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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Yeltsin_era,_1991–1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Putin_era,_1999–2022_(prior_to_the_invasion_of_Ukraine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Putin_era,_1999–2022_(prior_to_the_invasion_of_Ukraine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Putin era, 1999–2022 (prior to the invasion of Ukraine)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Putin_era,_1999–2022_(prior_to_the_invasion_of_Ukraine)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Putin era, 1999–2022 (prior to the invasion of Ukraine) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Putin_era,_1999–2022_(prior_to_the_invasion_of_Ukraine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prominent_Putin-era_oligarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Putin-era_oligarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prominent Putin-era oligarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Putin-era_oligarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_global_recession_and_credit_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_global_recession_and_credit_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2008 global recession and credit crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_global_recession_and_credit_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Putin_era,_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine_and_international_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Putin_era,_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine_and_international_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Putin era, 2022 invasion of Ukraine and international sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Putin_era,_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine_and_international_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_oligarchs_in_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_oligarchs_in_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Russian oligarchs in London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_oligarchs_in_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiese_oligarg" title="Russiese oligarg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russiese oligarg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الأوليغارشية الروسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأوليغارشية الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Руски олигарси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руски олигарси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ρώσοι ολιγάρχες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρώσοι ολιγάρχες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarqu%C3%ADa_rusa" title="Oligarquía rusa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oligarquía rusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiar_oligarka" title="Errusiar oligarka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiar oligarka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الیگارش روس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیگارش روس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchie_russe" title="Oligarchie russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oligarchie russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%9E%88" title="러시아의 올리가르히 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아의 올리가르히" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligark_Rusia" title="Oligark Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oligark Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchi_russi" title="Oligarchi russi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oligarchi russi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אוליגרכים רוסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוליגרכים רוסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Europese_oligarch" title="Oost-Europese oligarch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oost-Europese oligarch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%92" title="ロシアのオリガルヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアのオリガルヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarcas_russos" title="Oligarcas russos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oligarcas russos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Российские олигархи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российские олигархи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_oligarsi" title="Ruski oligarsi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ruski oligarsi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_oligarkit" title="Venäjän oligarkit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän oligarkit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_oligarklar" title="Rus oligarklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rus oligarklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Російські олігархи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російські олігархи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="روسىيەلىك ئولىگارخلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روسىيەلىك ئولىگارخلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0i_phi%E1%BB%87t_Nga" title="Tài phiệt Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tài phiệt Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%9F" title="רוסישע אליגארכן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסישע אליגארכן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD" title="俄羅斯寡頭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄羅斯寡頭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16919633#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Business oligarchs of the former Soviet republics</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Abramovich_2_(cropped).png" 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2021_Vladimir_Potanin.jpg/97px-2021_Vladimir_Potanin.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2021_Vladimir_Potanin.jpg/146px-2021_Vladimir_Potanin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2021_Vladimir_Potanin.jpg/194px-2021_Vladimir_Potanin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="671" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Potanin" title="Vladimir Potanin">Vladimir Potanin</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Prokhorov_IF_09-2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mikhail_Prokhorov_IF_09-2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/88px-Mikhail_Prokhorov_IF_09-2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mikhail_Prokhorov_IF_09-2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/132px-Mikhail_Prokhorov_IF_09-2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mikhail_Prokhorov_IF_09-2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/176px-Mikhail_Prokhorov_IF_09-2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="2952" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Prokhorov" title="Mikhail Prokhorov">Mikhail Prokhorov</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gennady_Timchenko,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gennady_Timchenko%2C_2018.jpg/95px-Gennady_Timchenko%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gennady_Timchenko%2C_2018.jpg/143px-Gennady_Timchenko%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gennady_Timchenko%2C_2018.jpg/190px-Gennady_Timchenko%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Timchenko" title="Gennady Timchenko">Gennady Timchenko</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/95px-%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/143px-%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/190px-%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Vagit_Alekperov" title="Vagit Alekperov">Vagit Alekperov</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/87px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/131px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/174px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Petr_Aven" title="Petr Aven">Petr Aven</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arkady_Rotenberg_2020-03-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arkady_Rotenberg_2020-03-18.jpg/98px-Arkady_Rotenberg_2020-03-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arkady_Rotenberg_2020-03-18.jpg/147px-Arkady_Rotenberg_2020-03-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arkady_Rotenberg_2020-03-18.jpg/196px-Arkady_Rotenberg_2020-03-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Rotenberg" title="Arkady Rotenberg">Arkady Rotenberg</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Russian oligarchs</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">олигархи</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oligarkhi</i></span>) are <a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">business oligarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet republics</a> who rapidly accumulated wealth in the 1990s via the <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Russian privatisation</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failing</a> Soviet state left the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">state assets</a> contested, which allowed for <a href="/wiki/Blat_(favors)" title="Blat (favors)">informal deals</a> with former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> officials (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) as a means to acquire state property. </p><p>The Russian oligarchs emerged as business entrepreneurs under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a>, 1985–1991) during his period of <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market</a> liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>, a mathematician and former researcher, became the first well-known Russian <a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">business oligarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oligarchs became increasingly influential in Russian politics during <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s presidency (1991–1999); they helped finance his <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">re-election in 1996</a>. Well-connected oligarchs like <a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michail_Khodorkovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Michail Khodorkovsky">Michail Khodorkovsky</a>, Boris Berezovsky and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Potanin" title="Vladimir Potanin">Vladimir Potanin</a> acquired key assets at a fraction of the value at the <a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">loans for shares scheme</a> auctions conducted in the run-up to the election.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defenders of the out-of-favor oligarchs argue that the companies they acquired were not highly valued at the time because they still ran on Soviet principles, with non-existent <a href="/wiki/Stock_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock control">stock control</a>, huge payrolls, no financial reporting and scant regard for profit.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslund_1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014, hundreds of Russian oligarchs and their companies have been hit with <a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">US sanctions</a> for their support of "the Russian government's malign activity around the globe".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, many Russian oligarchs and their close family members were targeted and sanctioned by countries around the world as a rebuke of <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's war in Ukraine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yeltsin_era,_1991–1999"><span id="Yeltsin_era.2C_1991.E2.80.931999"></span>Yeltsin era, 1991–1999</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Yeltsin era, 1991–1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1985</span>–1991), many businessmen in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> imported goods such as personal computers and jeans into the country and sold them for a hefty profit. </p><p>Once <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> in July 1991, the oligarchs emerged as well-connected entrepreneurs who started from nearly nothing and became rich through participation in the market via connections to the corrupt, but elected, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">government of Russia</a> during the state's transition to a <a href="/wiki/Market-based_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-based economy">market-based economy</a>. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Voucher_privatization" title="Voucher privatization">voucher privatization</a> program of 1992–1994 enabled a handful of young men to become billionaires, specifically by <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitraging</a> the vast difference between old domestic prices for Russian commodities (such as natural gas and oil) and the prices prevailing on the world market. These oligarchs became unpopular with the Russian public and are often blamed for the turmoil that plagued the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-piie.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piie.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Granville_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granville-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economists <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Guriev" title="Sergei Guriev">Sergei Guriev</a> and Andrei Rachinsky contrast older oligarchs with <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a></i> ties and younger-generation entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/Kakha_Bendukidze" title="Kakha Bendukidze">Kakha Bendukidze</a> who built their wealth from scratch because Gorbachev's reforms affected a period "when co-existence of regulated and <a href="/wiki/Quasi-market" title="Quasi-market">quasi-market</a> prices created huge opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of oligarchs were promoted (at least initially) by the Soviet <i><a href="/wiki/Apparatchik" title="Apparatchik">apparatchiks</a></i>, with strong connections to Soviet power-structures and access to the funds of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslund_1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a> himself was Head of the Department of System Design at another Academy of Sciences research centre. His private company was established by the Institute as a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a> started his business importing computers under auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>-authorised <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Scientific_and_Technical_Creativity_of_the_Youth" title="Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of the Youth">Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of the Youth</a> in 1986, briefly serving as a deputy secretary of the Komsomol for a district in Moscow in 1987. His move into banking two years later was funded with the support of Komsomol alumni working in Moscow city government. Later, he served in the Russian government as an adviser to the prime minister and a deputy minister of fuel and power while still running his business.<sup id="cite_ref-gustafson99capitalism_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gustafson99capitalism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vinogradov" title="Vladimir Vinogradov">Vladimir Vinogradov</a> was the chief economist of <a href="/wiki/Promstroybank_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promstroybank (USSR)">Promstroybank </a>, one of the six banks existing in the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> previously serving as the secretary of <a href="/wiki/Atommash" title="Atommash">Atommash</a> plant Komsomol organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-gustafson99capitalism_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gustafson99capitalism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_support">Political support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> worked in a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a> think tank modelled after <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaidar later became the economics editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kommunist" title="Kommunist">Kommunist</a></i> journal, the official theoretical organ of the <a href="/wiki/CC_of_the_CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CC of the CPSU">CC of the CPSU</a>. He also held various positions, including Prime Minister in the Russian government during 1991–1992.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Chubais" title="Anatoly Chubais">Anatoly Chubais</a>, the two "Young Reformers" were chiefly responsible for privatization in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Satter" title="David Satter">David Satter</a>, "what drove the process was not the determination to create a system based on <a href="/wiki/Universal_value" title="Universal value">universal values</a> but rather the will to introduce a system of private ownership, which, in the absence of law, opened the way for the criminal pursuit of money and power".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslund_1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a> hit most oligarchs hard and those whose holdings were based mainly in <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">banking</a> lost much of their fortunes. The most influential oligarchs from the Yeltsin era include<sup id="cite_ref-piie.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piie.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gusinsky" title="Vladimir Gusinsky">Vladimir Gusinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Potanin" title="Vladimir Potanin">Vladimir Potanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smolensky" title="Alexander Smolensky">Alexander Smolensky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vinogradov" title="Vladimir Vinogradov">Vladimir Vinogradov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslund_1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They formed what became known as the <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></i></span> (or "seven-banker outfit", <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">compare <a href="/wiki/Seven_Boyars" title="Seven Boyars">Seven Boyars</a></span>), a group of businessmen with a great influence on Boris Yeltsin and his political environment. Together they controlled from 50% to 70% of all Russian finances between 1996 and 2000. Historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Keenan" title="Edward L. Keenan">Edward L. Keenan</a> has compared these oligarchs to the system of powerful <a href="/wiki/Boyar#Boyars_in_Muscovy" title="Boyar">boyars</a> that emerged in late-medieval <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Normal_Country_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Normal_Country-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported in 2008 that <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'oligarchs' from the era of former president Boris Yeltsin have been purged by the Kremlin".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Putin_era,_1999–2022_(prior_to_the_invasion_of_Ukraine)"><span id="Putin_era.2C_1999.E2.80.932022_.28prior_to_the_invasion_of_Ukraine.29"></span>Putin era, 1999–2022 (prior to the invasion of Ukraine)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Putin era, 1999–2022 (prior to the invasion of Ukraine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozero" title="Ozero">Ozero</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_20_December_2002-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vladimir_Putin_20_December_2002-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_20_December_2002-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vladimir_Putin_20_December_2002-1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_20_December_2002-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vladimir_Putin_20_December_2002-1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_20_December_2002-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Putin (left), with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a> (right) in December 2002. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a> was jailed the following year.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the ascent of Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin the influence of the Yeltsin oligarchs dissipated, as some were imprisoned, such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a> (pictured here) and <a href="/wiki/Mikhael_Mirilashvili" title="Mikhael Mirilashvili">Mikhael Mirilashvili</a>, while others emigrated, sold off their assets or died under suspicious circumstances, such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vinogradov" title="Vladimir Vinogradov">Vladimir Vinogradov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>. A number of Yeltsin oligarchs first came under fire for alleged <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gusinsky" title="Vladimir Gusinsky">Vladimir Gusinsky</a> of MediaMost and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a> both avoided legal proceedings by leaving Russia, and the most prominent, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yukos" title="Yukos">Yukos</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, was arrested in October 2003 and sentenced to 9 years. This was subsequently extended to 14 years, and after Putin pardoned him, he was released on 20 December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-YukosCase_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YukosCase-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second wave of oligarchs emerged in the 2000s, friends and former colleagues of President Putin either from his years in the St Petersburg municipal administration or his Dresden tenure in the KGB.<sup id="cite_ref-Putin’s_Economic_Policy_and_Its_Consequences_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putin’s_Economic_Policy_and_Its_Consequences-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are the director of the institute where Putin obtained a degree in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Litvinenko" title="Vladimir Litvinenko">Vladimir Litvinenko</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Putin's childhood friend and <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>-teacher <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Rotenberg" title="Arkady Rotenberg">Arkady Rotenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Timchenko" title="Gennady Timchenko">Gennady Timchenko</a> was close friends with Russian leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> since the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Putin gave Timchenko an oil export license.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These oligarchs worked in close cooperaton with the government, displacing a system of crony capitalism with a system of state capitalism whereby the new oligarchs benefited from financing by state-owned banks and access to public procurement projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia’s_Economy_under_Putin:_From_Crony_Capitalism_to_State_Capitalism_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia’s_Economy_under_Putin:_From_Crony_Capitalism_to_State_Capitalism-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Timchenko" title="Gennady Timchenko">Gennady Timchenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Rotenberg" title="Arkady Rotenberg">Arkady Rotenberg</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>An economic study distinguished 21 oligarchic groups as of 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2000 and 2004, Putin apparently engaged in a power struggle with some oligarchs, reaching a "grand bargain" with them. This bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain their powers, in exchange for their explicit support of – and alignment with – Putin's government.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other analysts argue that the oligarchic structure has remained intact under Putin, with Putin devoting much of his time to mediating power-disputes between rival oligarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia's_Oligarchy,_Alive_and_Well_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia's_Oligarchy,_Alive_and_Well-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_Putin-era_oligarchs">Prominent Putin-era oligarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prominent Putin-era oligarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_nationals_named_in_the_CAATSA_unclassified_report" title="List of Russian nationals named in the CAATSA unclassified report">List of Russian nationals named in the CAATSA unclassified report</a></div> <p>The ten most-prominent oligarchs of the early Putin era included <a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Deripaska" title="Oleg Deripaska">Oleg Deripaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Prokhorov" title="Mikhail Prokhorov">Mikhail Prokhorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov" title="Alisher Usmanov">Alisher Usmanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Mikhelson" title="Leonid Mikhelson">Leonid Mikhelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Rotenberg" title="Arkady Rotenberg">Arkady Rotenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Timchenko" title="Gennady Timchenko">Gennady Timchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Guryev" title="Andrey Guryev">Andrey Guryev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Malkin" title="Vitaly Malkin">Vitaly Malkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, five years after Putin's ascend to power, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> listed 36 billionaires of Russian citizenship, with a note: "this list includes businessmen of Russian citizenship who acquired the major share of their wealth privately, while not holding a governmental position". In 2005, the number of billionaires dropped to 30, mostly because of the <a href="/wiki/Yukos" title="Yukos">Yukos</a> case, with Khodorkovsky dropping from No. 1 (US$15.2 billion) to No. 21 (US$2.0 billion). A 2013 report by Credit Suisse found that 35% of the wealth of Russia was owned by the wealthiest 110 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russia’s_Economy_under_Putin:_From_Crony_Capitalism_to_State_Capitalism_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia’s_Economy_under_Putin:_From_Crony_Capitalism_to_State_Capitalism-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel Treisman proposed using a term "silovarch" (<a href="/wiki/Silovik" title="Silovik">silovik</a> and oligarch) for a new class of Russian oligarchs with backgrounds in Russian military and intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billionaire and former KGB agent <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebedev" title="Alexander Lebedev">Alexander Lebedev</a> has criticized these new oligarchs, saying "I think material wealth for them is a highly emotional and spiritual thing. They spend a lot of money on their own personal consumption." Lebedev has also described them as "a bunch of uncultured ignoramuses", saying "They don't read books. They don't have time. They don't go to [art] exhibitions. They think the only way to impress anyone is to buy a yacht."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 January 2018, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a> published a "list of oligarchs" as part of a document known as the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_nationals_named_in_the_CAATSA_unclassified_report" title="List of Russian nationals named in the CAATSA unclassified report">Putin list</a>" which was compiled under the requirement of the <a href="/wiki/CAATSA" class="mw-redirect" title="CAATSA">CAATSA</a> Act.<sup id="cite_ref-OligarchsListVOA30012018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OligarchsListVOA30012018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the document itself, its criterion for inclusion was simply being a Russian national with a net worth of over $1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-CAATSA-report_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAATSA-report-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list was criticised for being indiscriminate, and including critics of Putin.<sup id="cite_ref-reuterslist_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuterslist-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_global_recession_and_credit_crisis">2008 global recession and credit crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2008 global recession and credit crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the financial news-agency <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a>, Russia's wealthiest 25 individuals have collectively lost US$230 billion (£146 billion) since July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall in the oligarchs' wealth relates closely to the meltdown in Russia's stock market, as by 2008 the <a href="/wiki/RTS_Index" title="RTS Index">RTS Index</a> had lost 71% of its value due to the <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> of August 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_19_March_2002-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vladimir_Putin_19_March_2002-4.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_19_March_2002-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vladimir_Putin_19_March_2002-4.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_19_March_2002-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vladimir_Putin_19_March_2002-4.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_19_March_2002-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Putin (left) with <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Deripaska" title="Oleg Deripaska">Oleg Deripaska</a> (right) in the Kremlin in March 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Billionaires in Russia were particularly hard-hit by lenders seeking repayment on <a href="/wiki/Balloon_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon loan">balloon loans</a> to shore up their own balance sheets. Many oligarchs took out generous loans from Russian banks, bought shares, and then took out more loans from western banks against the value of these shares.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first to get hit by the global downturn was <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Deripaska" title="Oleg Deripaska">Oleg Deripaska</a>, Russia's richest man at the time, who had a net worth of US$28 billion in March 2008. As Deripaska borrowed money from western banks using shares in his companies as collateral, the collapse in share price forced him to sell holdings to satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Margin_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Margin call">margin calls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Putin_era,_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine_and_international_sanctions"><span id="Putin_era.2C_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine_and_international_sanctions"></span>Putin era, 2022 invasion of Ukraine and international sanctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Putin era, 2022 invasion of Ukraine and international sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Canada, US, and European leaders with the addition of Japan, took unprecedented steps to sanction Putin and the oligarchs directly.<sup id="cite_ref-CNBC_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNBC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">sanctions</a>, the targeted oligarchs started to hide wealth in an attempt to prevent the Western nations from freezing their assets.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sanctions intend to directly impact the Russian ruling class as a response for their perceived contribution and acquiescence to the war with Ukraine. Although the sanctions miss some of the richest oligarchs, the impact on the war is unknown due to Putin's power over those that were sanctioned.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the invasion began, nine of the Russian oligarchs' yachts have turned their <a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_system" title="Automatic identification system">navigation transponders</a> off as they sail to ports where they are less likely to be searched and seized.<sup id="cite_ref-CNBC_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNBC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladinir_Putin_and_Petr_Fradkov_(2019-05-07).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vladinir_Putin_and_Petr_Fradkov_%282019-05-07%29.jpg/220px-Vladinir_Putin_and_Petr_Fradkov_%282019-05-07%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vladinir_Putin_and_Petr_Fradkov_%282019-05-07%29.jpg/330px-Vladinir_Putin_and_Petr_Fradkov_%282019-05-07%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vladinir_Putin_and_Petr_Fradkov_%282019-05-07%29.jpg/440px-Vladinir_Putin_and_Petr_Fradkov_%282019-05-07%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Putin (left), with <a href="/wiki/Petr_Fradkov" title="Petr Fradkov">Petr Fradkov</a> (right) in the Kremlin in May 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 2, 2022, the United States announced a special task force dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a>". This team was put together to specifically target oligarchs. It is made up of officials from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">Postal Inspection Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Investigations">Homeland Security Investigations</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>. The main goal of the task force is to impose the sanctions set against these individuals to freeze and seize the assets that the US government claimed were proceeds of their illegal involvement with the Russian government and the invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 21, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project" title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Russian_Asset_Tracker" title="Russian Asset Tracker">Russian Asset Tracker</a> to showcase the profiles and assets of several Russian oligarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several dozen business people with family connections to top politicians include President Putin’s younger daughter <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Tikhonova" title="Katerina Tikhonova">Katerina Tikhonova</a>, who through her investment fund has been the recipient of numerous large contracts from state-owned energy companies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her former husband <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Shamalov" title="Kirill Shamalov">Kirill Shamalov</a> runs the largest Russian petrochemicals company Sibur as well as his own investment fund.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The son-in-law of Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lavrov">Sergei Lavrov</a> runs an investment fund with assets exceeding $6 billion. Andrey Ryumin,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Medvedchuk" title="Viktor Medvedchuk">Viktor Medvedchuk</a>, President Putin’s former closest ally in Ukraine, runs another investment fund with large agricultural holdings which have become recipients of state subsidies for import substitution (Rouhandeh 2022). <a href="/wiki/Petr_Fradkov" title="Petr Fradkov">Petr Fradkov</a>, the son of a former Prime Minister and head of the Russian foreign intelligence service, Sergei Sergeevich Ivanov, the son of the former head of the presidential administration <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a>, and Andrey Patrushev, the son of the current head of the Russian Security Council <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a> have all joined the ranks of the oligarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (October 2023)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The list of oligarchs and business executives who have risen to prominence and who have been sanctioned after Russia's invasion of Ukraine includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Fradkov" title="Petr Fradkov">Petr Fradkov</a> (CEO of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promsvyazbank_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promsvyazbank (Russia) (page does not exist)">Promstroybank</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov" title="Mikhail Fradkov">Mikhail Fradkov</a>, former Russian Prime Minister during 2004–2007. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov" title="Mikhail Fradkov">Mikhail Fradkov</a> is the longest serving director of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> from 2007 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 4 January 2017, Fradkov has been Director of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Russian Institute for Strategic Studies">Russian Institute for Strategic Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Guryev" title="Andrey Guryev">Andrey Guryev</a> (the former head of <a href="/wiki/PhosAgro" title="PhosAgro">PhosAgro</a>, the world's fourth largest producer of phosphate-based fertilizers)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gutseriev" title="Mikhail Gutseriev">Mikhail Gutseriev</a> (former owner of <a href="/wiki/Russneft" title="Russneft">Russneft</a>, one of Russia's largest oil companies)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Gutseriev" title="Said Gutseriev">Said Gutseriev</a> (Russian-British businessperson, the son of <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian oligarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gutseriyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Gutseriyev">Mikhail Gutseriev</a>. Since 2018 he has been included by Forbes into the list of wealthiest businessmen in the world. In 2021 his fortune has been estimated at $1.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katerina_Tikhonova" title="Katerina Tikhonova">Katerina Tikhonova</a> (President Putin's second daughter and deputy chair of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Shamalov" title="Kirill Shamalov">Kirill Shamalov</a> (director and part-owner of <a href="/wiki/Sibur" title="Sibur">Sibur</a>, a Russian petrochemicals company)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Andrey Valerievich Ryumin (Executive Director of <a href="/wiki/Rosseti" title="Rosseti">Rosseti</a> PJSC (formerly, until August 2014, known as Russian Grids, Chairman of Board, son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Medvedchuk" title="Viktor Medvedchuk">Viktor Medvedchuk</a>. Medvedchuk is a pro-<a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Kremlin</a> Ukrainian politician and a personal friend of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MedvedchukcPpfatsiia_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedvedchukcPpfatsiia-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Andrey Patrushev (son of the Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council of Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a> served as the director of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB) from 1999 to 2008. Belonging to the <i><a href="/wiki/Siloviki" class="mw-redirect" title="Siloviki">siloviki</a></i> faction of president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s inner circle,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrushev is believed to be one of the closest advisors to Putin and a leading figure behind Russia's national security affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrushev is seen by some observers as one of the likeliest candidates for succeeding Putin.)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-treasury220224_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasury220224-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sergei Sergeevich Ivanov (Board member of <a href="/wiki/Gazprombank" title="Gazprombank">Gazprombank</a> and president of <a href="/wiki/Alrosa" title="Alrosa">Alrosa</a> diamond mining; son of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a>, Minister of Defense of Russia from March 2001 to February 2007, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy Prime Minister</a> from November 2005 to February 2007 and First Deputy Prime Minister from February 2007 to May 2008. After the <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_presidential_election" title="2008 Russian presidential election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a>, Ivanov was reappointed a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (in office: 2008–2011) in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin%27s_Second_Cabinet" title="Vladimir Putin's Second Cabinet">Vladimir Putin's second cabinet</a>. From December 2011 to August 2016, Ivanov worked as the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Russia" title="Presidential Administration of Russia">Presidential Executive Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-News24_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News24-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having served in the Soviet <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and in its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> holds the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_general" title="Colonel general">colonel general</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Vardanyan_(politician)" title="Ruben Vardanyan (politician)">Ruben Vardanyan</a>, former head of <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Russian Security Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former adviser to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> and shareholder of the <a href="/wiki/Sberbank_CIB" title="Sberbank CIB">Troika Dialog</a> <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment bank</a>, which was the hearth of the <a href="/wiki/Troika_laundromat" title="Troika laundromat">Troika Laundromat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had close ties to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and nicknamed "Putin's wallet."<sup id="cite_ref-:74_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:74-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Vardanyan was placed on the Ukrainian government's list of sanctioned people for his role as a <a href="/wiki/Board_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Board member">board member</a> of the Russian air cargo company <a href="/wiki/Volga_Dnepr" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Dnepr">Volga Dnepr</a>, which plays a major role in Russian military air transport.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:132_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a>, founder of the paramilitary the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a>. In June 2023, the Wagner Group <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">launched a rebellion against the Russian military</a>, seizing control of the port city of <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exactly two months later, on August 23, Prigozhin was killed in a <a href="/wiki/2023_Wagner_Group_plane_crash" title="2023 Wagner Group plane crash">plane crash</a> that is suspected to have been orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the head of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council of Russia</a> and Putin's right-hand man.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Slyusar" title="Yury Slyusar">Yury Slyusar</a> (director of <a href="/wiki/United_Aircraft_Corporation" title="United Aircraft Corporation">United Aircraft Corporation</a> and board member of <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a>, Russian Airlines Pjsc and United Aircraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vinokurov_(businessman)" title="Alexander Vinokurov (businessman)">Alexander Vinokurov</a> (Owner of the privately held investment company Marathon Group (Russian company) and largest shareholder of retailer Magnit. Vinokurov is married to Ekaterina Vinokurova (née Lavrova) (born 1982 <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>), daughter of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinokurov was added to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">EU Sanctions List</a> on 9 March 2022 for providing a substantial source of revenue to the government of the Russian Federation during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FT09032022_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT09032022-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EurLexSanctions_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EurLexSanctions-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_oligarchs_in_London">Russian oligarchs in London</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian oligarchs in London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_money_in_London" title="Russian money in London">Russian money in London</a></div> <p>The British Government policy encouraged the flow of foreign capital into the United Kingdom, for example through the <a href="/wiki/Golden_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden visa">foreign investor visa routes</a>, introduced during <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Premiership of John Major">premiership</a> in 1994, one-fifth of whose recipients since 2008 are Russian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-TheEconomist_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEconomist-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant number of Russian oligarchs have bought homes in upmarket sections of London<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the United Kingdom, which has been dubbed "Moscow on Thames" or "Londongrad".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Shvidler" title="Eugene Shvidler">Eugene Shvidler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Knaster" title="Alexander Knaster">Alexander Knaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kagalovsky" title="Konstantin Kagalovsky">Konstantin Kagalovsky</a>, David Wilkowske and Abram Reznikov, are <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>, having taken permanent residency in London. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a> bought 16 <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace_Gardens" title="Kensington Palace Gardens">Kensington Palace Gardens</a> in London, a 15-bedroom mansion, for £120 million.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fridman" title="Mikhail Fridman">Mikhail Fridman</a> restored <a href="/wiki/Athlone_House" title="Athlone House">Athlone House</a> in London as a primary residence in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a> bought the English football club <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_F.C." title="Chelsea F.C.">Chelsea F.C.</a> in 2003, spending record amounts on players' salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mamut" title="Alexander Mamut">Alexander Mamut</a> invested £100m to <a href="/wiki/Waterstones" title="Waterstones">Waterstones</a> bookstore chain after acquiring it in 2011 for £53m. According to its managing director <a href="/wiki/James_Daunt" title="James Daunt">James Daunt</a>, the intervention saved Waterstones, which managed to make its first annual profit since 2008 in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remarked that continued Russian ownership would've been "catastrophic" for the chain in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_deaths_of_Russian_businesspeople_(2022%E2%80%932024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople (2022–2024)">Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople (2022–2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_billionaires" title="List of Russian billionaires">List of Russian billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mogul" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mogul">Media mogul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_under_Vladimir_Putin%27s_presidency" title="Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency">Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_laundering" title="Reputation laundering">Reputation laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron (industrialist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_asset_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian asset tracker">Russian asset tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoon">Tycoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian oligarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScheidel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a> (9 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgZpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51"><i>The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Princeton University Press, pages 27–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8460-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8460-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-8460-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Leveler%3A+Violence+and+the+History+of+Inequality+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2C+pages+27%E2%80%9386&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8460-5&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgZpDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS1100907644/">"The first oligarch dies, his kleptocracy thrives"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=The+first+oligarch+dies%2C+his+kleptocracy+thrives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUS1100907644%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2005" class="citation web cs1">Whitmore, Brian (29 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1061761.html">"Russia: The End Of Loans-For-Shares"</a>. <i>RadioFreeEurope</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope&rft.atitle=Russia%3A+The+End+Of+Loans-For-Shares&rft.date=2005-09-29&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1061761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslund_1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslund_1995_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslund1995" class="citation book cs1">Aslund, Anders (1995). <i>Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, pages 45–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Crony+Capitalism%3A+The+Path+from+Market+Economy+to+Kleptocracy&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press%2C+pages+45%E2%80%93112&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Aslund&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0338">"Treasury Designates Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide Malign Activity | U.S. Department of the Treasury"</a>. <i>home.treasury.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home.treasury.gov&rft.atitle=Treasury+Designates+Russian+Oligarchs%2C+Officials%2C+and+Entities+in+Response+to+Worldwide+Malign+Activity+%7C+U.S.+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.treasury.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fsm0338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolesnikov" class="citation web cs1">Kolesnikov, Andrei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegie.ru/commentary/76555">"Russian Oligarchs in the Era of Sanctions"</a>. <i>Carnegie Moscow Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Moscow+Center&rft.atitle=Russian+Oligarchs+in+the+Era+of+Sanctions&rft.aulast=Kolesnikov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie.ru%2Fcommentary%2F76555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piie.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-piie.com_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-piie.com_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreund2016" class="citation book cs1">Freund, Caroline (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piie.com/bookstore/rich-people-poor-countries-rise-emerging-market-tycoons-and-their-mega-firms"><i>Rich People Poor Countries: The Rise of Emerging-Markets Tycoons and Their Mega-Firms</i></a>. Peterson Institute for International Economics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881327038" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881327038"><bdi>978-0881327038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rich+People+Poor+Countries%3A+The+Rise+of+Emerging-Markets+Tycoons+and+Their+Mega-Firms&rft.pub=Peterson+Institute+for+International+Economics&rft.date=2016-01&rft.isbn=978-0881327038&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piie.com%2Fbookstore%2Frich-people-poor-countries-rise-emerging-market-tycoons-and-their-mega-firms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6708103.stm">"Profile: Boris Berezovsky"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 31 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Boris+Berezovsky&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6708103.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,1655229,00.html">"What a carve-up!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 3 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Putin, able to see matters rather straighter than Yeltsin, realised two crucial things about the oligarchs: that they were potentially more powerful than him, and that they were about as popular with your average Russian as a man idly burning bundles of £50s outside an orphanage (according to one 2004 poll, only 18% of Russians opposed wholesale renationalisation of the country's resources).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+a+carve-up%21&rft.date=2005-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Frussia%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1655229%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granville-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Granville_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranville2003" class="citation journal cs1">Granville, Johanna (Summer 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5597850">"The Russian Kleptocracy and Rise of Organized Crime"</a>. <i>Demokratizatsiya</i>: 448–457. <q>The Russian state has metamorphosed into a full-fledged 'kleptocracy' – dedicated to enriching those in power and their associates, usually organized criminal groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demokratizatsiya&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Kleptocracy+and+Rise+of+Organized+Crime&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=448-457&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Granville&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5597850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurievRachinsky2005" class="citation journal cs1">Guriev, Sergei; Rachinsky, Andrei (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330053147994">"The role of oligarchs in Russian capitalism"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 131–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330053147994">10.1257/0895330053147994</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+role+of+oligarchs+in+Russian+capitalism&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-150&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0895330053147994&rft.aulast=Guriev&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft.au=Rachinsky%2C+Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252F0895330053147994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(historian)" title="Andrew Wilson (historian)">Wilson, Andrew</a> (2005). <i>Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtual+Politics%3A+Faking+Democracy+in+the+Post-Soviet+World&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraguinskyMyerson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Braguinsky, Serguey; Myerson, Roger (2007). "A macroeconomic model of Russian transition". <i>Economics of Transition</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 77–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0351.2007.00280.x">10.1111/j.1468-0351.2007.00280.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154973586">154973586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+of+Transition&rft.atitle=A+macroeconomic+model+of+Russian+transition&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-107&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0351.2007.00280.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154973586%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Braguinsky&rft.aufirst=Serguey&rft.au=Myerson%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Berezovsky_v_Abramovich" title="Berezovsky v Abramovich">Berezovsky v Abramovich</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Comm/2012/2463.html">[2012] EWHC 2463 (Comm)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gustafson99capitalism-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gustafson99capitalism_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gustafson99capitalism_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafson1999" class="citation book cs1">Gustafson, Thane (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitalismrussia00gust_0/"><i>Capitalism Russian-style</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521645956" title="Special:BookSources/0521645956"><bdi>0521645956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+Russian-style&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0521645956&rft.aulast=Gustafson&rft.aufirst=Thane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitalismrussia00gust_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vladimir-vinogradov-pioneer-of-private-banking-in-russia-mpff95zgw6n">"Vladimir Vinogradov: Pioneer of private banking in Russia"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 6 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Vinogradov%3A+Pioneer+of+private+banking+in+Russia&rft.date=2008-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fvladimir-vinogradov-pioneer-of-private-banking-in-russia-mpff95zgw6n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAven2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Petr_Aven" title="Petr Aven">Aven, Petr</a> (2021). <i>Vremia Berezovskogo</i>. Moscow: Corpus (AST). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-17-104791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-17-104791-7"><bdi>978-5-17-104791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vremia+Berezovskogo&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Corpus+%28AST%29&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-5-17-104791-7&rft.aulast=Aven&rft.aufirst=Petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polit.ru/institutes/2010/03/19/gaidar1.html">"Egor Gaidar: biography"</a>. <i>Polit.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polit.ru&rft.atitle=Egor+Gaidar%3A+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polit.ru%2Finstitutes%2F2010%2F03%2F19%2Fgaidar1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ccsu.edu/~gusev/russian/gybio.html">"Grigory Yavlinsky"</a>. Central Connecticut State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grigory+Yavlinsky&rft.pub=Central+Connecticut+State+University.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ccsu.edu%2F~gusev%2Frussian%2Fgybio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/SAM-Advanced-Management-Journal/98831087.html">"Privatization in Russia: its past, present, and future"</a>. <i>SAM Advanced Management Journal</i>. 1 January 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAM+Advanced+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Privatization+in+Russia%3A+its+past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2Farticle%2FSAM-Advanced-Management-Journal%2F98831087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstalski2009" class="citation news cs1">Ostalski, Andrei (16 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8416497.stm">"Yegor Gaidar: The price to pay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Yegor+Gaidar%3A+The+price+to+pay&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft.aulast=Ostalski&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8416497.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatter2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Satter" title="David Satter">Satter, David</a> (2003). "The History of Reform". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-t6jle71ToC"><i>Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State</i></a> (reprint ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press (published 2004). p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300105919" title="Special:BookSources/9780300105919"><bdi>9780300105919</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>... what drove the process was not the determination to create a system based on universal values but rather the will to introduce a system of private ownership, which, in the absence of law, opened the way for the criminal pursuit of money and power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Reform&rft.btitle=Darkness+at+Dawn%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Russian+Criminal+State&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780300105919&rft.aulast=Satter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-t6jle71ToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Normal_Country-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Normal_Country_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreismanShleifer2004" class="citation news cs1">Treisman, Daniel; Shleifer, Andrei (21 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/shleifer/publications/normal-country">"A Normal Country"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=A+Normal+Country&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.aulast=Treisman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Shleifer%2C+Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Fshleifer%2Fpublications%2Fnormal-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfitt2008" class="citation news cs1">Parfitt, Tom (19 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/19/russia">"Billionaires boom as Putin puts oligarchs at No 2 in global rich list"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Billionaires+boom+as+Putin+puts+oligarchs+at+No+2+in+global+rich+list&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F19%2Frussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/european_court_rules_khodorkovskys_rights_violated/24210627.html">"European Court: Khodorkovsky's Rights Violated"</a>. <i>RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=European+Court%3A+Khodorkovsky%27s+Rights+Violated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Feuropean_court_rules_khodorkovskys_rights_violated%2F24210627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2013/12/22/former-russian-tycoon-mikhail-khodorkovsky-first-news-conference-released-prison/">"Khodorkovsky speaks out on plight of Russia's political prisoners"</a>. Euronews. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YukosCase-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YukosCase_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiaherald.com/index.php/sid/224207121/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Hague-court-awards-50-bn-compensation-to-Yukos-shareholders">"Hague court awards $50 bn compensation to Yukos shareholders"</a>. <i>Russia Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/b45ec05a-7f2b-491f-806e-4e5c0082cdb6">the original</a> on 10 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=EU+set+to+add+14+more+Russian+business+chiefs+to+its+sanctions+list&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Varvitsioti&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rft.au=Foy%2C+Henry&rft.au=Pop%2C+Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fb45ec05a-7f2b-491f-806e-4e5c0082cdb6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EurLexSanctions-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EurLexSanctions_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2022:080:FULL&from=EN">"Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/396 of 9 March 2022 implementing Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+Implementing+Regulation+%28EU%29+2022%2F396+of+9+March+2022+implementing+Regulation+%28EU%29+No+269%2F2014+concerning+restrictive+measures+in+respect+of+actions+undermining+or+threatening+the+territorial+integrity%2C+sovereignty+and+independence+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FPDF%2F%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2022%3A080%3AFULL%26from%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheEconomist-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheEconomist_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/britain/2022/03/05/the-rise-and-fall-of-londongrad">"The rise and fall of Londongrad"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 5 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306030520/https://www.economist.com/britain/2022/03/05/the-rise-and-fall-of-londongrad">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hampstead+Highgate+Express&rft.atitle=New+Athlone+House+owner%3A+%27I+want+to+restore+it+to+its+former+glory%27&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Behrmann&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamhigh.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnew-athlone-house-owner-i-want-to-restore-it-to-3526484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollacott2016" class="citation news cs1">Woollacott, Emma (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.aol.co.uk/2016/09/15/billionaires-plans-for-derelict-mansion-approved">"Billionaire's plans for £65 million derelict mansion approved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Billionaire%27s+plans+for+%C2%A365+million+derelict+mansion+approved&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Woollacott&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.aol.co.uk%2F2016%2F09%2F15%2Fbillionaires-plans-for-derelict-mansion-approved&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Over there: American and other foreign owners are revolutionizing British football", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, 25 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation web cs1">Flood, Alison (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/26/waterstones-bookshops-bought-by-investment-firm-elliott-advisors-james-daunt">"Waterstones bookshops bought by hedge fund Elliott Advisors"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Waterstones+bookshops+bought+by+hedge+fund+Elliott+Advisors&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fapr%2F26%2Fwaterstones-bookshops-bought-by-investment-firm-elliott-advisors-james-daunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2022" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Ian (17 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/7a44695f-9fde-4a29-9564-f0cf01524165">"Waterstones turns new page as custodian of independent bookselling"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220417135301/https://www.ft.com/content/7a44695f-9fde-4a29-9564-f0cf01524165">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Waterstones+turns+new+page+as+custodian+of+independent+bookselling&rft.date=2022-04-17&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F7a44695f-9fde-4a29-9564-f0cf01524165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅslund2019" class="citation book cs1">Åslund, Anders (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-iVDwAAQBAJ"><i>Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy</i></a>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300243093" title="Special:BookSources/9780300243093"><bdi>9780300243093</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1137082828">1137082828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Crony+Capitalism%3A+The+Path+from+Market+Economy+to+Kleptocracy&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1137082828&rft.isbn=9780300243093&rft.aulast=%C3%85slund&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-iVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullough2022" class="citation book cs1">Bullough, Oliver (2022). <i><a href="/wiki/Butler_to_the_World" title="Butler to the World">Butler to the World: How Britain Helps the World's Worst People Launder Money, Commit Crimes, and Get Away with Anything</a></i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250281920" title="Special:BookSources/9781250281920"><bdi>9781250281920</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303568974">1303568974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butler+to+the+World%3A+How+Britain+Helps+the+World%27s+Worst+People+Launder+Money%2C+Commit+Crimes%2C+and+Get+Away+with+Anything&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1303568974&rft.isbn=9781250281920&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bowen, Andrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interpretermag.com/why-london-is-so-crucial-to-putins-russia/">"Why London Is So Crucial to Putin's Russia"</a>. <i>The Interpreter</i>, 20 March 2014.</li> <li>Djankov, Simeon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/russias-economy-under-putin-crony-capitalism-state-capitalism">Russia's Economy Under Putin</a>, 11 September 2015.</li> <li>Hoffman, David E. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oligarchs" title="The Oligarchs">The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia</a></i>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Book_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Book Group">Perseus Book Group</a>, 2002.</li> <li>Hollingsworth, Mark, and Stewart Lansley, <i>Londongrad: From London with Cash: The Inside Story of the Oligarchs</i>, London, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_(imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Estate (imprint)">Fourth Estate</a>, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimpfössl2018" class="citation book cs1">Schimpfössl, Elisabeth (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/7481"><i>Rich Russians: From Oligarchs to Bourgeoisie</i></a>. New York: Oxford Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190677763" title="Special:BookSources/9780190677763"><bdi>9780190677763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rich+Russians%3A+From+Oligarchs+to+Bourgeoisie&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190677763&rft.aulast=Schimpf%C3%B6ssl&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F7481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+oligarchs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Treisman, Daniel, and Andrei Shleifer. 2004. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/shleifer/publications/normal-country">A Normal Country</a>.” Foreign Affairs 83 (2): 20-38.</li> <li>Watkins, Thayer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.applet-magic.com/oligarchs.htm">"The Russian Oligarchs of the 1990s"</a>. applet-magic.com.</li> <li>Yablon, Alex (31 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/russian-oligarchs-2013-4/">"Oligarchology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)"><i>New York</i></a>.</li> <li>Aven, Petr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petr-aven-books.com/"><i>The Age of Berezovsky</i></a>, Russia, Corpus, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_oligarchs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.occrp.org/projects/russian-asset-tracker/en/">Russian Asset Tracker</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economic history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">History of Russia (1991–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency of Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Loans for shares scheme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blat_(favors)" title="Blat (favors)">Blat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Chubais" title="Anatoly Chubais">Anatoly Chubais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Russia)">Finance Minister</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_State_Property_Management" title="Federal Agency for State Property Management">Goskomimushchestvo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking in Russia</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Russia">Media in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 Russian presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oligarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Abramov" title="Alexander Abramov">Alexander Abramov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagit_Alekperov" title="Vagit Alekperov">Vagit Alekperov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Aven" title="Petr Aven">Petr Aven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Blavatnik" title="Len Blavatnik">Len Blavatnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Deripaska" title="Oleg Deripaska">Oleg Deripaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fridman" title="Mikhail Fridman">Mikhail Fridman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadi_Gaydamak" title="Arcadi Gaydamak">Arcadi Gaydamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gusinsky" title="Vladimir Gusinsky">Vladimir Gusinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gutseriyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Gutseriyev">Mikhail Gutseriyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarakh_Iliev" title="Zarakh Iliev">Zarakh Iliev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kagalovsky" title="Konstantin Kagalovsky">Konstantin Kagalovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viatcheslav_Moshe_Kantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor">Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleyman_Kerimov" title="Suleyman Kerimov">Suleyman Kerimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Khan" title="German Khan">German Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Knaster" title="Alexander Knaster">Alexander Knaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kuzmichev" title="Alexey Kuzmichev">Alexey Kuzmichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Makhmudov" title="Iskander Makhmudov">Iskander Makhmudov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Malkin" title="Vitaly Malkin">Vitaly Malkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mamut" title="Alexander Mamut">Alexander Mamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Mikhelson" title="Leonid Mikhelson">Leonid Mikhelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhael_Mirilashvili" title="Mikhael Mirilashvili">Mikhael Mirilashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Moshkovich" title="Vadim Moshkovich">Vadim Moshkovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Nevzlin" title="Leonid Nevzlin">Leonid Nevzlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Nisanov" title="God Nisanov">God Nisanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Polovets" title="Stan Polovets">Stan Polovets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Potanin" title="Vladimir Potanin">Vladimir Potanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Prokhorov" title="Mikhail Prokhorov">Mikhail Prokhorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Rotenberg" title="Arkady Rotenberg">Arkady Rotenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smolensky" title="Alexander Smolensky">Alexander Smolensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Shvidler" title="Eugene Shvidler">Eugene Shvidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Timchenko" title="Gennady Timchenko">Gennady Timchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov" title="Alisher Usmanov">Alisher Usmanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vinogradov" title="Vladimir Vinogradov">Vladimir Vinogradov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies<br />& groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom_Neft" title="Gazprom Neft">Sibneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">ORT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Menatep" title="Bank Menatep">Bank Menatep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukos" title="Yukos">Yukos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Group" title="Alfa Group">Alfa Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfa-Bank" title="Alfa-Bank">Alfa-Bank</a> · <a href="/wiki/X5_Retail_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="X5 Retail Group">X5 Retail Group</a> · <a href="/wiki/Altimo" title="Altimo">Altimo</a> · <a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rosvodokanal" title="Rosvodokanal">Rosvodokanal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interros" title="Interros">Interros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatek" title="Novatek">Novatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloinvest" title="Metalloinvest">Metalloinvest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norilsk_Nickel" title="Norilsk Nickel">Norilsk Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novolipetsk_Steel" title="Novolipetsk Steel">Novolipetsk Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechel" title="Mechel">Mechel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renova_Group" title="Renova Group">Renova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossiysky_Kredit" title="Rossiysky Kredit">Rossiysky Kredit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyus_(company)" title="Polyus (company)">Polyus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUAL_Group" title="SUAL Group">SUAL Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusal" title="Rusal">Rusal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Industries" title="Access Industries">Access Industries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oligarchs" title="The Oligarchs">The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_billionaires" title="List of Russian billionaires">List of Russian billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Russians" title="New Russians">New Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cyprus–Russia relations">Cyprus–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Israel–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">Russia–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Prize" title="Genesis Prize">Genesis Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Philanthropy_Group" title="Genesis Philanthropy Group">Genesis Philanthropy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_and_Tolerance_Center" title="Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center">Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petukhov" title="Vladimir Petukhov">Killing of Vladimir Petukhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Russia" title="Open Russia">Open Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Russia" title="Template:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Industrialization in the Russian Empire">Industrialization in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Russian_Empire_after_the_abolition_of_serfdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom">Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a></li> <li>Financial crises <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2017)">2014–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>Monetary reforms in Russia (<a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1991" title="Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modification_of_banknotes_of_the_Russian_ruble_(2022%E2%80%942025)" title="Modification of banknotes of the Russian ruble (2022—2025)">2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priority_Projects" title="National Priority Projects">National Priority Projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation">Stabilization Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">Great Recession in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Russia">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="Rolling stock manufacturers of Russia">Rolling stock manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor,_timber_and_agricultural_machinery_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery in the Soviet Union">Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_of_Russia" title="Food industry of Russia">Food industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Russia" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Russia">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Chemical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Chemical Industry">Chemical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_of_Russia" title="Metallurgy of Russia">Metallurgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe Industry of Russia">Pipe Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Russia" title="Rail transport in Russia">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Russia" title="Vehicle registration plates of Russia">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_retailing_in_Russia" title="Grocery retailing in Russia">Grocery retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Russia" title="Information technology in Russia">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_Russia" title="Music industry of Russia">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_ruble" title="Digital ruble">Digital ruble</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Account_Chamber_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Account Chamber of Russia">Account Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Russia" title="List of banks in Russia">Banks</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">SWIFT ban against Russian banks</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Treasury_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Treasury (Russia)">Federal Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Exchange" title="Moscow Exchange">Moscow Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Card_Payment_System" title="Russian National Card Payment System">National Card Payment System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Compulsory_Medical_Insurance_Fund_(Russia)" title="Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (Russia)">Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_and_Social_Insurance_Fund_of_Russia" title="Pension and Social Insurance Fund of Russia">Pension and Social Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Insurance_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation">Social Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_in_Russia" title="Stock market in Russia">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_stamps_of_Russia" title="Excise stamps of Russia">Excise stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian billionaires by net worth">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Primorsky_Krai" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of Primorsky Krai">Natural resources of Primorsky Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_federal_districts_by_GDP" title="List of Russian federal districts by GDP">Federal districts by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP">Federal subjects by GRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita">Federal subjects by GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by Human Development Index">Federal subjects by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_poverty_rate" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by poverty rate">Federal subjects by poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_Unemployment_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal subjects of Russia by Unemployment Rate">Federal subjects by unemployment rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Region" title="Central Economic Region">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural economic region">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasus economic region">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga economic region">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian economic region">West Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="East Siberian economic region">East Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga-Vyatka_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Vyatka economic region">Volga-Vyatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern economic region">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Black Earth economic region">Central Black Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_economic_region_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern economic region (Russia)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad economic region">Kaliningrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Russia" title="List of companies of Russia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Russia" title="List of exports of Russia">Exports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_grain_exports" title="Russian grain exports">grain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian oligarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_Russia" title="Income in Russia">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Russia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Russia">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_economy_of_Russia" title="Shadow economy of Russia">Shadow economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity_in_Russia" title="Types of business entity in Russia">Types of business entity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Russia" title="Category:Economy of Russia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of Russia">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_wealth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wealth" title="Template:Wealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wealth" title="Template talk:Wealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_wealth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extreme <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">Overaccumulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">Wealth distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">Income distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_distribution" title="Consumption distribution">Consumption distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_inequality" title="History of economic inequality">History of economic inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche"><i>Nouveau riche</i> <wbr />(new money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money"><i>Vieux riche</i> <wbr />(old money)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury beliefs">Luxury beliefs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">Billionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">Captain of industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">UHNWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Millionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">Business</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic wealth">Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_wealth" title="Geography and wealth">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inherited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_wealth" title="Paper wealth">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" title="Lists of people by net worth">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires"><i>Forbes</i> list of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_centibillionaires" title="List of centibillionaires">List of centibillionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Female billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">Richest royals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">Wealthiest Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">Wealthiest families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">Largest companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_corporate_profits_and_losses" title="List of largest corporate profits and losses">Largest corporate profits and losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">Largest corporations by market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest financial services companies by revenue">Largest financial services companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">Largest manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies" title="List of the largest software companies">Largest software companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest technology companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">Charities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">Philanthropists</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment_size" title="Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size">Endowment size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">Number of billionaire alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">Cities by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Countries by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">Countries by total wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality" title="List of sovereign states by wealth inequality">Countries by wealth inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">Wealth inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Most expensive items</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things" title="Category:Lists of most expensive things">by category</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_animals" title="List of wealthiest animals">Wealthiest animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">Diseases of affluence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism#Celebrity_narcissism" title="Narcissism">Acquired situational narcissism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Argumentum ad crumenam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer" title="The rich get richer and the poor get poorer">The rich get richer and the poor get poorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor" title="Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor">Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)"><i>Plutus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Greek god of wealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)"><i>Superclass</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Superclass_List" title="The Superclass List">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_(film)" title="Wealth 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