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keratins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_I_and_II_–_acidic_and_basic_keratins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Type III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Type IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_V_–_nuclear_lamins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_V_–_nuclear_lamins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Type V – nuclear lamins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_V_–_nuclear_lamins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_VI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_VI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Type VI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_VI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cell_adhesion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_adhesion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cell adhesion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_adhesion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Associated proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_arising_from_mutations_in_IF_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_arising_from_mutations_in_IF_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diseases arising from mutations in IF genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_arising_from_mutations_in_IF_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In other organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intermediate filament</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="خيط متوسط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيط متوسط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Интермедиерен филамент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интермедиерен филамент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedijarni_filament" title="Intermedijarni filament – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Intermedijarni filament" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filament_intermedi" title="Filament intermedi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filament intermedi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedi%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_filamentum" title="Intermediární filamentum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Intermediární filamentum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedi%C3%A4rfilamente" title="Intermediärfilamente – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intermediärfilamente" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediaarsed_filamendid" title="Intermediaarsed filamendid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Intermediaarsed filamendid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ενδιάμεσο νημάτιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενδιάμεσο νημάτιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamento_intermedio" title="Filamento intermedio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filamento intermedio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermeza_filamento" title="Intermeza filamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Intermeza filamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firu_ertain" title="Firu ertain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Firu ertain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رشته‌های میانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رشته‌های میانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filament_interm%C3%A9diaire" title="Filament intermédiaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Filament intermédiaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamento_intermedio" title="Filamento intermedio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filamento intermedio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="중간섬유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중간섬유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedijarni_filament" title="Intermedijarni filament – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Intermedijarni filament" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamen_intermediat" title="Filamen intermediat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filamen intermediat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamento_intermedio" title="Filamento intermedio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filamento intermedio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סיבי ביניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיבי ביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamen_intermediat" title="Filamen intermediat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filamen intermediat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="შუალედური ფილამენტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუალედური ფილამენტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аралық филаменттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аралық филаменттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starpdiedzi%C5%86i" title="Starpdiedziņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starpdiedziņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpin%C4%97_gija" title="Tarpinė gija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarpinė gija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedier_filamentum" title="Intermedier filamentum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Intermedier filamentum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediair_filament" title="Intermediair filament – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intermediair filament" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%BE%84%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="中間径フィラメント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中間径フィラメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filament_po%C5%9Bredni" title="Filament pośredni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filament pośredni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamento_interm%C3%A9dio" title="Filamento intermédio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filamento intermédio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Промежуточные филаменты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Промежуточные филаменты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediarni_filament" title="Intermediarni filament – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Intermediarni filament" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Прелазни филаменти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прелазни филаменти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelazni_filamenti" title="Prelazni filamenti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prelazni filamenti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4likokoinen_s%C3%A4ie" title="Välikokoinen säie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Välikokoinen säie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedi%C3%A4rfilament" title="Intermediärfilament – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Intermediärfilament" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_filament" title="Ara filament – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ara filament" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Проміжні філаменти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проміжні філаменти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%A3i_trung_gian" title="Sợi trung gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sợi trung gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Intermediate filament tail domain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1ifr_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PDB_1ifr_EBI.jpg/220px-PDB_1ifr_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PDB_1ifr_EBI.jpg/330px-PDB_1ifr_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PDB_1ifr_EBI.jpg/440px-PDB_1ifr_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Structure of lamin a/c globular domain</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">IF_tail</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00932">PF00932</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001322">IPR001322</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00198">PDOC00198</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1ivt">1ivt</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1ivt">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1ivt">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00932?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00932">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00932%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00932">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00932">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00932">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Intermediate filament rod domain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1gk4_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PDB_1gk4_EBI.jpg/220px-PDB_1gk4_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PDB_1gk4_EBI.jpg/330px-PDB_1gk4_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PDB_1gk4_EBI.jpg/440px-PDB_1gk4_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human vimentin coil 2b fragment (cys2)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">Filament</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00038">PF00038</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR016044">IPR016044</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00198">PDOC00198</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1gk7">1gk7</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1gk7">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1gk7">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00038?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00038">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00038%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00038">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00038">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00038">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Intermediate filament head (DNA binding) region</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">Filament_head</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF04732">PF04732</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR006821">IPR006821</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1gk7">1gk7</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1gk7">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1gk7">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF04732?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF04732">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF04732%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF04732">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF04732">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF04732">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Peripherin neuronal intermediate filament protein</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">PRPH</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">NEF4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=5630&rn=1">5630</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:9461">9461</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/170710">170710</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_006262.3">NM_006262.3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P41219">P41219</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chr. 12</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=12q13.12">q13.12</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P41219">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P41219">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Nestin neuronal stem cell intermediate filament protein</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">NES</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=10763&rn=1">10763</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:7756">7756</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/600915">600915</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_006608">NP_006608</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P48681">P48681</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 1 (human)">Chr. 1</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=1q23.1">q23.1</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P48681">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P48681">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Intermediate filaments</b> (<b>IFs</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeletal</a> structural components found in the cells of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17551517_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17551517-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homologues of the IF protein have been noted in an invertebrate, the <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">cephalochordate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Branchiostoma" title="Branchiostoma">Branchiostoma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9804163_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9804163-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intermediate filaments are composed of a family of related <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> sharing common structural and sequence features. Initially designated 'intermediate' because their average diameter (10 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>) is between those of narrower <a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">microfilaments</a> (actin) and wider <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> filaments found in muscle cells, the diameter of intermediate filaments is now commonly compared to <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> microfilaments (7 nm) and <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> (25 nm).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17551517_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17551517-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid5664223_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5664223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal intermediate filaments are subcategorized into six types based on similarities in amino acid sequence and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-interfil_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most types are <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasmic</a>, but one type, Type V is a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_lamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear lamin">nuclear lamin</a>. Unlike microtubules, IF distribution in cells shows no good correlation with the distribution of either <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1363623_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1363623-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intermediate_filament.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Intermediate_filament.svg/300px-Intermediate_filament.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Intermediate_filament.svg/450px-Intermediate_filament.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Intermediate_filament.svg/600px-Intermediate_filament.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Structure of intermediate filament</figcaption></figure> <p>The structure of proteins that form intermediate filaments (IF) was first predicted by computerized analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid sequence">amino acid sequence</a> of a human epidermal <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> derived from cloned <a href="/wiki/Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA">cDNAs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6186381_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6186381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of a second keratin sequence revealed that the two types of keratins share only about 30% amino acid sequence homology but share similar patterns of secondary structure domains.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6191871_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6191871-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As suggested by the first model, all IF proteins appear to have a central <a href="/wiki/Alpha-helical" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-helical">alpha-helical</a> rod domain that is composed of four alpha-helical segments (named as 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B) separated by three linker regions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6191871_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6191871-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22705788_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22705788-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central building block of an intermediate filament is a pair of two intertwined proteins that is called a <a href="/wiki/Coiled-coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Coiled-coil">coiled-coil structure</a>. This name reflects the fact that the structure of each protein is helical, and the intertwined pair is also a helical structure. Structural analysis of a pair of keratins shows that the two proteins that form the coiled-coil bind by <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic interactions">hydrophobic interactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2014-Hanukoglu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014-Hanukoglu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qin2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charged residues in the central domain do not have a major role in the binding of the pair in the central domain.<sup id="cite_ref-2014-Hanukoglu_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014-Hanukoglu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cytoplasmic IFs assemble into non-polar unit-length filaments (ULFs). Identical ULFs associate laterally into staggered, <a href="/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)" title="Antiparallel (biochemistry)">antiparallel</a>, soluble tetramers, which associate head-to-tail into protofilaments that pair up laterally into protofibrils, four of which wind together into an intermediate filament.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the assembly process includes a compaction step, in which ULF tighten and assume a smaller diameter. The reasons for this compaction are not well understood, and IF are routinely observed to have diameters ranging between 6 and 12 nm. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminus</a> of IF proteins are non-alpha-helical regions and show wide variation in their lengths and sequences across IF families. The N-terminal "head domain" binds <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11513613_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11513613-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vimentin" title="Vimentin">Vimentin</a> heads are able to alter <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> architecture and <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> distribution, and the liberation of heads by <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> may play an important role in HIV-1 associated cytopathogenesis and <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11160829_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11160829-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">Phosphorylation</a> of the head region can affect filament stability.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12177195_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12177195-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head has been shown to interact with the rod domain of the same <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12064937_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12064937-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>C-terminal "tail domain" shows extreme length variation between different IF proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8771189_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8771189-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-parallel orientation of tetramers means that, unlike microtubules and microfilaments, which have a plus end and a minus end, IFs lack polarity and cannot serve as basis for cell motility and intracellular transport. </p><p>Also, unlike <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tubulin" title="Tubulin">tubulin</a>, intermediate filaments do not contain a <a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">binding site</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate" title="Nucleoside triphosphate">nucleoside triphosphate</a>. </p><p>Cytoplasmic IFs do not undergo <a href="/wiki/Treadmilling" title="Treadmilling">treadmilling</a> like microtubules and actin fibers, but are dynamic.<sup id="cite_ref-Helfand_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helfand-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biomechanical_properties">Biomechanical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biomechanical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFs are rather deformable proteins that can be stretched several times their initial length.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key to facilitate this large deformation is due to their hierarchical structure, which facilitates a cascaded activation of deformation mechanisms at different levels of strain.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin2009_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the coupled alpha-helices of unit-length filaments uncoil as they're strained, then as the strain increases they transition into <a href="/wiki/Beta-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sheet">beta-sheets</a>, and finally at increased strain the hydrogen bonds between beta-sheets slip and the ULF monomers slide along each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin2009_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 70 different human genes coding for various intermediate filament proteins. However, different kinds of IFs share basic characteristics: In general, they are all polymers that measure between 9–11 nm in diameter when fully assembled. </p><p>Animal IFs are subcategorized into six types based on similarities in amino acid sequence and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> structure:<sup id="cite_ref-interfil_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_I_and_II_–_acidic_and_basic_keratins"><span id="Types_I_and_II_.E2.80.93_acidic_and_basic_keratins"></span>Types I and II – acidic and basic keratins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types I and II – acidic and basic keratins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epithelial-cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Epithelial-cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">Keratin</a> intermediate filaments (stained red) around <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cytokeratin" title="Cytokeratin">Cytokeratin</a></div> <p>These proteins are the most diverse among IFs and constitute <a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokeratin" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I cytokeratin">type I (acidic)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_II_cytokeratin" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II cytokeratin">type II (basic)</a> IF proteins. The many <a href="/wiki/Isoform" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoform">isoforms</a> are divided in two groups: </p> <ul><li><b>epithelial keratins</b> (about 20) in <a href="/wiki/Epithelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial">epithelial</a> cells (image to right)</li> <li><b>trichocytic keratins</b> (about 13) (<a href="/wiki/Hair_keratin" title="Hair keratin">hair keratins</a>), which make up <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>.</li></ul> <p>Regardless of the group, keratins are either acidic or basic. Acidic and basic keratins bind each other to form acidic-basic heterodimers and these heterodimers then associate to make a keratin filament.<sup id="cite_ref-interfil_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cytokeratin" title="Cytokeratin">Cytokeratin</a> filaments laterally associate with each other to create a thick bundle of ~50 nm radius. The optimal radius of such bundles is determined by the interplay between the long range electrostatic repulsion and short range hydrophobic attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, these bundles would intersect through junctions to form a dynamic network, spanning the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_III">Type III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Type III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vimentin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vimentin.jpg/220px-Vimentin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vimentin.jpg/330px-Vimentin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vimentin.jpg/440px-Vimentin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vimentin" title="Vimentin">Vimentin</a> fibers in <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are four proteins classed as type III intermediate filament proteins, which may form <a href="/wiki/Homopolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homopolymer">homo-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heteropolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropolymer">heteropolymeric</a> proteins. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Desmin" title="Desmin">Desmin</a></b> IFs are structural components of the <a href="/wiki/Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">sarcomeres</a> in muscle cells and connect different cell organells like the desmosomes with the cytoskeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glial_fibrillary_acidic_protein" title="Glial fibrillary acidic protein">Glial fibrillary acidic protein</a></b> (GFAP) is found in <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">glia</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peripherin" title="Peripherin">Peripherin</a></b> found in peripheral neurons.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vimentin" title="Vimentin">Vimentin</a></b>, the most widely distributed of all IF proteins, can be found in <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocytes">leukocytes</a>, and blood vessel <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cell">endothelial cells</a>. They support the cellular membranes, keep some <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> in a fixed place within the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, and transmit membrane receptor signals to the nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-interfil_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syncoilin" title="Syncoilin">Syncoilin</a></b> is an atypical type III IF protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Uniprot_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uniprot-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_IV">Type IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Type IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alpha-internexin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-internexin">Alpha-internexin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Neurofilament" title="Neurofilament">Neurofilaments</a></b> – the type IV family of intermediate filaments that is found in high concentrations along the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> of vertebrate neurons.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Synemin" title="Synemin">Synemin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syncoilin" title="Syncoilin">Syncoilin</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_V_–_nuclear_lamins"><span id="Type_V_.E2.80.93_nuclear_lamins"></span>Type V – nuclear lamins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Type V – nuclear lamins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lamin" title="Lamin">Lamins</a></b></li></ul> <p>Lamins are fibrous proteins having structural function in the cell nucleus. </p><p>In metazoan cells, there are A and B type lamins, which differ in their length and pI. Human cells have three differentially regulated genes. B-type lamins are present in every cell. B type lamins, <a href="/wiki/Lamin_B1" title="Lamin B1">lamin B1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamin_B2" title="Lamin B2">B2</a>, are expressed from the LMNB1 and LMNB2 genes on 5q23 and 19q13, respectively. A-type lamins are only expressed following <a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">gastrulation</a>. Lamin A and C are the most common A-type lamins and are splice variants of the LMNA gene found at 1q21. </p><p>These proteins localize to two regions of the nuclear compartment, the nuclear lamina—a proteinaceous structure layer subjacent to the inner surface of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_envelope" title="Nuclear envelope">nuclear envelope</a> and throughout the nucleoplasm in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Nuclear_lamina" title="Cell nucleus">nucleoplasmic veil</a>. </p><p>Comparison of the lamins to vertebrate cytoskeletal IFs shows that lamins have an extra 42 residues (six heptads) within coil 1b. The c-terminal tail domain contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS), an Ig-fold-like domain, and in most cases a carboxy-terminal CaaX box that is isoprenylated and carboxymethylated (lamin C does not have a CAAX box). Lamin A is further processed to remove the last 15 amino acids and its farnesylated cysteine. </p><p>During mitosis, lamins are phosphorylated by MPF, which drives the disassembly of the lamina and the nuclear envelope.<sup id="cite_ref-interfil_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_VI">Type VI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Type VI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beaded filaments: <a href="/wiki/BFSP1" title="BFSP1">Filensin</a>, <a href="/wiki/BFSP2" title="BFSP2">Phakinin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-interfil_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestin_(protein)" title="Nestin (protein)">Nestin</a> (was once proposed for reclassification but due to differences, remains as a type VI IF protein)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Vertebrate-only. Related to type I-IV. Used to contain other newly discovered IF proteins not yet assigned to a type.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyphyly_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyphyly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_adhesion">Cell adhesion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cell adhesion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a>, some keratins or desmin interact with <a href="/wiki/Desmosome" title="Desmosome">desmosomes</a> (cell-cell adhesion) and <a href="/wiki/Hemidesmosome" title="Hemidesmosome">hemidesmosomes</a> (cell-matrix adhesion) via adapter proteins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_proteins">Associated proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Associated proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Filaggrin" title="Filaggrin">Filaggrin</a> binds to keratin fibers in epidermal cells. <a href="/wiki/Plectin" title="Plectin">Plectin</a> links vimentin to other vimentin fibers, as well as to microfilaments, microtubules, and <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> II. Kinesin is being researched and is suggested to connect vimentin to tubulin via motor proteins. </p><p>Keratin filaments in epithelial cells link to <a href="/wiki/Desmosome" title="Desmosome">desmosomes</a> (desmosomes connect the cytoskeleton together) through <a href="/wiki/Plakoglobin" title="Plakoglobin">plakoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmoplakin" title="Desmoplakin">desmoplakin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmoglein" title="Desmoglein">desmogleins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desmocollin" title="Desmocollin">desmocollins</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desmin" title="Desmin">desmin</a> filaments are connected in a similar way in heart muscle cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases_arising_from_mutations_in_IF_genes">Diseases arising from mutations in IF genes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diseases arising from mutations in IF genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dilated cardiomyoathy (DCM), mutations in the <i>DES</i> gene<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_cardiomyopathy" title="Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy">Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy</a> (ACM), mutations in the <i>DES</i> gene<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20829228_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20829228-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22403400_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22403400-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), mutations in the <i>DES</i> gene<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-compaction cardiomyopathy, mutations in the <i>DES</i> genes<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cardiomyopathy in combination with skeletal myopathy (<i>DES</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a>; <a href="/wiki/Keratin_5" title="Keratin 5">keratin 5</a> or <a href="/wiki/Keratin_14" title="Keratin 14">keratin 14</a> mutation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminopathies">Laminopathies</a> are a family of diseases caused by mutations in nuclear lamins and include <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Gilford_progeria_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome">Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome</a> and various lipodystrophies and cardiomyopathies among others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_organisms">In other organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IF proteins are universal among animals in the form of a nuclear lamin. The Hydra has an additional "nematocilin" derived from the lamin. Cytoplasmic IFs (type I-IV) are only found in <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>; they also arose from a <a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">gene duplication</a> event involving "type V" nuclear lamin. In addition, a few other diverse types of eukaryotes have lamins, suggesting an early origin of the protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyphyly_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyphyly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was not really a concrete definition of an "intermediate filament protein", in the sense that the size or shape-based definition does not cover a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic group">monophyletic group</a>. With the inclusion of unusual proteins like the network-forming beaded lamins (type VI), the current classification is moving to a clade containing nuclear lamin and its many descendants, characterized by sequence similarity as well as the exon structure. Functionally-similar proteins out of this clade, like <a href="/wiki/Crescentin" title="Crescentin">crescentins</a>, alveolins, tetrins, and epiplasmins, are therefore only "IF-like". They likely arose through <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyphyly_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyphyly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid17551517-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17551517_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17551517_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerrmannBärKreplakStrelkov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Herrmann H, Bär H, Kreplak L, Strelkov SV, Aebi U (July 2007). 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Molecular Cell Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (7): 562–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm2197">10.1038/nrm2197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17551517">17551517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27115011">27115011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Intermediate+filaments%3A+from+cell+architecture+to+nanomechanics&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=562-73&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27115011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17551517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrm2197&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=B%C3%A4r%2C+H&rft.au=Kreplak%2C+L&rft.au=Strelkov%2C+SV&rft.au=Aebi%2C+U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermediate+filament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chang_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangGoldman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chang L, Goldman RD (August 2004). 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(December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawm271">"Clinical and morphological phenotype of the filamin myopathy: a study of 31 German patients"</a>. <i>Brain: A Journal of Neurology</i>. <b>130</b> (Pt 12): 3250–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawm271">10.1093/brain/awm271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18055494">18055494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%3A+A+Journal+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Clinical+and+morphological+phenotype+of+the+filamin+myopathy%3A+a+study+of+31+German+patients&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=Pt+12&rft.pages=3250-64&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawm271&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18055494&rft.aulast=Kley&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Hellenbroich%2C+Y&rft.au=van+der+Ven%2C+PF&rft.au=F%C3%BCrst%2C+DO&rft.au=Huebner%2C+A&rft.au=Bruchertseifer%2C+V&rft.au=Peters%2C+SA&rft.au=Heyer%2C+CM&rft.au=Kirschner%2C+J&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+R&rft.au=Fischer%2C+D&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+K&rft.au=Tolksdorf%2C+K&rft.au=Eger%2C+K&rft.au=Germing%2C+A&rft.au=Brodherr%2C+T&rft.au=Reum%2C+C&rft.au=Walter%2C+MC&rft.au=Lochm%C3%BCller%2C+H&rft.au=Ketelsen%2C+UP&rft.au=Vorgerd%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawm271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermediate+filament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarakhonovBrodehlMyasnikovSparber2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marakhonov AV, Brodehl A, Myasnikov RP, Sparber PA, Kiseleva AV, Kulikova OV, et al. (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.23747">"Noncompaction cardiomyopathy is caused by a novel in-frame desmin (DES) deletion mutation within the 1A coiled-coil rod segment leading to a severe filament assembly defect"</a>. <i>Human Mutation</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 734–741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.23747">10.1002/humu.23747</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30908796">30908796</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85515283">85515283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Mutation&rft.atitle=Noncompaction+cardiomyopathy+is+caused+by+a+novel+in-frame+desmin+%28DES%29+deletion+mutation+within+the+1A+coiled-coil+rod+segment+leading+to+a+severe+filament+assembly+defect&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=734-741&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85515283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30908796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhumu.23747&rft.aulast=Marakhonov&rft.aufirst=AV&rft.au=Brodehl%2C+A&rft.au=Myasnikov%2C+RP&rft.au=Sparber%2C+PA&rft.au=Kiseleva%2C+AV&rft.au=Kulikova%2C+OV&rft.au=Meshkov%2C+AN&rft.au=Zharikova%2C+AA&rft.au=Koretsky%2C+SN&rft.au=Kharlap%2C+MS&rft.au=Stanasiuk%2C+C&rft.au=Mershina%2C+EA&rft.au=Sinitsyn%2C+VE&rft.au=Shevchenko%2C+AO&rft.au=Mozheyko%2C+NP&rft.au=Drapkina%2C+OM&rft.au=Boytsov%2C+SA&rft.au=Milting%2C+H&rft.au=Skoblov%2C+MY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fhumu.23747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermediate+filament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirmerDiedingKlaukeBrodehl2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schirmer I, Dieding M, Klauke B, Brodehl A, Gaertner-Rommel A, Walhorn V, et al. (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5902401">"A novel desmin (DES) indel mutation causes severe atypical cardiomyopathy in combination with atrioventricular block and skeletal myopathy"</a>. <i>Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 288–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmgg3.358">10.1002/mgg3.358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5902401">5902401</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29274115">29274115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Genetics+%26+Genomic+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+novel+desmin+%28DES%29+indel+mutation+causes+severe+atypical+cardiomyopathy+in+combination+with+atrioventricular+block+and+skeletal+myopathy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=288-293&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5902401%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29274115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmgg3.358&rft.aulast=Schirmer&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Dieding%2C+M&rft.au=Klauke%2C+B&rft.au=Brodehl%2C+A&rft.au=Gaertner-Rommel%2C+A&rft.au=Walhorn%2C+V&rft.au=Gummert%2C+J&rft.au=Schulz%2C+U&rft.au=Paluszkiewicz%2C+L&rft.au=Anselmetti%2C+D&rft.au=Milting%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5902401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermediate+filament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmannHarris1998" class="citation book cs1">Herrmann H, Harris JR, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DjYdWQl_McQC"><i>Intermediate filaments</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45854-5"><bdi>978-0-306-45854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermediate+filaments&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-306-45854-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDjYdWQl_McQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermediate+filament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmaryCoulombe2004" class="citation book cs1">Omary MB, Coulombe PA, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vXL7DQgQAUC"><i>Intermediate filament cytoskeleton</i></a>. Gulf Professional Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-564173-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-564173-9"><bdi>978-0-12-564173-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermediate+filament+cytoskeleton&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-12-564173-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vXL7DQgQAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermediate+filament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamio2006" class="citation book cs1">Paramio JM, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpAM-5jQ42oC"><i>Intermediate filaments</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-33780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-33780-7"><bdi>978-0-387-33780-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermediate+filaments&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-33780-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpAM-5jQ42oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntermediate+filament" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytoskeletal_proteins" title="Template:Cytoskeletal proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytoskeletal_proteins" title="Template talk:Cytoskeletal proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytoskeletal_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytoskeletal proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proteins_of_the_cytoskeleton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">Microfilaments</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Actin-binding_protein" title="Actin-binding protein">ABPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myofilament" title="Myofilament">Myofilament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">Actins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actin,_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Actin, alpha 1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTA2" title="ACTA2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-actin" title="Beta-actin">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTC1" title="ACTC1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTG1" class="mw-redirect" title="ACTG1">G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTG2" title="ACTG2">G2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">Myosins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO1A" class="mw-redirect" title="MYO1A">MYO1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO1B" title="MYO1B">MYO1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO1C" title="MYO1C">MYO1C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYO1D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYO1D (page does not exist)">MYO1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO1E" title="MYO1E">MYO1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO1F" title="MYO1F">MYO1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO1G" title="MYO1G">MYO1G</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYO1H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYO1H (page does not exist)">MYO1H</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYH1" title="MYH1">MYH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH2" class="mw-redirect" title="MYH2">MYH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH3" title="MYH3">MYH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH4" title="MYH4">MYH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH6" title="MYH6">MYH6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH7" title="MYH7">MYH7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH7B" title="MYH7B">MYH7B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH8" title="MYH8">MYH8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH9" title="MYH9">MYH9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH10" title="MYH10">MYH10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH11" class="mw-redirect" title="MYH11">MYH11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH13" title="MYH13">MYH13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH14" title="MYH14">MYH14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH15" title="MYH15">MYH15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYH16" class="mw-redirect" title="MYH16">MYH16</a></li></ul></li> <li>III <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO3A" class="mw-redirect" title="MYO3A">MYO3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYO3B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYO3B (page does not exist)">MYO3B</a></li></ul></li> <li>V <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO5A" class="mw-redirect" title="MYO5A">MYO5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO5B" title="MYO5B">MYO5B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYO5C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYO5C (page does not exist)">MYO5C</a></li></ul></li> <li>VI <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO6" class="mw-redirect" title="MYO6">MYO6</a></li></ul></li> <li>VII <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO7A" title="MYO7A">MYO7A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYO7B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYO7B (page does not exist)">MYO7B</a></li></ul></li> <li>IX <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYO9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYO9A (page does not exist)">MYO9A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO9B" title="MYO9B">MYO9B</a></li></ul></li> <li>X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO10" title="MYO10">MYO10</a></li></ul></li> <li>XV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO15A" title="MYO15A">MYO15A</a></li></ul></li> <li>XVIII <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYO18A" title="MYO18A">MYO18A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO18B" title="MYO18B">MYO18B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosin_light_chain" title="Myosin light chain">LC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYL1" title="MYL1">MYL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYL2" title="MYL2">MYL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYL3" title="MYL3">MYL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYL4" title="MYL4">MYL4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYL5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYL5 (page does not exist)">MYL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYL6" title="MYL6">MYL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYL6B" title="MYL6B">MYL6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYL7" title="MYL7">MYL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYL9" title="MYL9">MYL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYLIP" title="MYLIP">MYLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYLK" title="MYLK">MYLK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYLK2" title="MYLK2">MYLK2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MYLL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MYLL1 (page does not exist)">MYLL1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropomodulin" title="Tropomodulin">Tropomodulin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TMOD1" class="mw-redirect" title="TMOD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMOD2" class="mw-redirect" title="TMOD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMOD3" class="mw-redirect" title="TMOD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMOD4" class="mw-redirect" title="TMOD4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin" title="Troponin">Troponin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_T" title="Troponin T">T</a> <a href="/wiki/TNNT1" title="TNNT1">1</a> <a href="/wiki/TNNT2" title="TNNT2">2</a> <a href="/wiki/TNNT3" title="TNNT3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_C" title="Troponin C">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Troponin_C_type_1" title="Troponin C type 1">1</a> <a href="/wiki/TNNC2" class="mw-redirect" title="TNNC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_I" title="Troponin I">I</a> <a href="/wiki/TNNI1" title="TNNI1">1</a> <a href="/wiki/TNNI2" title="TNNI2">2</a> <a href="/wiki/TNNI3" title="TNNI3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropomyosin" title="Tropomyosin">Tropomyosin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TPM1" title="TPM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPM2" title="TPM2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropomyosin_3" title="Tropomyosin 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPM4" title="TPM4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinin" title="Actinin">Actinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinin,_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinin, alpha 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinin,_alpha_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinin, alpha 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTN3" class="mw-redirect" title="ACTN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinin_alpha_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinin alpha 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arp2/3_complex" title="Arp2/3 complex">Arp2/3 complex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actin_depolymerizing_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Actin depolymerizing factor">actin depolymerizing factors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cofilin">Cofilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofilin_1" title="Cofilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFL2_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CFL2 (gene)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destrin" title="Destrin">Destrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsolin" title="Gelsolin">Gelsolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profilin" title="Profilin">Profilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profilin_1" title="Profilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PFN2" title="PFN2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titin" title="Titin">Titin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome_protein" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">Fibrillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filamin" title="Filamin">Filamin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FLNA" title="FLNA">FLNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLNB" title="FLNB">FLNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLNC_(gene)" title="FLNC (gene)">FLNC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espin_(protein)" title="Espin (protein)">Espin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIOBP" title="TRIOBP">TRIOBP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intermediate <br />filaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type 1/2<br />(<a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">Keratin</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Cytokeratin" title="Cytokeratin">Cytokeratin</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_keratin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial keratin">Epithelial keratins</a><br />(soft alpha-keratins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Type_I_keratin" title="Type I keratin">type I</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">chromosome 17</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_9" title="Keratin 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_10" title="Keratin 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_12" title="Keratin 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_13" title="Keratin 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_14" title="Keratin 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_15" title="Keratin 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_16" title="Keratin 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_17" title="Keratin 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_19" title="Keratin 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_20" title="Keratin 20">20</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">chromosome 12</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_18" title="Keratin 18">18</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>none</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_21" title="Keratin 21">21</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Type_II_keratin" title="Type II keratin">type II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">chromosome 12</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_1" title="Keratin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_2A" title="Keratin 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_3" title="Keratin 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_4" title="Keratin 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_5" title="Keratin 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_6A" title="Keratin 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_6B" title="Keratin 6B">6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_6C" title="Keratin 6C">6C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_7" title="Keratin 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_8" title="Keratin 8">8</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair_keratin" title="Hair keratin">Hair keratins</a><br />(hard alpha-keratins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Type_I_hair_keratin" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I hair keratin">type I</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">chromosome 17</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KRT31" title="KRT31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT32" title="KRT32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT33A" title="KRT33A">33A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT33B" title="KRT33B">33B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratin_34" title="Keratin 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT35" title="KRT35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT36" title="KRT36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT37" title="KRT37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT38" title="KRT38">38</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Type_II_hair_keratin" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II hair keratin">type II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">chromosome 12</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KRT81" title="KRT81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT82" title="KRT82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT83" title="KRT83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT84" title="KRT84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT85" title="KRT85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT86" title="KRT86">86</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped alpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">chromosome 17</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KRT23" title="KRT23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT24" title="KRT24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT25" title="KRT25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT26" title="KRT26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT27" title="KRT27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT28" title="KRT28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT39" title="KRT39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT40" title="KRT40">40</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">chromosome 12</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KRT71" title="KRT71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT72" title="KRT72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT73" title="KRT73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT74" title="KRT74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT75" title="KRT75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT76" title="KRT76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT77" title="KRT77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT78" title="KRT78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT79" title="KRT79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRT80" title="KRT80">80</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not alpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-keratin" title="Beta-keratin">Beta-keratin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmin" title="Desmin">Desmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glial_fibrillary_acidic_protein" title="Glial fibrillary acidic protein">GFAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripherin" title="Peripherin">Peripherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimentin" title="Vimentin">Vimentin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internexin" title="Internexin">Internexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestin_(protein)" title="Nestin (protein)">Nestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofilament" title="Neurofilament">Neurofilament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NEFL">NEFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEFM" title="NEFM">NEFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEFH" title="NEFH">NEFH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synemin" title="Synemin">Synemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncoilin" title="Syncoilin">Syncoilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamin" title="Lamin">Nuclear lamins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lamin_A/C" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamin A/C">A/C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamin_B1" title="Lamin B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamin_B2" title="Lamin B2">B2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">Microtubules</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Microtubule-associated_protein" title="Microtubule-associated protein">MAPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tubulin" title="Tubulin">Tubulins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TUBA1A" class="mw-redirect" title="TUBA1A">TUBA1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBA1B" title="TUBA1B">TUBA1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBA1C" title="TUBA1C">TUBA1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBA3C" class="mw-redirect" title="TUBA3C">TUBA3C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBA3D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBA3D (page does not exist)">TUBA3D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBA3E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBA3E (page does not exist)">TUBA3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBA4A" title="TUBA4A">TUBA4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBA8" title="TUBA8">TUBA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBB" title="TUBB">TUBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBB1" title="TUBB1">TUBB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBB2A" class="mw-redirect" title="TUBB2A">TUBB2A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBB2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBB2B (page does not exist)">TUBB2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBB2C" class="mw-redirect" title="TUBB2C">TUBB2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBB3" class="mw-redirect" title="TUBB3">TUBB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBB4" class="mw-redirect" title="TUBB4">TUBB4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBB4Q&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBB4Q (page does not exist)">TUBB4Q</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBB6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBB6 (page does not exist)">TUBB6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBB8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBB8 (page does not exist)">TUBB8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBG1" title="TUBG1">TUBG1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBG2" title="TUBG2">TUBG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBGCP2" title="TUBGCP2">TUBGCP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBGCP3" title="TUBGCP3">TUBGCP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBGCP4" title="TUBGCP4">TUBGCP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBGCP5" title="TUBGCP5">TUBGCP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBGCP6" title="TUBGCP6">TUBGCP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBD1" title="TUBD1">TUBD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUBE1" title="TUBE1">TUBE1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microtubule-associated_protein" title="Microtubule-associated protein">MAPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAPRE1" title="MAPRE1">EB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPRE2" title="MAPRE2">EB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPRE3" title="MAPRE3">EB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP1A" title="MAP1A">MAP1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP1B" title="MAP1B">MAP1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP2" class="mw-redirect" title="MAP2">MAP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP4" title="MAP4">MAP4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">Kinesins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KIF1A" title="KIF1A">KIF1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF1B" title="KIF1B">KIF1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF2A" title="KIF2A">KIF2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF2C" title="KIF2C">KIF2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF3B" title="KIF3B">KIF3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF3C" title="KIF3C">KIF3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF4A" title="KIF4A">KIF4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF4B" title="KIF4B">KIF4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF5A" title="KIF5A">KIF5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF5B" title="KIF5B">KIF5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF5C" title="KIF5C">KIF5C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF6" title="KIF6">KIF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF7" title="KIF7">KIF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF9" title="KIF9">KIF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF11" class="mw-redirect" title="KIF11">KIF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF12" title="KIF12">KIF12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF13A" title="KIF13A">KIF13A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF13B" title="KIF13B">KIF13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF14" title="KIF14">KIF14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF15" title="KIF15">KIF15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF16B" title="KIF16B">KIF16B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF17" title="KIF17">KIF17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF18A" title="KIF18A">KIF18A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF18B" title="KIF18B">KIF18B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF19" title="KIF19">KIF19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF20A" title="KIF20A">KIF20A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF20B" title="KIF20B">KIF20B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF21A" title="KIF21A">KIF21A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF21B" title="KIF21B">KIF21B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF22" title="KIF22">KIF22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF23" title="KIF23">KIF23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF24" title="KIF24">KIF24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF25" title="KIF25">KIF25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF26A" title="KIF26A">KIF26A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIF26B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIF26B (page does not exist)">KIF26B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIF27" title="KIF27">KIF27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIFC1" title="KIFC1">KIFC1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIFC2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIFC2 (page does not exist)">KIFC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIFC3" title="KIFC3">KIFC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">Dyneins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>axonemal: <a href="/wiki/DNAH1" title="DNAH1">DNAH1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH2 (page does not exist)">DNAH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH3 (page does not exist)">DNAH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAH5" title="DNAH5">DNAH5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH6 (page does not exist)">DNAH6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAH7" title="DNAH7">DNAH7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH8 (page does not exist)">DNAH8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAH9" title="DNAH9">DNAH9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH10 (page does not exist)">DNAH10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAH11" title="DNAH11">DNAH11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH12 (page does not exist)">DNAH12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH13 (page does not exist)">DNAH13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH14 (page does not exist)">DNAH14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNAH17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNAH17 (page does not exist)">DNAH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAI1" title="DNAI1">DNAI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAI2" title="DNAI2">DNAI2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNALI1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNALI1 (page does not exist)">DNALI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAL1" class="mw-redirect" title="DNAL1">DNAL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAL4" title="DNAL4">DNAL4</a></li></ul> <ul><li>cytoplasmic: <a href="/wiki/DYNC1H1" title="DYNC1H1">DYNC1H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNC2H1" title="DYNC2H1">DYNC2H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNC1I1" title="DYNC1I1">DYNC1I1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNC1I2" title="DYNC1I2">DYNC1I2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNC1LI1" title="DYNC1LI1">DYNC1LI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNC1LI2" title="DYNC1LI2">DYNC1LI2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DYNC2LI1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DYNC2LI1 (page does not exist)">DYNC2LI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNLL1" title="DYNLL1">DYNLL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNLL2" title="DYNLL2">DYNLL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNLRB1" title="DYNLRB1">DYNLRB1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DYNLRB2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DYNLRB2 (page does not exist)">DYNLRB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNLT1" title="DYNLT1">DYNLT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYNLT3" title="DYNLT3">DYNLT3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center" title="Microtubule organizing center">Microtubule organising proteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAMSAP1" title="CAMSAP1">CAMSAP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMSAP2" title="CAMSAP2">CAMSAP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMSAP3" title="CAMSAP3">CAMSAP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrin_1" title="Centrin 1">Centrin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrin_2" title="Centrin 2">Centrin 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrin_3" title="Centrin 3">Centrin 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM1" title="PCM1">PCM1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microtubule severing proteins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katanin" title="Katanin">Katanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastin" title="Spastin">Spastin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tau_protein" title="Tau protein">Tau protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynactin" title="Dynactin">Dynactin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DCTN1" title="DCTN1">DCTN1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stathmin" title="Stathmin">Stathmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektin" title="Tektin">Tektin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEKT1" class="mw-redirect" title="TEKT1">TEKT1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TEKT2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TEKT2 (page does not exist)">TEKT2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TEKT3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TEKT3 (page does not exist)">TEKT3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TEKT4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TEKT4 (page does not exist)">TEKT4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TEKT5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TEKT5 (page does not exist)">TEKT5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamin" title="Dynamin">Dynamin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNM1" title="DNM1">DNM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNM2" title="DNM2">DNM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNM3" title="DNM3">DNM3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catenin" title="Catenin">Catenins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Catenin" title="Α-Catenin">Alpha catenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenin_beta-1" title="Catenin beta-1">Beta catenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli" title="Adenomatous polyposis coli">APC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plakoglobin" title="Plakoglobin">Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-Catenin" title="Δ-Catenin">Delta catenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaxonin" title="Gigaxonin">GAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">Membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin" title="Dystrophin">Dystrophin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystroglycan" title="Dystroglycan">Dystroglycan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrophin" title="Utrophin">Utrophin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankyrin" title="Ankyrin">Ankyrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankyrin-1" title="Ankyrin-1">ANK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankyrin-2" title="Ankyrin-2">ANK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankyrin-3" title="Ankyrin-3">ANK3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrin" title="Spectrin">Spectrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectrin,_alpha_1" title="Spectrin, alpha 1">SPTA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPTAN1" title="SPTAN1">SPTAN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPTB" title="SPTB">SPTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPTBN1" title="SPTBN1">SPTBN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPTBN2" title="SPTBN2">SPTBN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPTBN4" title="SPTBN4">SPTBN4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPTBN5" title="SPTBN5">SPTBN5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plakin" title="Plakin">Plakins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneodesmosin" title="Corneodesmosin">Corneodesmosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplakin" title="Desmoplakin">Desmoplakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystonin" title="Dystonin">Dystonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoplakin" title="Envoplakin">Envoplakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACF1" title="MACF1">MACF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplakin" title="Periplakin">Periplakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plectin" title="Plectin">Plectin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talin_(protein)" title="Talin (protein)">Talin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TLN1" title="TLN1">TLN1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinculin" title="Vinculin">Vinculin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plakophilin" title="Plakophilin">Plakophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plakophilin-1" title="Plakophilin-1">PKP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plakophilin-2" title="Plakophilin-2">PKP2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACF7" class="mw-redirect" title="ACF7">ACF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLEKHA7" title="PLEKHA7">PLEKHA7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonhuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_sperm_protein" title="Major sperm protein">Major sperm proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton" title="Prokaryotic cytoskeleton">Prokaryotic cytoskeleton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescentin" title="Crescentin">Crescentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FtsZ" title="FtsZ">FtsZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MreB" title="MreB">MreB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ParM" title="ParM">ParM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0;"><div><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytoskeletal_defects" title="Template:Cytoskeletal defects">cytoskeletal defects</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Structures_of_the_cell_/_organelles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cellular_structures" title="Template:Cellular structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cellular_structures" title="Template talk:Cellular structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cellular_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cellular structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structures_of_the_cell_/_organelles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Structures of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system" title="Endomembrane system">Endomembrane <br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Cell membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">Endoplasmic reticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenthesome" title="Parenthesome">Parenthesome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagosome" title="Autophagosome">Autophagosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)" title="Vesicle (biology and chemistry)">Vesicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exosome_(vesicle)" title="Exosome (vesicle)">Exosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">Lysosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosome" title="Endosome">Endosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagosome" title="Phagosome">Phagosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrosome" title="Acrosome">Acrosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)">Cytoplasmic granule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanosome" title="Melanosome">Melanosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbody" title="Microbody">Microbody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyoxysome" title="Glyoxysome">Glyoxysome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome" title="Peroxisome">Peroxisome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibel%E2%80%93Palade_body" title="Weibel–Palade body">Weibel–Palade body</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">Cytoskeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">Microfilament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intermediate filament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">Microtubule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton" title="Prokaryotic cytoskeleton">Prokaryotic cytoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center" title="Microtubule organizing center">Microtubule organizing center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrosome" title="Centrosome">Centrosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centriole" title="Centriole">Centriole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_body" title="Basal body">Basal body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_pole_body" title="Spindle pole body">Spindle pole body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofibril" title="Myofibril">Myofibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulipodium" title="Undulipodium">Undulipodium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum#Eukaryotic" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axoneme" title="Axoneme">Axoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_spoke" title="Radial spoke">Radial spoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudopodium">Pseudopodium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamellipodium" title="Lamellipodium">Lamellipodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filopodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Filopodium">Filopodium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">Endosymbionts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucoplast" title="Leucoplast">Leucoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyloplast" title="Amyloplast">Amyloplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaioplast" title="Elaioplast">Elaioplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoplast" title="Proteinoplast">Proteinoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannosome" title="Tannosome">Tannosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroplast" title="Nitroplast">Nitroplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus">Nucleolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">Ribosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spliceosome" title="Spliceosome">Spliceosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(organelle)" title="Vault (organelle)">Vault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">Cytoplasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">Cytosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_inclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytoplasmic inclusion">Inclusions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome">Proteasome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosome" title="Magnetosome">Magnetosome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">Extracellular matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="note" style="font-style: italic;">This article incorporates text from the public domain <a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> and <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001322">IPR001322</a></div> <div role="note" style="font-style: italic;">This article incorporates text from the public domain <a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> and <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR006821">IPR006821</a></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&oldid=1220721011">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_filament&oldid=1220721011</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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