenguas tibeto-birmanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas tibeto-birmanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetobirma_lingvaro" title="Tibetobirma lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibetobirma lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های تبتی-برمه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های تبتی-برمه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_tib%C3%A9to-birmanes" title="Langues tibéto-birmanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues tibéto-birmanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tibetano-birmanas" title="Linguas tibetano-birmanas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas tibetano-birmanas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%B2%84%EB%A7%88%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="티베트버마어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티베트버마어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1-%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տիբեթա-բիրմայական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիբեթա-բիրմայական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तिब्बती-बर्मी भाषा-परिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बती-बर्मी भाषा-परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsko-burmanski_jezici" title="Tibetsko-burmanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tibetsko-burmanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Tibeto-Burma" title="Rumpun bahasa Tibeto-Burma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Tibeto-Burma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_tibeto-birmane" title="Lingue tibeto-birmane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue tibeto-birmane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტიბეტურ-ბირმული ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტურ-ბირმული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тибет-бирма тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тибет-бирма тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Tibeto-Birmanae" title="Linguae Tibeto-Birmanae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Tibeto-Birmanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C4%8Di%C5%B3-mianmarie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Tibetiečių-mianmariečių kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibetiečių-mianmariečių kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_bod-miama" title="Linguas bod-miama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas bod-miama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tibet%C3%B4-birmana" title="Fiteny tibetô-birmana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tibetô-birmana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA-%E1%80%97%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တိဗက်-ဗမာနွယ် ဘာသာစကားများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိဗက်-ဗမာနွယ် ဘာသာစကားများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Birmaanse_talen" title="Tibeto-Birmaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tibeto-Birmaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भोट बर्मेली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भोट बर्मेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="チベット・ビルマ語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット・ビルマ語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetobirmaansk_spriaken" title="Tibetobirmaansk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tibetobirmaansk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-burmanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tibeto-burmanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tibeto-burmanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetoburmanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tibetoburmanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tibetoburmanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_tibetobirmanas" title="Lengas tibetobirmanas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas tibetobirmanas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet-birma_tillari" title="Tibet-birma tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tibet-birma tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_tybeto-birma%C5%84skie" title="Języki tybeto-birmańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki tybeto-birmańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_tibeto-birmanesas" title="Línguas tibeto-birmanesas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas tibeto-birmanesas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetu_birmanu_rimaykuna" title="Tibetu birmanu rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tibetu birmanu rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тибето-бирманские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибето-бирманские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="तिब्बती-बर्मीभाषाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तिब्बती-बर्मीभाषाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tibeto-Burman languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsko-barmsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Tibetsko-barmské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tibetsko-barmské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsko-burmanski_jezici" title="Tibetsko-burmanski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tibetsko-burmanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetil%C3%A4is-burmalaiset_kielet" title="Tiibetiläis-burmalaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetiläis-burmalaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetoburmanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tibetoburmanska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tibetoburmanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="திபெத்திய-பர்மிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத்திய-பர்மிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ตระกูลภาษาย่อยทิเบต-พม่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาย่อยทิเบต-พม่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet-Birman_dilleri" title="Tibet-Birman dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibet-Birman dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тибето-бірманські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибето-бірманські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="تبتی برمی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبتی برمی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_T%E1%BA%A1ng-Mi%E1%BA%BFn" title="Ngữ tộc Tạng-Miến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Tạng-Miến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E7%BC%85%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="藏缅语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="藏缅语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="藏緬語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藏緬語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="藏緬語族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藏緬語族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tibeto-Burman_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tibeto-Burman_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&oldid=1246310690" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tibeto-Burman_languages&id=1246310690&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTibeto-Burman_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTibeto-Burman_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tibeto-Burman_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34064" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of the Sino-Tibetan language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: salmon;">Tibeto-Burman</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Tibeto-Burman</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%27Ole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ole language">'Ole</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Western</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newaric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Newaric language">Newaric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Burma)">Pyu</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeme_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeme languages">Zeme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin-Mizo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages">Kuki-Chin-Mizo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></i></li> <li><b>Eastern</b>: <a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><b>Others</b>: <a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tbq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tbq">tbq</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png/300px-Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png 1.5x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="261" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Major branches of Tibeto-Burman: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#32CD32; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8B4513; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bodo%E2%80%93Garo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo–Garo languages">Bodo–Garo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1E90FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9400D3; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF69B4; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF1493; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin-Mizo</a></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tibeto-Burman languages</b> are the non-<a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan language family</a>, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Massif" title="Southeast Asian Massif">Southeast Asian Massif</a> ("Zomia") as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a>, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail. </p><p>Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical linguist">historical linguists</a> criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any <a href="/wiki/Shared_innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared innovation">shared innovations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to show that they comprise a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/400px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/600px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/800px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>A model of dispersal of the Sino-Tibetan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder201910319–10320_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder201910319–10320-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 18th century, several scholars noticed parallels between Tibetan and Burmese, both languages with extensive literary traditions. In the following century, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Brian Houghton Hodgson</a> collected a wealth of data on the non-literary languages of the Himalayas and northeast India, noting that many of these were related to Tibetan and Burmese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson1853_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson1853-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others identified related languages in the highlands of Southeast Asia and south-west China. The name "Tibeto-Burman" was first applied to this group in 1856 by <a href="/wiki/James_Logan_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Logan (lawyer)">James Logan</a>, who added <a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen</a> in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan1856_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan1856-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan1858_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan1858-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Forbes viewed the family as uniting the Gangetic and Lohitic branches of <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Turanian_languages" title="Turanian languages">Turanian</a>, a huge family consisting of all the Eurasian languages except the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, "Aryan" (<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>) and Chinese languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1878_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1878-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third volume of the <i><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_India" title="Linguistic Survey of India">Linguistic Survey of India</a></i> was devoted to the Tibeto-Burman languages of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Klaproth" title="Julius Klaproth">Julius Klaproth</a> had noted in 1823 that Burmese, Tibetan and Chinese all shared common basic <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, but that <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> were quite different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001334_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001334-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several authors, including Ernst Kuhn in 1883 and <a href="/wiki/August_Conrady" title="August Conrady">August Conrady</a> in 1896, described an "Indo-Chinese" family consisting of two branches, Tibeto-Burman and Chinese-Siamese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001341–342_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001341–342-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> were included on the basis of vocabulary and typological features shared with Chinese. Jean Przyluski introduced the term <i>sino-tibétain</i> (Sino-Tibetan) as the title of his chapter on the group in <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cohen" title="Marcel Cohen">Marcel Cohen</a>'s <i>Les Langues du Monde</i> in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESapir1925_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESapir1925-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tai languages have not been included in most Western accounts of Sino-Tibetan since the Second World War, though many Chinese linguists still include them. The link between Tibeto-Burman and Chinese is now accepted by most linguists, with a few exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Roy_Andrew_Miller" title="Roy Andrew Miller">Roy Andrew Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher Beckwith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent controversy has centred on the proposed primary branching of Sino-Tibetan into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman subgroups. In spite of the popularity of this classification, first proposed by Kuhn and Conrady, and also promoted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict" title="Paul K. Benedict">Paul Benedict</a> (1972) and later <a href="/wiki/James_Matisoff" title="James Matisoff">James Matisoff</a>, Tibeto-Burman has not been demonstrated to be a valid subgroup in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in remote mountain areas, which has hampered their study. Many lack a written standard. It is generally easier to identify a language as Tibeto-Burman than to determine its precise relationship with other languages of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008424–432_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008424–432-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subgroupings that have been established with certainty number several dozen, ranging from well-studied groups of dozens of languages with millions of speakers to several <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>, some only discovered in the 21st century but in danger of extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2011a_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2011a-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These subgroups are here surveyed on a geographical basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia_and_southwest_China">Southeast Asia and southwest China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia and southwest China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg/170px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg/255px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg/340px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>Language families of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The southernmost group is the <a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen languages</a>, spoken by three million people on both sides of the Burma–Thailand border. They differ from all other Tibeto-Burman languages (except Bai) in having a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> word order, attributed to contact with <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai–Kadai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200318_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200318-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely spoken Tibeto-Burman language is <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, the national language of Myanmar, with over 32 million speakers and a literary tradition dating from the early 12th century. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese languages</a>, an intensively studied and well-defined group comprising approximately 100 languages spoken in Myanmar and the highlands of Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">southwest China</a>. Major languages include the <a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish languages</a>, with two million speakers in western <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani languages</a>, with two million speakers in southern Yunnan, eastern Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and <a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a> in Yunnan, northern Myanmar and northern Thailand. All languages of the Loloish subgroup show significant Austroasiatic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood20038–9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood20038–9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pai-lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pai-lang">Pai-lang</a> songs, transcribed in Chinese characters in the 1st century, appear to record words from a Lolo-Burmese language, but arranged in Chinese order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin1979_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin1979-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/220px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/330px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png/440px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Language families of China, with Tibeto-Burman in orange<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Tibeto-Burman languages of south-west China have been heavily influenced by Chinese over a long period, leaving their affiliations difficult to determine. The grouping of the <a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai language</a>, with one million speakers in Yunnan, is particularly controversial, with some workers suggesting that it is a sister language to Chinese. The <a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi language</a> of northern Yunnan is usually included in Lolo-Burmese, though other scholars prefer to leave it unclassified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200320_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200320-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hills of northwestern Sichuan are home to the small <a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rgyalrongic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rgyalrongic languages">Rgyalrongic</a> groups of languages, which preserve many archaic features. The most easterly Tibeto-Burman language is <a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a>, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Wuling_Mountains" title="Wuling Mountains">Wuling Mountains</a> on the borders of Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou and Chongqing. </p><p>Two historical languages are believed to be Tibeto-Burman, but their precise affiliation is uncertain. The <a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Burma)">Pyu language</a> of central Myanmar in the first centuries is known from inscriptions using a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a> of the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> of northern China is preserved in numerous texts written in the Chinese-inspired <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200317,_19–20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200317,_19–20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet_and_South_Asia">Tibet and South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tibet and South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Language_Families.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/220px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/330px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/440px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Language families of South Asia, with Tibeto-Burman in orange</figcaption></figure> <p>Over eight million people in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> and neighbouring areas in <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> speak one of several related <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a>. There is an extensive literature in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> dating from the 8th century. The Tibetic languages are usually grouped with the smaller <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish languages</a> of Bhutan and <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a> group. </p><p>Many diverse Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Sizable groups that have been identified are the <a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and western Nepal, the <a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic languages</a> of western Nepal, including <a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a> with one million speakers, and the <a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti languages</a> of eastern Nepal. The remaining groups are small, with several isolates. The <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar language</a> (Nepal Bhasa) of central Nepal has a million speakers and literature dating from the 12th century, and nearly a million people speak <a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric languages</a>, but the rest have small speech communities. Other isolates and small groups in Nepal are <a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhimal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimal languages">Dhimalish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a> is spoken in an area from eastern Nepal to western Bhutan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2007296_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2007296-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the languages of Bhutan are Bodish, but it also has three small isolates, <a href="/wiki/%27Ole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ole language">'Ole</a> ("Black Mountain Monpa"), <a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a> and a larger community of speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2011a_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2011a-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani languages</a> include most of the Tibeto-Burman languages of Arunachal Pradesh and adjacent areas of Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178,_180–181_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178,_180–181-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining languages of Arunachal Pradesh are much more diverse, belonging to the small <a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a> (or Kamengic), <a href="/wiki/Hruso_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hruso languages">Hruso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro languages</a> (or Mishmic) groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178–182_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178–182-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups have relatively little Tibeto-Burman vocabulary, and Bench and Post dispute their inclusion in Sino-Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenchPost2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenchPost2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest variety of languages and subgroups is found in the highlands stretching from northern Myanmar to northeast India. </p><p>Northern Myanmar is home to the small <a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a> group, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jingpho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingpho language">Jingpho</a> with nearly a million speakers. The Brahmaputran or <a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal languages</a> include at least the <a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak languages</a>, spoken in an area stretching from northern Myanmar through the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, and are often considered to include the Jingpho–Luish group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200311–12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200311–12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003174–178_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003174–178-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The border highlands of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> and western Myanmar are home to the small <a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeme_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeme languages">Zeme</a> groups of languages, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Meithei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meithei language">Meithei</a>, the main language of Manipur with 1.4 million speakers, is sometimes linked with the 50 or so <a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin languages</a> are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chin_State" title="Chin State">Chin State</a> of Myanmar. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru language</a> is spoken by a small group in the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a> between Bangladesh and Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200312–14_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200312–14-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003182–189_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003182–189-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been two milestones in the classification of Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Burman languages, <a href="#CITEREFShafer1955">Shafer (1955)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBenedict1972">Benedict (1972)</a>, which were actually produced in the 1930s and 1940s respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shafer_(1955)"><span id="Shafer_.281955.29"></span>Shafer (1955)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shafer (1955)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shafer's tentative classification took an agnostic position and did not recognize Tibeto-Burman, but placed Chinese (Sinitic) on the same level as the other branches of a Sino-Tibetan family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer1955_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1955-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retained Tai–Kadai (Daic) within the family, allegedly at the insistence of colleagues, despite his personal belief that they were not related. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Sino-Tibetan</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></i></li> <li>?? <i><a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Daic</a></i></li> <li><i>Bodic</i> <ul><li>Bodish (<a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Gurung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rgyalrongic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rgyalrongic languages">Gyarong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Kinnauri_language" title="Kinnauri language">Kinnauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baram_language" title="Baram language">Baram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thangmi_language" title="Thangmi language">Thangmi</a>)</li> <li>West Central Himalayish (<a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayu language">Hayu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">East Himalayish</a></li> <li>Newarish (<a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pahari language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pahari</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digarish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digarish languages">Digarish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midzu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Midzu languages">Midźuish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hruso_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hruso languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimal languages">Dhimalish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Miśingish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Dzorgaish</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Burmic</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mruish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li>Katśinish (<a href="/wiki/Jingpho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingpho language">Jingpho</a>)</li> <li>Tśairelish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luish_languages" title="Luish languages">Luish</a></li> <li>Taman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukish languages">Kukish</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Baric</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Barish</a></li> <li>Nagish</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karenic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benedict_(1972)"><span id="Benedict_.281972.29"></span>Benedict (1972)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Benedict (1972)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A very influential, although also tentative, classification is that of <a href="#CITEREFBenedict1972">Benedict (1972)</a>, which was actually written around 1941. Like Shafer's work, this drew on the data assembled by the Sino-Tibetan Philology Project, which was directed by Shafer and Benedict in turn. Benedict envisaged Chinese as the first family to branch off, followed by Karen. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Sino-Tibetan <ul><li>Chinese</li> <li>Tibeto-Karen <ul><li>Karen</li> <li><b>Tibeto-Burman</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The Tibeto-Burman family is then divided into seven primary branches: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibeto-Burman</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibetan–Kanauri</a></i> (a.k.a. Bodish–Himalayish) <ul><li>Bodish <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiarong_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiarong languages">Gyarung</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">Takpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tsangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Murmi & Gurung</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Himalayish <ul><li>"major" <a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">Himalayish</a></li> <li>"minor" <a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">Himalayish</a> <ul><li>(Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi, Byangsi)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>(perhaps also <a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Dzorgai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magari</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Bahing–Vayu</a></i> <ul><li>Bahing (<a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunuwar language">Sunuwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaling_language" title="Khaling language">Khaling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampang_language" title="Sampang language">Sampang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantawa_language" title="Bantawa language">Rungchenbung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakha language">Yakha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayu language">Vayu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepang</a></li> <li>(perhaps also <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Abor–Miri–Dafla</a></i> <ul><li>(perhaps also <a href="/wiki/Hruso_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hruso languages">Aka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midzu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Midzu languages">Miju</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhimal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimal languages">Dhimal</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingpho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingpho language">Kachin</a></i> <ul><li>(perhaps including <a href="/wiki/Sak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sak languages">Luish</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lolo%E2%80%93Burmese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolo–Burmese languages">Burmese–Lolo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmese–Maru</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Lolo</a></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Lolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugong language">Kanburi Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Moso</a></li> <li>Hsi-fan (<a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiarongic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiarongic languages">Jiarongic languages</a> apart from Qiang and Gyarung themselves)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li>(perhaps also <a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nung</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boro-Garo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Boro-Garo languages">Boro-Garo</a></i> <ul><li>Boro</li> <li>Garo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C2%B7chik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A·chik (page does not exist)">A·chik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokborok language">Tripuri (Kokborok)</a></li> <li>Dimasa</li> <li>Mech</li> <li>Rava (<a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_people_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwa people (India)">Tiwa</a> (Lalung)</li> <li>Sutiya</li> <li>Saraniya</li> <li>Sonowal</li> <li>Thengal</li> <li>(Perhaps also "<a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Naked Naga</a>" a.k.a. Konyak)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kukish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukish languages">Kuki–Naga</a></i> (a.k.a. Kukish) <ul><li>(perhaps also <a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meithei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meithei language">Meithei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matisoff_(1978)"><span id="Matisoff_.281978.29"></span>Matisoff (1978)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Matisoff (1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Matisoff" title="James Matisoff">James Matisoff</a> proposes a modification of Benedict that demoted Karen but kept the divergent position of Sinitic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENamkung1996455_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamkung1996455-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 7 branches within Tibeto-Burman, 2 branches (Baic and Karenic) have <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a>-order languages, whereas all the other 5 branches have <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a>-order languages. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Sino-Tibetan <ul><li>Chinese</li> <li><b>Tibeto-Burman</b></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Tibeto-Burman is then divided into several branches, some of them geographic conveniences rather than linguistic proposals: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibeto-Burman</b> <ul><li>Kamarupan (geographic) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a> (geographic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Abor–Miri–Dafla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayish languages">Himalayish</a> (geographic) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></li> <li>Jingpho–Nungish–Luish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingpho language">Jingpho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sak languages">Luish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo%E2%80%93Burmese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolo–Burmese languages">Lolo–Burmese</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhi">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Baic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a> (unclassified)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Matisoff makes no claim that the families in the Kamarupan or Himalayish branches have a special relationship to one another other than a geographic one. They are intended rather as categories of convenience pending more detailed comparative work. </p><p>Matisoff also notes that Jingpho–Nungish–Luish is central to the family in that it contains features of many of the other branches, and is also located around the center of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bradley_(2002)"><span id="Bradley_.282002.29"></span>Bradley (2002)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bradley (2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Benedict (1972), many languages previously inadequately documented have received more attention with the publication of new grammars, dictionaries, and wordlists. This new research has greatly benefited comparative work, and <a href="/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)" title="David Bradley (linguist)">Bradley</a> (2002) incorporates much of the newer data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2002_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2002-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibeto-Burman</b> <ul><li>Western (= <a href="/wiki/Bodic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodic languages">Bodic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibetan–Kanauri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tsangla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">Kanauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Himalayan</a> <ul><li>Eastern (<a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a>)</li> <li>Western (<a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thangmi_language" title="Thangmi language">Thangmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baram_language" title="Baram language">Baram</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baric_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baric languages (page does not exist)">Baric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Northern Naga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingpho language">Jinghpaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sak languages">Luish</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Burma)">Pyu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meithei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Central</i> (perhaps a residual group, not actually related to each other. <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a> may also fit here.) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Miric languages">Adi–Galo–Mishing–Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishmic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishmic languages">Mishmi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digarish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midzu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Midzu languages">Keman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Rawang</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>North-Eastern</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>South-Eastern</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolo%E2%80%93Burmese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolo–Burmese languages">Burmese–Lolo</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="van_Driem">van Driem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: van Driem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a> rejects the primary split of Sinitic, making Tibeto-Burman synonymous with Sino-Tibetan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matisoff_(2015)"><span id="Matisoff_.282015.29"></span>Matisoff (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Matisoff (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal structure of Tibeto-Burman is tentatively classified as follows by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Matisoff" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Matisoff">Matisoff</a> (2015: xxxii, 1123–1127) in the final release of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_Etymological_Dictionary_and_Thesaurus" title="Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus">Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus</a></i> (STEDT).<sup id="cite_ref-Matisoff2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STEDT2015_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEDT2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibeto-Burman</b> <ul><li>Northeast Indian areal group <ul><li>"North Assam" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Deng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukish languages">Kuki-Chin</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>" areal group <ul><li>Central Naga (<a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a> group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeme languages">Zeme</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangkhul languages">Tangkhulic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meithei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meithei language">Meithei</a></li> <li>Mikir / <a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li>Northern Naga / <a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin%E2%80%93Luic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachin–Luic languages">Jingpho–Asakian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Himalayish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">Western Himalayish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimal languages">Dhimal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a>-<a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tangut-Qiang <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rgyalrongic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rgyalrongic languages">rGyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li>Lolo-Burmese–Naxi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classification of <a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a> is difficult due to extensive borrowing. Other unclassified Tibeto-Burman languages include <a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo languages</a>, both of which were only described in the 2010s. New Tibeto-Burman languages continue to be recognized, some not closely related to other languages. Distinct languages only recognized in the 2010s include <a href="/wiki/Koki_Naga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koki Naga language">Koki Naga</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Randy_LaPolla" title="Randy LaPolla">Randy LaPolla</a> (2003) proposed a <a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung branch</a> of Tibeto-Burman, based on morphological evidence, but this is not widely accepted. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scott_DeLancey" title="Scott DeLancey">Scott DeLancey</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central branch</a> of Tibeto-Burman based on morphological evidence. </p><p>Roger Blench and Mark Post (2011) list a number of divergent languages of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, in northeastern India, that might have non-Tibeto-Burman substrates, or could even be non-Tibeto-Burman <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolates</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenchPost2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenchPost2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamengic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamengic languages">Kamengic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugun_language" title="Bugun language">Bugun</a> (Khowa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mey language">Mey</a> (Sherdukpen) of Shergaon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mey language">Mey</a> (Sherdukpen) of Rupa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartang_language" title="Sartang language">Sartang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chug_language" title="Chug language">Chug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lish_language" title="Lish language">Lish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mishmi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mishmi languages">[Northern] Mishmi</a> (Digarish) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idu_Mishmi_language" title="Idu Mishmi language">Idu</a> (Luoba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_Mishmi_language" title="Digaro Mishmi language">Taraon</a> (Digaru)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a> (Sulung) – <a href="/wiki/East_Kameng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kameng District">East Kameng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a> (Aka) – Thrizino Circle, <a href="/wiki/West_Kameng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kameng District">West Kameng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miji_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miji language">Miji</a> (Sajolang, Dimai, Dhimmai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_Mishmi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miju Mishmi language">Miju</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Blench and Post believe the remaining languages with these substratal characteristics are more clearly Sino-Tibetan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li>East Bodish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakhring_language" title="Zakhring language">Meyor</a> (Zakhring)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawang_Monpa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawang Monpa language">Monpa of Tawang</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tawang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawang District">Tawang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaktang_Monpa_language" title="Kalaktang Monpa language">Monpa of Kalaktang</a> (Tshangla)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemithang_Monpa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemithang Monpa language (page does not exist)">Monpa of Zemithang</a></li> <li>Monpa of Mago-Thingbu</li></ul></li> <li>Tani: <a href="/wiki/Nah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nah language">Nah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1983. The map shows the distribution of ethnolinguistic groups according to the historical majority ethnic groups by region. Note this is different from the current distribution due to ongoing internal migration and assimilation.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2019" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i></a> (22nd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=22nd&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume2012" class="citation book cs1">Guillaume, Jacques (2012). "The Tangut Kinship System in Qiangic Perspective". In Hill, Nathan (ed.). <i>Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV</i>. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tangut+Kinship+System+in+Qiangic+Perspective&rft.btitle=Medieval+Tibeto-Burman+Languages+IV&rft.pages=215&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandel2008">Handel (2008)</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume2007" class="citation journal cs1">Guillaume, Jacques (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00200873v2/document">"A shared suppletive pattern in the pronominal systems of Chang Naga and Southern Qiang"</a>. <i>Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+Asie+Orientale&rft.atitle=A+shared+suppletive+pattern+in+the+pronominal+systems+of+Chang+Naga+and+Southern+Qiang&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00200873v2%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2013" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Scott (2013). "The origins of Sinitic". In Zhuo, Jing-Schmidt (ed.). <i>Increased Empiricism: Recent advances in Chinese Linguistics</i>. John Benjamins. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+Sinitic&rft.btitle=Increased+Empiricism%3A+Recent+advances+in+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder201910319–10320-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder201910319–10320_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagartJacquesLaiRyder2019">Sagart et al. (2019)</a>, p. 10319–10320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson1853-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson1853_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgson1853">Hodgson (1853)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan1856-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan1856_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan1856">Logan (1856)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan1858-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan1858_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan1858">Logan (1858)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1878-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1878_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbes1878">Forbes (1878)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001334-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001334_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Driem2001">van Driem (2001)</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001341–342-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2001341–342_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Driem2001">van Driem (2001)</a>, pp. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESapir1925-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESapir1925_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSapir1925">Sapir (1925)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1974">Miller (1974)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1996-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1996_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1996">Beckwith (1996)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2002-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2002_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2002">Beckwith (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008424–432-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008424–432_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandel2008">Handel (2008)</a>, pp. 424–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2011a-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2011a_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2011a_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Driem2011a">van Driem (2011a)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200318-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200318_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood2003">Thurgood (2003)</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood20038–9-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood20038–9_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood2003">Thurgood (2003)</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin1979-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin1979_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoblin1979">Coblin (1979)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200320-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200320_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood2003">Thurgood (2003)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200317,_19–20-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200317,_19–20_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood2003">Thurgood (2003)</a>, pp. 17, 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2007296-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Driem2007296_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Driem2007">van Driem (2007)</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178,_180–181-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178,_180–181_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurling2003">Burling (2003)</a>, pp. 178, 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178–182-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003178–182_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurling2003">Burling (2003)</a>, pp. 178–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenchPost2011-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenchPost2011_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenchPost2011_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlenchPost2011">Blench & Post (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200311–12-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200311–12_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood2003">Thurgood (2003)</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003174–178-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003174–178_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurling2003">Burling (2003)</a>, pp. 174–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood200312–14-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood200312–14_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood2003">Thurgood (2003)</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurling2003182–189-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurling2003182–189_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurling2003">Burling (2003)</a>, pp. 182–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer1955-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer1955_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShafer1955">Shafer (1955)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENamkung1996455-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENamkung1996455_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNamkung1996">Namkung (1996)</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2002-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2002_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley2002">Bradley (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matisoff2015-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matisoff2015_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matisoff, James A. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/group/1"><i>The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/dissemination/STEDT.pdf">PDF</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STEDT2015-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STEDT2015_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruhn, Daniel; Lowe, John; Mortensen, David; Yu, Dominic (2015). <i>Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Database Software</i>. Software, UC Berkeley Dash. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6078%2FD1159Q">10.6078/D1159Q</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." <i>Cahiers de linguistique – Asie oriental</i> 44(2):122–149. December 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19606028-00442p02">10.1163/19606028-00442p02</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (1996), "The Morphological Argument for the Existence of Sino-Tibetan", <i>Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, January 8–10, 1996</i>, Bangkok: Mahidol University at Salaya, pp. 812–826.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Morphological+Argument+for+the+Existence+of+Sino-Tibetan&rft.btitle=Pan-Asiatic+Linguistics%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Symposium+on+Languages+and+Linguistics%2C+January+8%E2%80%9310%2C+1996&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=812-826&rft.pub=Mahidol+University+at+Salaya&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2002" class="citation cs2">——— (2002), "The Sino-Tibetan problem", in Beckwith, Chris; Blezer, Henk (eds.), <i>Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages</i>, BRILL, pp. 113–158, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12424-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Tibetan+problem&rft.btitle=Medieval+Tibeto-Burman+languages&rft.pages=113-158&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12424-0&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict" title="Paul K. Benedict">Benedict, Paul K.</a> (1972), Matisoff, J. A. (ed.), <i>Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08175-7"><bdi>978-0-521-08175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino-Tibetan%3A+A+conspectus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08175-7&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielmeierHaller2007" class="citation cs2">Bielmeier, Roland; Haller, Felix, eds. (2007), <i>Linguistics of the Himalayas and Beyond</i>, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019828-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019828-7"><bdi>978-3-11-019828-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics+of+the+Himalayas+and+Beyond&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019828-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchPost2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger</a>; Post, Mark (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf"><i>(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconsidering the evidence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28De%29classifying+Arunachal+languages%3A+Reconsidering+the+evidence&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Post%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FLanguage%2FSouth%2520Asia%2FNEI%2FGeneral%2FLingres%2FDeclassifying%2520Arunachal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchPost2013" class="citation cs2">———; ——— (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/627686">"Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of North East Indian languages"</a>, in Hill, Nathan W.; Owen-Smith, Thomas (eds.), <i>Trans-Himalayan Linguistics</i>, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 71–104, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031083-2"><bdi>978-3-11-031083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Sino-Tibetan+phylogeny+from+the+perspective+of+North+East+Indian+languages&rft.btitle=Trans-Himalayan+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=71-104&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031083-2&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Post%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F627686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)" title="David Bradley (linguist)">Bradley, David</a> (1997), "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification", in Bradley, David (ed.), <i>Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas</i>, Papers in South East Asian linguistics, vol. 14, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 1–71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-456-9"><bdi>978-0-85883-456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibeto-Burman+languages+and+classification&rft.btitle=Tibeto-Burman+languages+of+the+Himalayas&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Papers+in+South+East+Asian+linguistics&rft.pages=1-71&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-456-9&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2002" class="citation cs2">——— (2002), "The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman", in Beckwith, Chris; Blezer, Henk (eds.), <i>Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages</i>, BRILL, pp. 73–112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12424-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Subgrouping+of+Tibeto-Burman&rft.btitle=Medieval+Tibeto-Burman+languages&rft.pages=73-112&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12424-0&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurling2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Burling" title="Robbins Burling">Burling, Robbins</a> (2003), "The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), <i>Sino-Tibetan Languages</i>, London: Routledge, pp. 169–191, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tibeto-Burman+languages+of+northeast+India&rft.btitle=Sino-Tibetan+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=169-191&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1129-1&rft.aulast=Burling&rft.aufirst=Robbins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoblin1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Weldon_South_Coblin" class="mw-redirect" title="Weldon South Coblin">Coblin, W. South</a> (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/retrieve/72611/JA01_1979_p179.pdf">"A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies</i>, <b>12</b>: 179–216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tsing+Hua+Journal+of+Chinese+Studies&rft.atitle=A+New+Study+of+the+Pai-lang+Songs&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=179-216&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.aufirst=W.+South&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw%2Fretrieve%2F72611%2FJA01_1979_p179.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George</a> (2001), <i>Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region</i>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12062-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+Himalayas%3A+An+Ethnolinguistic+Handbook+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12062-4&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2003" class="citation cs2">——— (2003), "Tibeto-Burman Phylogeny and Prehistory: Languages, Material Culture and Genes", in Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, Colin (eds.), <i>Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis</i>, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, pp. 233–249, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-20-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-20-5"><bdi>978-1-902937-20-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibeto-Burman+Phylogeny+and+Prehistory%3A+Languages%2C+Material+Culture+and+Genes&rft.btitle=Examining+the+farming%2Flanguage+dispersal+hypothesis&rft.pages=233-249&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research%2C+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-902937-20-5&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2007" class="citation cs2">——— (2007), "South Asia and the Middle East", in Moseley, Christopher (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages</i>, Routledge, pp. 283–347, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1197-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Asia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Endangered+Languages&rft.pages=283-347&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2011a" class="citation cs2">——— (2011a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112220623/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html">"Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar"</a>, <i>Himalayan Linguistics Journal</i>, <b>10</b> (1): 31–39, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalayan+Linguistics+Journal&rft.atitle=Tibeto-Burman+subgroups+and+historical+grammar&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-39&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucsb.edu%2FHimalayanLinguistics%2Farticles%2F2011%2FHLJ1001B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1878" class="citation cs2">Forbes, Charles James (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428638">"On Tibeto-Burman languages"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a></i>, New Series, <b>X</b> (2): 210–227, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00016956">10.1017/s0035869x00016956</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25196796">25196796</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163329316">163329316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=On+Tibeto-Burman+languages&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-227&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163329316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25196796%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00016956&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Charles+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel2008" class="citation cs2">Handel, Zev (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2347515">"What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux"</a>, <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i>, <b>2</b> (3): 422–441, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-818X.2008.00061.x">10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+Compass&rft.atitle=What+is+Sino-Tibetan%3F+Snapshot+of+a+Field+and+a+Language+Family+in+Flux&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=422-441&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-818X.2008.00061.x&rft.aulast=Handel&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2347515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1853" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Hodgson, Brian Houghton</a> (1853), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124456#page/21/mode/1up">"On the Indo-Chinese Borderers and their connexion with the Himálayans and Tibetans"</a>, <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>, <b>22</b> (1): 1–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=On+the+Indo-Chinese+Borderers+and+their+connexion+with+the+Him%C3%A1layans+and+Tibetans&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Brian+Houghton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F124456%23page%2F21%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1856" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Richardson_Logan" title="James Richardson Logan">Logan, James R.</a> (1856), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalindianar01unkngoog#page/n11">"The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands"</a>, <i>Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia</i>, <b>1</b> (1): 1–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Archipelago+and+Eastern+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Maruwi+of+the+Baniak+Islands&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjournalindianar01unkngoog%23page%2Fn11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1858" class="citation cs2">——— (1858), "The West-Himalaic or Tibetan tribes of Asam, Burma and Pegu", <i>Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia</i>, <b>2</b> (1): 68–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Archipelago+and+Eastern+Asia&rft.atitle=The+West-Himalaic+or+Tibetan+tribes+of+Asam%2C+Burma+and+Pegu&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-114&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Andrew_Miller" title="Roy Andrew Miller">Miller, Roy Andrew</a> (1974), "Sino-Tibetan: Inspection of a Conspectus", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <b>94</b> (2): 195–209, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600891">10.2307/600891</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/600891">600891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Sino-Tibetan%3A+Inspection+of+a+Conspectus&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-209&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F600891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F600891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roy+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamkung1996" class="citation cs2">Namkung, Ju, ed. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf"><i>Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, STEDT Monograph, vol. 3, University of California, Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944613-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-944613-28-4"><bdi>0-944613-28-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonological+Inventories+of+Tibeto-Burman+Languages&rft.series=STEDT+Monograph&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-944613-28-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstedt.berkeley.edu%2Fpubs_and_prods%2FSTEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1925" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir, Edward</a> (1925), "Review: <i>Les Langues du Monde</i>", <i>Modern Language Notes</i>, <b>40</b> (6): 373–375, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2914102">10.2307/2914102</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2914102">2914102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Les+Langues+du+Monde&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=373-375&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2914102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2914102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1955" class="citation cs2">Shafer, Robert (1955), "Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages", <i>Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York)</i>, <b>11</b> (1): 94–111, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1955.11659552">10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word+%28Journal+of+the+Linguistic+Circle+of+New+York%29&rft.atitle=Classification+of+the+Sino-Tibetan+languages&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-111&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1955.11659552&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1966" class="citation cs2">——— (1966), <i>Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 1)</i>, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sino-Tibetan+%28Part+1%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1967" class="citation cs2">——— (1967), <i>Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 2)</i>, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sino-Tibetan+%28Part+2%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1968" class="citation cs2">——— (1968), <i>Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 3)</i>, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sino-Tibetan+%28Part+3%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1970" class="citation cs2">——— (1970), <i>Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 4)</i>, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01286-7"><bdi>978-3-447-01286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sino-Tibetan+%28Part+4%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01286-7&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1974" class="citation cs2">——— (1974), <i>Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 5)</i>, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01559-2"><bdi>978-3-447-01559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sino-Tibetan+%28Part+5%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01559-2&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurgood2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Thurgood, Graham</a> (2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), <i>Sino-Tibetan Languages</i>, London: Routledge, pp. 3–21, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+subgrouping+of+the+Sino-Tibetan+languages&rft.btitle=Sino-Tibetan+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1129-1&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagartJacquesLaiRyder2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Sagart, Laurent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques" title="Guillaume Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume</a>; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019), "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan", <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, <b>116</b> (21): 10317–10322, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116">10.1073/pnas.1817972116</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6534992">6534992</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061123">31061123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Dated+language+phylogenies+shed+light+on+the+history+of+Sino-Tibetan&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=10317-10322&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6534992%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31061123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Lai%2C+Yunfan&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Robin&rft.au=Thouzeau%2C+Valentin&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=List%2C+Johann-Mattis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190506151822.htm">"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i> (Press release). May 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Sino-Tibetan+language+family+revealed+by+new+research&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2019%2F05%2F190506151822.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Vocabulary_lists_of_Mainland_Southeast_Asian_languages" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Vocabulary lists of Mainland Southeast Asian languages">Vocabulary lists of Mainland Southeast Asian languages</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Mann, Noel Walter (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/10062">A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic</a></i>. Unpublished thesis. Arlington: The University of Texas.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonow1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Konow, Sten (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibeto-Burman Languages"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tibeto-Burman_Languages">"Tibeto-Burman Languages" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 928–929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibeto-Burman+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=928-929&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Konow&rft.aufirst=Sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibeto-Burman+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/">Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stedt.berkeley.edu/ltba/"><i>Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</i></a> (journal)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130020512/http://himalayanlanguages.org/">Himalayan languages site</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (by <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/">Sino-Tibetan Branches Project (STBP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tibeto-burman.net/">Tibeto-Burman bibliography website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34064#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4117213-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tibeto-Burman languages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135233">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues tibéto-birmanes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947340f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues tibéto-birmanes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947340f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575664">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tibetobarmské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph552861&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536396705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&oldid=1246310690">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&oldid=1246310690</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Category:Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Tibet" title="Category:Languages of Tibet">Languages of Tibet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Languages of Myanmar">Languages of Myanmar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Families_rejected_by_Glottolog" title="Category:Families rejected by Glottolog">Families rejected by Glottolog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 September 2024, at 04:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lwkv4","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.963","walltime":"1.118","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6914,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138431,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13691,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":135983,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 950.411 1 -total"," 17.38% 165.154 30 Template:Citation"," 16.31% 155.003 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.91% 132.160 33 Template:Sfnp"," 12.69% 120.601 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 11.92% 113.307 5 Template:Navbox"," 11.91% 113.160 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.74% 111.616 1 Template:Sino-Tibetan_languages"," 10.90% 103.585 3 Template:Cite_book"," 9.97% 94.713 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.592","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7543513,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedict1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBielmeierHaller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlenchPost2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlenchPost2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurling2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoblin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLancey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonow1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamkung1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagartJacquesLaiRyder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapir1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafer1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafer1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafer1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafer1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurgood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Driem2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Driem2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Driem2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Driem2011a\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-3\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 33,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sino-Tibetan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 9,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 9,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rmdbt","timestamp":"20241124161044","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tibeto-Burman languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tibeto-Burman_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34064","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34064","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-04T19:43:58Z","dateModified":"2024-09-18T04:55:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ce\/Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png","headline":"group of the Sino-Tibetan language family"}</script> </body> </html>