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<button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment_and_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Employment and income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ethnicity and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Urban agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Library </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Annual events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Points_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Points of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Points_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birthplace_of_volleyball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthplace_of_volleyball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Birthplace of volleyball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthplace_of_volleyball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Baseball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Boxing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Golf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Public safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Radio and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecom_and_public_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecom_and_public_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Telecom and public fiber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecom_and_public_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.1 Highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_and_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_and_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.2 Bus and rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_and_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.3 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling_and_walking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling_and_walking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.4 Cycling and walking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling_and_walking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_outreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_outreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Global outreach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_outreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Holyoke, Massachusetts</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83" title="هوليوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوليوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="هولیوک، ماساچوست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولیوک، ماساچوست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(lungsod)" title="Holyoke (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Holyoke (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke" title="Holyoke – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Holyoke" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke" title="Holyoke – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Holyoke" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA_(%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7)" title="Χόλιοκ (Μασαχουσέτη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χόλιοκ (Μασαχουσέτη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="هولیوک، ماساچوست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هولیوک، ماساچوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="هولیوک (ماساچۊست) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هولیوک (ماساچۊست)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%ED%81%AC_(%EB%A7%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%B6%94%EC%84%B8%EC%B8%A0%EC%A3%BC)" title="홀리오크 (매사추세츠주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홀리오크 (매사추세츠주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Холиоук (Массачусетс) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Холиоук (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Холиоук (Массачусетс) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Холиоук (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83" title="هوليوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوليوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF_(%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="ホルヨーク (マサチューセッツ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルヨーク (マサチューセッツ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Голиок (Массачусетс) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Голиок (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Холиок (Массачусетс) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холиок (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Холјок (Масачусетс) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холјок (Масачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke" title="Holyoke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Holyoke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Голиок (Массачусетс) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Голиок (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Голіок (Массачусетс) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голіок (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ہولیوک، میساچوسٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہولیوک، میساچوسٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_(Massachusetts)" title="Holyoke (Massachusetts) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Holyoke (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Holyoke, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B_(%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%B8%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="霍利奥克 (马萨诸塞州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍利奥克 (马萨诸塞州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&params=42_12_26_N_72_36_27_W_region:US-MA_type:city">42°12′26″N 72°36′27″W / 42.20722°N 72.60750°W / 42.20722; -72.60750</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Massachusetts, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Holyoke" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holyoke (disambiguation)">Holyoke (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Massachusetts, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Holyoke, Massachusetts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Holyoke_Skyline.jpg/300px-Holyoke_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Holyoke_Skyline.jpg/450px-Holyoke_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Holyoke_Skyline.jpg/600px-Holyoke_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4997" data-file-height="3323" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:North_High_Street,_Holyoke_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/North_High_Street%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/149px-North_High_Street%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/North_High_Street%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/224px-North_High_Street%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/North_High_Street%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/298px-North_High_Street%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park,_Holyoke_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/149px-Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/224px-Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/298px-Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Beech_Street_in_Spring,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Beech_Street_in_Spring%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/149px-Beech_Street_in_Spring%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Beech_Street_in_Spring%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/224px-Beech_Street_in_Spring%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Beech_Street_in_Spring%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/298px-Beech_Street_in_Spring%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5213" data-file-height="3467" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Dam_during_thaw,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Holyoke_Dam_during_thaw%2C_2018.jpg/149px-Holyoke_Dam_during_thaw%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Holyoke_Dam_during_thaw%2C_2018.jpg/224px-Holyoke_Dam_during_thaw%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Holyoke_Dam_during_thaw%2C_2018.jpg/298px-Holyoke_Dam_during_thaw%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4304" data-file-height="2862" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: The Holyoke skyline with the clock tower of <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">City Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a> in the background, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Canalwalk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a>, the Beech Street landscape in spring, and <a href="/wiki/North_High_Street_Historic_District_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="North High Street Historic District (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">North High Street Historic District</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Holyoke, Massachusetts"><img alt="Flag of Holyoke, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Flag_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Flag_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="267" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Holyoke, Massachusetts"><img alt="Official seal of Holyoke, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="579" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_CityLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Holyoke, Massachusetts"><img alt="Official logo of Holyoke, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Holyoke_CityLogo.svg/100px-Holyoke_CityLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Holyoke_CityLogo.svg/150px-Holyoke_CityLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Holyoke_CityLogo.svg/200px-Holyoke_CityLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="40" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Wordmark" title="Wordmark">Wordmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Paper City<a href="#cite_note-wpa-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-basbanes-2">[2]</a> Birthplace of Volleyball<a href="#cite_note-fodor-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-degroot-4">[4]</a> The Venice of America<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Industria et Copia (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) "Industry and Abundance"<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Holyoke_highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts"><img alt="Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Holyoke_highlighted.svg/250px-Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Holyoke_highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Holyoke_highlighted.svg/375px-Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Holyoke_highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Holyoke_highlighted.svg/500px-Hampden_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Holyoke_highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="485" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts is located in Massachusetts"><img alt="Holyoke, Massachusetts is located in Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="717" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.513%;left:27.313%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Holyoke, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Holyoke, Massachusetts</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div>Show map of Massachusetts</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts is located in the United States"><img alt="Holyoke, Massachusetts is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.624%;left:87.147%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Holyoke, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Holyoke, Massachusetts</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Holyoke, Massachusetts (the United States)</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&params=42_12_26_N_72_36_27_W_region:US-MA_type:city">42°12′26″N 72°36′27″W / 42.20722°N 72.60750°W / 42.20722; -72.60750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1655</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (parish)<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">July 7, 1786<a href="#cite_note-Holland1855-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (town)</th><td class="infobox-data">March 14, 1850<a href="#cite_note-town-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">April 7, 1873<a href="#cite_note-city-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Ewing" title="George C. Ewing">George C. Ewing</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Associates">Boston Associates</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizur_Holyoke" title="Elizur Holyoke">Elizur Holyoke</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">Mayor-council city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mayors of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Garcia" title="Joshua A. Garcia">Joshua A. Garcia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-12">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22.80 sq mi (59.05 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">21.17 sq mi (54.83 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1.63 sq mi (4.23 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">200 ft (60 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,202 ft (366 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">38,328<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,806.32/sq mi (697.43/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Holyoker<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Holyokian<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> (rare)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ZIP Codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">01040, 01041 (<a href="/wiki/Post-office_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-office box">P.O.</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_413" title="Area code 413">413</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25-30840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">0617679</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyoke.org">www.holyoke.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Holyoke is a city in <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County, Massachusetts</a>, United States, that lies between the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a>. As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 census</a>, the city had a population of 38,247.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2020-15">[14]</a> Located 8 miles (13 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, Holyoke is part of the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Springfield Metropolitan Area</a>, one of the two distinct metropolitan areas in Massachusetts. Holyoke is among the early <a href="/wiki/Planned_community#Industrialization" title="Planned community">planned industrial cities</a> in the United States. Built in tandem with the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a> to utilize the water power of Hadley Falls, it is one of a handful of cities in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> built on the <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> During the late 19th century the city produced an estimated 80% of the writing paper used in the United States and was home to the <a href="/wiki/D._H._%26_A._B._Tower" title="D. H. & A. B. Tower">largest paper mill architectural firm</a> in the country,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> as well as the largest paper, silk, and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpaca wool">alpaca wool</a> mills in the world.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Although a considerably smaller number of businesses in Holyoke work in the paper industry today,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> it is still commonly referred to as "The Paper City".<a href="#cite_note-wpa-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-basbanes-2">[2]</a> Today the city contains a number of specialty manufacturing companies,<a href="#cite_note-mfgspecialties-22">[21]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a>, an intercollegiate research facility which opened in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Holyoke is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a> and known as the "Birthplace of Volleyball", as the internationally played <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Volleyball at the Summer Olympics">Olympic sport</a> was invented and first played at the local <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> chapter by <a href="/wiki/William_G._Morgan" title="William G. Morgan">William G. Morgan</a> in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-fodor-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-degroot-4">[4]</a> While managing the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Testing_Flume" title="Holyoke Testing Flume">Holyoke Testing Flume</a> in the 1880s, hydraulic engineer <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Herschel" title="Clemens Herschel">Clemens Herschel</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Venturi_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Venturi meter">Venturi meter</a> to determine the water use of individual mills in the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a>. This device, the first accurate means of measuring large-scale flows, is widely used in a number of engineering applications today, including <a href="/wiki/Waterworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterworks">waterworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carburators" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburators">carburators</a>, as well as aviation instrumentation.<a href="#cite_note-unwin-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Powered by these municipally-owned canals, Holyoke has among the lowest electricity costs in the Commonwealth,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> and as of 2016 between 85% and 90% of the city's energy was <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutral">carbon neutral</a>, with administrative goals in place to reach 100% in the future.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_papermaking_in_Massachusetts" title="History of papermaking in Massachusetts">History of papermaking in Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mills in Holyoke, Massachusetts">List of mills in Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Timeline of Holyoke, Massachusetts</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FarrerThomasCharlesMountTom1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FarrerThomasCharlesMountTom1865.jpg/300px-FarrerThomasCharlesMountTom1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FarrerThomasCharlesMountTom1865.jpg/450px-FarrerThomasCharlesMountTom1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FarrerThomasCharlesMountTom1865.jpg/600px-FarrerThomasCharlesMountTom1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Mount Tom, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1865, by Thomas Charles Farrer, oil on canvas, as seen at the National Gallery of Art</figcaption></figure> The Indigenous people of Holyoke and South Hadley Falls were the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a>. Though records are incomplete, the area was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Pocomtuc" title="Pocomtuc">Pocomtuc</a>, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Agawam_people" title="Agawam people">Agawam</a> or Nonotuck.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> English colonists arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut River Valley">Connecticut River Valley</a> in 1633, when traders from the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Plantation</a> established a post at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor, Connecticut</a>. In 1636, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> assistant treasurer and Puritan iconoclast <a href="/wiki/William_Pynchon" title="William Pynchon">William Pynchon</a> led a group of settlers from <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxbury, Massachusetts">Roxbury, Massachusetts</a> to the Valley to establish Springfield on land scouts had found to be advantageous for farming and trading. This settlement was built north of the Connecticut River's first major falls, <a href="/wiki/Enfield_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfield Falls">Enfield Falls</a>, where seagoing vessels had to transfer cargo into smaller shallops to continue northward on the river. Due to its proximity to the banks of the river Springfield quickly became a successful settlement on the Bay Path to Boston, as well as the Massachusetts Path to Albany. Originally, the settlement spanned both sides of the river but was partitioned in 1774 with the land on the western bank becoming <a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield, Massachusetts</a>. This area, previously allotted to landowners on the east side of the river in Springfield, was settled by colonists by 1655, and included what is now Holyoke.<a href="#cite_note-Holland1855-9">[8]</a>: 148  Holyoke as a geographic entity was initially incorporated as the 3rd parish of West Springfield on July 7, 1786, and was called "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish".<a href="#cite_note-Holland1855-9">[8]</a>: 70  The area's first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office%E2%80%93Holyoke_Main" title="United States Post Office–Holyoke Main">post office</a>, "Ireland", was established June 3, 1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster; it was discontinued in 1883. Another, "Ireland Depot", was established February 26, 1847, with John M. Chapin as first postmaster, and assumed the town name upon Holyoke's incorporation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Though the name Hampden was considered, the area was subsequently named for earlier Springfield settler <a href="/wiki/William_Pynchon" title="William Pynchon">William Pynchon</a>'s son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Elizur_Holyoke" title="Elizur Holyoke">Elizur Holyoke</a>, who had first explored the area in the 1650s.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Following land acquisitions and development by the Hadley Falls Company, the town of Holyoke was officially incorporated on March 14, 1850.<a href="#cite_note-town-10">[9]</a> The first official town meeting took place a week later, on March 22, 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Holland1855-9">[8]</a>: 76–77  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laying_of_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam,_3pm,_January_5,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laying_of_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam%2C_3pm%2C_January_5%2C_1900.jpg/220px-Laying_of_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam%2C_3pm%2C_January_5%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laying_of_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam%2C_3pm%2C_January_5%2C_1900.jpg/330px-Laying_of_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam%2C_3pm%2C_January_5%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laying_of_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam%2C_3pm%2C_January_5%2C_1900.jpg/440px-Laying_of_the_last_stone_in_the_Holyoke_Dam%2C_3pm%2C_January_5%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>The last stone is laid at the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a>, 3 p.m., January 5, 1900.</figcaption></figure> A part of <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a> was separated from the rest of the town by the creation of <a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a> in 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, which was subject to frequent flooding. The neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">dam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a> in 1849 and the subsequent construction of water-powered mills, particularly <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a>, the first and last to operate in the city, being those of the <a href="/wiki/Parsons_Paper_Company" title="Parsons Paper Company">Parsons Paper Company</a>. At one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Machine_Company" title="Holyoke Machine Company">Holyoke Machine Company</a>, manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of the era.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Street_Railway,_The_Flats,_1937.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Holyoke_Street_Railway%2C_The_Flats%2C_1937.png/220px-Holyoke_Street_Railway%2C_The_Flats%2C_1937.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Holyoke_Street_Railway%2C_The_Flats%2C_1937.png/330px-Holyoke_Street_Railway%2C_The_Flats%2C_1937.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Holyoke_Street_Railway%2C_The_Flats%2C_1937.png/440px-Holyoke_Street_Railway%2C_The_Flats%2C_1937.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wason_Manufacturing_Company" title="Wason Manufacturing Company">Wason</a> streetcar operated by the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Street_Railway" title="Holyoke Street Railway">Holyoke Street Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurban system</a>, shortly before its dismantlement in 1937. The railway was first in the nation to use <a href="/wiki/Thermite_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermite welding">thermite welding</a> for its tracks.<a href="#cite_note-first-36">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> Holyoke's population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. Due to this staggering growth the municipality was officially incorporated as a city on April 7, 1873, only 23 years after its initial incorporation as the "Town of Holyoke".<a href="#cite_note-city-11">[10]</a> Later that year the city elected its first mayor, <a href="/wiki/William_B._C._Pearsons" title="William B. C. Pearsons">William B. C. Pearsons</a>, who, a quarter-century earlier, had established himself among the first lawyers in the city, and was the first editorial writer of the area newspaper-of-record, the <a href="/wiki/Hampden_Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampden Freeman">Hampden Freeman</a>, best known as the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram" title="Holyoke Transcript-Telegram">Holyoke Transcript-Telegram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_St._Showing_Holyoke_Range_in_distance,_Holyoke,_Mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/High_St._Showing_Holyoke_Range_in_distance%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg/220px-High_St._Showing_Holyoke_Range_in_distance%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/High_St._Showing_Holyoke_Range_in_distance%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg/330px-High_St._Showing_Holyoke_Range_in_distance%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/High_St._Showing_Holyoke_Range_in_distance%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg/440px-High_St._Showing_Holyoke_Range_in_distance%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>High Street, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920</figcaption></figure> By 1885, Holyoke was the largest single producer of paper of any city in the United States, producing around 190 tons per day, more than double the next-largest producer, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, producing 69 tons per day despite having a population nearly 40 times its size. Before 1900 Holyoke would produce 320 tons per day, predominantly of writing paper.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In 1888, Holyoke's paper industry spurred the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Ampad" title="Ampad">American Pad & Paper Company (AMPAD)</a>, which as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit">[update]</a> was one of the largest suppliers of office products in the world. Holyoke was also previously the location of the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/American_Writing_Paper_Company" title="American Writing Paper Company">American Writing Paper Company</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trust_company" title="Trust company">trust company</a> established in 1899 with the merging of 23 <a href="/wiki/Rag_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rag paper">rag paper</a> mills, 13 of which were located in Holyoke. At one point the company was the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Fine_paper" title="Fine paper">fine papers</a> in the world, but leadership lacking technical knowledge of the industry led the company to fold by 1963.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-green-41">[40]</a> The availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of America's major regional utilities. The city was thus a rare unaffected area in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_1965" title="Northeast blackout of 1965">Northeast blackout of 1965</a>, for example.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In addition to developments in the paper and textile industries, a number of industrial inventions would arise out of the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first and most prominent hydraulic testing lab in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Testing_Flume" title="Holyoke Testing Flume">Holyoke Testing Flume</a> performed 3,176 tests to establish turbine efficiency from 1870 to 1932.<a href="#cite_note-barrett-44">[43]</a>: 100  Among the flume's resulting developments were <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Herschel" title="Clemens Herschel">Clemens Herschel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi meter</a> in 1888,<a href="#cite_note-unwin-24">[23]</a> the first accurate way to measure large-scale flows, as well as the Hercules turbine by <a href="/wiki/John_B._McCormick" title="John B. McCormick">John B. McCormick</a> in 1899, the first mixed flow turbine.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Other pioneering developments included the first use of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Goldschmidt" title="Hans Goldschmidt">Hans Goldschmidt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_welding" title="Exothermic welding">exothermic welding</a> process in the Americas in 1904, by George E. Pellissier and the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Street_Railway" title="Holyoke Street Railway">Holyoke Street Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-first-36">[35]</a> In electronics, the world's first commercial <a href="/wiki/Toll_(telecommunications)" title="Toll (telecommunications)">toll line</a>, between the city's Hotel Jess and a location in Springfield, entered service on June 15, 1878.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The city was also home to <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Cahill" title="Thaddeus Cahill">Thaddeus Cahill</a>'s New England Electric Music Company which, on March 16, 1906, demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a>, the world's first electromechanical instrument, a predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-telharmonium-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Maps of Holyoke, Massachusetts</a> at Wikimedia Commons</dd></dl> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 375px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; border: 1px solid; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Holyoke_location_map_lg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Holyoke Neighborhoods"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/USA_Holyoke_location_map_lg.svg/375px-USA_Holyoke_location_map_lg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="567" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/USA_Holyoke_location_map_lg.svg/563px-USA_Holyoke_location_map_lg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/USA_Holyoke_location_map_lg.svg/750px-USA_Holyoke_location_map_lg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="266" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:217.3px; top:99px"><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:202.67px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highland Park</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:218.07px; top:294px"><a href="/wiki/Highlands,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highlands, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highlands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:176.4px; top:294px">Jarvis</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:171.4px; top:303px">Avenue</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:206.32px; top:330.4px"><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Oakdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Oakdale</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:299px; top:334px"><a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:298px; top:344px"><a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Flats</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:256.52px; top:320.2px">Downtown</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:244px; top:350.2px"><a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Churchill, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Churchill</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:271px; top:364px"><a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:266px; top:372px"><a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:229.6px; top:389px"><a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:79.1px; top:334.9px"><a href="/wiki/Rock_Valley,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Rock Valley, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Rock Valley</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:204.6px; top:367px"><a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Elmwood</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:143.134px; top:386.85px">Homestead</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:150.134px; top:399px">Avenue</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:189.134px; top:416.85px"><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Farms,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Whiting Farms, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Whiting</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:191.134px; top:427px"><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Farms,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Whiting Farms, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Farms</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:467px"><a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:19px; top:512px"><big>^ N</big></div> Neighborhoods of Holyoke, Massachusetts </div> Holyoke is located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&params=42_12_11_N_72_37_26_W_type:city">42°12′11″N 72°37′26″W / 42.20306°N 72.62389°W / 42.20306; -72.62389</a> (42.203191, −72.623969).<a href="#cite_note-GR1-48">[47]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 22.8 square miles (59 km2), of which 21.3 square miles (55 km2) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) (6.70%) is water. The city is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Southampton,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton, MA">Southampton</a> and Westfield to the west, <a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Easthampton, MA">Easthampton</a> to the north, Hadley, <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hadley, MA">South Hadley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicopee, MA">Chicopee</a> as river borders to the east, and <a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="West Springfield, MA">West Springfield</a> to the south. Holyoke is the location of <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Hampden_County,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mountain (Hampden County, Massachusetts)">East Mountain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a>, at 1,202 feet (366 m) the highest <a href="/wiki/Traprock_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Traprock mountain">traprock</a> peak on the <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a>, a linear mountain range that extends from <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> border. The most densely populated area, lying between the Mount Tom Range and the Connecticut River, is characterized by a series of terraces separated by wooded ravines, known as <a href="/wiki/Dell_(landform)" title="Dell (landform)">dingles</a>, which drain to the river.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, and <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> ecosystems. The 110-mile (180 km) <a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a> traverses the Mount Tom Range and East Mountain. Fossilized dinosaur tracks and specimens can be found at the foot of these mountains due to their unique geology. A species of dinosaur, <a href="/wiki/Podokesaurus_holyokensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Podokesaurus holyokensis">Podokesaurus holyokensis</a>, whose fossils were first discovered across the river in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hadley">South Hadley</a>, was given its name for the area,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and the city has in recent years passed measures to try to protect fossils in parks from theft or vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> The city of Holyoke contains 15 distinct neighborhoods. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Oakdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Oakdale</a>, were conceived by individual developers as <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar suburbs">streetcar suburbs</a> for mill workers in the 19th century, whereas others like <a href="/wiki/Rock_Valley,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Rock Valley, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Rock Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Elmwood</a> were villages within <a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a> that predate the city. Additionally a number of names such as <a href="/wiki/George_C._Ewing#Ewingville" title="George C. Ewing">Ewingville</a> and Elmwood Heights<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> have been used historically but have become defunct as separate entities. In alphabetical order, Holyoke's neighborhoods are:<a href="#cite_note-CoHMap-53">[52]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Churchill, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Churchill</a> – features <a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst" title="Wistariahurst">Wistariahurst</a> and the Holyoke Senior Center.</li> <li>Downtown – features <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">City Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Elmwood</a> – the city's oldest neighborhood; predating Holyoke, it was originally known as "Baptist Village"<a href="#cite_note-macris-54">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The Flats</a> – features the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a> and many prominent structures built by the Hadley Falls Company in the mid-19th century, as well as the Holyoke Innovation District<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highlands, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highland Park</a></li> <li>Homestead Avenue – features the <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Reservoir" title="Ashley Reservoir">Ashley Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a> – features the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Mall">Holyoke Mall</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuestras_Raices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuestras Raices (page does not exist)">Nuestras Raices</a>.</li> <li>Jarvis Avenue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Oakdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Oakdale</a> – features <a href="/wiki/Forestdale_Cemetery" title="Forestdale Cemetery">Forestdale Cemetery</a>, Rohan Park, and the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Medical_Center" title="Holyoke Medical Center">Holyoke Medical Center</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Valley,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Rock Valley, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Rock Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a> – features the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Footprints_Reservation" title="Dinosaur Footprints Reservation">Dinosaur Footprints Reservation</a>. Annexed from Northampton in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-act-57">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a> – features the Puerto Rican-Afro Caribbean Cultural Center and the Holyoke Turner Hall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a> – features Springdale Park, the city's largest flagship park designed by the <a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Farms,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Whiting Farms, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Whiting Farms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buildings in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Buildings in Holyoke, Massachusetts</a> at Wikimedia Commons</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casper_Ranger_House,_Holyoke_Mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Casper_Ranger_House%2C_Holyoke_Mass.jpg/300px-Casper_Ranger_House%2C_Holyoke_Mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Casper_Ranger_House%2C_Holyoke_Mass.jpg/450px-Casper_Ranger_House%2C_Holyoke_Mass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Casper_Ranger_House%2C_Holyoke_Mass.jpg/600px-Casper_Ranger_House%2C_Holyoke_Mass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5352" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>The Casper Ranger House, a rare example of a building designed by its namesake contractor, whose construction work encompassed many of Holyoke's neighborhoods as well as prominent buildings on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College's</a> campus.<a href="#cite_note-testimony-58">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauthier_Block,_Holyoke,_Mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gauthier_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg/200px-Gauthier_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gauthier_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg/300px-Gauthier_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gauthier_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg/400px-Gauthier_Block%2C_Holyoke%2C_Mass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4952" data-file-height="3592" /></a><figcaption>Gauthier Block, one of several <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> brick tenements designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Beauchemin" title="Oscar Beauchemin">Oscar Beauchemin</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albion_Paper_Mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Albion_Paper_Mill.jpg/200px-Albion_Paper_Mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Albion_Paper_Mill.jpg/300px-Albion_Paper_Mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Albion_Paper_Mill.jpg/400px-Albion_Paper_Mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5688" data-file-height="3993" /></a><figcaption>The Albion Paper Mill, designed by internationally renowned mill architect <a href="/wiki/David_H._Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Tower">David H. Tower</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1869, an example of <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire architecture">Second Empire</a> industrial architecture in the city</figcaption></figure> Holyoke's industrial development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to a massive demand for new housing as the population grew by more than 1000% from the years from 1850 to 1890.<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-60">[59]</a> Initially this demand was filled by company housing, including such examples as the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_Falls_Company_Housing_District" title="Hadley Falls Company Housing District">Hadley Falls Company Housing District</a>, whose structures were built in 1847–1848. Gradually the Holyoke Water Power Company began building housing on its land holdings to sell to working families,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and by the end of the 19th century more private developments had begun to appear. Holyoke's architecture can be characterized by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire architecture">Second Empire</a>, with some <a href="/wiki/Tudor_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor revival">Tudor revival</a> examples throughout its neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The city is also home to at least two examples of works by national architects, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">Holyoke City Hall</a> designed in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> style by <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Atwood" title="Charles B. Atwood">Charles B. Atwood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nris-63">[62]</a> and the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_station#Connecticut_River_Railroad_Station" title="Holyoke station">Connecticut River Railroad Station</a> designed by eminent architect <a href="/wiki/H._H._Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Richardson">H. H. Richardson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ochsner-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rowhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowhouses">Philadelphia rowhouses</a> are also a common feature among residential streets in downtown area.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Throughout its history Holyoke has been home to a number of architects who shaped its unique urban landscape. The most prominent included <a href="/wiki/George_P._B._Alderman" title="George P. B. Alderman">George P. B. Alderman</a>, who designed industrial buildings as well as the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Post Office">Holyoke Post Office</a>, apartment blocks, and many of the city's iconic <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> estates. Alderman started his independent practice after being an apprentice to <a href="/wiki/James_A._Clough" title="James A. Clough">James A. Clough</a> of Clough & Reid, who is best known as the architect of the former iconic Mount Tom Summit Houses as well as the Holyoke Public Library. Architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Beauchemin" title="Oscar Beauchemin">Oscar Beauchemin</a>'s work shaped both the Main Street landscape of <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a> and many large multi-colored brick tenements built in mixed density housing can be attributed to him, often with <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Revival">Renaissance Revival</a> architectural motifs. Holyoke's own millwright engineers and architects David and Ashley Tower, doing business as <a href="/wiki/D._H._%26_A._B._Tower" title="D. H. & A. B. Tower">D. H. & A. B. Tower</a>, would go on to design more than 100 mills in the latter half of the 19th century, and in many respects made Holyoke synonymous with its present-day handle "The Paper City". Holyoke's paper mills from this period were largely the work of the brothers, who designed mills on five continents and among the first of <a href="/wiki/Kimberly-Clark" title="Kimberly-Clark">Kimberly-Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crane_Currency" title="Crane Currency">Crane Currency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-westmasshist-67">[66]</a> In sum they would design 16 factories and mills in Holyoke and, including minor design roles, performed engineering work in some capacity on 25 of the city's in total.<a href="#cite_note-testimony2-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_industrial_community">Planned industrial community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Planned industrial community">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolyokeTownSeal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HolyokeTownSeal.svg/150px-HolyokeTownSeal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HolyokeTownSeal.svg/225px-HolyokeTownSeal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HolyokeTownSeal.svg/300px-HolyokeTownSeal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The town seal used from 1850 to 1874; it contains a <a href="/wiki/Beehive#Symbolism" title="Beehive">beehive</a>, in heraldry symbolizing industriousness and cooperation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Hadley_Falls_Plan_1853.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Holyoke_Hadley_Falls_Plan_1853.png/280px-Holyoke_Hadley_Falls_Plan_1853.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Holyoke_Hadley_Falls_Plan_1853.png/420px-Holyoke_Hadley_Falls_Plan_1853.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Holyoke_Hadley_Falls_Plan_1853.png/560px-Holyoke_Hadley_Falls_Plan_1853.png 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="3531" /></a><figcaption>Early plan of Holyoke, its canal system and roads, drafted by the Hadley Falls Company in 1853 and designed by Philander Anderson and assistant Samuel Chase</figcaption></figure> As one of the first planned industrial communities in the United States, downtown Holyoke features <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">rectilinear street grids</a>—a novelty in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. This street hierarchy was seen as an economic development tool as it lends well to high-rise buildings, and the surrounding canals could be landscaped for recreation. Whereas New York's <a href="/wiki/Commissioner%27s_Plan_of_1811" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner's Plan of 1811">Commissioner's Plan of 1811</a> lays out a system of numbered streets and avenues, engineer Philander Anderson laid out the names of routes in Holyoke's grid system alternating between tree species for North to South streets (Sycamore, Locust, Linden, Oak, Beech, Pine, Walnut, Elm, Chestnut, Maple), and the names of the Hadley Falls Company founders (<a href="/wiki/George_W._Lyman" title="George W. Lyman">Lyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dwight" title="Edmund Dwight">Dwight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">Appleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabot_family#Samuel_Cabot" title="Cabot family">Cabot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Sargent" title="Ignatius Sargent">Sargeant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Tracy_Jackson" title="Patrick Tracy Jackson">Jackson</a>), as well as several Massachusetts counties (<a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a>) for thoroughfares running east to west.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The city's advantageous location on the Connecticut River—the largest river in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>—beside Hadley Falls, the river's steepest drop (60 feet), attracted the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Associates">Boston Associates</a>, who had successfully developed <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>' <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-valleyadvocate.com-72">[71]</a> From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Holyoke was the world's biggest <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-valleyadvocate.com-72">[71]</a> The elaborate <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a>, built to power paper and textile mills, distinguishes it from other Connecticut River cities. A series of railways running parallel to these canals also provided easy access to freight, a number of which remain operational today under the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Railroad" title="Pioneer Valley Railroad">Pioneer Valley Railroad</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,245</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,997</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,733</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+114.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,915</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+104.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">35,637</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+62.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">45,712</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">57,730</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,203</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">53,750</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,661</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,689</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,112</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,678</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">43,704</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,838</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,880</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,247</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,720</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-60">[59]</a></div><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> As of the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> of 2020, there were 38,247 people in 15,062 households. There were 16,874 housing units in the city.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The racial makeup in 2017 was 84.9% <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> (33.0% <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic white</a>), 21.8% <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a>, 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, 1.6% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> (0.4% <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian</a>, 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a>), 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a>, 6.6% some other race, and 4.6% from <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">mixed race</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanics and Latinos</a> of any race were 51.2% of the population (40.7% <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in Holyoke">Puerto Rican</a>, 7.3% <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a>, 6.4% <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a>, 1.8% <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a>, 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a>, 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a>, 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a>). The ten largest ancestry groups in the city were <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Irish in Holyoke">Irish</a> (13.4%), <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a> (8.3%), <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the French in Holyoke">French</a> (7.2%), <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Holyoke">German</a> (4.4%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> (3.8%), <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> (3.6%), <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French-Canadian</a> (3.3%), <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a> (2.8%), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> (1.0%), and <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">sub-Saharan African</a> (0.9%). <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigrants</a> accounted for 28.8% of the population. The ten most common countries of origin for immigrants in the city were the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-75">[74]</a> There were 15,361 households in 2010, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.5% were headed by <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 24.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. Of all households, 32.0% were made up of individuals, and 12.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.16.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-75">[74]</a> In the city, 26.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% were from 18 to 24, 25.5% were from 25 to 44, 23.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-75">[74]</a> The city reached a peak rank as the 82nd largest city in the United States by 1900, comparable to the standing of Buffalo (83rd) or Scottsdale (85th) among cities in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopEstCities-77">[76]</a> Holyoke reached its peak population before the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> with an estimated 62,300 residents according reported in 1913 by the school superintendent at that time, and 65,286 reported for 1916 by the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Following a period of de-industrialization after the war and into the end of the 20th century, the population briefly stabilized during the first decade of the 21st century before continuing to decline during the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_and_income">Employment and income</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Employment and income">edit</a>]</div> For the period 2013–2017, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $37,954, and the median income for a family was $46,940. Male full-time workers had a median income of $46,888 versus $41,406 for females. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $22,625. About 24.7% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 45.6% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> As of 2017, the city had the most recipients of <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance</a> per capita of any in Massachusetts, with 37% of residents receiving such benefits. Of all ZIP codes in the Commonwealth, including those of Boston, Holyoke had the third highest total households receiving such assistance, with the highest per capita of any of the state's 351 municipalities, representing 54% of all households.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-meixell1-82">[81]</a> A 2020 study by the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a> found Holyoke to be the least socio-economically inclusive city in New England for minorities, despite them representing the largest group demographically. The report found between 2010 and 2015 the racial educational attainment gap narrowed by 30%, but homeownership declined slightly, and the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a> marginally increased.<a href="#cite_note-meixell1-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and immigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Ethnography" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts § Ethnography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the French in Holyoke">History of the French in Holyoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Holyoke">Germans in Holyoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Irish in Holyoke">History of the Irish in Holyoke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in Holyoke">Puerto Ricans in Holyoke</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke,_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif/270px-Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif" decoding="async" width="270" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif/405px-Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif/540px-Holyoke%2C_Mass_141_Laundry_Mr_Lee_Wong_Hing.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="431" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Immigration_(1855-1920).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg/270px-Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg/405px-Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg/540px-Holyoke_Immigration_%281855-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="339" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A High Street laundry shop owned and operated by Mr. Lee Wong Hing, a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese American</a> merchant, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1904; populations of foreign-born nationals residing in Holyoke during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></div></div></div></div> Throughout its history Holyoke has undergone fluctuations in different foreign-born demographics. In the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1890 United States Census">1890 census</a>, Holyoke had the third most foreign-born residents, per capita, of any city in the United States, with 47% of residents born in another country; this was exceeded only by <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-green-41">[40]</a> Later waves of immigration led to significant growth and cultural influence of communities of Germans, Italians, Jews, Poles, and Scots into the first half of the 20th century, and Puerto Ricans, Greeks, Colombians, and Dominicans in the subsequent decades. Historically, a city of working-class immigrants, the first wave of millworkers was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>. Irish immigrants began settling in the region before the construction of the dam and industrialization that followed, granting the area the name "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish." While colonists had claimed lands by 1655, it was only in the following decade that homesteads would appear. Traditional accounts refer to John Riley as the first permanent settler of Holyoke,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-storyof-84">[83]</a>: 12  but while Riley owned 28 acres along "Riley's Brook" (Tannery Brook in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a>), his daughters Mary and Margaret, and their <a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestant">Irish Protestant</a> husbands, Joseph Ely and William MacCranny, first resided there beginning in 1667.<a href="#cite_note-stone-85">[84]</a>: 10  By the time West Springfield was partitioned in 1707, a number of Irish families had moved to the Parish. With the emergence of Holyoke's industrial base, a new wave of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> immigration occurred and by 1855 a third of residents were of Irish heritage. Holyoke's Irish roots are celebrated today in its annual <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade" title="Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade">St. Patrick's Day Parade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In the 1850s, mill owners began to recruit <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French-Canadians</a>, regarded as docile and less likely to create <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a> due to their agrarian backgrounds and anti-unionism promoted by Québecois clergy at that time.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Many Québecois workers were first recruited by Nicholas Proulx (anglicized as Prew) who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ours,_Quebec" title="Saint-Ours, Quebec">Saint-Ours, Quebec</a> and arrived in Holyoke in 1856. He and his sons would import a number of line workers for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Mills_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Mills (company) (page does not exist)">Lyman Mills</a>, including his son John J. Prew, who founded <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a> and became the first French member of the city council, then the board of aldermen.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-thefrench-89">[88]</a> By 1900, one in three residents were French or French Canadian descent,<a href="#cite_note-thefrench-89">[88]</a> and when the city reached its peak population of 62,300 in 1913, this number had become one in four, while the city contained the 7th largest French or French Canadian immigrant population in the country, exceeding Chicago's at that time.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> By 1980, reflecting economic and cultural changes, this population comprised 10% of the population, a similar figure to those who identified as French or French Canadian in the 2010 census.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCensus-92">[91]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Turnverein,_South_Holyoke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Holyoke_Turnverein%2C_South_Holyoke.jpg/240px-Holyoke_Turnverein%2C_South_Holyoke.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Holyoke_Turnverein%2C_South_Holyoke.jpg/360px-Holyoke_Turnverein%2C_South_Holyoke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Holyoke_Turnverein%2C_South_Holyoke.jpg/480px-Holyoke_Turnverein%2C_South_Holyoke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5558" data-file-height="3696" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_Park_(Bonin_Field),_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Germania_Park_%28Bonin_Field%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/240px-Germania_Park_%28Bonin_Field%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Germania_Park_%28Bonin_Field%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/360px-Germania_Park_%28Bonin_Field%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Germania_Park_%28Bonin_Field%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/480px-Germania_Park_%28Bonin_Field%29%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4170" data-file-height="4134" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Holyoke <a href="/wiki/Turners#History_in_the_United_States" title="Turners">Turner Hall</a> (2018), a vestige of the former Germania Mills einwandererkolonie (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> immigrant colony); the former Germania Park with worker housing and Lutheran Church (1941), now Bonin Field</div></div></div></div> Beginning at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, an influx of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Ricans</a> and other Latino groups began to migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast United States">Northeast United States</a>, driven largely by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_Farm_Labor_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puerto Rican Farm Labor Program (page does not exist)">Farm Labor Program</a> initiated by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Labor">US Department of Labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Not unlike the <a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a>, in the following decades the agency recruited Puerto Rican laborers to work on agricultural land in the continental United States; in the case of Holyoke, many worked on valley tobacco farms,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and arrived in the city in search of better job opportunities at the mills as previous generations had.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The first permanent Puerto Rican resident was said to have been Domingo Perez; a landlord who later became among the first to be appointed in city government, he was reported to have arrived in Holyoke around 1955.<a href="#cite_note-econspec-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> By 1970 the number of Puerto Rican residents numbered around 5,000;<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> however, by that time, many faced a city economy in free fall. Holyoke's mills had closed due to the changing economic landscape of early <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>; from 1955 to 1970, one of every two industrial jobs vanished.<a href="#cite_note-econspec-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Despite economic and social difficulties the population grew significantly during the 1980s, and from 1990 to 2016, the buying power of the Latino community at-large increased by nearly 300%.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Today Latinos form the city's largest minority group, with the largest Puerto Rican population per capita of any American city outside Puerto Rico proper, at 44.7%.<a href="#cite_note-USCensus-92">[91]</a> The entire Latino population of Holyoke, as of the 2010 census, was 19,313, or 48.4% of the city's population of 39,880. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mater_Dolorosa_Parish,_Holyoke_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mater_Dolorosa_Parish%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/150px-Mater_Dolorosa_Parish%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mater_Dolorosa_Parish%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/225px-Mater_Dolorosa_Parish%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mater_Dolorosa_Parish%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/300px-Mater_Dolorosa_Parish%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Mater Dolorosa Parish</figcaption></figure> Holyoke is home to houses of worship for numerous denominations of Christianity and Judaism. One of the city's oldest monikers was <a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Baptist Village</a> as the first congregation established there was the First Baptist Church of Holyoke, which first erected a meetinghouse in 1792, traces its origins to five baptisms on the shores of the Connecticut in 1725, and continues as a congregation today.<a href="#cite_note-stone-85">[84]</a> As of 2010 an estimated 60% of Holyoke was religious, with the largest demographic being Christians, more specifically <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>, who comprised 49% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In 2011, two Catholic parishes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Cross_Parish,_Holyoke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Cross Parish, Holyoke (page does not exist)">Holy Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mater_Dolorosa_Parish,_Holyoke" title="Mater Dolorosa Parish, Holyoke">Mater Dolorosa</a> were merged into Our Lady of the Cross Parish.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> A number of other Catholic parishes, including Our Lady of Guadalupe, St. Jerome's, Blessed Sacrament and Immaculate Conception Parish also reside in the city.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In addition to its parishes, the city has a number of convents of <a href="/wiki/Nun#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister" title="Nun">sisters</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Holyoke" title="Sisters of Providence of Holyoke">Sisters of Providence of Holyoke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph#Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Springfield_(Massachusetts)" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of St. Joseph of Springfield</a> who maintain group homes there, and the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi" title="Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi">Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highland Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> congregations have played a significant role in Holyoke's civic life since its founding, including the First Congregational Church of Holyoke, founded in 1850,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> the First Lutheran Church of Holyoke, founded in 1867,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> and the United Methodist Church of Holyoke, South Hadley, and Granby, which meets in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a>, which was founded in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> church, Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, has also existed in the city since its founding in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Holyoke is also home to a significant Jewish population. As one of 35 municipalities in Massachusetts with more than 100 Jewish residents, Holyoke is home to an estimated 1,300 residents observing the faith and two synagogues, Congregation Sons of Zion, a Conservative congregation, and Congregation Rodphey Sholom, practicing <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a>. Both congregations originated in the 19th century, with Rodphey Sholom founded in 1903 but tracing its heritage to the Paper City Lodge of the Order Brith Abraham, founded in 1899, and Sons of Zion being founded in 1901. Today both congregations hold joint services during certain holidays.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-storyof-84">[83]</a>: 172  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg/200px-Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg/300px-Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg/400px-Smithsonian_Holyoke_SkinnersSatins_Sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ream_of_Holyoke_EaglePaper.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ream_of_Holyoke_EaglePaper.png/200px-Ream_of_Holyoke_EaglePaper.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ream_of_Holyoke_EaglePaper.png/300px-Ream_of_Holyoke_EaglePaper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ream_of_Holyoke_EaglePaper.png/400px-Ream_of_Holyoke_EaglePaper.png 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="1740" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top to bottom: A sample of "Skinner's Satins" silk in the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/William_Skinner_and_Sons" title="William Skinner and Sons">William Skinner and Sons</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950. A ream of Holyoke "Eagle A" paper made by the <a href="/wiki/American_Writing_Paper_Company" title="American Writing Paper Company">American Writing Paper Company</a>, and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Company" title="Brown Company">Brown Company</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> Known by its moniker, the "Paper City", Holyoke's economic base was developed almost entirely around the paper industry for the better part of the late 19th and early 20th century; at one time the city was reportedly the largest producer of stationery, writing, and archival goods in the world.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> While writing paper production has left the city, Holyoke is still home to a number of specialty paper manufacturers and converters, including companies like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eureka_Lab_Book,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eureka Lab Book, Inc. (page does not exist)">Eureka Lab Book</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampden_Paper_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampden Paper Company (page does not exist)">Hampden Paper</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazen_Paper_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazen Paper Company (page does not exist)">Hazen Paper</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Paper_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Paper Box (page does not exist)">United Paper Box</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Products&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Products (page does not exist)">University Products</a>. Several international companies also maintain manufacturing facilities in the area, including a power transmission factory for <a href="/wiki/Tsubakimoto_Chain" title="Tsubakimoto Chain">U.S. Tsubaki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Sonoco" title="Sonoco">Sonoco</a> cardboard recycling plant in <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a>. Some former mills have in the past been used as incubators for new manufacturing businesses as well; from 1973 until 1983, when it relocated to a newly constructed factory in <a href="/wiki/Deerfield,_Massachusetts" title="Deerfield, Massachusetts">Deerfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Candle" title="Yankee Candle">Yankee Candle's</a> first factory was located in one such building in the canal district.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Today the City of Holyoke has one of three <a href="/wiki/Foreign-trade_zones_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign-trade zones of the United States">foreign-trade zones</a> in the Commonwealth, the other two being the <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">Port of New Bedford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Massachusetts Port Authority">Massachusetts Port Authority</a> of Boston.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Though the number of service-based jobs overtook Holyoke manufacturing jobs in 1972,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> the city is still home to an array of manufacturing concerns outside of the paper and textile industries, including several producing industrial machinery and components. Until 2017, its oldest manufacturer was the Holyoke Machine Company which, incorporated in 1863, served large mills and factories with specialty roll parts and service; the firm manufactured a number of different products. At one time the company produced the "Holyoke Hercules" model of water turbine which served the city's industries on the canal system, and previously their shops cast bronze doors for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol Building">U.S. Capitol Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Today the city is still home to a number of firms specializing in such equipment as medical devices, industrial vacuums, solid waste containers, plastics and rubber manufacturing, bookbinding agents and archival supplies.<a href="#cite_note-mfgspecialties-22">[21]</a> In recent years the city has also seen a handful of food manufacturing firms, due to its proximity to large metropolitan areas like New York City and Boston. In 1996 the Paper City Brewing Company opened out of one of the former Farr Alpaca Company's facilities, following a period of financial difficulties in 2017, the brewery closed temporarily, with plans in place to reopen in the future.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Another notable firm, Dan's Power Plant, produces nut-based cheese substitutes known as "Fauxmaggio", as a vegan alternative, selling many of their products in upscale markets in New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MGHPCC_Holyoke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MGHPCC_Holyoke.JPG/300px-MGHPCC_Holyoke.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MGHPCC_Holyoke.JPG/450px-MGHPCC_Holyoke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MGHPCC_Holyoke.JPG/600px-MGHPCC_Holyoke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="3302" /></a><figcaption>Main campus of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a>, the newest building constructed to draw power from the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> In recent years there have been successful efforts to attract high-tech jobs to Holyoke and diversify its economic base. For example, a coalition of universities and tech companies have built the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a>, an energy-efficient, high-performance computing center, in Holyoke which opened in 2012. Partners in this project include <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT,) the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="EMC Corporation">EMC Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture PLC</a>. The data center has been built in Holyoke in part due to <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> accessibility as well as the city's extensive fiber network.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In 2015, the editors of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a> ranked Holyoke as 6th on a list of 14 cities they considered to be best for startups in the United States, citing these factors.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_New_England" title="ISO New England">ISO New England</a>, one of the United States' eight electricity <a href="/wiki/Regional_transmission_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional transmission organization">regional transmission organizations</a>, is based in Holyoke, utilizing the city's central location for easy access to metropolitan areas in New England and New York.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> The retail sector has been a major employer since the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Mall_at_Ingleside" title="Holyoke Mall at Ingleside">Holyoke Mall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_New_England" title="List of largest shopping malls in New England">third largest shopping mall in New England</a>, in 1979. Retail has provided the city with a large and steady tax base, contributing over $7 million in taxes annually.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The city also features the corporate headquarters of <a href="/wiki/PeoplesBank" title="PeoplesBank">PeoplesBank</a>, the largest bank in Western Massachusetts, as well as the local <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Credit_Union" title="Holyoke Credit Union">Holyoke Credit Union</a> which was originally started as a credit union for the students of a former parochial school. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_agriculture">Urban agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Urban agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freight_Farms_project,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Freight_Farms_project%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/275px-Freight_Farms_project%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Freight_Farms_project%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/413px-Freight_Farms_project%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Freight_Farms_project%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/550px-Freight_Farms_project%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4524" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Converted shipping containers used for training in hydroponic agriculture, a collaborative project between <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College</a>, Nuestras Raices, and MassDevelopment<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite a reputation as an industrial city, agriculture has played a continuing role in the Holyoke's livelihood throughout its history. On July 24, 1917, it became the first city in Western Massachusetts to open a modern <a href="/wiki/Farmers_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers market">farmers market</a>, a novelty at the time, bringing producers directly to consumers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The current farmers market, which began in 1979, is regularly held outside city hall on Thursdays from 10 to 2 from May to October.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> As late as the 1950s, the city maintained a poor farm while, in contrast, during the late 19th century a number of wealthy manufacturers raised thoroughbred <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey cattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> This trend began in 1881, when the city went from a population of zero to fifty head of registered Jerseys, the largest herd in the Connecticut Valley being that of <a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">William Whiting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Cattle_judging" title="Cattle judging">prize-winning</a> herd, then 75 head, was lost, however, to an incendiary fire that destroyed Whiting Farm's stock barn in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Conventional dairy and cattle farming remained extant through most of the 20th century, with the last conventional livestock farm closing in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Nevertheless smaller <a href="/wiki/Market_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Market agriculture">market agriculture</a> operations, which began in the 20th century, endure today. Among Holyoke's most notable contemporary agricultural organizations is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuestras_Raices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuestras Raices (page does not exist)">Nuestras Raices</a>. Established in 1992 by members of the La Finquita community garden of <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a>, the nonprofit organization has worked with state and federal agencies to help new farmers build skills and expertise, particularly in the Puerto Rican community, through <a href="/wiki/Microloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Microloans">microloans</a>, direct marketing, and land leasing.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Holyoke also has a prominent example of ecosystem garden <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a>—the Holyoke Edible Food Forest Garden, established in 2004 by Eric Toensmeier and Jonathan Bates. In the following decade the two designed and developed their tenth of an acre backyard into a year-round food producing garden, with over 100 perennial plant species which sustain limited wildlife populations, and have remediated soil on the site.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Their permaculture garden has been featured in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, as well as lectures at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> A detailed account of the design and management of this space and the principles behind it can be found in the book by the two, "Paradise Lot", released in 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Green_Publishing" title="Chelsea Green Publishing">Chelsea Green Publishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Soon after medical marijuana was legalized in Massachusetts, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Alex_Morse" title="Alex Morse">Alex Morse</a> began promoting the city as a growth and distribution center for the new industry, due to its low energy costs and proximity to several metropolitan markets.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts" title="Cannabis in Massachusetts">legalization of recreational weed in Massachusetts</a> in 2016, the city has been approached by several cultivation businesses hoping to establish themselves in former mills.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In 2018, the first <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a> operation, a $10 million investment, opened in the city, with plans to open a dispensary in the future.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> The city's educational needs are served by <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Schools" title="Holyoke Public Schools">Holyoke Public Schools</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_High_School" title="Holyoke High School">Holyoke High School</a>, and a number of private institutions. The school system is currently in receivership and managed by Dr. Stephen Zrike,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> a receiver appointed by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education; as superintendent, the receiver presides over school curriculum and practices. The city's private schools include <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Lutheran_Church_and_School_(Holyoke,_MA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Lutheran Church and School (Holyoke, MA) (page does not exist)">First Lutheran School</a> and Mater Dolorosa Catholic School.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The city is also home to <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College</a>, the first community college in the state, which was initially created by the city's school board. Today the 2-year college selectively allows high school seniors to enroll in its coursework for transferable college credit,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> and has the highest percentage of student graduates completing associate degrees and certificate programs among the state's community colleges.<a href="#cite_note-columbiareport-142">[141]</a> With the aid of state and federal education grants the college opened the HCC MGM Culinary Arts Institute in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/MGM_Springfield" title="MGM Springfield">MGM Springfield</a> in April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> established the first of its microcolleges in Holyoke, its other being based out of Brooklyn. Bard Microcollege Holyoke operates in partnership with local nonprofit The Care Center, which provides educational and career opportunities to pregnant and parenting teens. Associates of Arts degrees are granted to a small class of young mothers who have completed The Care Center's own educational programs in addition to those by Bard.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library">Library</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Library">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Library_from_Maple_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Holyoke_Library_from_Maple_Street.jpg/240px-Holyoke_Library_from_Maple_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Holyoke_Library_from_Maple_Street.jpg/360px-Holyoke_Library_from_Maple_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Holyoke_Library_from_Maple_Street.jpg/480px-Holyoke_Library_from_Maple_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5720" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Library_from_Chestnut_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Holyoke_Library_from_Chestnut_Street.jpg/240px-Holyoke_Library_from_Chestnut_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Holyoke_Library_from_Chestnut_Street.jpg/360px-Holyoke_Library_from_Chestnut_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Holyoke_Library_from_Chestnut_Street.jpg/480px-Holyoke_Library_from_Chestnut_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3021" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The front facade Holyoke Public Library completed in 1902, as seen from Maple Street, and the 2013 expansion<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></div></div></div></div> Holyoke Public Library, found at 335 Maple Street, is one of the very few examples of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a> in the city of Holyoke, designed by prominent local architect <a href="/wiki/James_A._Clough" title="James A. Clough">James A. Clough</a>. It sits on Library Park, which was donated by the Holyoke Water Power Company in 1887. The library established in 1870 was originally a room in the old Appleton Street School, and by 1876 moved to a central room on the main floor of City Hall. It remained there until its collections had outgrown this space and a modern facility was required.<a href="#cite_note-blogspot1-147">[146]</a> Holyoke's citizens were charged to raise money to construct the library building and provide additional books. Under the leadership of Henry Chase, $95,000 was raised. <a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">William Whiting</a> and William Skinner, each gave $10,000. Clough, the architect who designed the building, gave his services gratis because his daughter was a faithful patron of the library. It opened officially in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> At the dedication ceremony William Whiting, library president at the time, referred to the library as the "people's college" and added that: "A library is as much a part of the intellectual life of a community as its schools, and should be supported generously as part of our educational system. Within these walls you will find authors devoted to literature, arts and science, and they are free to any who will ask. We can say to the citizens of Holyoke you have only to ask her and you will find knowledge to make your life useful and happy."<a href="#cite_note-blogspot1-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Publishing" title="Holyoke Publishing">Holyoke Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Nautilus_(magazine)" title="The Nautilus (magazine)">The Nautilus (magazine)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Victory_March" title="Notre Dame Victory March">Notre Dame Victory March</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Opera_House.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Holyoke_Opera_House.png/250px-Holyoke_Opera_House.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Holyoke_Opera_House.png/375px-Holyoke_Opera_House.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Holyoke_Opera_House.png/500px-Holyoke_Opera_House.png 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Opera_House" title="Holyoke Opera House">Holyoke Opera House</a>, built in 1878 by founder of Whiting Paper and then-Mayor <a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">William Whiting</a>, it hosted numerous Vaudeville acts, as well as international music acts like the Royal Hungarian Court Orchestra, and the <a href="/wiki/Silent_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent films">silent films</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lyman_H._Howe" title="Lyman H. Howe">Lyman H. Howe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Later converted to a full-time movie theater, the structure burned down in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> A number of artists have been associated with the city since its founding, including Irish-American sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Connor" title="Jerome Connor">Jerome Connor</a>, who moved to the city at the age of 14, and became best known for his sculptures in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> including <a href="/wiki/Nuns_of_the_Battlefield" title="Nuns of the Battlefield">Nuns of the Battlefield</a>, one of only two such memorials in the capital to honor the role of women in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SOS-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Testament-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sears_2015-154">[153]</a>: 80  On May 2, 1885, <a href="/wiki/Clark_W._Bryan" title="Clark W. Bryan">Clark W. Bryan</a>, a publisher and stakeholder in <a href="/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)">The Republican</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a> magazine, originally described as "not to be a bi-monthly cookbook" but "a family journal conducted in the interests of the higher life of the household". The magazine was subsequently published in Springfield after March 1887, and moved to New York following its acquisition in 1911 by the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Corporation">Hearst Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> In literature, Holyoke was the hometown of <a href="/wiki/John_Clellon_Holmes" title="John Clellon Holmes">John Clellon Holmes</a>, whose novel <a href="/wiki/Go_(Holmes_novel)" title="Go (Holmes novel)">Go</a> is considered to be the first published novel depicting the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>, predating works of his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Though not as well known as Holmes, the critically acclaimed novelist <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Kennedy_(novelist)" title="Raymond Kennedy (novelist)">Raymond Kennedy</a> set a number of his works in a fictional Holyoke, referred to as "Ireland Parish".<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Several acclaimed photographers originate from Holyoke, including <a href="/wiki/Ray_D%27Addario" title="Ray D'Addario">Ray D'Addario</a>, chief photographer of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wegman_(photographer)" title="William Wegman (photographer)">William Wegman</a>, known nationally for his compositions of costumed <a href="/wiki/Weimaraners" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimaraners">weimaraners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Epstein" title="Mitch Epstein">Mitch Epstein</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Photo_essay" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo essay">photo essay</a> Family Business received the United Kingdom's Kraszna-Krausz Photography Book Award in 2004. The 2003 book covered the final days of his father's furniture and real estate businesses in the city, mirroring its deindustrialization and decline.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Similarly, the city's struggles with race, inequity, and deindustrialization were chronicled in Pulitzer Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Kidder" title="Tracy Kidder">Tracy Kidder</a>'s 1989 book, Among Schoolchildren, after Kidder spent a year following a fifth-grade class at Marcella Kelly Elementary.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stage_of_the_Victory_Theater,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts_(April_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stage_of_the_Victory_Theater%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_%28April_2018%29.jpg/220px-Stage_of_the_Victory_Theater%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_%28April_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stage_of_the_Victory_Theater%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_%28April_2018%29.jpg/330px-Stage_of_the_Victory_Theater%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_%28April_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stage_of_the_Victory_Theater%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_%28April_2018%29.jpg/440px-Stage_of_the_Victory_Theater%2C_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_%28April_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The stage of the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Theater" title="Victory Theater">Victory Theater</a>, closed since 1979. An ongoing attempt to revive the theater is being overseen by the Massachusetts International Festival of the Arts (MIFA).</figcaption></figure> During the height of its industrial prowess Holyoke was a regular stop on <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a> circuits, with its most famous actress, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Tanguay" title="Eva Tanguay">Eva Tanguay</a>, known as "The Girl Who Made Vaudeville Famous". Tanguay moved to Holyoke at a young age, spending her childhood in the city where she began performing songs at an amateur show at the local Parsons Hall in the 1880s. Tanguay was soon discovered by a Pennsylvania touring company, and went on to become the first American popular musician to achieve mass-media celebrity.<a href="#cite_note-erdman-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyvaude-164">[163]</a>: 489  During her career her name was known from coast-to-coast and she would out-earn such celebrities as <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a>, the "father of public relations" went on to describe her celebrity as "our first symbol of emergence from the Victorian age".<a href="#cite_note-slate-163">[162]</a> Tanguay's was just one of many acts associated with the city's history, it was in Holyoke that vaudevillian <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Tucker" title="Sophie Tucker">Sophie Tucker</a> was found by the <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Syndicate" title="Theatrical Syndicate">Theatrical Syndicate's</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Klaw" title="Marc Klaw">Marc Klaw</a> who introduced her to <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Ziegfeld Follies</a> in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-encyvaude-164">[163]</a>: 509  Even as Vaudeville declined in the 1920s, the city remained a regular stop for actors and musicians alike. Among other acts, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Marx_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marx Brothers">The Marx Brothers</a> were known to have played shows in the city at its <a href="/wiki/Victory_Theater" title="Victory Theater">Victory Theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marx-165">[164]</a> Performers from the <a href="/wiki/B._F._Keith_Circuit" title="B. F. Keith Circuit">B. F. Keith Circuit</a> would regularly tour <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Mountain Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Mountain Park's</a> own playhouse which also hosted the Valley Players, with whom actor <a href="/wiki/Hal_Holbrook" title="Hal Holbrook">Hal Holbrook</a> most famously launched his career.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Perhaps the most prominent venue after the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Arena_Gardens" title="Valley Arena Gardens">Valley Arena Gardens</a> hosted a wide variety of musical acts including the likes of <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dorsey_Brothers" title="The Dorsey Brothers">The Dorsey Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Glenn_Miller_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glenn Miller Orchestra">The Glenn Miller Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Langford" title="Frances Langford">Frances Langford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vaughn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Vaughn">Sarah Vaughn</a> among many others still known in American popular culture today.<a href="#cite_note-heart-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-dukeandsarah-169">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">Holyoke City Hall</a> during this period also regularly served as a venue for notable music acts as well, including several by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Philharmonic Orchestra">New York Philharmonic Orchestra</a> annually from 1912–1925 under the direction <a href="/wiki/Josef_Str%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Stránský">Josef Stránský</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a>, and at least one performance by the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> These concerts were organized by the Chamber of Commerce, Holyoke Music Club, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>, which also brought a number of internationally-renowned artists to <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_High_School" title="Holyoke High School">Holyoke High School</a> as well, including violinist <a href="/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist" title="Efrem Zimbalist">Efrem Zimbalist</a>, baritone <a href="/wiki/Reinald_Werrenrath" title="Reinald Werrenrath">Reinald Werrenrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a> contralto <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_Arndt-Ober" title="Margarethe Arndt-Ober">Margarethe Arndt-Ober</a>, and pianist-composers <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Leginska" title="Ethel Leginska">Ethel Leginska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Of venues that once defined Holyoke's stage history, few remain; for the last decade an effort has been underway to restore the Victory Theater by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_International_Festival_of_the_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massachusetts International Festival of the Arts (page does not exist)">Massachusetts International Festival of the Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> These efforts have included introduction of the Victory Players in 2018, an international music residency program which plays contemporary classical music to support the funding of future theater programming.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Today Holyoke's venues include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_City_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gateway City Arts (page does not exist)">Gateway City Arts</a>, a converted paper factory now serving as a regular music venue, as well as the site of the former Mountain Park, now used for some large outdoor concerts, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke_Turner_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holyoke Turner Hall (page does not exist)">Holyoke Turner Hall</a>, which features smaller shows.<a href="#cite_note-marx-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The city has its own symphony as well; the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Civic_Symphony" title="Holyoke Civic Symphony">Holyoke Civic Symphony</a>, originally a project of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College</a>, has been playing popular and classical works since 1967, and is based out of the college's Leslie Phillips Theater.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sleeping_Lion,_Wistariahurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Sleeping_Lion%2C_Wistariahurst.jpg/220px-The_Sleeping_Lion%2C_Wistariahurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Sleeping_Lion%2C_Wistariahurst.jpg/330px-The_Sleeping_Lion%2C_Wistariahurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Sleeping_Lion%2C_Wistariahurst.jpg/440px-The_Sleeping_Lion%2C_Wistariahurst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Sleeping Lion at the gates of <a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst" title="Wistariahurst">Wistariahurst</a> Museum</figcaption></figure> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a> the city is also home to <a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst" title="Wistariahurst">Wistariahurst</a>. Named for the flowered vines which adorn its gardens, the estate was home to the Skinner Family which produced sewing silk and satins, becoming the largest producer of the latter in the world.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The museum is home to a wide variety of contemporary and historic gallery events and contains numerous archival collections for research. Though no longer in the museum collections, Wistariahurst was once home to the eminent Belle Skinner Collection of Musical Instruments, curated by its namesake <a href="/wiki/Belle_Skinner" title="Belle Skinner">Belle Skinner</a>. Several decades after her death, the collection became a substantial part of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Collection_of_Musical_Instruments" title="Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments">Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[b]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_at_Holyoke" title="Children's Museum at Holyoke">Children's Museum at Holyoke</a>, started by the Junior League of Holyoke in 1984,<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> features a number of hands-on exhibits, including a water table, <a href="/wiki/Lite-Brite" title="Lite-Brite">Lite-Brite</a> wall, and a variety of displays including 2,000 collector <a href="/wiki/Pez" title="Pez">Pez</a> dispensers.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_events">Annual events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Annual events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade" title="Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade">Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Merry_Go_Round,_Holyoke_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Holyoke_Merry_Go_Round%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/230px-Holyoke_Merry_Go_Round%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Holyoke_Merry_Go_Round%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/345px-Holyoke_Merry_Go_Round%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Holyoke_Merry_Go_Round%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg/460px-Holyoke_Merry_Go_Round%2C_Holyoke_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Runners_leave_the_starting_line_at_the_44th_annual_Holyoke_St_Patrick%27s_Road_Race_(2019).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Runners_leave_the_starting_line_at_the_44th_annual_Holyoke_St_Patrick%27s_Road_Race_%282019%29.jpeg/230px-Runners_leave_the_starting_line_at_the_44th_annual_Holyoke_St_Patrick%27s_Road_Race_%282019%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Runners_leave_the_starting_line_at_the_44th_annual_Holyoke_St_Patrick%27s_Road_Race_%282019%29.jpeg/345px-Runners_leave_the_starting_line_at_the_44th_annual_Holyoke_St_Patrick%27s_Road_Race_%282019%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Runners_leave_the_starting_line_at_the_44th_annual_Holyoke_St_Patrick%27s_Road_Race_%282019%29.jpeg/460px-Runners_leave_the_starting_line_at_the_44th_annual_Holyoke_St_Patrick%27s_Road_Race_%282019%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2327" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Merry-Go-Round" title="Holyoke Merry-Go-Round">Holyoke Merry-Go-Round</a>, moved to Heritage Park from <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Mountain Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Mountain Park</a> in 1993, is featured in the annual First Night Jr. and Celebrate Holyoke festivities. Runners leave the starting line in the annual St. Patrick's Day Road Race 10K.</div></div></div></div> Holyoke is home to the second-largest <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a> parade in the United States, surpassed only by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> parade.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Held annually since 1952 on the Sunday following St. Patrick's Day, the parade draws hundreds of thousands of people from across <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and the Eastern seaboard of United States. In recent years the Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade typically attracts 350,000 to 450,000 people each year.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Featured in the parade every year since the first in 1952 is the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Caledonian_Pipe_Band" title="Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band">Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> founded in 1910, it is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe band</a> continuously operating in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-highlandgames-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weighing_stand_for_Holyoke_Water_Power_Company_Shad_Derby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Weighing_stand_for_Holyoke_Water_Power_Company_Shad_Derby.jpg/280px-Weighing_stand_for_Holyoke_Water_Power_Company_Shad_Derby.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Weighing_stand_for_Holyoke_Water_Power_Company_Shad_Derby.jpg/420px-Weighing_stand_for_Holyoke_Water_Power_Company_Shad_Derby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Weighing_stand_for_Holyoke_Water_Power_Company_Shad_Derby.jpg/560px-Weighing_stand_for_Holyoke_Water_Power_Company_Shad_Derby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3905" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption>Participants crowd the weighing station for the annual Holyoke Shad Derby, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1965.</figcaption></figure> Since 1962, the city has held an annual Shad Derby every year in May with rare exception. The contest, begun under the Holyoke Water Power Company, is now run by the municipal energy department <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric" title="Holyoke Gas & Electric">Holyoke Gas & Electric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Though not weighed in time to enter Derby records, the section of the Connecticut south of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a> at Hadley Falls holds the world record for the largest American shad caught, which weighed 11 pounds, 4 ounces when it was hooked in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Thanks to conservation measures, the river is known for a thriving <a href="/wiki/American_shad" title="American shad">American shad</a> population, which has fluctuated between 226,000 and 778,000 fish since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Every June since it was first introduced by mayor and LGBT activist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Morse" title="Alex Morse">Alex Morse</a> in 2012, the city has held a <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag" title="Rainbow flag">rainbow flag</a>-raising ceremony in recognition of <a href="/wiki/Gay_Pride_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Pride Month">Gay Pride Month</a> with the event often featuring speakers, music, and a moment of silence for victims of discrimination and persecution.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The Puerto Rican community of Holyoke holds an annual Puerto Rican Day parade on the third weekend of July as part of an Annual Hispanic Family Festival held by La Familia Hispana, inc. Every year the parade grows in popularity, attracting Puerto Ricans from across the northeast. In the last week of August, the city hosts "Celebrate Holyoke" at <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a>. Launched in 1986 to celebrate the opening of the then-new state park, it features live music, food, and open house events for businesses in the downtown and canal district. In its first year alone the event featured a laser show, and had as many as 60 thousand attendants over the course of four days; financial difficulties, however, led to its cancellation in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The event was revived in 2015, and has continued as a two-day event since.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Since 2016, every September the neighborhood association of <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a> has hosted El Sabor de South Holyoke (Taste of South Holyoke) a festival featuring local <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican cuisine</a>, live music, and other events, including honoring local organizations for their contributions to the community.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Every November, the <a href="/wiki/International_Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Volleyball Hall of Fame">International Volleyball Hall of Fame</a> presents awards to its next class of inductees, as the best players of that year are named. The Hall presents three additional awards annually: the Court of Honor Award for contributions of teams or organizations to volleyball, the <a href="/wiki/William_G._Morgan" title="William G. Morgan">William G. Morgan</a> Award for outstanding support or promotion of the sport, and Mintonette Medallion of Merit Award in recognition of significant individual achievement, including coaches, referees, scorekeepers and other notable contributors to the sport.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Points_of_interest">Points of interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Points of interest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG/220px-Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG/330px-Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG/440px-Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">Holyoke City Hall</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Footprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaur Footprints">Dinosaur Footprints</a> Reservation, preserved dinosaur footprints along the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Hampden_County,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mountain (Hampden County, Massachusetts)">East Mountain</a></li> <li>Gateway City Arts, a co-working space for artists and creatives<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Mall_at_Ingleside" title="Holyoke Mall at Ingleside">Holyoke Mall at Ingleside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Merry-Go-Round" title="Holyoke Merry-Go-Round">Holyoke Merry-Go-Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Stadium" title="Mackenzie Stadium">Mackenzie Stadium</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Blue_Sox" title="Valley Blue Sox">Valley Blue Sox</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Collegiate_Baseball_League" title="New England Collegiate Baseball League">New England Collegiate Baseball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Barrett_Fishway" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Barrett Fishway">Robert E. Barrett Fishway</a>, lift system to allow fish to swim upstream of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Tower" title="Scott Tower">Scott Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office%E2%80%93Holyoke_Main" title="United States Post Office–Holyoke Main">Holyoke U.S. Post Office</a>, Captain Alezue Holyoke's Exploring Party on the Connecticut River, an oil on canvas mural, painted by <a href="/wiki/Ross_Moffett" title="Ross Moffett">Ross Moffett</a> and installed in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Theater_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Theater (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Victory Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst" title="Wistariahurst">Wistariahurst</a> Museum<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Falcos" title="Holyoke Falcos">Holyoke Falcos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Hurricanes" title="Holyoke Hurricanes">Holyoke Hurricanes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Centennial_Obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Holyoke_Centennial_Obverse.png/220px-Holyoke_Centennial_Obverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Holyoke_Centennial_Obverse.png/330px-Holyoke_Centennial_Obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Holyoke_Centennial_Obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>The obverse side of the city's centennial seal, prominently featuring <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Water-skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-skiing">water-skiing</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a>, and the former <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Ski_Area" title="Mount Tom Ski Area">Mount Tom Ski Area</a>, all sports associated with the city's history and culture</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthplace_of_volleyball">Birthplace of volleyball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Birthplace of volleyball">edit</a>]</div> On February 9, 1895, <a href="/wiki/William_G._Morgan" title="William G. Morgan">William G. Morgan</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, originally known as "mintonette" for its similarity to <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, at the Holyoke <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>. Though the original YMCA building in which the sport was first played was lost to fire in 1943, the Greater Holyoke YMCA remains an active chapter.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Today the <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a> resides at <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a> and inducts a new class of athletes, coaches, and contributors every October. The city's legacy in the creation of the sport is also honored by two volleyball clubs in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, which borrow its name—<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BVC_Holyoke" class="extiw" title="nl:BVC Holyoke">Belfeldse Volleybalclub Holyoke</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Belfeld" title="Belfeld">Belfeld</a>, and <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VV_Holyoke" class="extiw" title="nl:VV Holyoke">Volleybalvereniging Holyoke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enter,_Netherlands" title="Enter, Netherlands">Enter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Baseball">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Sox_Swamp_Bats_from_Grandstand2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blue_Sox_Swamp_Bats_from_Grandstand2.JPG/250px-Blue_Sox_Swamp_Bats_from_Grandstand2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blue_Sox_Swamp_Bats_from_Grandstand2.JPG/375px-Blue_Sox_Swamp_Bats_from_Grandstand2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blue_Sox_Swamp_Bats_from_Grandstand2.JPG/500px-Blue_Sox_Swamp_Bats_from_Grandstand2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Stadium" title="Mackenzie Stadium">Mackenzie Stadium</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Valley_Blue_Sox" title="Valley Blue Sox">Blue Sox</a> game, seen from the grandstand</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Valley_Blue_Sox" title="Valley Blue Sox">Valley Blue Sox</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Collegiate_Baseball_League" title="New England Collegiate Baseball League">New England Collegiate Baseball League</a>, play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Stadium" title="Mackenzie Stadium">Mackenzie Stadium</a>. Previously the <a href="/wiki/Concord_Quarry_Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord Quarry Dogs">Concord Quarry Dogs</a> from 2001 until 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball" title="Collegiate summer baseball">collegiate summer baseball</a> franchise moved to Holyoke in 2007, winning their first NECBL Championship in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Holyoke has been home to a handful of <a href="/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">minor league</a> and collegiate baseball teams, among the first was the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Paperweights" title="Holyoke Paperweights">Holyoke Paperweights</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_League" title="Connecticut League">Connecticut League</a> from 1903 to 1911.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Millers" title="Holyoke Millers">Holyoke Millers</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a> team, moved to the city following a single season in <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Brewers" title="Berkshire Brewers">Berkshire Brewers</a>. Early planning proved difficult for the team as they often had to coordinate with the athletic departments of Holyoke High School and Holyoke Catholic High School for use of the field at that time.<a href="#cite_note-1987union-213">[211]</a> The Millers would leave for New Hampshire after their 1982 season, when the franchise changed its affiliation from the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers" title="Milwaukee Brewers">Milwaukee Brewers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/California_Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="California Angels">California Angels</a>; that franchise is now the <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators" title="Harrisburg Senators">Harrisburg Senators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> While unsuccessful attempts were made to attract a new team in the years that followed,<a href="#cite_note-1987union-213">[211]</a> Holyoke would not host another until 2004. Following their departure from <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown, Connecticut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Giants">Holyoke Giants</a>, an NECBL team, made Mackenzie Stadium their home until 2007, subsequently becoming the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_Navigators" title="North Shore Navigators">North Shore Navigators</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boxing">Boxing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Boxing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixto_Escobar_and_Whitey_Brimstein_c1930cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sixto_Escobar_and_Whitey_Brimstein_c1930cr.jpg/116px-Sixto_Escobar_and_Whitey_Brimstein_c1930cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sixto_Escobar_and_Whitey_Brimstein_c1930cr.jpg/174px-Sixto_Escobar_and_Whitey_Brimstein_c1930cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sixto_Escobar_and_Whitey_Brimstein_c1930cr.jpg/232px-Sixto_Escobar_and_Whitey_Brimstein_c1930cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="876" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_Tyson_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mike_Tyson_Portrait.jpg/110px-Mike_Tyson_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mike_Tyson_Portrait.jpg/165px-Mike_Tyson_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mike_Tyson_Portrait.jpg/220px-Mike_Tyson_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Sixto_Escobar" title="Sixto Escobar">Sixto Escobar</a>, whose mainland debut was at Holyoke's Valley Arena, May 7, 1934. <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a>'s amateur career included the city's 1983 Golden Gloves title.</div></div></div></div> Holyoke has a rich history in the world of boxing. It was in Holyoke that bantamweight <a href="/wiki/Sixto_Escobar" title="Sixto Escobar">Sixto Escobar</a>, the first Puerto Rican to become a world champion, fought and won his first match in the United States, on May 7, 1934, against <a href="/wiki/Bantamweight" title="Bantamweight">bantamweight</a> contender and Canadian flyweight champion Bobby Leitham.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Marciano" title="Rocky Marciano">Rocky Marciano's</a> professional debut took place at the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Arena_Gardens" title="Valley Arena Gardens">Valley Arena Gardens</a> on St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1947; the venue also served as the ring for many other well-known fighters including <a href="/wiki/Beau_Jack" title="Beau Jack">Beau Jack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritzie_Zivic" title="Fritzie Zivic">Fritzie Zivic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_DeMarco" title="Tony DeMarco">Tony DeMarco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Prior to his professional career, one of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson's</a> earliest fights was at the Holyoke Boys and Girls Club on February 12, 1983. As the eighth ranked amateur super-heavyweight in the country at the age of 16, Tyson won the fight handily with a <a href="/wiki/Knock-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock-out">knock-out</a>, and gained the Western Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gloves" title="Golden Gloves">Golden Gloves</a> title.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> The Golden Gloves tournament was held in Holyoke from 1958 until 2005, when it was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Connecticut" title="Vernon, Connecticut">Vernon, Connecticut</a>. Following an eight-year departure, it returned briefly to the city,<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> and is held in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Though other materials would be used following their bankruptcy, in the early 20th century <a href="/wiki/William_Skinner_and_Sons" title="William Skinner and Sons">Skinner's Silk</a> manufactured the satins for <a href="/wiki/Everlast_(boxing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Everlast (boxing)">Everlast</a>'s iconic boxing trunks.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Golf">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/D_Ross.jpg/150px-D_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/D_Ross.jpg/225px-D_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/D_Ross.jpg/300px-D_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ross_(golfer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Ross (golfer)">Donald Ross</a>, famed <a href="/wiki/Golf_course_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf course architect">golf course architect</a> who lived in Holyoke for several years, initially with financial backing of local businessman <a href="/wiki/J._Lewis_Wyckoff" title="J. Lewis Wyckoff">J. L. Wyckoff</a></figcaption></figure> Holyoke has two private <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a>, on opposite sides of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a>, the nine-hole Holyoke Country Club and the 18-hole Wyckoff Country Club, the latter of which was originally designed by noted <a href="/wiki/Golf_course_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf course architect">golf course architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ross_(golfer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Ross (golfer)">Donald Ross</a>. With the construction of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a> in the 1960s, the course required a redesign. From 1966 to 1967 much of the landscape was reshaped by golf architect Al Zikorus; today, five holes and seven greens remain of Ross's original designs.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The Wyckoff course opened in 1899 as the Mount Tom Golf Club, and was described as rocky and unrefined in its early years.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> In 1910, Joseph L. Wyckoff, partner of stationery maker White & Wyckoff, and the club's eventual namesake, was playing a round with then-president of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Athletic_Association" title="Boston Athletic Association">Boston Athletic Association</a> Edward E. Babb. Wyckoff remarked the course at the time was "an apology for a [golf] course" and that he wished to find a man who "really knew about the laying out a golf course". Babb, a member of <a href="/wiki/Oakley_Country_Club" title="Oakley Country Club">Oakley Country Club</a>, said he knew such a person, introducing Wyckoff to Ross later that year.<a href="#cite_note-wyckoffross-228">[226]</a> Wyckoff brought Ross back to the course, where he suggested key changes, but was unable to prepare plans as he had just signed a two-year contract as professional for the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Golf_%26_Country_Club" title="Essex Golf & Country Club">Essex Golf & Country Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Upon completion of this contract he returned to Holyoke in 1914 where he was put up in a house built for him by Wyckoff, who was a member of the executive committee of the Massachusetts Golf Association, and saw himself as a patron of Ross, offering him financial backing to pursue a broader career in golf course architecture.<a href="#cite_note-wyckoffross-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> It is unknown what duration Ross lived in the city, as he had summer homes and travelled often, though a <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a> article places him there in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-wyckoffross-228">[226]</a> He would work with the club for many years, completing a full redesign of the course by 1922,<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> which remained unchanged until the construction of <a href="/wiki/I-91" class="mw-redirect" title="I-91">I-91</a> in 1965. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="East Mountain (Massachusetts)">East Mountain (Massachusetts)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nonotuck" title="Mount Nonotuck">Mount Nonotuck</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Veterans Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Veterans Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Springdale_Park,_Holyoke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Springdale_Park%2C_Holyoke.JPG/200px-Springdale_Park%2C_Holyoke.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Springdale_Park%2C_Holyoke.JPG/300px-Springdale_Park%2C_Holyoke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Springdale_Park%2C_Holyoke.JPG/400px-Springdale_Park%2C_Holyoke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Springdale_Park_(Riverside)_planting_plan_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Springdale_Park_%28Riverside%29_planting_plan_1906.jpg/200px-Springdale_Park_%28Riverside%29_planting_plan_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Springdale_Park_%28Riverside%29_planting_plan_1906.jpg/300px-Springdale_Park_%28Riverside%29_planting_plan_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Springdale_Park_%28Riverside%29_planting_plan_1906.jpg/400px-Springdale_Park_%28Riverside%29_planting_plan_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12186" data-file-height="6382" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Springdale_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Springdale Park">Springdale Park</a> and its original vegetation plan by the <a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a></div></div></div></div></div> Holyoke is home to a wide array of municipal, state, and private <a href="/wiki/Land_trust" title="Land trust">land trust</a> parks, including several designed by the <a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a>. The largest of these is <a href="/wiki/Springdale_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Springdale Park">Springdale Park</a>, designed by the brothers in 1905–1906, and today the site of the annual Western Massachusetts Puerto Rican Parade and Festival. The park is one of three of the city's flagship parks, the other two being <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Pulaski Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Pulaski Park</a>, also an Olmsted design, and the Roberts Sports Complex, former site of Elmwood Park, which abuts <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Stadium" title="Mackenzie Stadium">Mackenzie Stadium</a>. In total the city department of parks and recreation maintains 47 listed municipal facilities comprising nearly 250 acres, and including several <a href="/wiki/Baseball_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball diamond">baseball diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playgrounds</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Skatepark" title="Skatepark">skatepark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball courts">basketball courts</a>, tennis courts, a municipal pool, and a <a href="/wiki/Dog_park" title="Dog park">dog park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Holyoke Water Works</a> also maintains land holdings for the preservation of its watershed, some of which are open to the public, including <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Reservoir" title="Ashley Reservoir">Ashley Reservoir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whiting_Street_Reservoir" title="Whiting Street Reservoir">Whiting Street Reservoir</a>, which allow hiking but bar certain activities such as fishing, dog walking, and swimming.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> This same area, which transects the <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a>, also contains a portion of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_National_Scenic_Trail" title="New England National Scenic Trail">New England National Scenic Trail</a>, managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Tom_in_the_Fog.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mount_Tom_in_the_Fog.JPG/250px-Mount_Tom_in_the_Fog.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mount_Tom_in_the_Fog.JPG/375px-Mount_Tom_in_the_Fog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mount_Tom_in_the_Fog.JPG/500px-Mount_Tom_in_the_Fog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4789" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a> rising above a cloud of fog</figcaption></figure> There are two <a href="/wiki/State_park" title="State park">state parks</a> in Holyoke maintained by the Commonwealth's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation" title="Department of Conservation and Recreation">Department of Conservation and Recreation</a>, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_State_Reservation" title="Mount Tom State Reservation">Mount Tom State Reservation</a>, as well as the urban <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a> which was built on the site of the former Skinner Silk Mill, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">City Hall</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustees of Reservations">Trustees of Reservations</a> maintain a number of parks in the city, including the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Footprints_Reservation" title="Dinosaur Footprints Reservation">Dinosaur Footprints Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Providence" title="Land of Providence">Land of Providence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_Tom_Mountain" title="Little Tom Mountain">Little Tom Mountain</a>. The latter, once part of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Ski_Area" title="Mount Tom Ski Area">Mount Tom Ski Area</a>, has remained closed since the ski resort shuttered in 1998, and was subsequently purchased in part by the Trustees, along with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_%26_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</a>, Holyoke <a href="/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America" title="Boys & Girls Clubs of America">Boys & Girls Club</a>. In recent years there has been discussion of reopening the property as a nature camp, or potentially as a special permit skiing area, not unlike <a href="/wiki/Mount_Snow" title="Mount Snow">Mount Snow</a>, but while some have still used the remaining <a href="/wiki/Ski_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski slope">ski slopes</a> in recent years, the area has been subject to vandalism and remains closed with no plans for reopening agreed on by its landholders.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mayors of Holyoke, Massachusetts">List of mayors of Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Police Department">Holyoke Police Department</a>; <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Housing_Authority" title="Holyoke Housing Authority">Holyoke Housing Authority</a>; <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Schools" title="Holyoke Public Schools">Holyoke Public Schools</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Holyoke Water Works</a></div> <table class="infobox"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #e0e0e0; text-align: center;">County-level state agency heads </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Court_clerk" title="Court clerk">Clerk of Courts</a>: </td> <td>Laura S. Gentile (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="District Attorney">District Attorney</a>: </td> <td>Anthony Gulluni (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_deeds" title="Recorder of deeds">Register of Deeds</a>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Coakley-Rivera" title="Cheryl Coakley-Rivera">Cheryl Coakley-Rivera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Register of Probate</a>: </td> <td>Suzanne Seguin (<a href="/wiki/Unenrolled_voter" class="mw-redirect" title="Unenrolled voter">I</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">County Sheriff</a>: </td> <td>Nicholas Cocchi (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; text-align:center;">State government </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">State Representative(s)</a>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Duffy" title="Patricia Duffy">Patricia Duffy</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">State Senator(s)</a>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Velis" title="John Velis">John Velis</a> (D) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Councilor(s)</a>: </td> <td>Tara Jacobs (D) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; text-align:center;">Federal government </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative(s)</a>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Richard Neal</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives,_Massachusetts_District_1" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives, Massachusetts District 1">1st District</a>), </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senators</a>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> Holyoke has a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">strong mayor – council government</a> where the executive historically has broad powers to directly appoint officials or commissions which perform the same function, as well as present an initial budget before the city council.<a href="#cite_note-storyof-84">[83]</a>: 163  Taken into consideration with the authority of the city council, the office, however, has been described by the Massachusetts state government as having limited executive powers.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> For example, the mayor retains appointment of the chief of police directly,<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> including terms of their contract, as well as the three members of the fire commission, without council approval.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> The fire commission, however, has exclusive authority to appoint or suspend the chief and other officers. Other municipal positions such as treasurer or city clerk are elected directly, unless said officeholder is appointed by the mayor in an acting capacity.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> In 2015 voters passed a resolution raising mayoral terms from two to four years.<a href="#cite_note-govchanges-243">[241]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Garcia" title="Joshua A. Garcia">Joshua A. Garcia</a> was elected, and assumed the remainder of the term of Terence Murphy on November 15, 2021, who had assumed the office in an acting capacity.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Holyoke's legislative body is its City Council, which features seven ward representatives and six councilors at large. Historic records refer to the city council as the "Board of Aldermen" until its name changed in 1992;<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> however, the title also reflected a separate body. From 1874 until 1896, the City Council was <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>; the Board of Aldermen consisted of seven at-large members, and a Common Council of 21 presided with three representatives per ward.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> From the ratification of the 1896 charter until the 1950s, the common council was eliminated and the Board comprised 21 members with 14 at-large, subsequently changed to eight at-large and seven ward members.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> In 2015 the city voted to reduce the number of councilors from 15 to 13, removing two at-large seats and creating a majority of ward-based seats.<a href="#cite_note-govchanges-243">[241]</a> The City Council passes the city's final budget, holds hearings, creates departments and commissions, and amends zoning laws.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> The city government comprises 33 offices, departments, and agencies, including utilities which are municipally owned and operated, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_and_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Gas and Electric">Holyoke Gas and Electric</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Holyoke Water Works</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a>, Holyoke is represented by <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Duffy" title="Patricia Duffy">Patricia Duffy</a> of the 5th Hampden District, which is conterminous with the city's boundaries. The city's state senator is <a href="/wiki/John_Velis" title="John Velis">John Velis</a>, of the 2nd Hampshire and Hampden District. It is part of the Eighth <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Massachusetts Governor's Council</a> district, represented by Tara Jacobs. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> the city is represented by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Richard Neal</a> of the state's <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 1st congressional district">1st district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senators</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Markey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Markey">Edward Markey</a>. Politically, the city's largest block of voters are those belonging to <a href="/wiki/Unenrolled_voter" class="mw-redirect" title="Unenrolled voter">no political party</a>, but in recent years the city has largely supported candidates from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> by a wide margin. In the 2012 elections, voters supported President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> over <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> by a margin of 76–22%,<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> and Elizabeth Warren over incumbent Senator Scott Brown 70–30%.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Holyoke elected an openly gay mayor, Alex Morse, in the 2011 municipal election.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Voter registration and party enrollment as of October 17, 2018<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Number of voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11,079 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,006 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td>Unaffiliated </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13,333 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">49.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#17aa5c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-Rainbow_Party" title="Green-Rainbow Party">Green-Rainbow</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">26,803 </th> <th style="text-align:center;">100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Public safety">edit</a>]</div> Following the collapse of its industrial base in the 1970s, the city began to see civil unrest which gained notoriety both in state and national coverage; a wave of crime set in and the population declined nearly 20% from 1970 through 1990.<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Since that time, crime has gradually declined, with an increased <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police" title="Massachusetts State Police">state police</a> presence, and greater state socio-economic support programs.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> Since 2011, state and federal authorities have worked with the Holyoke Police Department in a Safe Neighborhood Initiative, attempting to suppress gang violence and creating greater after-school programming and opportunities for <a href="/wiki/At-risk_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="At-risk youth">at-risk youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> This demographic has been described by Massachusetts' Shannon Community Safety Initiative as those most affected by violent crime in the city. In 2016, the HPD estimated 3 out of 4 violent crimes were committed by an estimated 589 gang members between Holyoke and Chicopee, often with members being offenders and victims in <a href="/wiki/Gang#Gang_violence" title="Gang">turf battles</a> over narcotics trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Between 2010 and 2018, the violent crime rate for Holyoke decreased by approximately 14.6%, whereas the property crime rate declined by 26.5%; both rates remain more than twice their respective state averages, as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> The Holyoke Fire Department responds to fires and other emergencies within the city. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Medical Services">Emergency Medical Services</a> are contracted to a <a href="/wiki/Private_Ambulance_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Ambulance Service">private ambulance company</a>. This contract is currently held by <a href="/wiki/Cataldo_Ambulance_Service" title="Cataldo Ambulance Service">Cataldo Ambulance Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)">The Republican</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Hampshire_Gazette" title="Daily Hampshire Gazette">Daily Hampshire Gazette</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a> are the two daily newspapers regularly covering the city. Holyoke's own <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram" title="Holyoke Transcript-Telegram">Holyoke Transcript-Telegram</a>, which had been connected with the city since its founding under several variations of that name, ceased publication in 1993. Since this time Holyoke has not had its own daily news source but has been served by the weekly Holyoke Sun, managed by <a href="/wiki/Turley_Publications" title="Turley Publications">Turley Publications</a>, which began publication in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-ryan-261">[259]</a> On September 16, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Hampshire_Gazette" title="Daily Hampshire Gazette">Daily Hampshire Gazette</a> announced that it was expanding its coverage to Holyoke full-time, opening a bureau there.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Since 2004 the area has also been covered by the bilingual monthly <a href="/wiki/El_Sol_Latino" title="El Sol Latino">El Sol Latino</a>; published independently out of <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a>, it covers the news of the Pioneer Valley's Puerto Rican community, with considerable coverage given to Holyoke.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> The Republican also publishes a free Spanish-language weekly known as El Pueblo Latino, with distribution mainly in Springfield and Holyoke. Historically Holyoke has had numerous non-English news publications. Between 1874 and 1910 more than twelve French newspapers were published. Many of these were printed for only a matter of weeks, while the best documented, the weekly <a href="/wiki/La_Justice" title="La Justice">La Justice</a>, was published from 1909 to 1964, being biweekly in its last six years.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> Another prominent example was the Polish language <a href="/wiki/Gwiazda_(Holyoke)" title="Gwiazda (Holyoke)">Gwiazda</a>, or Polish Weekly-Star, among the best documented of at least four such publications.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_and_television">Radio and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Radio and television">edit</a>]</div> Holyoke is served by <a href="/wiki/Template:Springfield_MA_Radio" title="Template:Springfield MA Radio">radio stations in the Springfield market</a>, including its own <a href="/wiki/WCCH" title="WCCH">WCCH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College's</a> radio station, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College's</a> <a href="/wiki/WMHC" title="WMHC">WMHC</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hadley">South Hadley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WMUA" title="WMUA">WMUA</a> of <a href="/wiki/UMass_Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass Amherst">UMass Amherst</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Christian radio</a> station <a href="/wiki/WREA" class="mw-redirect" title="WREA">WREA</a> also broadcasts Spanish-language religious programming from a studio in downtown Holyoke. In addition to television <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts#Television" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">stations serving the Springfield market</a>, the city is also home to Holyoke Media, a <a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">public-access</a> media non-profit.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> In its history many smaller productions have been filmed in Holyoke, as well a handful of notable pictures including the <a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">neo-noir</a> film <a href="/wiki/Malice_(1993_film)" title="Malice (1993 film)">Malice</a> (1993) and mystery horror drama <a href="/wiki/The_Reincarnation_of_Peter_Proud" title="The Reincarnation of Peter Proud">The Reincarnation of Peter Proud</a> (1975). The city served as a filming location for the 1977 bodybuilding documentary <a href="/wiki/Pumping_Iron" title="Pumping Iron">Pumping Iron</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Mountain Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Mountain Park</a> then held <a href="/wiki/Professional_bodybuilding" title="Professional bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a> championships at its Clambake Pavilion. The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Merry-Go-Round" title="Holyoke Merry-Go-Round">Holyoke Merry-Go-Round</a> was also the setting of a music video sequence in the 2007 British documentary <a href="/wiki/Young@Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Young@Heart">Young@Heart</a>, chronicling a New England chorus of elders from Northampton who cover classic and contemporary rock songs.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emergency_room,_Holyoke_Medical_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Emergency_room%2C_Holyoke_Medical_Center.jpg/220px-Emergency_room%2C_Holyoke_Medical_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Emergency_room%2C_Holyoke_Medical_Center.jpg/330px-Emergency_room%2C_Holyoke_Medical_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Emergency_room%2C_Holyoke_Medical_Center.jpg/440px-Emergency_room%2C_Holyoke_Medical_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4452" data-file-height="3356" /></a><figcaption>Emergency department of <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Medical_Center" title="Holyoke Medical Center">Holyoke Medical Center</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Medical_Center" title="Holyoke Medical Center">Holyoke Medical Center</a> offers comprehensive health services. It was named a top hospital by <a href="/wiki/The_Leapfrog_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Leapfrog Group">The Leapfrog Group</a> in 2016, and in 2018 received multiple awards for its stroke care from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Public_Health" title="Massachusetts Department of Public Health">Massachusetts Department of Public Health</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Providence_Behavioral_Health_Hospital" title="Providence Behavioral Health Hospital">Providence Behavioral Health Hospital</a> offers a number of programs for psychiatric health as well, with emphasis on new substance abuse treatment programs.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> It has been affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Holyoke" title="Sisters of Providence of Holyoke">Sisters of Providence of Holyoke</a>, who have operated medical facilities in the city since they first received their charter in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Home_in_Holyoke" title="Soldiers' Home in Holyoke">Soldiers' Home in Holyoke</a> is one of two state-operated veterans healthcare facilities in the Commonwealth, offering longterm residential care as well as outpatient services to Massachusetts veterans. In 2018, the facility received high marks from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</a>, showing improved safety measures for elderly residents and no deficiencies in provided care.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecom_and_public_fiber">Telecom and public fiber</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Telecom and public fiber">edit</a>]</div> Since September 1997, the city's municipal utility, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric" title="Holyoke Gas & Electric">Holyoke Gas & Electric</a>, has provided fiber optic high-speed internet service to municipal agencies, as well as commercial and industrial businesses.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> This network would also play a decisive role in the location of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a> in the city, due to its 1 gbps service offered to commercial customers, and a dedicated link exceeding 10 gbps for the facility's educational affiliates, on specialized networks such as <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> The municipal fiber line network has also served as an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service provider</a> to other area towns, including commercial customers in Chicopee, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Center,_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts">Metro Center</a> <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>,<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a> (until 2017), as well as network operator to residential customers in <a href="/wiki/Leverett,_Massachusetts" title="Leverett, Massachusetts">Leverett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> With renewed public interest in <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>, civic groups have rallied for the city to offer a limited or complete rollout of this <a href="/wiki/FTTH" class="mw-redirect" title="FTTH">fiber-to-the-home</a> service in Holyoke and Chicopee. However, despite orders by the council to further explore this measure, no immediate plan for residential service had been given by the municipal utility as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> On November 6, 2019, city voters passed a nonbinding question calling for a feasibility study and cost estimate of a gradual rollout of residential service.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke_Transportation_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Holyoke_Transportation_Center.JPG/280px-Holyoke_Transportation_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Holyoke_Transportation_Center.JPG/420px-Holyoke_Transportation_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Holyoke_Transportation_Center.JPG/560px-Holyoke_Transportation_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>The Holyoke Transportation Center, serving riders of the <a href="/wiki/PVTA" class="mw-redirect" title="PVTA">PVTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_Buslines" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Pan Buslines">Peter Pan Buslines</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Highways">Highways</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Highways">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate highways">Interstate highways</a> serving Greater Holyoke include: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/I-91.svg/24px-I-91.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/I-91.svg/36px-I-91.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/I-91.svg/48px-I-91.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 91 (Massachusetts)">I-91</a> – North to <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Massachusetts" title="Hatfield, Massachusetts">Hatfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a>, and South to <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford">Hartford</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/I-391.svg/30px-I-391.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/I-391.svg/45px-I-391.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/I-391.svg/60px-I-391.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_391_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 391 (Massachusetts)">I-391</a> – South to <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>.</li></ul> Immediately south of Holyoke is the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a>, accessible from exit 14 on I-91 South: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/I-90.svg/24px-I-90.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/I-90.svg/36px-I-90.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/I-90.svg/48px-I-90.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 90 (Massachusetts)">I-90</a> – East to <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and West to <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highways">U.S. Highways</a> serving Greater Holyoke include: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_5.svg/24px-US_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_5.svg/36px-US_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_5.svg/48px-US_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_5_in_Massachusetts" title="U.S. Route 5 in Massachusetts">US 5</a> – Running from <a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a> to <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a> to <a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_202.svg/30px-US_202.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_202.svg/45px-US_202.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_202.svg/60px-US_202.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_202_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 202 in Massachusetts">US 202</a> – Running from <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Muller_Bridge" title="Joseph E. Muller Bridge">Joseph E. Muller Bridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield, Massachusetts</a>.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_routes_in_Massachusetts" title="List of numbered routes in Massachusetts">Massachusetts highways</a> in the area include: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MA_Route_116.svg/30px-MA_Route_116.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MA_Route_116.svg/45px-MA_Route_116.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MA_Route_116.svg/60px-MA_Route_116.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_116" title="Massachusetts Route 116">Route 116</a> – A minor freeway bypassing downtown Holyoke, connecting <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Willimansett_Bridge" title="Willimansett Bridge">Willimansett Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Memorial_Bridge" title="Vietnam Memorial Bridge">Vietnam Memorial Bridge</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA_Route_141.svg/30px-MA_Route_141.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA_Route_141.svg/45px-MA_Route_141.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA_Route_141.svg/60px-MA_Route_141.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_141" title="Massachusetts Route 141">Route 141</a> – A minor freeway connecting <a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a> over <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom</a>, through downtown via Appleton Street and Main Street in <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a> via <a href="/wiki/I-391" class="mw-redirect" title="I-391">I-391</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus_and_rail">Bus and rail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bus and rail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_Shuttle_463_Eng_18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Amtrak_Shuttle_463_Eng_18.JPG/220px-Amtrak_Shuttle_463_Eng_18.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Amtrak_Shuttle_463_Eng_18.JPG/330px-Amtrak_Shuttle_463_Eng_18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Amtrak_Shuttle_463_Eng_18.JPG/440px-Amtrak_Shuttle_463_Eng_18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A two-car train for the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Hartford_Line" title="Amtrak Hartford Line">New Haven–Springfield Shuttle</a>, which was scheduled to begin <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service to Holyoke in a pilot program starting in spring 2019</figcaption></figure> Several buses from the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Transit_Authority" title="Pioneer Valley Transit Authority">Pioneer Valley Transit Authority</a> operate in the city including the Paper City Express with a route across town as well as routes to South Hadley, Westfield, Northampton, Amherst, and Springfield, connecting with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_Buslines" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Pan Buslines">Peter Pan Buslines</a> at the Holyoke Transportation Center. Passenger rail service returned to Holyoke in August 2015, after being absent since 1967.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Vermonter_(train)" title="Vermonter (train)">Vermonter</a> stops at the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_station" title="Holyoke station">Holyoke station</a> once a day in each direction, and the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Flyer_(Amtrak_train)" title="Valley Flyer (Amtrak train)">Valley Flyer</a> commenced in Spring 2019 linking Holyoke to adjacent stations in <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Northampton,_Massachusetts)" title="Union Station (Northampton, Massachusetts)">Northampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Union_Station_(Massachusetts)" title="Springfield Union Station (Massachusetts)">Springfield</a>, as far north as <a href="/wiki/John_W._Olver_Transit_Center" title="John W. Olver Transit Center">Greenfield</a> and south as <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Union_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven Union Station">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, with two trains operating in the morning and the evening.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> The route links travelers as far north as <a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a> and as far south as <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, with connections to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a>. Freight rail service is provided to the city's industrial and warehouse railways in <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The Flats</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Railroad" title="Pioneer Valley Railroad">Pioneer Valley Railroad</a>, with connections to <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Southern" title="Pan Am Southern">Pan Am Southern</a> to Springfield and Greenfield, and a line to <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a> with connections to <a href="/wiki/Southampton,_Massachusetts" title="Southampton, Massachusetts">Southampton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CSX" class="mw-redirect" title="CSX">CSX</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> The PVRR also provides annual fall foliage passenger rides from the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a> to Westfield, and an annual <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Train</a> at the park.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> General aviation service is close by, at <a href="/wiki/Westover_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Westover Metropolitan Airport">Westover Metropolitan Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northampton_Airport" title="Northampton Airport">Northampton Airport</a>. The closest major domestic and limited international air service is available through <a href="/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport" title="Bradley International Airport">Bradley International Airport</a> (BDL) in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut" title="Windsor Locks, Connecticut">Windsor Locks, Connecticut</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycling_and_walking">Cycling and walking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cycling and walking">edit</a>]</div> Taken in its entirety, Holyoke has a moderate <a href="/wiki/Walk_Score" title="Walk Score">Walk Score</a> of 55,<a href="#cite_note-WalkScore-288">[286]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">walkability</a> is highly variable between neighborhoods. For example, whereas the rural neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Rock_Valley,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Rock Valley, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Rock Valley</a> is entirely car-dependent with a score of 3,<a href="#cite_note-WalkScoreRV-289">[287]</a> the downtown area, with its grid central to stores, residences, and businesses, yields a Walk Score of 84.<a href="#cite_note-WalkScoreDT-290">[288]</a> In an effort to make the mixed industrial and residential area around the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">canals</a> more accessible, the city has in recent years constructed the eponymous Canalwalk, a series of walkways linking the downtown to <a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The Flats</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbor_seal_in_Holyoke,_MA._Connecticut_River._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harbor_seal_in_Holyoke%2C_MA._Connecticut_River._01.jpg/140px-Harbor_seal_in_Holyoke%2C_MA._Connecticut_River._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harbor_seal_in_Holyoke%2C_MA._Connecticut_River._01.jpg/210px-Harbor_seal_in_Holyoke%2C_MA._Connecticut_River._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harbor_seal_in_Holyoke%2C_MA._Connecticut_River._01.jpg/280px-Harbor_seal_in_Holyoke%2C_MA._Connecticut_River._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3388" /></a><figcaption>Laysan, a tagged <a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">harbor seal</a> briefly residing by the <a href="/wiki/American_shad" title="American shad">shad</a>-laden waters near the Holyoke Dam</figcaption></figure> Despite its industrial history, Holyoke contains no Superfund sites.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> One of the greatest producers of pollution in the area was the former <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Station" title="Mount Tom Station">Mount Tom Station</a>, a coal plant in <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a>. Citizens cited higher rates of asthma, attributing them to the plant and after many years of discussion it was finally shuttered in December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-health-294">[292]</a> In October 2016 ground was broken at the site for the construction of a new solar farm.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> Due to a combination of <a href="/wiki/MassWildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="MassWildlife">MassWildlife</a>'s Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, as well as public health protections for the watershed of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Holyoke Water Works</a>, much of the city's area west of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a> is designated for limited development and often requires additional permitting.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Of the city's 14,605 acres, approximate 8,105 along the <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a> have been identified as core habitat for the more than 242 species of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> extant in the city's boundaries, and of this area about 52% of its acreage is managed by municipal, state, and federal agencies, with sustainable development plans in place to encourage development within the city's dense grid to the east. Of the wildlife identified in Holyoke, there are 29 species of fish, 21 of amphibians, 18 of reptiles, at least 160 species of birds including <a href="/wiki/Ruby-throated_hummingbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby-throated hummingbirds">ruby-throated hummingbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald eagles">bald eagles</a>, as well as 42 species of mammals such as <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> In recent years the area has seen a growing black bear population, with the occasional individual wandering into the downtown center.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_outreach">Global outreach</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Global outreach">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apremont_Fountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Apremont_Fountain.jpg/200px-Apremont_Fountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Apremont_Fountain.jpg/300px-Apremont_Fountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Apremont_Fountain.jpg/400px-Apremont_Fountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A memorial plaque in <a href="/wiki/Apremont-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Apremont-la-Forêt">Apremont, France</a>, to the American soldiers who fought and died there, and honoring the city's gift of water during the village's reconstruction</figcaption></figure> Holyoke has in the past established sister city relationships with cities abroad, including: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Svaliava" title="Svaliava">Svaliava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>, Ukraine (1997)<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a>, Ireland (2017)<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a></li></ul> Less formal relationships representing symbolic and technical exchanges have also been established with the following cities: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (1888), on January 26, 1888, a delegation from Montreal was received by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_E._Delaney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James E. Delaney (page does not exist)">Mayor Delaney</a>. Arriving by train, they comprised 200 members of Le Canadien and La Trappeur <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Snowshoe_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Snowshoe Club">snowshoe clubs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Laurent-Olivier_David" title="Laurent-Olivier David">Laurent-Olivier David</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a>, former Mayor and folklorist <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Beaugrand" title="Honoré Beaugrand">Honoré Beaugrand</a>, and Québecois poet laureate <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fr%C3%A9chette" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Fréchette">Louis Fréchette</a>. In the midst of an evening snowstorm, they were greeted by 10,000 residents and a grand fireworks display.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> Throughout the night, several French and English speeches were made at <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">city hall</a>, before an audience including reporters from several <a href="/wiki/Early_Franco-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Franco-American newspapers">Franco-American newspapers</a>, with a speech by Delaney lamenting the tragic <a href="/wiki/Precious_Blood_Church_fire" title="Precious Blood Church fire">Precious Blood Church fire</a>, and a tribute by Beaugrand honoring <a href="/wiki/President_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="President Cleveland">President Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing China</a> (1906), in May 1906, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jintao" title="Chen Jintao">Chen Jintao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-304">[c]</a> regarded as China's first foreign scholar,<a href="#cite_note-BDRC-305">[302]</a> was sent to the city on assignment to study its budding paper-making industry and infrastructure, reporting back to the Chinese government after a month of observation. He would be received not only by mill owners but the city government itself, including city engineer James Tighe who would show him the infrastructure of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Holyoke Reservoir System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> Chen, possibly a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a>,<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> would go on to serve numerous important roles in both the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> governments, including Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for the latter.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1906), on November 9, 1906, two Irish envoys were received by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_P._Avery" title="Nathan P. Avery">Mayor Avery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hazleton" title="Richard Hazleton">Richard Hazleton</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kettle" title="Tom Kettle">Tom Kettle</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">home-rule</a> advocates touring the United States for <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">the cause</a>. Avery was granted the chairman's position at the meeting held at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome_High_School" title="Saint Jerome High School">Saint Jerome's Institute</a>, and over the course of the evening several speeches were made by the guests and others in the Irish community describing the realities of British rule and progress made toward independence, with parallels drawn between the independence of the United States. Some $700, about $20,000 in 2017 US Dollars, was raised by the crowd for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> by the end of the evening.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Apremont-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Apremont-la-Forêt">Apremont-la-Forêt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a>, France (1919), at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in honor of the fallen of the <a href="/wiki/104th_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="104th Infantry">104th Infantry</a>, the city provided this village a new <a href="/wiki/Waterworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterworks">waterworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Public bath">public bath</a>, and a community center under relief efforts led by <a href="/wiki/Belle_Skinner" title="Belle Skinner">Belle Skinner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> In honor of these contributions, the village renamed its town square Place d'Holyoke and its main street Rue Belle Skinner. In 1930 a former supply route built by soldiers of the regiment was dedicated in Massachusetts as the Apremont Highway in a joint ceremony between Holyoke and <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (2018), in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> many Puerto Ricans sought refuge with family in Holyoke, with more than 235 additional students enrolling in Holyoke public schools in the year following the natural disaster; on April 27, 2018, a key to the city was presented to San Juan Mayor <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Yul%C3%ADn_Cruz" title="Carmen Yulín Cruz">Carmen Yulín Cruz</a> by Mayor <a href="/wiki/Alex_Morse" title="Alex Morse">Alex Morse</a> to honor that "in such a time of despair [she] provided a beacon of hope and opportunity for Puerto Ricans"<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> in the city's community, and for her leadership in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Holyoke, Massachusetts">List of people from Holyoke, Massachusetts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mill_towns_in_Massachusetts" title="List of mill towns in Massachusetts">List of mill towns in Massachusetts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Holyoke's boundaries, those of Smith's Ferry being an exception, were first defined as the 3rd parish of West Springfield; identified on maps as "Ireland", "3rd Parish", or referred to as "Ireland Parish", for the number of Irish families who had settled there. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> A complete catalog of this collection may be found in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerThompson1933" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, William; Thompson, Elizabeth (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/belleskinnercoll00skin#page/n7/mode/2up">The Belle Skinner collection of old musical instruments, Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>. Philadelphia: Beck Engraving Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64299108">64299108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belle+Skinner+collection+of+old+musical+instruments%2C+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Beck+Engraving+Company&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64299108&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbelleskinnercoll00skin%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Referred to by contemporary Western documents in the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> Romanization as "Ch’en Chin-t’ao" or "Chintao Chen". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wpa-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wpa_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpa_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutting1937" class="citation book cs1">Nutting, George M. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/massachusettsgui00federich#page/248/mode/2up">Massachusetts; a guide to its places and people</a>. Cambridge: The Riverside Press. p. 248. <q>...paper mills, attracted by cheap water-power from Hadley Falls Dam, have given the town the name of 'The Paper City'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massachusetts%3B+a+guide+to+its+places+and+people&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=The+Riverside+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Nutting&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmassachusettsgui00federich%23page%2F248%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-basbanes-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-basbanes_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-basbanes_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasbanes2014" class="citation book cs1">Basbanes, Nicholas A. (2014). On Paper: The Everything of Its Two-thousand-year History. New York: Random House. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307279644" title="Special:BookSources/9780307279644"><bdi>9780307279644</bdi></a>. <q>To exploit the full potential of a natural waterfall that drops fifty-eight feet within a fifth of a mile on the Connecticut River, nineteenth-century engineers built the industrial city of Holyoke around three circular canals that generated sufficient power to operate...twenty-eight mills, which at their peak accounted for nearly 90 percent of the paper produced in the United States. Though every one of these mills would close in the years following World War II, the economically stressed community still calls itself 'Paper City'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Paper%3A+The+Everything+of+Its+Two-thousand-year+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780307279644&rft.aulast=Basbanes&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fodor-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fodor_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fodor_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanTravis2005" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Mark; Travis, William, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fodorsberkshires00fodo/page/124">Fodor's Berkshires and Pioneer Valley</a>. New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fodorsberkshires00fodo/page/124">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400014675" title="Special:BookSources/9781400014675"><bdi>9781400014675</bdi></a>. <q>Today, Holyoke—known as the 'birthplace of volleyball'—pays homage to Morgan with its Volleyball Hall of Fame.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Berkshires+and+Pioneer+Valley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781400014675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffodorsberkshires00fodo%2Fpage%2F124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-degroot-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-degroot_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-degroot_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Burt DeGroot". Stanford. 19: 61. 1991. <q>DeGroots and their sons, Ned and Don, commuted last October from San Clemente, Calif. to Holyoke, Mass., the birthplace of volleyball, for Burt's induction into the National Volleyball Hall of Fame.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford&rft.atitle=Burt+DeGroot&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> For use in a publication from a different state, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/5838884/">"Holyoke, Massachusetts"</a>. Americana—Cities to See. The Indian Journal. Eufaula, Oklahoma. November 3, 1960. p. 6. <q>Holyoke, Massachusetts, 'The Venice of America,' is a friendly, industrial city of 53,000 population in the Pioneer Valley, along the Connecticut River in Western Massachusetts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal&rft.atitle=Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1960-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F5838884%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>For use in a trade publication, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"[Paper] Converters Abound in Holyoke—Why converters move to 'Venice of America'—case histories in the city which 'specializes in specialties'". Pulp & Paper. 30. Miller Freeman Publications: 182. 1956. <q>The 'Venice of America'—Holyoke, Mass.—has a number of what it calls 'incubator' buildings, ready for occupancy by paper converting plants...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pulp+%26+Paper&rft.atitle=%5BPaper%5D+Converters+Abound+in+Holyoke%E2%80%94Why+converters+move+to+%27Venice+of+America%27%E2%80%94case+histories+in+the+city+which+%27specializes+in+specialties%27&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=182&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For use in an anthropological/historical context, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Archaeological signs give insight to Holyoke". At <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts)">the Quadrangle</a>. The Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. February 10, 1982. p. 32. <q>Using artifacts and slides, the two will trace what they call 'The Venice of America,' one of the earliest planned industrial communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Archaeological+signs+give+insight+to+Holyoke&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1982-02-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For use by a sitting mayor, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty1984" class="citation news cs1">Moriarty, Jo-Ann (January 29, 1984). "Things Looking Up for an 'Exciting Lady'". The Republican. Springfield, Mass. p. F-55. <q>Mayor Ernest E. Proulx says cities are like women. 'And Holyoke is an exciting lady,' he often tells people when he is selling his city. 'There is a charm here... What other cities have what we have? The rolling topography, the mountains and reservoirs, the river, the canals— Holyoke is the Venice of North America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Things+Looking+Up+for+an+%27Exciting+Lady%27&rft.pages=F-55&rft.date=1984-01-29&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C58pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159">The Revised Ordinances of the City of Holyoke</a>. Holyoke, Massachusetts: M. J. Doyle Printing Co. 1914. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revised+Ordinances+of+the+City+of+Holyoke&rft.place=Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=M.+J.+Doyle+Printing+Co&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC58pAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/holyokecitymassachusetts">"QuickFacts–Holyoke city, Massachusetts"</a>. United States Census Bureau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts%E2%80%93Holyoke+city%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Fholyokecitymassachusetts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland1855-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1855_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1855_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1855_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland1855_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1855" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofwestern02holluoft#page/70/mode/2up">History of Western Massachusetts; the counties of Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire</a>. Springfield, Mass.: Samuel Bowles. p. 70. <q>On the 7th of July, 1786, the part of West Springfield now embraced in Holyoke was incorporated as the Third Parish of West Springfield, and was called 'Ireland,' and 'Ireland Parish,' from the fact that several Irish families were the first settlers of the territory, though there is no record of the date of their settlement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Western+Massachusetts%3B+the+counties+of+Hampden%2C+Hampshire%2C+Franklin%2C+and+Berkshire&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Samuel+Bowles&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Josiah+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofwestern02holluoft%23page%2F70%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-town-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-town_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-town_10-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3IDAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22An+act+to+incorporate+the+town+of+Holyoke%22&pg=PA146">An act to incorporate the town of Holyoke</a>, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1850 </li> <li id="cite_note-city-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-city_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-city_11-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045702/http://masslib-dspace.longsight.com/handle/2452/102746">An act to establish the city of Holyoke</a>, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1873 </li> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-12"><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_25.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> For contemporary use see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaisance2018" class="citation news cs1">Plaisance, Michael (April 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718164235/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/holyokers_asked_to_complete_su.html">"Holyokers asked to complete survey on Community Preservation Act"</a>. The Republican. Springfield, Mass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/holyokers_asked_to_complete_su.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyokers+asked+to+complete+survey+on+Community+Preservation+Act&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Plaisance&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2018%2F04%2Fholyokers_asked_to_complete_su.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>For historical use see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyokers in the New South". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. February 9, 1890. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyokers+in+the+New+South&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1890-02-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> For use in different publications historical and contemporary, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke Growing Pompous; Over its Booming Population". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. July 8, 1888. p. 6. <q>The average Holyokian takes much pride in the rapid growth and development of the city</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Growing+Pompous%3B+Over+its+Booming+Population&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1888-07-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1940" class="citation news cs1">Malcolm, David J. (December 22, 1940). "Our Hill Town Neighbors". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. p. 19. <q>...it was clear to us that among real Holyokians the word Transcript and the word newspaper are used synonymously</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Our+Hill+Town+Neighbors&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1940-12-22&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zw9bAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA49">"Class Notes"</a>. Princeton Alumni Weekly. November 22, 1946. p. 21. <q>Charlie reuned that evening with Holyokian Bud Bagg (new vice-president of the Alumni Association of Conn. Valley)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Alumni+Weekly&rft.atitle=Class+Notes&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1946-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzw9bAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSousa1977" class="citation news cs1">Sousa, Frank (July 27, 1977). "Some big fish!". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. p. 35. <q>Which must be some sort of record when you figure that two Holyokians, Holyokers, whatever, have taken the tourney two out of nine years...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Some+big+fish%21&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1977-07-27&rft.aulast=Sousa&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109005028/https://wedacoalition.org/2015/12/12/not-in-our-backyard/">"Pas dans notre Cour !"</a> [Not In Our Backyard] (in French). The WEDA Coalition. December 12, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedacoalition.org/2015/12/12/not-in-our-backyard/">the original</a> on January 9, 2018. <q>L'idée plus populaire chez les Holyokians est une centrale solaire avec loisirs accès à la rivière</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pas+dans+notre+Cour+%21&rft.pub=The+WEDA+Coalition&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedacoalition.org%2F2015%2F12%2F12%2Fnot-in-our-backyard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2020-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2020_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2530840">"Census - Geography Profile: Holyoke city, Massachusetts"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+-+Geography+Profile%3A+Holyoke+city%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Fprofile%3Fg%3D1600000US2530840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitbart2016" class="citation book cs1">Breitbart, Myrna Margulies (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxspDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">"'Lofty artists' vs. 'El Oro del Barrio': Crafting Community and a Sustainable Economic Future in the Paper City"</a>. Creative Economies in Post-Industrial Cities; Manufacturing a (Different) Scene. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317158325" title="Special:BookSources/9781317158325"><bdi>9781317158325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Lofty+artists%27+vs.+%27El+Oro+del+Barrio%27%3A+Crafting+Community+and+a+Sustainable+Economic+Future+in+the+Paper+City&rft.btitle=Creative+Economies+in+Post-Industrial+Cities%3B+Manufacturing+a+%28Different%29+Scene&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317158325&rft.aulast=Breitbart&rft.aufirst=Myrna+Margulies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxspDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KhdbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480">"Emory Alexander Ellsworth"</a>. Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers. III (8): 480. October 1916. <q>In 1879 Mr. Ellsworth left the firm of Davis & Ellsworth to become principal assistant and head draftsman for D. H. & A. B. Tower, of Holyoke, who were the largest firm of paper mill architects in the country at that time, and who designed no less than twenty paper mills in the city of Holyoke alone</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Boston+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.atitle=Emory+Alexander+Ellsworth&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=480&rft.date=1916-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhdbAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot2009" class="citation journal cs1">Root, Joshua L. (Fall 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101501/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Something%20Will%20Drop%20Holyoke%20Socialists.pdf">"Something Will Drop: Socialists, Unions and Trusts in Nineteenth-Century Holyoke"</a> (PDF). Historic Journal of Massachusetts. 37 (2): 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Something%20Will%20Drop%20Holyoke%20Socialists.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historic+Journal+of+Massachusetts&rft.atitle=Something+Will+Drop%3A+Socialists%2C+Unions+and+Trusts+in+Nineteenth-Century+Holyoke&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Joshua+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsc.mass.edu%2Fmhj%2Fpdfs%2FSomething%2520Will%2520Drop%2520Holyoke%2520Socialists.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HX09AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA44">"Who's Who in the Silk Industry–William Skinner"</a>. Silk. Vol. XV, no. 3. Silk Publishing Company. March 1922. p. 44. <q>One building alone is 1000 feet long—the largest silk mill, under one roof, in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silk&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Silk+Industry%E2%80%93William+Skinner&rft.volume=XV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1922-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHX09AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney2015" class="citation news cs1">Kinney, Jim (June 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2015/06/paper_cluster_meeting_hopes_to_invigorat.html">"'Paper Cluster' meeting hopes to invigorate old industry with new moves"</a>. MassLive. Springfield, Mass. Retrieved December 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MassLive&rft.atitle=%27Paper+Cluster%27+meeting+hopes+to+invigorate+old+industry+with+new+moves&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fbusiness-news%2Findex.ssf%2F2015%2F06%2Fpaper_cluster_meeting_hopes_to_invigorat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223201254/https://www.yellowpages.com/holyoke-ma/paper-manufacturers">"Holyoke, MA Paper Manufacturers"</a>. Yellow Pages. DexYP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yellowpages.com/holyoke-ma/paper-manufacturers">the original</a> on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yellow+Pages&rft.atitle=Holyoke%2C+MA+Paper+Manufacturers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yellowpages.com%2Fholyoke-ma%2Fpaper-manufacturers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfgspecialties-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfgspecialties_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfgspecialties_22-1">b</a> For industrial vacuums see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruwac.com/">"RuWac USA"</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RuWac+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruwac.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>For medical devices see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mwlifesciences.com">"Paragon Medical - Holyoke"</a>. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paragon+Medical+-+Holyoke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwlifesciences.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For solid waste containers see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalcontainerco.com">"International Container Company"</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Container+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalcontainerco.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For plastics and rubber manufacturing see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flnmar.com/">"FLN-MAR"</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FLN-MAR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flnmar.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalplastics.com">"Universal Plastics"</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Plastics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universalplastics.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For bookbinding agents and archival supplies see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lineco.com">"Lineco"</a>. 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Retrieved December 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mghpcc.org&rft.atitle=ABOUT+%7C+MGHPCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mghpcc.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unwin-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unwin_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unwin_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F136254a0">"Invention of the Venturi Meter"</a>. Nature. 136 (3433): 254. August 17, 1935. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935Natur.136Q.254.">1935Natur.136Q.254.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F136254a0">10.1038/136254a0</a>. <q>[The article] reproduces a letter from Herschel to the late Dr. Unwin describing his invention of the Venturi Meter. The letter is dated June 5, 1888, and addressed from the hydraulic engineer's office of the Holyoke Water Power Co., Mass. In his letter, Herschel says he tested a one-inch Venturi Meter, under 210 ft. head: 'I am now satisfied that here is a new and pregnant principle to be applied to the art of gauging fluids, inclusive of fluids such as compressed air, illuminating or fuel gases, steam, etc. Further, that the shape of the meter should be trumpet-shaped in both directions; such a meter will measure volumes flowing in either direction, which in certain localities becomes a useful attribute...'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Invention+of+the+Venturi+Meter&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3433&rft.pages=254&rft.date=1935-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F136254a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935Natur.136Q.254.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F136254a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EONDCgAAQBAJ&pg=SA5-PA17">Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15A)</a>. 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(1981) The Post Offices of Massachusetts, p. 43, North Abington, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Postal Research Society, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/81084332">81-84332</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023080254/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2984">"Profile for Holyoke, Massachusetts, MA"</a>. ePodunk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2984">the original</a> on October 23, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+for+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts%2C+MA&rft.pub=ePodunk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epodunk.com%2Fcgi-bin%2FgenInfo.php%3FlocIndex%3D2984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrycharz1996–2006" class="citation web cs1">Strycharz, Robb (1996–2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronos-historical.org/highway/07.html">"US-5: A Highway to History"</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US-5%3A+A+Highway+to+History&rft.date=1996%2F2006&rft.aulast=Strycharz&rft.aufirst=Robb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronos-historical.org%2Fhighway%2F07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyoke.org/events/holyoke-history-room-guest-lecture-john-b-mccormick-and-the-hercules-turbine-water-wheel/">holyoke.org: "Holyoke History Room Guest Lecture: John B. McCormick and the Hercules Turbine Water Wheel"</a>, March 5, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Progress Publishing Company: Engineering Mechanics: Electrical, Civil, Mechanical, and Mining Engineering, Volume 3: January–June 1883, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchriverland.com/holyokehercules.htm">"HolyokeHercules"</a>. www.frenchriverland.com. Retrieved March 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frenchriverland.com&rft.atitle=HolyokeHercules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchriverland.com%2Fholyokehercules.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/streetrailwayjo251905newy/page/316">"Thermit Rail Welding in Holyoke"</a>. Street Railway Journal. XXV (7). New York: McGraw Publishing Company: 317–318. February 18, 1905. <q>G. E. 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Card Search</a>, Corporation Cards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth </li> <li id="cite_note-green-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constance_McLaughlin_Green" title="Constance McLaughlin Green">Green, Constance McLaughlin</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.59808/2015.59808.Holyoke-Massachusetts-A-Case-History-Of-The-Inkistrial-Revolution-In-America#page/n389/mode/2up">Holyoke, Massachusetts: a case history of the industrial revolution in America</a>. Yale Historical Publications. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts%3A+a+case+history+of+the+industrial+revolution+in+America&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.series=Yale+Historical+Publications&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Constance+McLaughlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.59808%2F2015.59808.Holyoke-Massachusetts-A-Case-History-Of-The-Inkistrial-Revolution-In-America%23page%2Fn389%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Service Off in Area for Up to 4 Hours–Only Holyoke, South Hadley Unaffected; Region Generally Calm During Cutoff". Springfield Union. November 10, 1965. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Service+Off+in+Area+for+Up+to+4+Hours%E2%80%93Only+Holyoke%2C+South+Hadley+Unaffected%3B+Region+Generally+Calm+During+Cutoff&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1965-11-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Jet Engine Saves Town from Dark". The Jersey Journal. Jersey City, New Jersey. November 11, 1965. p. 15. <q>A business-as-usual atmosphere existed in Holyoke, Mass during the blackout Tuesday night because of a jet engine. Francis H. King, manager of Holyoke's Gas and Electric Department, said a jet peaking and emergency power unit saved the city from the darkness of its neighbors. The peaking unit, developed by Worthington Corp., is powered by a jet aircraft engine and is capable of generating 12,000 kilowatts in approximately two minutes after start-up, King added.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jersey+Journal&rft.atitle=Jet+Engine+Saves+Town+from+Dark&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1965-11-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barrett-44"><a href="#cite_ref-barrett_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Robert E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212215156/https://www.hged.com/widgets/image-widgets/history-widget-folder/barrett-book.pdf">The History of the Holyoke Water Power Company; A Subsidiary of Northeast Utilities, 1859-1967</a> (PDF). Holyoke, Mass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hged.com/widgets/image-widgets/history-widget-folder/barrett-book.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 12, 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric" title="Holyoke Gas & Electric">Holyoke Gas & Electric</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Holyoke+Water+Power+Company%3B+A+Subsidiary+of+Northeast+Utilities%2C+1859-1967&rft.place=Holyoke%2C+Mass.&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hged.com%2Fwidgets%2Fimage-widgets%2Fhistory-widget-folder%2Fbarrett-book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Carl W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2492-xSSNoC&pg=PA145">A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering, From the Earliest Records Until 2000</a>. Purdue University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557534590" title="Special:BookSources/9781557534590"><bdi>9781557534590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+People+in+Engineering%2C+From+the+Earliest+Records+Until+2000&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781557534590&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2492-xSSNoC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609170559/http://www.lib.uconn.edu/online/research/speclib/ASC/exhibits/snet/firstfifty/introduction.htm">"Southern New England Telephone Company: The First Fifty Years, 1878-1928"</a>. Thomas J. Dodd Research Center. University of Connecticut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uconn.edu/online/research/speclib/ASC/exhibits/snet/firstfifty/introduction.htm">the original</a> on June 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+J.+Dodd+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Southern+New+England+Telephone+Company%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years%2C+1878-1928&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uconn.edu%2Fonline%2Fresearch%2Fspeclib%2FASC%2Fexhibits%2Fsnet%2Ffirstfifty%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telharmonium-47"><a href="#cite_ref-telharmonium_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholl1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Nicholl, Matthew (Spring 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heritage-of-invention-technology_spring-1993_8_4/page/n27/mode/2up">"Good Vibrations"</a>. American Heritage of Invention & Technology. Vol. VIII, no. 4. American Heritage Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+of+Invention+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Good+Vibrations&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Nicholl&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-heritage-of-invention-technology_spring-1993_8_4%2Fpage%2Fn27%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR1-48"><a href="#cite_ref-GR1_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html">"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Gazetteer+files%3A+2010%2C+2000%2C+and+1990&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeographies%2Freference-files%2Ftime-series%2Fgeo%2Fgazetteer-files.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Holyoke" class="citation report cs1">City of Holyoke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201122559/https://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/reducedfinal2.pdf">Open Space and Recreation Plan 2013-2018</a> (PDF) (Report). p. 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/reducedfinal2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Open+Space+and+Recreation+Plan+2013-2018&rft.pages=38&rft.au=City+of+Holyoke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyoke.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F10%2Freducedfinal2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Talbot, M., 1911, Podokesaurus holyokensis, a new dinosaur of the Connecticut Valley: American Journal of Science, v. 31, p. 469-479 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaisance2015" class="citation news cs1">Plaisance, Mike (May 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/05/dinosaur_footprints_in_holyoke.html">"Law passed to protect Dinosaur Footprints in Holyoke"</a>. Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Law+passed+to+protect+Dinosaur+Footprints+in+Holyoke&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft.aulast=Plaisance&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F05%2Fdinosaur_footprints_in_holyoke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Elmwood Heights Group Forms Improvement Body". Springfield Union. January 30, 1957. p. 35. <q>Residents of the Elmwood Heights area at an organization meeting tonight formed the Elmwood Heights Improvement Association and elected officers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Elmwood+Heights+Group+Forms+Improvement+Body&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1957-01-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoHMap-53"><a href="#cite_ref-CoHMap_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019052546/http://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/neighborhoods.pdf">"Holyoke 'Neighborhoods'"</a> (PDF). Holyoke Planning Department. City of Holyoke. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/neighborhoods.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 19, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyoke+%27Neighborhoods%27&rft.pub=City+of+Holyoke&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyoke.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2Fneighborhoods.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macris-54"><a href="#cite_ref-macris_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=hly.d">"MACRIS inventory record for Elmwood, Holyoke"</a>. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved June 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MACRIS+inventory+record+for+Elmwood%2C+Holyoke&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmhc-macris.net%2Fdetails%3Fmhcid%3Dhly.d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.innovateholyoke.com/">"Holyoke Innovation District"</a>. Massachusetts Technology Collaborative. Retrieved March 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyoke+Innovation+District&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Technology+Collaborative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovateholyoke.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal2018" class="citation news cs1">Royal, Christina (February 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2018/02/holyoke_community_college_hist.html">"Holyoke Community College history is rooted in collaboration"</a>. The Republican. Springfield, Mass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Community+College+history+is+rooted+in+collaboration&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fopinion%2Findex.ssf%2F2018%2F02%2Fholyoke_community_college_hist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-act-57"><a href="#cite_ref-act_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/actsResolves/1909/1909acts0480.pdf">An act to establish the boundary line between the cities of Northampton and Holyoke</a> (PDF) (Massachusetts General Law Ch. 480). June 9, 1909. p. 498-502. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630205430/http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/actsResolves/1909/1909acts0480.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=An+act+to+establish+the+boundary+line+between+the+cities+of+Northampton+and+Holyoke&rft.pages=498-502&rft.date=1909-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2FactsResolves%2F1909%2F1909acts0480.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-testimony-58"><a href="#cite_ref-testimony_58-0">^</a> <cite>Holyoke Water Power Company v. City of Holyoke</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173">VIII</a> (MA Supreme Court 1900). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_RZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP248">"Building News- Massachusetts"</a>. The American Architect. Vol. 97. May 11, 1910. <q>Holyoke-...Architect Oscar Beauchemin has completed plans for block to be erected at Dwight St. and Clinton Ave. for Doryle Gauthier</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Architect&rft.atitle=Building+News-+Massachusetts&rft.volume=97&rft.date=1910-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_RZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Water Power Company Cottages". The Holyoke News. August 10, 1878. p. 2. <q>The attention of persons desiring homes in this city is called to the advertisement of Wm. A. Chase, the energetic Agent of the Holyoke Water Power Company, who has commenced the experiment of constructing residences for citizens at cost figures on the most desirable and pleasant building lots owned by the company.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holyoke+News&rft.atitle=The+Water+Power+Company+Cottages&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1878-08-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=hly.a">HLY.A</a>, MACRIS, Massachusetts Historical Commission. </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-63"><a href="#cite_ref-nris_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. April 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ochsner-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Ochsner_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchsner1982" class="citation book cs1">Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hhrichardsoncomp00ochs/page/323">H. H. Richardson, Complete Architectural Works</a>. 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Retrieved April 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Factfinder&rft.atitle=Selected+Economic+Characteristics%3A+2013%E2%80%932017+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates+%28DP03%29%3A+Holyoke+city%2C+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F17_5YR%2FDP03%2F1600000US2530840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802120134/http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dta/revised-statewide-zip-62017.xls">Revised Statewide ZIP Assistance Units and Recipients</a> (Report). Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services. June 20, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dta/revised-statewide-zip-62017.xls">the original</a> on August 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Revised+Statewide+ZIP+Assistance+Units+and+Recipients&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Executive+Office+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Feohhs%2Fdocs%2Fdta%2Frevised-statewide-zip-62017.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213183043/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPANNRES/0400000US25.06100">"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017; for all Minor Civil Divisions, Massachusetts]"</a>. US Census. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPANNRES/0400000US25.06100">the original</a> on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2017%3B+for+all+Minor+Civil+Divisions%2C+Massachusetts%5D&rft.pub=US+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FPEP%2F2017%2FPEPANNRES%2F0400000US25.06100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213114757/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP02/0400000US25.06000">"SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES [ACS_17_5YR_DP02]; for all Minor Civil Divisions, Massachusetts]"</a>. US Census. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP02/0400000US25.06000">the original</a> on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SELECTED+SOCIAL+CHARACTERISTICS+IN+THE+UNITED+STATES+%5BACS_17_5YR_DP02%5D%3B+for+all+Minor+Civil+Divisions%2C+Massachusetts%5D&rft.pub=US+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F17_5YR%2FDP02%2F0400000US25.06000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-meixell1-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meixell1_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meixell1_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacyMeixell" class="citation news cs1">Stacy, Christina; Meixell, Brady. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128131901/https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/101604/measuring_inclusion_in_small_new_england_cities_1.pdf">"Measuring Inclusion in Small New England Cities"</a> (PDF). Urban Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/101604/measuring_inclusion_in_small_new_england_cities_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Measuring+Inclusion+in+Small+New+England+Cities&rft.aulast=Stacy&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Meixell%2C+Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urban.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F101604%2Fmeasuring_inclusion_in_small_new_england_cities_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrows1911" class="citation book cs1">Barrows, Charles Henry (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyspringfi00barrgoog">The History of Springfield in Massachusetts for the Young</a>. Springfield, Mass.: The Connecticut Valley Historical Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyspringfi00barrgoog/page/n52">88</a>. <q>[T]he dwellers on the west side are spoken of in old records as 'our neighbors'...John Riley went as far away as the southern part of the present Holyoke and may be considered as the first settler of that city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Springfield+in+Massachusetts+for+the+Young&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=The+Connecticut+Valley+Historical+Society&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Barrows&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryspringfi00barrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-storyof-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-storyof_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyof_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyof_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1973" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Wyatt E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp#page/172/mode/2up">The Story of Holyoke</a>. Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8060402">8060402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Holyoke&rft.pub=Centennial+Committee+of+the+City+of+Holyoke&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8060402&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Wyatt+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstoryofholyoke00harp%23page%2F172%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Rusty (2006). Stories Carved in Stone: Holyoke, Massachusetts. West Springfield, Mass.: Dog Pond Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+Carved+in+Stone%3A+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts&rft.place=West+Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Dog+Pond+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Rusty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuravichHartfordGreen1996" class="citation book cs1">Juravich, Tom; Hartford, William F.; Green, James R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commonwealthofto00jura">Commonwealth of Toil</a>. University of Massachusetts Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commonwealthofto00jura/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558490469" title="Special:BookSources/1558490469"><bdi>1558490469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+of+Toil&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1558490469&rft.aulast=Juravich&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Hartford%2C+William+F.&rft.au=Green%2C+James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommonwealthofto00jura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMaster2014" class="citation book cs1">McMaster, Robert T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UcgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">The Dyeing Room</a>. Williamsburg, Mass.: Unquomonk Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780985694432" title="Special:BookSources/9780985694432"><bdi>9780985694432</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he workers of Holyoke who were most vocal about the unions were the Irish, English, and Italians, groups with which most French Canadians had little sympathy. Many of the French operatives had come to Holyoke directly from their family farms in Québec, ready to work, grateful for their jobs, and not inclined to make demands of the hand that fed them. Back home in Canada, parish priests and bishops preached frequently of the evils of unions...[and] a society slipping into godless socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dyeing+Room&rft.place=Williamsburg%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Unquomonk+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780985694432&rft.aulast=McMaster&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UcgBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"John J. Prew is Dead in Holyoke; Was Prominent Builder, First French Aldermanic Member". Springfield Daily News. Springfield, Mass. February 18, 1916. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Daily+News&rft.atitle=John+J.+Prew+is+Dead+in+Holyoke%3B+Was+Prominent+Builder%2C+First+French+Aldermanic+Member&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1916-02-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thefrench-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thefrench_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thefrench_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland1902" class="citation book cs1">Copeland, Alfred Minot, ed. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ourcountyitspeop03cope#page/109/mode/2up">"The French People of Holyoke, The City of Holyoke and the Factors in its History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ourcountyitspeop03cope#page/n23/mode/2up">"Our county and its people" : A history of Hampden County, Massachusetts</a>. Vol. III. The Century Memorial Publishing Company. pp. 109–122. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5692695963">5692695963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+French+People+of+Holyoke%2C+The+City+of+Holyoke+and+the+Factors+in+its+History&rft.btitle=%22Our+county+and+its+people%22+%3A+A+history+of+Hampden+County%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=109-122&rft.pub=The+Century+Memorial+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5692695963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fourcountyitspeop03cope%23page%2F109%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8HMDSORztsC&pg=PA673">"French Towns in the United States"</a>. American Leader. Vol. IV, no. 11. American Association of Foreign-Language Newspapers, Inc. December 11, 1913. p. 673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Leader&rft.atitle=French+Towns+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=673&rft.date=1913-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8HMDSORztsC%26pg%3DPA673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suniDA6Qe_EC&pg=SL16-PA30">"Table P-8 Ancestry of Persons: 1980, Holyoke city, Hampden County, Mass."</a>. 1980 Census of Population and Housing: Census tracts. Springfield-Chicopee-Holyoke, Mass.-Conn (Report). US Census Bureau. July 1983. p. P—30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=1980+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Census+tracts.+Springfield-Chicopee-Holyoke%2C+Mass.-Conn.&rft.pages=P%E2%80%9430&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft.date=1983-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsuniDA6Qe_EC%26pg%3DSL16-PA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensus-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensus_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensus_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a>. Retrieved August 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuany2017" class="citation book cs1">Duany, Jorge (2017). Puerto Rico: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Duany&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1973" class="citation news cs1">Koch, Thomas (August 17, 1973). "Migrant Tobacco Workers Charge Breach of Contract". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. p. 12. <q>Puerto Rican migrant laborers working in Western Massachusetts and Connecticut tobacco fields have sent a letter containing over 1000 signatures to the Puerto Rican governor and Department of Labor alleging breaches of contract and demanding better working conditions...Contracts are negotiated for Puerto Rican workers between the Puerto Rican government and the Shade Tobacco Growers Agricultural Association...before World War II Greater Springfield teenagers did much of the work on Western Massachusetts tobacco...the importation of seasonal workers...is a relatively recent procedure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Migrant+Tobacco+Workers+Charge+Breach+of+Contract&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1973-08-17&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGersonHardy-Fanta2014" class="citation book cs1">Gerson, Jeffrey; Hardy-Fanta, Carol, eds. (2014) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlxQQPDaKz4C&pg=PA99">"Holyoke"</a>. Latino Politics in Massachusetts: Struggles, Strategies and Prospects. Routledge. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135672140" title="Special:BookSources/9781135672140"><bdi>9781135672140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holyoke&rft.btitle=Latino+Politics+in+Massachusetts%3A+Struggles%2C+Strategies+and+Prospects&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135672140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlxQQPDaKz4C%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econspec-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econspec_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econspec_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty1983" class="citation news cs1">Moriarty, Jo-Ann (July 24, 1983). "Holyoke's Hispanics span economic spectrum". The Republican. Springfield, Mass. p. B-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke%27s+Hispanics+span+economic+spectrum&rft.pages=B-1&rft.date=1983-07-24&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty1984" class="citation news cs1">Moriarty, Jo-Ann (February 28, 1984). "Proulx appoints six Hispanic advisers". Springfield Union. Vol. CXXI, no. 48. 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(June 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212225808/https://www.hps.holyoke.ma.us/pdf/commissioner/6-1-15%20Receiver%20Letter%20to%20Holyoke%20Families%20and%20Community%20Members.pdf">"[MA DOE Announcement of Hire of Dr. Steve Zrike]"</a> (PDF). Letter to Holyoke Families and Community Members. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hps.holyoke.ma.us/pdf/commissioner/6-1-15%20Receiver%20Letter%20to%20Holyoke%20Families%20and%20Community%20Members.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BMA+DOE+Announcement+of+Hire+of+Dr.+Steve+Zrike%5D&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=Mitchells+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.holyoke.ma.us%2Fpdf%2Fcommissioner%2F6-1-15%2520Receiver%2520Letter%2520to%2520Holyoke%2520Families%2520and%2520Community%2520Members.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hps.holyoke.ma.us/">"Holyoke Public Schools, Holyoke, Massachusetts"</a>. Hps.holyoke.ma.us. Retrieved October 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyoke+Public+Schools%2C+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Hps.holyoke.ma.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hps.holyoke.ma.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcc.edu/admission/high-school/dual-enrollment">"High School/Dual Enrollment"</a>. Holyoke Community College. Retrieved April 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+School%2FDual+Enrollment&rft.pub=Holyoke+Community+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcc.edu%2Fadmission%2Fhigh-school%2Fdual-enrollment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbiareport-142"><a href="#cite_ref-columbiareport_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynerDeaneJenkinsFink2016" class="citation report cs1">Wyner, Joshua; Deane, KC; Jenkins, Davis; Fink, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611110551/https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/transfer-playbook-essential-practices.pdf">The Transfer Playbook: Essential Practices for Two- and Four-Year Colleges</a> (PDF) (Report). Community College Research Center (CCRC), Teachers College, Columbia University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/transfer-playbook-essential-practices.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 11, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+Playbook%3A+Essential+Practices+for+Two-+and+Four-Year+Colleges&rft.pub=Community+College+Research+Center+%28CCRC%29%2C+Teachers+College%2C+Columbia+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wyner&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Deane%2C+KC&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Davis&rft.au=Fink%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccrc.tc.columbia.edu%2Fmedia%2Fk2%2Fattachments%2Ftransfer-playbook-essential-practices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501155942/http://www.holyoke.org/news/grand-opening-of-culinary-arts-institute/">Grand Opening of Culinary Arts Institute</a>, City of Holyoke. 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney2016" class="citation news cs1">Kinney, Jim (July 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2016/07/holyoke_community_college_culinary_cente.html">"Holyoke Community College culinary center seen as transformative"</a>. MassLive. Springfield, Mass. Retrieved December 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MassLive&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Community+College+culinary+center+seen+as+transformative&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fbusiness-news%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F07%2Fholyoke_community_college_culinary_cente.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2019" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, Maureen (May 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valleyadvocate.com/2019/05/29/rising-above-expectations-teen-moms-struggling-students-get-degrees-through-holyokes-care-center/">"Rising Above Expectations: Teen moms, struggling students get degrees through Holyoke's Care Center"</a>. The Valley Advocate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Valley+Advocate&rft.atitle=Rising+Above+Expectations%3A+Teen+moms%2C+struggling+students+get+degrees+through+Holyoke%27s+Care+Center&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalleyadvocate.com%2F2019%2F05%2F29%2Frising-above-expectations-teen-moms-struggling-students-get-degrees-through-holyokes-care-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2017" class="citation web cs1">Sutherland, Amy (November 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceicomposites.com/news/Architects-Complete-LEED-Silver-Renovation-Of-Historic-Library-In-Massachusetts-_AE20.html">"Case Studies- Architects Complete LEED Silver Renovation Of Historic Library In Massachusetts"</a>. CEI Materials. Preservation Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEI+Materials&rft.atitle=Case+Studies-+Architects+Complete+LEED+Silver+Renovation+Of+Historic+Library+In+Massachusetts&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicomposites.com%2Fnews%2FArchitects-Complete-LEED-Silver-Renovation-Of-Historic-Library-In-Massachusetts-_AE20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogspot1-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blogspot1_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogspot1_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holyokehistory.blogspot.com">"Holyoke Public Library History Room & Archives"</a>. Holyokehistory.blogspot.com. February 26, 2004. Retrieved October 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holyoke+Public+Library+History+Room+%26+Archives&rft.pub=Holyokehistory.blogspot.com&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholyokehistory.blogspot.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papercityscribblings.blogspot.com/2006_08_01_papercityscribblings_archive.html">"Paper City Scribblings: August 2006"</a>. Papercityscribblings.blogspot.com. Retrieved October 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paper+City+Scribblings%3A+August+2006&rft.pub=Papercityscribblings.blogspot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapercityscribblings.blogspot.com%2F2006_08_01_papercityscribblings_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808135310/http://faainc.com/projects/holyoke-public-library/">"Holyoke Public Library"</a>. Finegold Alexander Architects. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faainc.com/projects/holyoke-public-library/">the original</a> on August 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finegold+Alexander+Architects&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaainc.com%2Fprojects%2Fholyoke-public-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> For motion pictures and the Royal Hungarian Court Orchestra- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"At the Holyoke Theaters". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. February 8, 1903. p. 20. <q>Holyoke Opera House. Monday evening—P. K. Matus's Royal Hungarian court orchestra...Saturday matinee and evening—Lyman K. Howes's moving pictures...One of the interesting announcements of the week is the return this season of <a href="/wiki/Lyman_H._Howe" title="Lyman H. Howe">Lyman K. Howes</a> [sic] moving pictures. These have been seen at the Holyoke opera house for two seasons, and have pleased large audiences both times</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=At+the+Holyoke+Theaters&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1903-02-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>For other vaudeville stage acts- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke Plays of the Week; The Three Offerings at the Holyoke Opera House". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. April 26, 1903. p. 20. <q>Monday evening–<a href="/wiki/David_Warfield" title="David Warfield">David Warfield</a> is 'The Auctioneer.' Tuesday evening–<a href="/wiki/Ezra_Kendall" title="Ezra Kendall">Ezra Kendall</a> in 'The Vinegar Buyer'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Plays+of+the+Week%3B+The+Three+Offerings+at+the+Holyoke+Opera+House&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1903-04-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Flames Sweep Former Holyoke Opera House". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. October 30, 1967. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Flames+Sweep+Former+Holyoke+Opera+House&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1967-10-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOS-152"><a href="#cite_ref-SOS_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSave_Outdoor_Sculpture!1993" class="citation web cs1">Save Outdoor Sculpture! (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!16187~!0#focus">"Nuns of the Battlefield, (sculpture)"</a>. SOS!. Smithsonian. Retrieved December 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SOS%21&rft.atitle=Nuns+of+the+Battlefield%2C+%28sculpture%29&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Save+Outdoor+Sculpture%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiris-artinventories.si.edu%2Fipac20%2Fipac.jsp%3F%26profile%3Dall%26source%3D~%21siartinventories%26uri%3Dfull%3D3100001~%2116187~%210%23focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Testament-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Testament_153-0">^</a> Jacob, Kathryn Allmong. Testament to Union: Civil War monuments in Washington, Part 3. JHU Press, 1998, p. 125-126. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears_2015-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Sears_2015_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2015" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Jacqueline (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfHBCQAAQBAJ&q=Jerome+Connor+holyoke&pg=PA80">Legendary Locals of Holyoke</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439650783" title="Special:BookSources/9781439650783"><bdi>9781439650783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legendary+Locals+of+Holyoke&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781439650783&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfHBCQAAQBAJ%26q%3DJerome%2BConnor%2Bholyoke%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_ooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA746">"Obituary - Clark W. Bryan"</a>. The Inland Printer. Vol. XXII, no. 6. Chicago. March 1899. p. 746.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Inland+Printer&rft.atitle=Obituary+-+Clark+W.+Bryan&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=746&rft.date=1899-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_ooAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615041646/https://www.wgbh.org/news/2016/05/06/local-news/when-good-housekeeping-was-almost-well-social-movement">"When 'Good Housekeeping' Was Almost A, Well, Social Movement"</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/WGBH-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="WGBH-FM">WGBH-FM</a>. May 6, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgbh.org/news/2016/05/06/local-news/when-good-housekeeping-was-almost-well-social-movement">the original</a> on June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=When+%27Good+Housekeeping%27+Was+Almost+A%2C+Well%2C+Social+Movement&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgbh.org%2Fnews%2F2016%2F05%2F06%2Flocal-news%2Fwhen-good-housekeeping-was-almost-well-social-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhouse2000" class="citation book cs1">Newhouse, Thomas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUX_aV94F5YC&pg=PA52">The Beat Generation and the Popular Novel in the United States, 1945–1970</a>. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786408412" title="Special:BookSources/9780786408412"><bdi>9780786408412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beat+Generation+and+the+Popular+Novel+in+the+United+States%2C+1945%E2%80%931970&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780786408412&rft.aulast=Newhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUX_aV94F5YC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/23/books/23kennedy.html">"Raymond Kennedy, Novelist, Dies at 73"</a>. The New York Times. February 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Raymond+Kennedy%2C+Novelist%2C+Dies+at+73&rft.date=2008-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F23%2Fbooks%2F23kennedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/02/novelist_raymond_kennedy_dies.html">"Novelist Raymond Kennedy dies in N.Y."</a> The Republican. Springfield, Mass. February 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Novelist+Raymond+Kennedy+dies+in+N.Y.&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2008%2F02%2Fnovelist_raymond_kennedy_dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"News and Notes- The Kraszna-Krauz Photographic Book Awards". History of Photography. 29 (4). Taylor & Francis: 390. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03087298.2005.10442831">10.1080/03087298.2005.10442831</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216590186">216590186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Photography&rft.atitle=News+and+Notes-+The+Kraszna-Krauz+Photographic+Book+Awards&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=390&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03087298.2005.10442831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216590186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheorux1989" class="citation news cs1">Theorux, Phyllis (September 17, 1989). "One Woman Against the Odds". The New York Times. pp. 7–1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Woman+Against+the+Odds&rft.pages=7-1&rft.date=1989-09-17&rft.aulast=Theorux&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-erdman-162"><a href="#cite_ref-erdman_162-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_L._Erdman" title="Andrew L. Erdman">Erdman, Andrew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mV1Ceao-yUC">Queen of Vaudeville: The Story of Eva Tanguay</a>, Cornell University Press, 2012 pp. 30-32, 36-38, 47, 93-94, 100-03, 114-15, 139-43, 212-14, 222-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2009" class="citation news cs1">Rosen, Jody (December 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313131847/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2009/12/vanishing_act.html">"Vanishing Act; In search of Eva Tanguay, the first rock star"</a>. Slate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2009/12/vanishing_act.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Vanishing+Act%3B+In+search+of+Eva+Tanguay%2C+the+first+rock+star&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fmusic_box%2F2009%2F12%2Fvanishing_act.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyvaude-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyvaude_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyvaude_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlide2012" class="citation book cs1">Slide, Anthony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu3nNSmRjZ0C&q=holyoke&pg=PA509">The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville</a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617032509" title="Special:BookSources/9781617032509"><bdi>9781617032509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Vaudeville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781617032509&rft.aulast=Slide&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHu3nNSmRjZ0C%26q%3Dholyoke%26pg%3DPA509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marx-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marx_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marx_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaisance2017" class="citation news cs1">Plaisance, Mike (October 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123085056/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/10/43_million_latest_estimate_to.html">"$43 million latest estimate to renovate Victory Theatre in Holyoke"</a>. MassLive. Springfield, Mass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/10/43_million_latest_estimate_to.html">the original</a> on November 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MassLive&rft.atitle=%2443+million+latest+estimate+to+renovate+Victory+Theatre+in+Holyoke&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Plaisance&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F10%2F43_million_latest_estimate_to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-lMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA259">"Annual Outing of the New England Street Railway Club"</a>. The Street Railway Bulletin. Vol. XXI. January 1921. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Street+Railway+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Annual+Outing+of+the+New+England+Street+Railway+Club&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=259&rft.date=1921-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-lMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2021" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Ray (February 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/2021/02/hal-holbrook-launched-acting-career-in-holyoke-has-died-at-95.html">"'Mark Twain' actor Hal Holbrook, launched career in Holyoke, has died at 95"</a>. The Republican. Springfield, Mass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=%27Mark+Twain%27+actor+Hal+Holbrook%2C+launched+career+in+Holyoke%2C+has+died+at+95&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fentertainment%2F2021%2F02%2Fhal-holbrook-launched-acting-career-in-holyoke-has-died-at-95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heart-168"><a href="#cite_ref-heart_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2013" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Mike (May 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150422002752/http://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2013/05/mike_burke_valley_arena_lives_in_holyokes_heart_50_years_after_fire.html">"Valley Arena lives in Holyoke's heart 50 years after fire"</a>. Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2013/05/mike_burke_valley_arena_lives_in_holyokes_heart_50_years_after_fire.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Valley+Arena+lives+in+Holyoke%27s+heart+50+years+after+fire&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fliving%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F05%2Fmike_burke_valley_arena_lives_in_holyokes_heart_50_years_after_fire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dukeandsarah-169"><a href="#cite_ref-dukeandsarah_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Duke Ellington and Sarah Vaughn; Arena". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. October 21, 1950. p. 24. <q>Two star attractions will be offered at the Valley Arena Gardens tomorrow in Duke Ellington, occupying the bandsland with his world famous orchestra, and Sarah Vaughan, recording artist and star of radio and television...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Duke+Ellington+and+Sarah+Vaughn%3B+Arena&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1950-10-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. March 9, 1926. p. 9. <q>The increased sale of tickets the past few days for the concert to be given by the Boston Symphony orchestra at the city hall tomorrow night assures that there will be but few empty seats. As it is probably the only time the orchestra will come to Holyoke it affords a chance for music lovers that should not be missed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1926-03-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917165226/https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/search?search-type=singleFilter&search-text=%22City+Hall%22+%22Holyoke%22&doctype=&sort-order=asc&sort-column=npp:SortDate&page=1">"Results for "City Hall" "Holyoke""</a>. Leon Levy Digital Archives, New York Philharmonic. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/search?search-type=singleFilter&search-text=%22City+Hall%22+%22Holyoke%22&doctype=&sort-order=asc&sort-column=npp:SortDate&page=1">the original</a> on September 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leon+Levy+Digital+Archives%2C+New+York+Philharmonic&rft.atitle=Results+for+%22City+Hall%22+%22Holyoke%22&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.nyphil.org%2Findex.php%2Fsearch%3Fsearch-type%3DsingleFilter%26search-text%3D%2522City%2BHall%2522%2B%2522Holyoke%2522%26doctype%3D%26sort-order%3Dasc%26sort-column%3Dnpp%3ASortDate%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Notable Concert at Mount Holyoke; New York Philharmonic Orchestra to Appear at College Tonight". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. October 26, 1926. p. 5. <q>This is the first appearance of a great orchestra at the college, and marks the beginning of the new system which replaces the plan by which the students attended concerts in the Holyoke city hall</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Notable+Concert+at+Mount+Holyoke%3B+New+York+Philharmonic+Orchestra+to+Appear+at+College+Tonight&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1926-10-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holyoke's Music Season; To Open, As Uusual, [sic] With Philharmonic Concert". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. October 15, 1916. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke%27s+Music+Season%3B+To+Open%2C+As+Uusual%2C+%5Bsic%5D+With+Philharmonic+Concert&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1916-10-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917173907/https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/802d1bda-9570-4131-b1c4-e51dc326bc4f-0.1/fullview#page/2/mode/2up">"Holyoke Concert Season"</a>. Holyoke Chamber of Commerce; Holyoke Music Club. 1915. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/802d1bda-9570-4131-b1c4-e51dc326bc4f-0.1/fullview#page/1/mode/2up">the original</a> on September 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Concert+Season&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.nyphil.org%2Findex.php%2Fartifact%2F802d1bda-9570-4131-b1c4-e51dc326bc4f-0.1%2Ffullview%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBednar2018" class="citation news cs1">Bednar, Joseph (January 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswest.com/blog/gateway-city-arts-is-a-place-to-meet-in-more-ways-than-one/">"Gateway City Arts Is a Place to Meet — in More Ways Than One"</a>. BusinessWest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWest&rft.atitle=Gateway+City+Arts+Is+a+Place+to+Meet+%E2%80%94+in+More+Ways+Than+One&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=Bednar&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswest.com%2Fblog%2Fgateway-city-arts-is-a-place-to-meet-in-more-ways-than-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6rZIuFy814">El Puerto Rico, the Rich Port at Holyoke's Victory Theater</a>. Connecting Point, WGBY (PBS). June 7, 2018 – via Youtube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Puerto+Rico%2C+the+Rich+Port+at+Holyoke%27s+Victory+Theater&rft.pub=Connecting+Point%2C+WGBY+%28PBS%29&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DT6rZIuFy814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse2016" class="citation news cs1">Moorhouse, Donnie (March 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/03/mountain_park_included_in_outd.html">"Mountain Park, other venues, ready for summer concerts"</a>. MassLive. Springfield, Mass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MassLive&rft.atitle=Mountain+Park%2C+other+venues%2C+ready+for+summer+concerts&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Donnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fentertainment%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F03%2Fmountain_park_included_in_outd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2017" class="citation news cs1">Noble, Clifton (Jr.) (October 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/10/holyoke_civic_symphony_enters.html">"Holyoke Civic Symphony enters second half-century"</a>. The Republican. Springfield, Mass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Civic+Symphony+enters+second+half-century&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Clifton+%28Jr.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fentertainment%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F10%2Fholyoke_civic_symphony_enters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThibodeau2009" class="citation news cs1">Thibodeau, Kate Navarra (June 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valleyadvocate.com/2009/06/08/william-skinner-s-water-power/">"William Skinner & Holyoke's Water Power"</a>. The Valley Advocate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Valley+Advocate&rft.atitle=William+Skinner+%26+Holyoke%27s+Water+Power&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft.aulast=Thibodeau&rft.aufirst=Kate+Navarra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valleyadvocate.com%2F2009%2F06%2F08%2Fwilliam-skinner-s-water-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuo1984" class="citation news cs1">Matsuo, Reiko (November 9, 1984). "Holyoke museum exhibits emphasize animals for kids". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Holyoke+museum+exhibits+emphasize+animals+for+kids&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1984-11-09&rft.aulast=Matsuo&rft.aufirst=Reiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/CorpWeb/CardSearch/CardSearch.aspx">[Query- "Children's Museum at Holyoke, Inc."], Massachusetts Corp. Card Search</a>, Corporation Cards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarmon-Weiss2018" class="citation news cs1">Darmon-Weiss, Isabel (June 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valleyadvocate.com/2018/06/06/holyoke-childrens-museum-adds-2000-piece-pez-display-to-collection/">"Holyoke Children's Museum adds 2,000-piece Pez display to collection"</a>. The Valley Advocate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Valley+Advocate&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Children%27s+Museum+adds+2%2C000-piece+Pez+display+to+collection&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Darmon-Weiss&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvalleyadvocate.com%2F2018%2F06%2F06%2Fholyoke-childrens-museum-adds-2000-piece-pez-display-to-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastriano2018" class="citation news cs1">Mastriano, Pam (June 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2018/06/family_matters_june_7_2018.html">"Family Matters"</a>. MassLive. Springfield, Mass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MassLive&rft.atitle=Family+Matters&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft.aulast=Mastriano&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fliving%2Findex.ssf%2F2018%2F06%2Ffamily_matters_june_7_2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://newsite.holyokestpatricksparade.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=27">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419222705/http://newsite.holyokestpatricksparade.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=27">Archived</a> April 19, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachusetts2011" class="citation web cs1">Massachusetts (March 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/holyoke_st_patricks_parade_201_1.html">"Holyoke St. Patrick's Parade 2011: 60th annual parade draws 400,000, attracts first-timers"</a>. masslive.com. 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How could it, when the skirling of the pipes of the Caledonian Kiltie Band, resplendent in their color kilts, came along?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Reporters+Notebook&rft.pages=10C&rft.date=1952-03-23&rft.au=F.+B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-highlandgames-188"><a href="#cite_ref-highlandgames_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1998" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Emily (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oorzjF7ZTzIC&pg=PA110">The Scottish Highland Games in America</a>. 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Manchester University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847799173" title="Special:BookSources/9781847799173"><bdi>9781847799173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Dreams%3A+Playing+Scotsmen+in+Mainland+Europe&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781847799173&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4s8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Shad Derby". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. May 14, 1963. p. 26. <q>The Holyoke Water Power Co. announced this week that plans for the second annual shad derby are nearly completed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Shad+Derby&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1963-05-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagliei2018" class="citation news cs1">Pagliei, Jennifer (May 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531155434/http://www.wwlp.com/weather/weather-news/final-day-of-the-53rd-annual-holyoke-gas-electric-shad-derby/1189562975">"Final day of the 53rd annual Holyoke Gas & Electric Shad Derby"</a>. WWLP. Chicopee, Mass. 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Springfield, Mass. p. 8. <q>Now along comes Bob Thibodo of Northampton who an landed [sic] 11 pound, four ounce fish taken below the Holyoke Dam, breaking the world record by three ounces. Thibodo weighed the fish at LeWay Bait and Tackle in Belchertown, an official weighing station...The fish did not win the Holyoke Water Power Co. Shad Derby as Bob did not weigh the fish in time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=Old+New+England--+land+of+world+records&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1986-06-04&rft.aulast=Sousa&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531155920/http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Shad,%20American">"shad, american"</a>. IGFA World Records Database. The International Game Fish Association. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Shad,%20American">the original</a> on May 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGFA+World+Records+Database&rft.atitle=shad%2C+american&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrec.igfa.org%2FWRecordsList.aspx%3Flc%3DAllTackle%26cn%3DShad%2C%2520American&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531154030/http://www.asmfc.org/files/Shad%20SFMPs/CT_ShadSFMPUpdate_Oct2017.pdf">Connecticut River American Shad Sustainable Fishing Plan Update</a> (PDF) (Report). 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The Sun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyokesunonline.com/pdfs/hs06.22.12.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 26, 2018. 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Retrieved June 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=2017+Volleyball+Hall+of+Fame+ceremonies+draw+international+crowd+to+Holyoke&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F11%2F2017_international_volleyball.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180610000044/http://www.volleyhall.org/hall-of-fame-awards.html">"Special Hall of Fame Awards"</a>. International Volleyball Hall of Fame. 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Retrieved March 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MassLive&rft.atitle=Annual+draining+of+Holyoke%27s+canals+reveals+rarely+seen+part+of+Paper+City+%28Photos%29&rft.date=2017-04-09&rft.aulast=Plaisance&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F04%2Fdraining_canals_of_holyokes_hy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newdealartregistry.org/map/CaptainAlezurHolyokeSExploringPartyOnTheConnecticutRiver/HolyokePostOffice/Holyoke/MA/">"Holyoke Post Office"</a>. The New Deal Art Registry. Retrieved January 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Deal+Art+Registry&rft.atitle=Holyoke+Post+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdealartregistry.org%2Fmap%2FCaptainAlezurHolyokeSExploringPartyOnTheConnecticutRiver%2FHolyokePostOffice%2FHolyoke%2FMA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wistariahurst.org/">"An Historic House Museum in Holyoke, Massachusetts"</a>. Wistariahurst. October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Historic+House+Museum+in+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Wistariahurst&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wistariahurst.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDella_Penna1997" class="citation book cs1">Della Penna, Craig (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holyoke00dell">Holyoke</a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holyoke00dell/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752405827" title="Special:BookSources/9780752405827"><bdi>9780752405827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holyoke&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780752405827&rft.aulast=Della+Penna&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholyoke00dell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bvcholyoke.nl/vereniging/over-bvc-holyoke/historie">"Historie"</a> [History] (in Dutch). 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Holyoke is genoemd naar de gelijknamige plaats in de staat Massachusetts in de Verenigde Staten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algemene+Informatie&rft.pub=Volleybalvereniging+Holyoke&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vvholyoke.nl%2Findex.php%2Falgemeen%2Fhistorie-algemeen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroon2017" class="citation news cs1">Maroon, Annie (August 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/sports/2017/08/valley_blue_sox_necbl_champion.html">"Valley Blue Sox claim first-ever NECBL championship in Holyoke"</a>. 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Iron Ambition: My Life with Cus D'Amato. Penguin. p. 365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Ambition%3A+My+Life+with+Cus+D%27Amato&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Sloman%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2014" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, William F. (2014). The Rise of Mike Tyson, Heavyweight. William F. 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Retrieved February 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creating+Holyoke&rft.atitle=Sports+-+Boxing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creatingholyoke.org%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fcommunity-social-life%2Fsports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSypek2012" class="citation news cs1">Sypek, Frank (December 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215002456/http://www.masslive.com/sports/2012/12/golden_gloves_returning_to_hol.html">"Golden Gloves returning to Holyoke after 8-year absence"</a>. The Republican. Springfield, Mass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/sports/2012/12/golden_gloves_returning_to_hol.html">the original</a> on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Golden+Gloves+returning+to+Holyoke+after+8-year+absence&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Sypek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fsports%2F2012%2F12%2Fgolden_gloves_returning_to_hol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215002707/https://www.massmutualcenter.com/events/detail/western-new-england-golden-gloves-championship-boxing">"Western New England Golden Gloves Championship Boxing"</a>. MassMutual Center. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.massmutualcenter.com/events/detail/western-new-england-golden-gloves-championship-boxing">the original</a> on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+New+England+Golden+Gloves+Championship+Boxing&rft.pub=MassMutual+Center&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.massmutualcenter.com%2Fevents%2Fdetail%2Fwestern-new-england-golden-gloves-championship-boxing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_E." class="citation report cs1">Ashley E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407194234/https://wistariahurst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Textile-Collection-Finding-Aid.pdf">Textile Collection Finding Aid</a> (PDF) (Report). Holyoke, Mass.: Wistariahurst Museum. pp. 3, 28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wistariahurst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Textile-Collection-Finding-Aid.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 7, 2016. <q>The textile collection is a compilation of William Skinner's silk and satin clothing that has been donated to the Wistariahurst Museum....Everlast red/white boxing short</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Textile+Collection+Finding+Aid&rft.place=Holyoke%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=3%2C+28&rft.pub=Wistariahurst+Museum&rft.au=Ashley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwistariahurst.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FTextile-Collection-Finding-Aid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092937/http://www.cognizantgolf.com/wyckoff-country-club.html">"Wyckoff Country Club, Holyoke, MA"</a>. CognizantGolf.com. June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cognizantgolf.com/wyckoff-country-club.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CognizantGolf.com&rft.atitle=Wyckoff+Country+Club%2C+Holyoke%2C+MA&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cognizantgolf.com%2Fwyckoff-country-club.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan1967" class="citation news cs1">Regan, Jeff (August 13, 1967). "It's Almost Tee Time at New Wyckoff Park Course". Springfield Union. Springfield, Mass. p. 55. <q>The new course, under construction since last summer, was made necessary when the state took 22 acres for Route 91. Parts of seven holes, plus the clubhouse, were located on the property lost to the new highway. "I'm elated at the way the course is developing and just amazed at the layout," Marinello declared in praising the work of Al Zikorus, who designed and constructed the compact layout. Zikorus was also the architect for Twin Hills and Elmcrest...Marinello acquired ownership in 1955...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Union&rft.atitle=It%27s+Almost+Tee+Time+at+New+Wyckoff+Park+Course&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1967-08-13&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Golf in Great Favor– Prosperous Clubs in Springfield, Holyoke and Northampton". Boston Herald. April 22, 1900. p. 30. <q>The Holyoke Golf Club is just entering upon its second season. It has one of the best courses in the state at the foot of Mt. Tom, from which has aptly taken its name. The links is pretty rocky in places, however, and it is proposed to do some blasting to get rid of this obnoxious feature</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Golf+in+Great+Favor%E2%80%93+Prosperous+Clubs+in+Springfield%2C+Holyoke+and+Northampton&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1900-04-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wyckoffross-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wyckoffross_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wyckoffross_228-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wyckoffross_228-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton1919" class="citation news cs1">Paton, Larry (December 26, 1919). "Donald Ross the 'King Pin' of American Golf". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/golf/index.ssf/2011/08/the_barclays_plainfield_archit.html">the original</a> on September 17, 2016. <q>after leaving Oakley, Ross arrived at Essex in 1911 to become the new head professional and redesign the existing course</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star+Ledger&rft.atitle=The+Barclays%3A+Plainfield+architect+Donald+Ross%27+journey+had+humble+beginnings+in+Boston&rft.aulast=Prunty&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fgolf%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F08%2Fthe_barclays_plainfield_archit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Mt. Tom Golf Club". The American Golfer. Vol. XIII. p. 136. <q>President Wyckoff remarked that the club and the city of Holyoke are to be congratulated in that Donald Ross, the links expert, has made his permanent home in Holyoke, the club, particularly, in having Mr. Ross as chairman of its green committee</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Golfer&rft.atitle=Mt.+Tom+Golf+Club&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"New England Notes". The American Golfer. Vol. XV, no. 5. New York. 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Retrieved October 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Holyoke+mayor+Daniel+Szostkiewicz+recalls+Ukraine+trip&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.au=Plaisance%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2014%2F04%2Fholyoke_sister-city_relationsh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaisance,_Mike2014" class="citation web cs1">Plaisance, Mike (April 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426142811/http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/04/exchange_program_linking_holyo.html">"School exchange program linking Holyoke, Tralee, Ireland benefit of sister-city relationship: Mayor Alex Morse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/04/exchange_program_linking_holyo.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+exchange+program+linking+Holyoke%2C+Tralee%2C+Ireland+benefit+of+sister-city+relationship%3A+Mayor+Alex+Morse&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft.au=Plaisance%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F04%2Fexchange_program_linking_holyo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Visiting Snow-Shoe Clubs, Welcomed at the Paper City—A Cordial Reception at the City Hall with Speeches and Responses". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. January 26, 1888. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Visiting+Snow-Shoe+Clubs%2C+Welcomed+at+the+Paper+City%E2%80%94A+Cordial+Reception+at+the+City+Hall+with+Speeches+and+Responses&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1888-01-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Snowshoe Clubs Honored; How the French Residents of Holyoke Received Their Canadian Friends". New York Herald. New York. January 26, 1888. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=Snowshoe+Clubs+Honored%3B+How+the+French+Residents+of+Holyoke+Received+Their+Canadian+Friends&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1888-01-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Snow Shoe Clubs at Holyoke". Boston Herald. January 26, 1888. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Snow+Shoe+Clubs+at+Holyoke&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1888-01-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDRC-305"><a href="#cite_ref-BDRC_305-0">^</a> Boorman, Harvard L., editor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWHREtBHNqYC">Biographical Dictionary of the Republic of China</a>, "Ch’en Chin-t’ao", Columbia University Press, New York, 1967. I:170:173. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Visiting Holyoke Mills; Chintao Chen, Representative of the Chinese Government, Making a Special Study of the Paper Industry of Holyoke". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. May 24, 1906. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Visiting+Holyoke+Mills%3B+Chintao+Chen%2C+Representative+of+the+Chinese+Government%2C+Making+a+Special+Study+of+the+Paper+Industry+of+Holyoke&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1906-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsao1914" class="citation journal cs1">Tsao, Y. S. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LN2Aa5DnYYYC&pg=PA103">"The Relation of the Returned Students to the Chinese Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Race_Development" title="Journal of Race Development">Journal of Race Development</a>. 4 (1): 103. <q>Very few students from Europe and America were members of the 'Tung Men Hwei,' [sic] and judging from their actions only Mr. C. T. Wang, Drs. Chen Hui Wang and Chintao Chen from Yale were the only possible ones</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Race+Development&rft.atitle=The+Relation+of+the+Returned+Students+to+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Tsao&rft.aufirst=Y.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLN2Aa5DnYYYC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apJFAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA63">"Flood Prevention in China"</a>. Santa Fe Trail Magazine. Vol. 2, no. 5. May 1914. p. 63. <q>Dr. Chen Chin-Tao is now on his way to America to represent his country in negotiations [for $20,000,000 of bonds for engineering work to prevent floods in the Huai River Valley]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Fe+Trail+Magazine&rft.atitle=Flood+Prevention+in+China&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1914-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapJFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA3-PA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3YLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117">"Exchange of Notes- Memorandum handed by the Japanese Minister to Dr. Chen Chintao, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs"</a>. American Journal of International Law; Supplement- Official Documents. 11. New York: Oxford University Press: 117. 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law%3B+Supplement-+Official+Documents&rft.atitle=Exchange+of+Notes-+Memorandum+handed+by+the+Japanese+Minister+to+Dr.+Chen+Chintao%2C+Acting+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3YLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Irish Envoys at Holyoke; an Enthusiastic Reception". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. November 10, 1906. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Irish+Envoys+at+Holyoke%3B+an+Enthusiastic+Reception&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1906-11-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1921" class="citation magazine cs1">Ford, George B. (January 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4D8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4">"Rural Town Planning in France"</a>. The American Magazine of Art. Vol. XII, no. 1. American Federation of Arts. <q>Apremont in the Meuse which used to be such a thriving village, now only knee high, is receiving a community center building from the school children of Holyoke, Mass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Magazine+of+Art&rft.atitle=Rural+Town+Planning+in+France&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1921-01&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4D8EAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519060652/http://www.dengrootenoorlog.nl/NL/stmbeeld5.htm">"St. Mihiel in beeld"</a>. Den Grooten Oorlog Battlefield Tours (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dengrootenoorlog.nl/NL/stmbeeld5.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+Grooten+Oorlog+Battlefield+Tours&rft.atitle=St.+Mihiel+in+beeld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dengrootenoorlog.nl%2FNL%2Fstmbeeld5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollcott1922" class="citation magazine cs1">Woollcott, Alexander (September 8, 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americanlegionwe436amer#page/6/mode/2up">"Back in St. Mihiel"</a>. The American Legion Weekly. Vol. IV. p. 8. <q>At Apremont, however, the chief gift from Holyoke is no monument, but what the French themselves would call something 'plus pratique.' It is the entire water system, modern and complete...It has even been adjusted so that water can be piped into each of the new houses as they go up</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Legion+Weekly&rft.atitle=Back+in+St.+Mihiel&rft.volume=IV&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1922-09-08&rft.aulast=Woollcott&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericanlegionwe436amer%23page%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Apremont Way Between Holyoke and Westfield Is Formally Dedicated". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. June 6, 1930. <q>[In a letter from the mayor of Apremont] 'I can never thank too much,' it read, 'in the name of the commune of Apremont La Forget [sic] the brave soldiers of the 26th American division and especially the 104th infantry, who really contributed to the deliverance of our village...we have never forgotten you here–everything is a reminder of your generous presence. The village square is named Place d'Holyoke, in memory of the city of that name...the main street is the Rue Belle Skinner, given this honor in memory of the great friend of the commune, a woman with a big heart</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Apremont+Way+Between+Holyoke+and+Westfield+Is+Formally+Dedicated&rft.date=1930-06-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_B._Morse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex B. Morse">Alex B. Morse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Yul%C3%ADn_Cruz" title="Carmen Yulín Cruz">Carmen Yulín Cruz</a> (April 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP6YdBR7C04&t=4m32s">Mayor Carmen Yulin Cruz Receives the Key to the City</a>. Holyoke Media – via Youtube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayor+Carmen+Yulin+Cruz+Receives+the+Key+to+the+City&rft.pub=Holyoke+Media&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DXP6YdBR7C04%26t%3D4m32s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra2018" class="citation news cs1">Guerra, Cristela (April 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/04/25/san-juan-mayor-lifts-young-women-holyoke/JDNIbGuuqFRUlGPoc7gMCI/story.html">"San Juan, P.R., mayor lifts up young women in Holyoke"</a>. The Boston Globe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=San+Juan%2C+P.R.%2C+mayor+lifts+up+young+women+in+Holyoke&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Cristela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2018%2F04%2F25%2Fsan-juan-mayor-lifts-young-women-holyoke%2FJDNIbGuuqFRUlGPoc7gMCI%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Holyoke" title="Bibliography of Holyoke">Bibliography of Holyoke</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiCarlo1982" class="citation book cs1">DiCarlo, Ella Merkel (1982). Holyoke—Chicopee: A Perspective 1882–1982. <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Transcript-Telegram" title="Holyoke Transcript-Telegram">Transcript-Telegram Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9299261">9299261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holyoke%E2%80%94Chicopee%3A+A+Perspective+1882%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=Transcript-Telegram+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9299261&rft.aulast=DiCarlo&rft.aufirst=Ella+Merkel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constance_McLaughlin_Green" title="Constance McLaughlin Green">Green, Constance McLaughlin</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.59808/2015.59808.Holyoke-Massachusetts-A-Case-History-Of-The-Inkistrial-Revolution-In-America#page/n11/mode/2up">Holyoke, Massachusetts; a case history of the industrial revolution in America</a>. Yale Historical Publications. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts%3B+a+case+history+of+the+industrial+revolution+in+America&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.series=Yale+Historical+Publications&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Constance+McLaughlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.59808%2F2015.59808.Holyoke-Massachusetts-A-Case-History-Of-The-Inkistrial-Revolution-In-America%23page%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1973" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Wyatt E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp#page/n0/mode/2up">The Story of Holyoke</a>. Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8060402">8060402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Holyoke&rft.pub=Centennial+Committee+of+the+City+of+Holyoke&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8060402&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Wyatt+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstoryofholyoke00harp%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartford1990" class="citation book cs1">Hartford, William F. (1990). Working people of Holyoke: class and ethnicity in a Massachusetts mill town, 1850–1960. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813515762" title="Special:BookSources/9780813515762"><bdi>9780813515762</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21041495">21041495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+people+of+Holyoke%3A+class+and+ethnicity+in+a+Massachusetts+mill+town%2C+1850%E2%80%931960&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21041495&rft.isbn=9780813515762&rft.aulast=Hartford&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUeda2017" class="citation book cs1">Ueda, Reed, ed. (2017). "Holyoke, Puerto Rican Enclaves". America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places. ABC-CLIO. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440828652" title="Special:BookSources/9781440828652"><bdi>9781440828652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holyoke%2C+Puerto+Rican+Enclaves&rft.btitle=America%27s+Changing+Neighborhoods%3A+An+Exploration+of+Diversity+through+Places&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781440828652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesinger1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiesinger, Gerwart (1994). Die deutsche Einwandererkolonie von Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865–1920 [The German Immigrant Colony of Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865–1920] (in German). Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31941276">31941276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Einwandererkolonie+von+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts%2C+1865%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=F.+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31941276&rft.aulast=Wiesinger&rft.aufirst=Gerwart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolyoke%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Holyoke, Massachusetts at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holyoke,_Massachusetts" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Holyoke, Massachusetts">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" class="extiw" title="q:Holyoke, Massachusetts">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Holyoke,_Massachusetts" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Holyoke, Massachusetts">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Holyoke" class="extiw" title="voy:Holyoke">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637790" class="extiw" title="d:Q1637790">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyoke.org/">City of Holyoke official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyokechamber.com/">Greater Holyoke Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.innovateholyoke.com/">Holyoke Innovation District</a>, official site, operated by the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyokemass.com">Holyokemass.com</a> – History and genealogy of Holyoke, Massachusetts</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Annual_events">Annual events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade" title="Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade">Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Civic_Symphony" title="Holyoke Civic Symphony">Holyoke Civic Symphony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Holyoke" title="Bibliography of Holyoke">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#African-Americans" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">African-Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Chinese" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Colombians" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Colombians" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#English" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the French in Holyoke">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Holyoke">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Greeks" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Irish in Holyoke">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Italians" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Jewish" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Mexicans" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Polish" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in Holyoke">Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts#Scottish" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Public Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Public_Schools" title="Holyoke Public Schools">Public Schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_outreach">Global outreach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Medical_Center" title="Holyoke Medical Center">Holyoke Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Behavioral_Health_Hospital" title="Providence Behavioral Health Hospital">Providence Behavioral Health Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Home_in_Holyoke" title="Soldiers' Home in Holyoke">Soldiers' Home in Holyoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mills in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Holyoke, Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government_and_politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transportation">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_station" title="Holyoke station">Train station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Holyoke"><img alt="Seal of Holyoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/80px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/120px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg/160px-Seal_of_Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst" title="Wistariahurst">Wistariahurst</a></li> <li>Anniversary Hill Park <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Tower" title="Scott Tower">Scott Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Reservoir" title="Ashley Reservoir">Ashley Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_at_Holyoke" title="Children's Museum at Holyoke">Children's Museum at Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Footprints_Reservation" title="Dinosaur Footprints Reservation">Dinosaur Footprints Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="East Mountain (Massachusetts)">East Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Canal_System" title="Holyoke Canal System">Holyoke Canal System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Dam" title="Holyoke Dam">Holyoke Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Heritage_State_Park" title="Holyoke Heritage State Park">Holyoke Heritage State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Mall_at_Ingleside" title="Holyoke Mall at Ingleside">Holyoke Mall at Ingleside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Merry-Go-Round" title="Holyoke Merry-Go-Round">Holyoke Merry-Go-Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Providence" title="Land of Providence">Land of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Pond_Cove" title="Log Pond Cove">Log Pond Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Stadium" title="Mackenzie Stadium">Mackenzie Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nonotuck" title="Mount Nonotuck">Mount Nonotuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Ski_Area" title="Mount Tom Ski Area">Mount Tom Ski Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Mountain Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Mountain Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Pulaski Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Pulaski Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springdale_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Springdale Park">Springdale Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Park_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="Veterans Park (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">Veterans Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Theater" title="Victory Theater">Victory Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Street_Reservoir" title="Whiting Street Reservoir">Whiting Street Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government_and_politics">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government_and_politics">City council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_City_Hall" title="Holyoke City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="List of mayors of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Gas_%26_Electric" title="Holyoke Gas & Electric">Gas & Electric (HG&E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Housing_Authority" title="Holyoke Housing Authority">Housing (HHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Water_Works" title="Holyoke Water Works">Water Works (HWW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Churchill, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Churchill</a></li> <li>Downtown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Street_Historic_District" title="Essex Street Historic District">Essex Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_High_Street_Historic_District_(Holyoke,_Massachusetts)" title="North High Street Historic District (Holyoke, Massachusetts)">North High Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Elmwood, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Elmwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flats,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="The Flats, Holyoke, Massachusetts">The Flats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Falls_Company_Housing_District" title="Hadley Falls Company Housing District">Hadley Falls District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highlands, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Highland Park, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Highland Park</a></li></ul></li> <li>Homestead Avenue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Ingleside</a></li> <li>Jarvis Avenue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Oakdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Oakdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Valley,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Rock Valley, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Rock Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Ferry,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Smith's Ferry, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Smith's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Holyoke,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="South Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts">South Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Springdale, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Springdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiting_Farms,_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Whiting Farms, Holyoke, Massachusetts">Whiting Farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball#Origin_of_volleyball" title="Volleyball">Origin of volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Hall of Fame">Volleyball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Blue_Sox" title="Valley Blue Sox">Valley Blue Sox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Arena">Valley Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Greater Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Hampden_County,_Massachusetts,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Template:Hampden County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Hampden County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hampden County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Hampden_County,_Massachusetts,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden County, Massachusetts</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Hampden_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="910" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Massachusetts">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blandford,_Massachusetts" title="Blandford, Massachusetts">Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimfield,_Massachusetts" title="Brimfield, Massachusetts">Brimfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Massachusetts" title="Chester, Massachusetts">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville,_Massachusetts" title="Granville, Massachusetts">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Massachusetts" title="Holland, Massachusetts">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="Longmeadow, Massachusetts">Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow,_Massachusetts" title="Ludlow, Massachusetts">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monson,_Massachusetts" title="Monson, Massachusetts">Monson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Massachusetts" title="Montgomery, Massachusetts">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell,_Massachusetts" title="Russell, Massachusetts">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Massachusetts" title="Southwick, Massachusetts">Southwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolland,_Massachusetts" title="Tolland, Massachusetts">Tolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales,_Massachusetts" title="Wales, Massachusetts">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbraham,_Massachusetts" title="Wilbraham, Massachusetts">Wilbraham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Massachusetts" title="List of census-designated places in Massachusetts">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blandford_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Blandford (CDP), Massachusetts">Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Chester (CDP), Massachusetts">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Holland (CDP), Massachusetts">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monson_Center,_Massachusetts" title="Monson Center, Massachusetts">Monson Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Russell (CDP), Massachusetts">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbraham_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Wilbraham (CDP), Massachusetts">Wilbraham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Other villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bondsville,_Massachusetts" title="Bondsville, Massachusetts">Bondsville</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Palmer (CDP), Massachusetts">Depot Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_Hills,_Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Feeding Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts">Feeding Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers,_Massachusetts" title="Three Rivers, Massachusetts">Three Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Massachusetts (state)">Massachusetts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts" title="Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Massachusetts" title="Outline of Massachusetts">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Massachusetts-related_articles" title="Index of Massachusetts-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Massachusetts" title="Administrative divisions of Massachusetts">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_congressional_districts" title="Massachusetts's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Massachusetts">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Massachusetts" title="Government of Massachusetts">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Images of Massachusetts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Massachusetts" title="Law of Massachusetts">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Massachusetts" title="List of lighthouses in Massachusetts">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_state_symbols" title="List of Massachusetts state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Massachusetts" title="List of windmills in Massachusetts">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Massachusetts" title="Abortion in Massachusetts">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_culture" title="Category:Massachusetts culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Massachusetts" title="Crime in Massachusetts">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Massachusetts">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Gun laws in Massachusetts">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Massachusetts">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Massachusetts">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Massachusetts" title="Politics of Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts" title="Sports in Massachusetts">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Massachusetts" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montachusett-North_County" title="Montachusett-North County">Montachusett-North County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_County_(Massachusetts)" title="South County (Massachusetts)">South County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lowell" title="Greater Lowell">Greater Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin-Swift River Valley">Quabbin-Swift River Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Nine former counties were in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">all municipalities</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/48px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/64px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Connecticut_River_watershed" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connecticut_River" title="Template:Connecticut River"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connecticut_River" title="Template talk:Connecticut River"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connecticut_River" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connecticut River"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Connecticut_River_watershed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River#Tributaries_2" title="Connecticut River">Tributaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Connecticut" title="List of rivers of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackledge_River" title="Blackledge River">Blackledge River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coginchaug_River" title="Coginchaug River">Coginchaug River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_River_(Connecticut)" title="Duck River (Connecticut)">Duck River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eightmile_River" title="Eightmile River">Eightmile River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_River_(Connecticut_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls River (Connecticut River)">Falls River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_River" title="Farmington River">Farmington River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockanum_River" title="Hockanum River">Hockanum River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_River" title="Hubbard River">Hubbard River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_River" title="Jeremy River">Jeremy River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_River" title="Lieutenant River">Lieutenant River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattabesset_River" title="Mattabesset River">Mattabesset River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepaug_River" title="Nepaug River">Nepaug River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pameacha_Creek" title="Pameacha Creek">Pameacha Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_River_(Connecticut)" title="Park River (Connecticut)">Park River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequabuck_River" title="Pequabuck River">Pequabuck River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Connecticut)" title="Salmon River (Connecticut)">Salmon River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scantic_River" title="Scantic River">Scantic River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Massachusetts" title="List of rivers of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnshirt_River" title="Burnshirt River">Burnshirt River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Brook" title="Chapel Brook">Chapel Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee_River" title="Chicopee River">Chicopee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Cranberry River (Massachusetts)">Cranberry River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield_River" title="Deerfield River">Deerfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Brookfield_River" title="East Brookfield River">East Brookfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_River" title="Farmington River">Farmington River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River_(Connecticut_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall River (Connecticut River)">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Mile_River_(East_Brookfield_River_tributary)" title="Five Mile River (East Brookfield River tributary)">Five Mile River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Deerfield_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Deerfield River tributary)">Green River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_River" title="Hubbard River">Hubbard River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhan_River" title="Manhan River">Manhan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_River_(Northampton,_Massachusetts)" title="Mill River (Northampton, Massachusetts)">Mill River (Northampton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_River_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="Mill River (Springfield, Massachusetts)">Mill River (Springfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millers_River" title="Millers River">Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirey_Brook" title="Mirey Brook">Mirey Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Millers_River" title="North Branch Millers River">North Branch Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Westfield_River" title="North Branch Westfield River">North Branch Westfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_River_(Deerfield_River_tributary)" title="North River (Deerfield River tributary)">North River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_River_(Massachusetts)" title="Otter River (Massachusetts)">Otter River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaboag_River" title="Quaboag River">Quaboag River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scantic_River" title="Scantic River">Scantic River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mile_River_(East_Brookfield_River_tributary)" title="Seven Mile River (East Brookfield River tributary)">Seven Mile River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbell_Brook" title="Tarbell Brook">Tarbell Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_River" title="Ware River">Ware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_River" title="Westfield River">Westfield River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of rivers of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonoosuc_River" title="Ammonoosuc River">Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashuelot_River" title="Ashuelot River">Ashuelot River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-me-down_Brook" title="Blow-me-down Brook">Blow-me-down Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Branch" title="The Branch">The Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_River_(Connecticut_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold River (Connecticut River)">Cold River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Branch_Mohawk_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="East Branch Mohawk River (New Hampshire)">East Branch Mohawk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_River" title="Gale River">Gale River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Brook_(Cold_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Brook (Cold River)">Great Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halls_Stream" title="Halls Stream">Halls Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_Branch" title="Ham Branch">Ham Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Indian River (New Hampshire)">Indian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Stream" title="Indian Stream">Indian Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_River" title="Israel River">Israel River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Johns River (New Hampshire)">Johns River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_River" title="Knox River">Knox River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_(Ammonoosuc_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little River (Ammonoosuc River)">Little River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sugar_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Little Sugar River (New Hampshire)">Little Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoma_River" title="Mascoma River">Mascoma River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millers_River" title="Millers River">Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_Brook" title="Mink Brook">Mink Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirey_Brook" title="Mirey Brook">Mirey Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mohawk River (New Hampshire)">Mohawk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Stream" title="Nash Stream">Nash Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Gale_River" title="North Branch Gale River">North Branch Gale River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Millers_River" title="North Branch Millers River">North Branch Millers River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Sugar_River" title="North Branch Sugar River">North Branch Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Upper_Ammonoosuc_River" title="North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River">North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliverian_Brook" title="Oliverian Brook">Oliverian Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Brook_(Ashuelot_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otter Brook (Ashuelot River)">Otter Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partridge_Brook" title="Partridge Brook">Partridge Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Stream" title="Perry Stream">Perry Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brook" title="Phillips Brook">Phillips Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simms_Stream" title="Simms Stream">Simms Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Ashuelot_River" title="South Branch Ashuelot River">South Branch Ashuelot River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Gale_River" title="South Branch Gale River">South Branch Gale River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Israel_River" title="South Branch Israel River">South Branch Israel River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Branch_Sugar_River" title="South Branch Sugar River">South Branch Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocker_Brook" title="Stocker Brook">Stocker Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="Sugar River (New Hampshire)">Sugar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbell_Brook" title="Tarbell Brook">Tarbell Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Ammonoosuc_River" title="Upper Ammonoosuc River">Upper Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Branch_Mohawk_River_(New_Hampshire)" title="West Branch Mohawk River (New Hampshire)">West Branch Mohawk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Branch_Upper_Ammonoosuc_River" title="West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River">West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Ammonoosuc_River" title="Wild Ammonoosuc River">Wild Ammonoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealand_River" title="Zealand River">Zealand River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Vermont" title="List of rivers of Vermont">Vermont</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Connecticut_River_tributary)" title="Black River (Connecticut River tributary)">Black River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield_River" title="Deerfield River">Deerfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River_(Connecticut_River_tributary)" title="Fall River (Connecticut River tributary)">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Deerfield_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Deerfield River tributary)">Green River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halls_Stream" title="Halls Stream">Halls Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leach_Creek" title="Leach Creek">Leach Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_River_(Vermont)" title="Moose River (Vermont)">Moose River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nulhegan_River" title="Nulhegan River">Nulhegan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ompompanoosuc_River" title="Ompompanoosuc River">Ompompanoosuc River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottauquechee_River" title="Ottauquechee River">Ottauquechee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passumpsic_River" title="Passumpsic River">Passumpsic River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(West_River_tributary)" title="Rock River (West River tributary)">Rock River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxtons_River" title="Saxtons River">Saxtons River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utley_Brook" title="Utley Brook">Utley Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waits_River" title="Waits River">Waits River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_River_(Vermont)" title="Wells River (Vermont)">Wells River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_River_(Vermont)" title="West River (Vermont)">West River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whetstone_Brook" title="Whetstone Brook">Whetstone Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_River_(Vermont)" title="White River (Vermont)">White River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_River_(Vermont)" title="Williams River (Vermont)">Williams River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winhall_River" title="Winhall River">Winhall River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_United_States#Connecticut" title="List of lakes of the United States">Connecticut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saville_Dam" title="Saville Dam">Barkhamsted Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Beseck" title="Lake Beseck">Lake Beseck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Hayward_(Connecticut)" title="Lake Hayward (Connecticut)">Lake Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pocotopaug,_Connecticut" title="Lake Pocotopaug, Connecticut">Lake Pocotopaug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Pond_(Massachusetts)" title="Brooks Pond (Massachusetts)">Brooks Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_Pond" title="Browning Pond">Browning Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Monomonac" title="Lake Monomonac">Lake Monomonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir" title="Quabbin Reservoir">Quabbin Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wyola" title="Lake Wyola">Lake Wyola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashuelot_Pond" title="Ashuelot Pond">Ashuelot Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Lake_(New_Hampshire)" title="Back Lake (New Hampshire)">Back Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Street_Lake" title="Canaan Street Lake">Canaan Street Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Pond_(New_Hampshire)" title="Cedar Pond (New Hampshire)">Cedar Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lake_(New_Hampshire)" title="Christine Lake (New Hampshire)">Christine Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comerford_Reservoir" title="Comerford Reservoir">Comerford Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Lakes" title="Connecticut Lakes">Connecticut Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lake_(Enfield,_New_Hampshire)" title="Crystal Lake (Enfield, New Hampshire)">Crystal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Pond" title="Dublin Pond">Dublin Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Pond" title="Eastman Pond">Eastman Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_Lake_(Franconia_Notch)" title="Echo Lake (Franconia Notch)">Echo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Francis_(Murphy_Dam)" title="Lake Francis (Murphy Dam)">Lake Francis (Murphy Dam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_Pond_(New_Hampshire)" title="Goose Pond (New Hampshire)">Goose Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Pond" title="Grafton Pond">Grafton Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_Lake_(New_Hampshire)" title="Granite Lake (New Hampshire)">Granite Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_the_Clouds" title="Lakes of the Clouds">Lakes of the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sunapee_Lake" title="Little Sunapee Lake">Little Sunapee Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoma_Lake" title="Mascoma Lake">Mascoma Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIndoes_Reservoir" title="McIndoes Reservoir">McIndoes Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Monomonac" title="Lake Monomonac">Lake Monomonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Reservoir" title="Moore Reservoir">Moore Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearly_Lake" title="Pearly Lake">Pearly Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake_(Harrisville,_New_Hampshire)" title="Silver Lake (Harrisville, New Hampshire)">Silver Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spofford_Lake" title="Spofford Lake">Spofford Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sunapee" title="Lake Sunapee">Lake Sunapee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_Mountain_Lake" title="Surry Mountain Lake">Surry Mountain Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tarleton" title="Lake Tarleton">Lake Tarleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Vermont">Vermont</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Mountain_Dam" title="Ball Mountain Dam">Ball Mountain Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comerford_Reservoir" title="Comerford Reservoir">Comerford Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriman_Dam" title="Harriman Dam">Harriman Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_Lake_(Vermont)" title="Harvey's Lake (Vermont)">Harvey's Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIndoes_Reservoir" title="McIndoes Reservoir">McIndoes Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Reservoir" title="Moore Reservoir">Moore Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hartland_Dam" title="North Hartland Dam">North Hartland Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Rescue_(Vermont)" title="Lake Rescue (Vermont)">Lake Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Dam" title="Townshend Dam">Townshend Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_on_the_Connecticut_River" title="List of populated places on the Connecticut River">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Connecticut" title="Chester, Connecticut">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut" title="Cromwell, Connecticut">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_River,_Connecticut" title="Deep River, Connecticut">Deep River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Haddam,_Connecticut" title="East Haddam, Connecticut">East Haddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampton,_Connecticut" title="East Hampton, Connecticut">East Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hartford,_Connecticut" title="East Hartford, Connecticut">East Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Windsor,_Connecticut" title="East Windsor, Connecticut">East Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut" title="Enfield, Connecticut">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex,_Connecticut" title="Essex, Connecticut">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury,_Connecticut" title="Glastonbury, Connecticut">Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddam,_Connecticut" title="Haddam, Connecticut">Haddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higganum,_Connecticut" title="Higganum, Connecticut">Higganum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme,_Connecticut" title="Lyme, Connecticut">Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodus,_Connecticut" title="Moodus, Connecticut">Moodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lyme,_Connecticut" title="Old Lyme, Connecticut">Old Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut" title="Old Saybrook, Connecticut">Old Saybrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Connecticut" title="Portland, Connecticut">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Hill,_Connecticut" title="Rocky Hill, Connecticut">Rocky Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Windsor,_Connecticut" title="South Windsor, Connecticut">South Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffield,_Connecticut" title="Suffield, Connecticut">Suffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompsonville,_Connecticut" title="Thompsonville, Connecticut">Thompsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wethersfield,_Connecticut" title="Wethersfield, Connecticut">Wethersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut" title="Windsor Locks, Connecticut">Windsor Locks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield,_Massachusetts" title="Deerfield, Massachusetts">Deerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill,_Massachusetts" title="Gill, Massachusetts">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="Hadley, Massachusetts">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Massachusetts" title="Hatfield, Massachusetts">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="Longmeadow, Massachusetts">Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millers_Falls,_Massachusetts" title="Millers Falls, Massachusetts">Millers Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague,_Massachusetts" title="Montague, Massachusetts">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Massachusetts" title="Northfield, Massachusetts">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Massachusetts" title="Sunderland, Massachusetts">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners_Falls,_Massachusetts" title="Turners Falls, Massachusetts">Turners Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whately,_Massachusetts" title="Whately, Massachusetts">Whately</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_New_Hampshire" title="Bath, New Hampshire">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_New_Hampshire" title="Charlestown, New Hampshire">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_New_Hampshire" title="Chesterfield, New Hampshire">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont,_New_Hampshire" title="Claremont, New Hampshire">Claremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_New_Hampshire" title="Clarksville, New Hampshire">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colebrook,_New_Hampshire" title="Colebrook, New Hampshire">Colebrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_New_Hampshire" title="Columbia, New Hampshire">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish,_New_Hampshire" title="Cornish, New Hampshire">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton,_New_Hampshire" title="Dalton, New Hampshire">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groveton,_New_Hampshire" title="Groveton, New Hampshire">Groveton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_New_Hampshire" title="Haverhill, New Hampshire">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinsdale,_New_Hampshire" title="Hinsdale, New Hampshire">Hinsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_New_Hampshire" title="Lancaster, New Hampshire">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_New_Hampshire" title="Lebanon, New Hampshire">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton,_New_Hampshire" title="Littleton, New Hampshire">Littleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme,_New_Hampshire" title="Lyme, New Hampshire">Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_New_Hampshire" title="Monroe, New Hampshire">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland,_New_Hampshire" title="Northumberland, New Hampshire">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orford,_New_Hampshire" title="Orford, New Hampshire">Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piermont,_New_Hampshire" title="Piermont, New Hampshire">Piermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_New_Hampshire" title="Pittsburg, New Hampshire">Pittsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Hampshire" title="Plainfield, New Hampshire">Plainfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewartstown,_New_Hampshire" title="Stewartstown, New Hampshire">Stewartstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_New_Hampshire" title="Stratford, New Hampshire">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole,_New_Hampshire" title="Walpole, New Hampshire">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lebanon,_New_Hampshire" title="West Lebanon, New Hampshire">West Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland,_New_Hampshire" title="Westmoreland, New Hampshire">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsville,_New_Hampshire" title="Woodsville, New Hampshire">Woodsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Hereford" title="East Hereford">East Hereford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascutney,_Vermont" title="Ascutney, Vermont">Ascutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnet,_Vermont" title="Barnet, Vermont">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beecher_Falls,_Vermont" title="Beecher Falls, Vermont">Beecher Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellows_Falls,_Vermont" title="Bellows Falls, Vermont">Bellows Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_Vermont" title="Bloomfield, Vermont">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Vermont" title="Bradford, Vermont">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brattleboro,_Vermont" title="Brattleboro, Vermont">Brattleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Vermont" title="Brunswick, Vermont">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan,_Vermont" title="Canaan, Vermont">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Vermont" title="Concord, Vermont">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummerston,_Vermont" title="Dummerston, Vermont">Dummerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairlee,_Vermont" title="Fairlee, Vermont">Fairlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman,_Vermont" title="Gilman, Vermont">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_Vermont" title="Guildhall, Vermont">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Vermont" title="Hartford, Vermont">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartland,_Vermont" title="Hartland, Vermont">Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemington,_Vermont" title="Lemington, Vermont">Lemington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Vermont" title="Lunenburg, Vermont">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidstone,_Vermont" title="Maidstone, Vermont">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbury_(town),_Vermont" title="Newbury (town), Vermont">Newbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Vermont" title="Norwich, Vermont">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney,_Vermont" title="Putney, Vermont">Putney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Vermont" title="Rockingham, Vermont">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryegate,_Vermont" title="Ryegate, Vermont">Ryegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Vermont" title="Springfield, Vermont">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetford,_Vermont" title="Thetford, Vermont">Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Vermont" title="Vernon, Vermont">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford,_Vermont" title="Waterford, Vermont">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathersfield,_Vermont" title="Weathersfield, Vermont">Weathersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_River,_Vermont" title="Wells River, Vermont">Wells River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_(town),_Vermont" title="Westminster (town), Vermont">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont" title="White River Junction, Vermont">White River Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder,_Vermont" title="Wilder, Vermont">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Vermont" title="Windsor, Vermont">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Connecticut_River" title="List of crossings of the Connecticut River">Crossings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Old_Saybrook_%E2%80%93_Old_Lyme_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge">Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Bridge_(Bellows_Falls)" title="Arch Bridge (Bellows Falls)">Arch Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkeley_Bridge" title="Bulkeley Bridge">Bulkeley Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge_Bridge" title="Calvin Coolidge Bridge">Calvin Coolidge Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalside_Rail_Trail_Bridge" title="Canalside Rail Trail Bridge">Canalside Rail Trail Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Bridge_(Connecticut_River)" title="Cheshire Bridge (Connecticut River)">Cheshire Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Bridge_(New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Bridge (New Hampshire)">Columbia Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish%E2%80%93Windsor_Covered_Bridge" title="Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge">Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Coffin_Bridge" title="Dexter Coffin Bridge">Dexter Coffin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_King_Bridge" title="French King Bridge">French King Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill%E2%80%93Montague_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill–Montague Bridge">Gill–Montague Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County_Memorial_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampden County Memorial Bridge">Hampden County Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Peaslee_Bridge" title="Janice Peaslee Bridge">Janice Peaslee Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Muller_Bridge" title="Joseph E. Muller Bridge">Joseph E. Muller Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledyard_Bridge" title="Ledyard Bridge">Ledyard Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme%E2%80%93East_Thetford_Bridge" title="Lyme–East Thetford Bridge">Lyme–East Thetford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morey_Memorial_Bridge" title="Morey Memorial Bridge">Morey Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Orne_Covered_Bridge" title="Mount Orne Covered Bridge">Mount Orne Covered Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwottuck_Rail_Trail_Bridge" title="Norwottuck Rail Trail Bridge">Norwottuck Rail Trail Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piermont_Bridge" title="Piermont Bridge">Piermont Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg%E2%80%93Clarksville_Covered_Bridge" title="Pittsburg–Clarksville Covered Bridge">Pittsburg–Clarksville Covered Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_Bridge" title="Ranger Bridge">Ranger Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin_Bridge" title="Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge">Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Bridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Sunderland Bridge (Massachusetts)">Sunderland Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Memorial_Bridge" title="Vietnam Memorial Bridge">Vietnam Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_River_Bridge" title="Wells River Bridge">Wells River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willimansett_Bridge" title="Willimansett Bridge">Willimansett Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a> major urban regions</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area" title="Baltimore metropolitan area">Baltimore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown_metropolitan_area" title="Hagerstown metropolitan area">Hagerstown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>-<a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton/Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie%E2%80%93Newburgh%E2%80%93Middletown_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area">Poughkeepsie–Newburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">city 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_metropolitan_area" title="Salisbury metropolitan area">Salisbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area">Washington–Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hartford" title="Greater Hartford">Hartford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_metropolitan_area" title="Providence metropolitan area">Providence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bridgeport" title="Greater Bridgeport">Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">city 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">city 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Danbury" title="Greater Danbury">Danbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_New_Haven" title="Greater New Haven">New Haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Maine" title="Portland metropolitan area, Maine">Portland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston–Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Bridgeport–Stamford–New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford%E2%80%93Springfield" title="Hartford–Springfield">Hartford–Springfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637790#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637790#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637790#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154787430">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1218308/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFJKMhCXYkJhYtQRdhHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4367495-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82020716">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123099160">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123099160">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557586005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e5c3dd4d-97a9-489c-8bd9-02fa214611e9">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085958328">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&oldid=1258898117">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holyoke,_Massachusetts&oldid=1258898117</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1655" title="Category:Populated places established in 1655">Populated places established in 1655</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1655_establishments_in_the_Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Category:1655 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony">1655 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Cities in Massachusetts">Cities in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Cities in Hampden County, Massachusetts">Cities in Hampden County, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_populated_places_on_the_Connecticut_River" title="Category:Massachusetts populated places on the Connecticut River">Massachusetts populated places on the Connecticut River</a></li><li><a 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