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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagrams_showing_the_layers_of_the_vaginal_wall_CRUK_391.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of the female reproductive anatomy with layers of the vaginal wall enhanced and labeled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Diagrams_showing_the_layers_of_the_vaginal_wall_CRUK_391.svg/220px-Diagrams_showing_the_layers_of_the_vaginal_wall_CRUK_391.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Diagrams_showing_the_layers_of_the_vaginal_wall_CRUK_391.svg/330px-Diagrams_showing_the_layers_of_the_vaginal_wall_CRUK_391.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Diagrams_showing_the_layers_of_the_vaginal_wall_CRUK_391.svg/440px-Diagrams_showing_the_layers_of_the_vaginal_wall_CRUK_391.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Female reproductive anatomy with layers of the vaginal wall shown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">Gynecology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">irregular vaginal bleeding, lump in the vagina, pain in vaginal area, pain with intercourse, pain with urination, constipation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">keratinizing, nonkeratinizing, basaloid, warty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">HPV infection, smoking, early age at first sexual intercourse, multiple sex partners, age over 60</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pelvic exam, biopsy</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina</b> is a potentially invasive type of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that forms in the tissues of the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>. Though uncommonly diagnosed, <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell cancer</a> of the vagina (SCCV) is the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">vaginal cancer</a>, accounting for 80-90% of cases as well as 2% of all gynecological cancers. SCCV forms in <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cells">squamous cells</a>, which are the thin, flat cells lining the vagina. SCCV initially spreads superficially within the vaginal wall and can slowly spread to invade other vaginal tissues. Because of its slow growth, this cancer may cause no symptoms, or it may present with signs like irregular bleeding, pain, or a vaginal mass. This carcinoma can <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasize</a> to the lungs or less frequently to the liver, bone, or other sites. SCCV has many risk factors in common with <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> and is similarly strongly associated with infection with oncogenic strains of <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV). Diagnosis of SCCV is done by <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic exam">pelvic exam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> of the tissue. Treatment and prognosis will depend on the <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Staging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer Staging">stage</a>, location, and characteristics of the cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gadducci-2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadducci-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SCCV may not cause any signs or symptoms in its early stages. The most common symptom people experience due to SCCV is vaginal bleeding, often in women who have already gone through <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> and no longer have monthly periods or after sexual intercourse. A mass or lump in the vagina may also be noticed and can cause <a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">pain during sexual intercourse</a>. If the disease has grown or spread from the vagina, it can lead to <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">pain in the pelvic area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">pain when urinating</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SCCV is often found alongside human papillomavirus (<a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">HPV) infection</a>, similar to cervical cancer. Because of this association, risk factors for HPV infection also increase risk of SCCV. These factors include early age at first sexual intercourse, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">multiple sex partners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>. SCCV is also becomes more common as age increases, with the average age of individuals affected being around 60 years old. Other factors that have been found to increase risk of SCCV include history of malignant cervical cancer, alcohol consumption, and low <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnosis of SCCV is made by histologic appearance of a biopsy from the vagina and lack of history of a gynecological cancer that may have recurred and spread into the vagina. In order to diagnose SCCV, a doctor must perform a complete assessment of <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a> and a physical examination. A pelvic exam with a speculum is needed in order to fully visualize the vagina and look for any irregularities or masses, which would then be biopsied. This also allows the doctor to exclude more benign causes of symptoms associated with SCCV. A <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_examination" title="Pelvic examination">bimanual exam</a> is also often done to evaluate for other pelvic masses, and a <a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_examination" title="Rectovaginal examination">rectovaginal exam</a> may be performed to assess for spread of the cancer to the rectum. Other diagnostic procedures that can be used to evaluate for SCCV include a <a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap smear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colposcopy" title="Colposcopy">colposcopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cytology" title="Vaginal cytology">vaginal cytology</a>. Once diagnosed, <a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">chest x-ray</a> and skeletal radiology are done to determine <a href="/wiki/Staging_(pathology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staging (pathology)">staging</a> of the cancer. <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> (CAT scan), <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging),and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan) may be done as well to help plan treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment will vary depending on staging, where the cancer is located, whether the patient has a <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> or has had a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> to have it removed, and whether the patient has previously received <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation treatment</a> to the pelvis. Diagnostic imaging is used to determine staging and plan treatment. Treatment generally consists of radiation therapy, either administered via <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy" title="External beam radiotherapy">external beam radiotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a>. Chemotherapy can also be used along with radiation therapy, particularly with later stage cases. Surgical treatment of SCCV is uncommon but may be utilized for early stage cases that can feasibly be fully removed in an operation. After treatment is completed, surveillance for recurrence of SCCV should be done at least yearly. If the cancer does return, surgery may be curative and is regularly used. In recurrent disease, chemotherapy is often ineffective, so palliative care may be recommended if surgery cannot be completed.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prognosis for individuals with SCCV is dependent on the stage at time of diagnosis, with lower stages having more favorable outcomes. Tumor size is also a significant factor affecting prognosis, with smaller tumors being better. Location in the vagina, histology, history of hysterectomy, and age may be influential factors, but the data for these variables is inconsistent.<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gadducci-2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadducci-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all cases of gynecologic cancers, SCCV makes up less than 2% of cases, affecting less than 1 in 100,000 women despite making up 80-90% of all vaginal cancers. Approximately 3,000 new cases of SCCV are diagnosed every year in the United States. The average age at diagnosis is around 60, with SCCV becoming more common as age increases, but it can be found in adolescents and young adults as well. Black women are more likely to develop SCCV than white women, whereas Asian/Pacific Islander women are less likely to develop SCCV. SCCV appears to be more common in women who have had a hysterectomy as well as those who experience <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_organ_prolapse" title="Pelvic organ prolapse">pelvic organ prolapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uptodate_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptodate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gadducci-2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadducci-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cancer.gov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.gov_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/patient/vaginal-treatment-pdq">"Vaginal Cancer Treatment - NCI"</a>. <i>www.cancer.gov</i>. 24 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiotherapy+and+Oncology&rft.atitle=ESTRO%2FESGO%2FSIOPe+guidelines+for+the+management+of+patients+with+vaginal+cancer&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=109662&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.radonc.2023.109662&rft.issn=0167-8140&rft.aulast=Nout&rft.aufirst=Remi&rft.au=Calaminus%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Planchamp%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Chargari%2C+Cyrus&rft.au=Lax%2C+Sigurd+F.&rft.au=Martelli%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=McCluggage%2C+W+Glenn&rft.au=Morice%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Pakiz%2C+Maja&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Maximilian+Paul&rft.au=Stunt%2C+Jon%C3%A1h&rft.au=Timmermann%2C+Beate&rft.au=Vokuhl%2C+Christian&rft.au=Orbach%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Fotopoulou%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0167814023002001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous+cell+carcinoma+of+the+vagina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundersonNugentElfrinkGold2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gunderson, Camille C.; Nugent, Elizabeth K.; Elfrink, Stacie H.; Gold, Michael A.; Moore, Kathleen N. (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002937813001300">"A contemporary analysis of epidemiology and management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia"</a>. <i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</i>. <b>208</b> (5): 410.e1–410.e6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2013.01.047">10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378">0002-9378</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55633749" class="extiw" title="d:Q55633749">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C52">C52</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=184.0">184.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014625">D014625</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13693.htm">13693</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001510.htm">001510</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3330-overview">med/3330</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desaction.org">Clearinghouse of Information for DES daughters and Sons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/vaginal">National Cancer Institute: Vaginal Cancer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/type/vaginal-cancer/">Clinically reviewed vaginal cancer information for patients</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528060649/http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/vagina/">UK vaginal cancer statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer">Cancer.Net: Vaginal Cancer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tumors_of_the_female_urogenital_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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female <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital system">urogenital system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adnexa_of_uterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnexa of uterus">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glandular_and_epithelial_neoplasm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glandular and epithelial neoplasm (page does not exist)">Glandular and epithelial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Surface_epithelial-stromal_tumor" title="Surface epithelial-stromal tumor">surface epithelial-<br />stromal tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CMS:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CMS:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_serous_cystadenoma" title="Ovarian serous cystadenoma">Ovarian serous cystadenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenoma" title="Mucinous cystadenoma">Mucinous cystadenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystadenocarcinoma" title="Cystadenocarcinoma">Cystadenocarcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_serous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma">Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_tumor" title="Krukenberg tumor">Krukenberg tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrioid_tumor" title="Endometrioid tumor">Endometrioid tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_clear-cell_carcinoma" title="Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma">Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenner_tumour" title="Brenner tumour">Brenner tumour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_cord%E2%80%93gonadal_stromal_tumour" title="Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour">Sex cord–gonadal stromal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Leydig cell tumour">Leydig cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli cell tumour">Sertoli cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli%E2%80%93Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour">Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecoma" title="Thecoma">Thecoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell_tumour" title="Granulosa cell tumour">Granulosa cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteoma" title="Luteoma">Luteoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_cord_tumour_with_annular_tubules" title="Sex cord tumour with annular tubules">Sex cord tumour with annular tubules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">Germ cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysgerminoma" title="Dysgerminoma">Dysgerminoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor#Nongerminomatous" title="Germ cell tumor">Nongerminomatous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonal_carcinoma" title="Embryonal carcinoma">Embryonal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor" title="Endodermal sinus tumor">Endodermal sinus tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadoblastoma" title="Gonadoblastoma">Gonadoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">Teratoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Struma_ovarii" title="Struma ovarii">Struma ovarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_fibroma" title="Ovarian fibroma">Fibroma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meigs%27_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Meigs' syndrome">Meigs' syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube_cancer" title="Fallopian tube cancer">Fallopian tube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenomatoid_tumor" title="Adenomatoid tumor">Adenomatoid tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroid" title="Uterine fibroid">Uterine fibroids/leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyosarcoma" title="Leiomyosarcoma">Leiomyosarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyoma" title="Adenomyoma">Adenomyoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrioid_tumor" title="Endometrioid tumor">Endometrioid tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_serous_carcinoma" title="Uterine serous carcinoma">Uterine papillary serous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia">Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_clear-cell_carcinoma" title="Uterine clear-cell carcinoma">Uterine clear-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia">Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma_of_the_vagina" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina">Clear-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma#Vagina_and_cervix" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassy_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cervix" title="Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix">Glassy-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villoglandular_adenocarcinoma_of_the_cervix" title="Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix">Villoglandular adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_trophoblastic_disease" title="Gestational trophoblastic disease">Gestational trophoblastic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_sarcoma" title="Uterine sarcoma">Uterine sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_M%C3%BCllerian_tumor" title="Mixed Müllerian tumor">Mixed Müllerian tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma_botryoides" title="Sarcoma botryoides">Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma_of_the_vagina" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina">Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia">Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cysts" title="Vaginal cysts">Vaginal cysts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_hidradenoma" title="Papillary hidradenoma">Papillary hidradenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramammary_Paget%27s_disease" title="Extramammary Paget's disease">Extramammary Paget's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia">Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin_gland_carcinoma" title="Bartholin gland carcinoma">Bartholin gland carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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