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<span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_expat_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_expat_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of expat community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_expat_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_distribution_of_expats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_distribution_of_expats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Worldwide distribution of expats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_distribution_of_expats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_expatriates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_expatriates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Business expatriates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_expatriates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Business expatriates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Business_expatriates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reasons_and_motivations_for_expatriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_and_motivations_for_expatriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reasons and motivations for expatriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_and_motivations_for_expatriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Recent trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Academic research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_screen_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_screen_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literary and screen portrayals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_and_screen_portrayals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary and screen portrayals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_screen_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Memoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Expatriate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspat" title="Ekspat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ekspat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="مغترب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغترب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A2u-b%C3%AEn" title="Kiâu-bîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiâu-bîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriat" title="Expatriat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expatriat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Expatriate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriado" title="Expatriado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expatriado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86" title="دور از وطن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دور از وطن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatri%C3%A9" title="Expatrié – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expatrié" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EC%99%B8%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC" title="재외국민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재외국민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspatriat" title="Ekspatriat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspatriat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%A8" title="תושב זר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תושב זר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്രവാസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രവാസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspatriat" title="Ekspatriat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekspatriat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Expatriate" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="エクスパット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エクスパット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expat" title="Expat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Expat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriado" title="Expatriado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expatriado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriat" title="Expatriat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Expatriat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Экспатриант – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экспатриант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Expatriate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulkomaanty%C3%B6ntekij%C3%A4" title="Ulkomaantyöntekijä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ulkomaantyöntekijä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbet%C3%A7i" title="Gurbetçi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gurbetçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Експатріант – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Експатріант" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%A8%E6%B0%91" title="侨民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="侨民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q476713#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Expat" redirects here. For the XML parser, see <a href="/wiki/Expat_(software)" title="Expat (software)">Expat (software)</a>. For the free software license, see <a href="/wiki/Expat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Expat License">Expat License</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Expatriate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Expatriate (disambiguation)">Expatriate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_presidentielle_2007_Lausanne_MG_2757.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Election_presidentielle_2007_Lausanne_MG_2757.jpg/220px-Election_presidentielle_2007_Lausanne_MG_2757.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Election_presidentielle_2007_Lausanne_MG_2757.jpg/330px-Election_presidentielle_2007_Lausanne_MG_2757.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Election_presidentielle_2007_Lausanne_MG_2757.jpg/440px-Election_presidentielle_2007_Lausanne_MG_2757.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Expatriate French voters queue in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, for the first round of the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">presidential election of 2007</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>expatriate</b> (often shortened to <b>expat</b>) is a person who <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">resides</a> outside their country of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term often refers to a professional, skilled worker, or student from an affluent country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Retirees" class="mw-redirect" title="Retirees">retirees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a> and other individuals who have chosen to live outside their native country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> defines the term as 'a person who voluntarily renounces his or her <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, it also referred to <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>expatriate</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ex#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ex">ex</a></i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">out of</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patria#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:patria">patria</a></i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">native country, fatherland</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dictionary definitions for the current meaning of the word include: </p> <dl><dd><b>Expatriate</b>: <ul><li>'A person who lives outside their native country' (Oxford),<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>'living in a foreign land' (Webster's).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>These definitions contrast with those of other words with the same meaning, such as: </p> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Migrant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Migrant (disambiguation)">Migrant</a></b>: <ul><li>'A person who moves from one place to another in order to find work or better living conditions' (Oxford),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>'one that migrates: such as a person who moves regularly in order to find work especially in harvesting crops' (Webster's);<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><b>or</b></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">Immigrant</a></b> <ul><li>'A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country' (Oxford),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>'one that immigrates: such as a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence (Webster's).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The varying use of these terms for different groups of foreigners can be seen as implying nuances about wealth, intended length of stay, perceived motives for moving, nationality, and even race. This has caused controversy, with some commentators asserting that the traditional use of the word "expat" has had <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An older usage of the word <i>expatriate</i> referred to an <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, when used as a verbal noun, <i>expatriation</i> can mean the act of someone <a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">renouncing allegiance</a> to their native country, as in the preamble to the United States <a href="/wiki/Expatriation_Act_of_1868" title="Expatriation Act of 1868">Expatriation Act of 1868</a> which states: 'the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> have been coined, including: </p> <ul><li><i>dispatriate</i>, an expatriate who intentionally distances themselves from their nation of origin;<sup id="cite_ref-arkintobit1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arkintobit1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>flexpatriate</i>, an employee who often travels internationally for <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> (see <a href="#Business_expatriates">"Business expatriates" below</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inpatriate" class="extiw" title="wikt:inpatriate">inpatriate</a></i>, an employee sent from a foreign subsidiary to work in the country where a company has its headquarters;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>rex-pat</i>, a repeat expatriate, often someone who has chosen to return to a foreign country after completing a work assignment;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sexpat" class="extiw" title="wikt:sexpat">sexpat</a></i>, an expatriate with a goal for a short term or long term sexual relationships (expatriate + <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex tourist">sex tourist</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The term "expatriate" is sometimes misspelled as "ex-patriot", which author <a href="/wiki/Anu_Garg" title="Anu Garg">Anu Garg</a> has characterised as an example of an <a href="/wiki/Eggcorn" title="Eggcorn">eggcorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada someone who resides in a different province on a temporary basis while continuing to hold their home province's residency is colloquially called an "interprovincial expat" as opposed to an "interprovincial migrant" who changes their residency and usually is intending to move permanently. For example British Columbia and Alberta allow each others residents to attend post secondary in the other province while retaining their home province's residency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_expat_community">Types of expat community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of expat community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, travel became easier by way of <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">train</a>. People could more readily choose to live for several years in a foreign country, or be sent there by employers. The table below aims to show significant examples of expatriate communities which have developed since that time: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Group </th> <th scope="col">Period </th> <th scope="col">Country of origin </th> <th scope="col">Destination </th> <th scope="col">Host country </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Australians in the United Kingdom">Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="New Zealanders in the United Kingdom">New Zealanders</a> in London </td> <td>1960s-now </td> <td>Australia/New Zealand </td> <td>London </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> </td> <td>1950s </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tangier#Culture" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> </td> <td>Morocco </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> </td> <td>1960s </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>France </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Beat_Hotel" title="Beat Hotel">Beat Hotel</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>British retirees </td> <td>1970s–now </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_del_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa del Crime">Costa del Sol</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td>Arguably immigrants if permanent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>British retirees </td> <td>current </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dordogne#Demographics" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> </td> <td>France </td> <td>Arguably immigrants if permanent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> </td> <td>1721–1949 </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td> </td> <td>India </td> <td>Often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indians</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td>Celebrities and artists </td> <td>1800s–now </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva#Notable_residents" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> </td> <td>Switzerland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital nomads">Digital nomads</a> </td> <td>1990s–now </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td>Bali </td> <td>Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Film-makers</a> </td> <td>1910s–now </td> <td>Europe </td> <td>Los Angeles </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">"Hollywood"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_set" title="Jet set">Jet set</a> </td> <td>1950s–1970s </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a> </td> <td>1920s–30s </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Paris </td> <td>France </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/A_Moveable_Feast" title="A Moveable Feast">A Moveable Feast</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist artists & writers</a> </td> <td>1870s–1930s </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> </td> <td>France </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch#Oligarchs_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Oligarchs</a> </td> <td>1990s–current </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>London<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salarymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Salarymen">Salarymen</a> </td> <td>current </td> <td>Japan </td> <td> </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a> </td> <td>1849–1943 </td> <td>France </td> <td>Shanghai </td> <td>China </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> </td> <td>1863–1945 </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Shanghai </td> <td>China </td> <td>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/British_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="British Concession (Shanghai)">British Concession</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> </td> <td>1863–1945 </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Shanghai </td> <td>China </td> <td>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American Concession</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tax_exile" title="Tax exile">Tax exiles</a> </td> <td>1860s(?)–now </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a> </td> <td>Monaco </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_culture_kids" class="mw-redirect" title="Third culture kids">Third culture kids</a> </td> <td>current </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>various</i> </td> <td>Includes 'military brats' and 'diplobrats'. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> revoked the citizenship of many opponents, such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Maria_Graf" title="Oskar Maria Graf">Oskar Maria Graf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, often expatriating entire families.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students who study in another country are not referred to as expatriates.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide_distribution_of_expats">Worldwide distribution of expats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Worldwide distribution of expats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population</a></div> <p>The number of expatriates in the world is difficult to determine, since there is no governmental census.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Market research company Finaccord estimated the number to be 66.2 million in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the United Nations estimated that 232 million people, or 3.2% of the world population, lived outside their home country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2019, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the number of international migrants globally reached an estimated 272 million, or 3.5% of the world population.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_expatriates">Business expatriates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business expatriates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Publication_54_Tax_Guide_for_US_Citizens_Living_Abroad,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Publication_54_Tax_Guide_for_US_Citizens_Living_Abroad%2C_1965.jpg/150px-Publication_54_Tax_Guide_for_US_Citizens_Living_Abroad%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Publication_54_Tax_Guide_for_US_Citizens_Living_Abroad%2C_1965.jpg/225px-Publication_54_Tax_Guide_for_US_Citizens_Living_Abroad%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Publication_54_Tax_Guide_for_US_Citizens_Living_Abroad%2C_1965.jpg/300px-Publication_54_Tax_Guide_for_US_Citizens_Living_Abroad%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>Long among the complexities of living in foreign countries has been the management of finances, including the payment of taxes; here, a 32-page IRS publication from 1965 for Americans living abroad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational corporations">multinational corporations</a> send employees to foreign countries to work in branch offices or subsidiaries. Expatriate employees allow a parent company to more closely control its foreign subsidiaries. They can also improve global coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study found the key drivers for expatriates to pursue international <a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">careers</a> were: breadth of responsibilities, nature of the international environment (<a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a> and challenge), high levels of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> of international posts, and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> differences (rethinking old ways).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, expatriate professionals and independent expatriate hires are often more expensive than local employees. Expatriate salaries are usually augmented with allowances to compensate for a higher <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> or hardships associated with a foreign posting. Other expenses may need to be paid, such as health care, housing, or fees at an <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international school</a>. There is also the cost of moving a family and their belongings. Another problem can be government restrictions in the foreign country.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spouses may have trouble adjusting due to <a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">culture shock</a>, loss of their usual social network, interruptions to their own career, and helping children cope with a new school. These are chief reasons given for foreign assignments ending early.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a spouse can also act as a source of support for an expatriate professional.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families with children help to bridge the language and culture aspect of the host and home country, while the spouse plays a critical role in balancing the families integration into the culture. Some corporations have begun to include spouses earlier when making decisions about a foreign posting, and offer <a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">coaching</a> or adjustment training before a family departs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests that tailoring pre-departure cross-cultural training and its specific relevance positively influence the fulfilment of expectations in expatriates' adjustment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2012 Global Relocation Trends Survey Report, 88 per cent of spouses resist a proposed move. The most common reasons for refusing an assignment are family concerns and the spouse's career.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Expatriate failure</i> is a term which has been coined for an employee returning prematurely to their home country, or resigning. About 7% of expatriates return early, but this figure does not include those who perform poorly while on assignment or resign entirely from a company.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked the cost of a premature expatriate's return, a survey of 57 multinational companies reported an average cost of about US$225,000.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_and_motivations_for_expatriation">Reasons and motivations for expatriation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reasons and motivations for expatriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People move abroad for many different reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An understanding of what makes people move is the first step in the expatriation process. People could be ‘pushed’ away as a reaction to specific socio-economic or political conditions in the home country, or ‘pulled’ towards a destination country because of better work opportunities/conditions. The ‘pull’ can also include personal preferences, such as climate, a better quality of life, or the fact that family/friends are living there.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some people, moving abroad is a conscious, thoroughly planned decision, while for others it could be a ‘spur of the moment’, spontaneous decision. This decision, of course, is influenced by the individual's geographic, <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> and political environment; as well as their personal circumstances. The motivation for moving (or staying) abroad also gets adjusted with the different life changes the person experiences – for example, if they get married, have children, etc. Also, different personalities (or <a href="/wiki/Personality_type" title="Personality type">personality types</a>) have diverse reactions to the challenges of adjusting to a host-country culture; and these reactions affect their motivations to continue (or not) living abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this era of international competition, it is important for companies, as well as for countries, to understand what is that motivates people to move to another country to work. Understanding expatriates' motivations for international mobility allows organisations to tailor work packages to match expatriates' expectations in order to attract and/or retain skilled workers from abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_trends">Recent trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recent trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trends in recent years among business expatriates have included: </p> <ul><li>Reluctance by employees to accept foreign assignments, due to spouses also having a career.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Reluctance by multinational corporations to sponsor overseas assignments, due to increased sensitivity both to costs and to local cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is common for an expat to cost at least three times more than a comparable local employee.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Short-term assignments becoming more common.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are assignments of several months to a year which rarely require the expatriate family to move. They can include specific projects, technology transfer, or problem-solving tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, nearly two-thirds of international assignments consisted of long-term assignments (greater than one year, typically three years). In 2014, that number fell to just over half.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Self-initiated expatriation</i>, where individuals themselves arrange a contract to work overseas, rather than being sent by a parent company to a subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Self-initiated_expatriates_(SIEs)_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-initiated_expatriates_(SIEs)-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 'SIE' typically does not require as big a compensation package as does a traditional business expatriate. Also, spouses of SIEs are less reluctant to interrupt their own careers, at a time when dual-career issues are arguably shrinking the pool of willing expatriates.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Local companies in <a href="/wiki/Emerging_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging markets">emerging markets</a> hiring Western managers directly.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_Executives_in_Local_Organisations_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Executives_in_Local_Organisations-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commuter assignments which involve employees living in one country but travelling to another for work. This usually occurs on a weekly or biweekly rotation, with weekends spent at home.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Flexpatriates</i>, international business travellers who take a plethora of short trips to locations around the globe for negotiations, meetings, training and conferences. These assignments are usually of several weeks duration each. Their irregular nature can cause stress within a family.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Consulting firm <a href="/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)" title="Mercer (consulting firm)">Mercer</a> reported in 2017 that women made up only 14 per cent of the expatriate workforce globally.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Munich-based paid expatriate networking platform <a href="/w/index.php?title=InterNations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InterNations (page does not exist)">InterNations</a> conducts a survey of expat opinions and trends on regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_research">Academic research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Academic research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been an increase in scholarly research into the field in recent years. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing" title="Emerald Group Publishing">Emerald Group Publishing</a> in 2013 launched <i>The Journal of Global Mobility: The home of expatriate management research</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S.K Canhilal and R.G. Shemueli suggest that successful expatriation is driven by a combination of individual, organizational, and context-related factors.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these factors, the most significant have been outlined as: cross-cultural competences, spousal support, motivational questions, time of assignment, emotional competences, previous international experience, language fluency, social relational skills, cultural differences, and organizational recruitment and selection process.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_screen_portrayals">Literary and screen portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literary and screen portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expatriate milieus have been the setting of many novels and short stories, often written by authors who spent years living abroad. The following is a list of notable works and authors, by approximate date of publication. </p><p><b>18th century</b> : <a href="/wiki/Persian_Letters" title="Persian Letters">Persian Letters</a> (French: Lettres persanes) is a literary work, published in 1721, by <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, relating the experiences of two fictional Persian noblemen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usbek%26Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usbek&Rica (page does not exist)">Usbek&Rica</a>, who spend several years in France under Louis XIV and the Regency and who correspond with their respective friends staying at home. </p><p><b>19th century</b>: American author <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> moved to Europe as a young man and many of his novels, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Portrait_of_a_Lady" title="The Portrait of a Lady">The Portrait of a Lady</a></i> (1881), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ambassadors" title="The Ambassadors">The Ambassadors</a></i> (1903), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove" title="The Wings of the Dove">The Wings of the Dove</a></i> (1902), dealt with relationships between the New World and the Old. From the 1890s to 1920s, Polish-born <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> wrote a string of English-language novels drawing on his seagoing experiences in farflung colonies, including <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i> (1899), <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Jim" title="Lord Jim">Lord Jim</a></i> (1900) and <i><a href="/wiki/Nostromo" title="Nostromo">Nostromo</a></i> (1904). </p><p><b>1900s/1910s</b>: German-American writer <a href="/wiki/Herman_George_Scheffauer" title="Herman George Scheffauer">Herman George Scheffauer</a> was active from 1900 to 1925. English writer <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>, a former spy, set many short stories and novels overseas, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence" title="The Moon and Sixpence">The Moon and Sixpence</a></i> (1919) in which an English stockbroker flees to Tahiti to become an artist, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Razor%27s_Edge" title="The Razor's Edge">The Razor's Edge</a></i> (1944) in which a traumatised American pilot seeks meaning in France and India. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a> used spa towns in Europe as the setting for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier" title="The Good Soldier">The Good Soldier</a></i> (1915) about an American couple, a British couple, and their infidelities. </p><p><b>1920s</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_India" title="A Passage to India">A Passage to India</a></i> (1924), one of the best-known books by <a href="/wiki/E.M._Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="E.M. Forster">E.M. Forster</a>, is set against the backdrop of the independence movement in India. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> portrayed American men in peril abroad, beginning with his <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> (1926). </p><p><b>1930s</b>: <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a> was a keen traveller and another former spy, and from the 1930s to 1980s many of his novels and short stories dealt with Englishmen struggling to cope in exotic foreign places. <i><a href="/wiki/Tender_is_the_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Tender is the Night">Tender is the Night</a></i> (1934), the last complete novel by <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, was about a glamorous American couple unravelling in the South of France. <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> drew heavily on his own experiences as a colonial policeman for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a></i> (1934). <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> satirised foreign correspondents in <i><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(novel)" title="Scoop (novel)">Scoop</a></i> (1938). </p><p><b>1940s</b>: From the mid-1940s to the 1990s, American-born <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a> set many short stories and novels in his adopted home of Morocco, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sheltering_Sky" title="The Sheltering Sky">The Sheltering Sky</a></i> (1949).<sup id="cite_ref-Autobiography_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Lowry" title="Malcolm Lowry">Malcolm Lowry</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Volcano" title="Under the Volcano">Under the Volcano</a></i> (1947) told the tale of an alcoholic British consul in Mexico on the Day of the Dead.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1950s</b>: From the 1950s to the 1990s, American author <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Highsmith" title="Patricia Highsmith">Patricia Highsmith</a> set many of her psychological thrillers abroad, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Talented_Mr._Ripley" title="The Talented Mr. Ripley">The Talented Mr. Ripley</a></i> (1955). <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin's</a> novel<i> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni%27s_Room" title="Giovanni's Room">Giovanni's Room</a></i> (1956) was about an American man having an affair in Paris with an Italian bartender. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> worked as a teacher in Malaya and made it the setting of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Malayan_Trilogy" title="The Malayan Trilogy">The Malayan Trilogy</a></i> (1956-1959). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alexandria_Quartet" title="The Alexandria Quartet">The Alexandria Quartet</a></i> (1957-1960) was the best-known work of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell" title="Lawrence Durrell">Lawrence Durrell</a>, who was born in India to British parents and lived overseas for most of his life. </p><p><b>1960s</b>: English writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scott_(novelist)" title="Paul Scott (novelist)">Paul Scott</a> is best known for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Raj_Quartet" title="The Raj Quartet">The Raj Quartet</a></i> (1965-1975) dealing with the final years of the British Empire in India. <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a> made use of overseas settings for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_in_from_the_Cold" title="The Spy Who Came in from the Cold">The Spy Who Came in from the Cold</a></i> (1963) and many of his subsequent novels about British spies. </p><p><b>1970s</b>: In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(novel)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (novel)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Koch" title="Christopher Koch">Christopher Koch</a> portrayed the lead-up to a 1965 coup in Indonesia through the eyes of an Australian journalist and a British diplomat. <i>A Cry in the Jungle Bar</i> (1979) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drewe" title="Robert Drewe">Robert Drewe</a> portrayed an Australian out of his depth while working for the UN in South-East Asia. </p><p><b>1990s</b>: In both <i><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_Nights" title="Cocaine Nights">Cocaine Nights</a></i> (1996) and <i><a href="/wiki/Super-Cannes" title="Super-Cannes">Super-Cannes</a></i> (2000), <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard's</a> English protagonists uncover dark secrets in luxurious gated communities in the South of France. </p><p><b>2000s</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Platform_(novel)" title="Platform (novel)">Platform</a></i> (2001) was French author <a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Michel Houellebecq's</a> novel of European sex tourists in Thailand. <i><a href="/wiki/Prague_(novel)" title="Prague (novel)">Prague</a></i> (2002) was a debut novel by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillips" title="Arthur Phillips">Arthur Phillips</a> which dealt with Americans and Canadians in Hungary towards the end of the Cold War. <i><a href="/wiki/Shantaram_(novel)" title="Shantaram (novel)">Shantaram</a></i> (2003) was a bestselling novel by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_David_Roberts" title="Gregory David Roberts">Gregory David Roberts</a> about an Australian criminal who flees to India. </p><p><b>2010s</b>: American novelist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pavone" title="Chris Pavone">Chris Pavone</a> has set several thrillers overseas since his debut <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expats" title="The Expats">The Expats</a></i> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Janice_Y._K._Lee" title="Janice Y. K. Lee">Janice Y. K. Lee</a> in <i>The Expatriates</i> (2016) and <a href="/wiki/Expats_(miniseries)" title="Expats (miniseries)">the miniseries</a> deals with Americans in Hong Kong. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rachman" title="Tom Rachman">Tom Rachman</a> in his debut novel <i>The Imperfectionists</i> (2010) wrote of journalists working for an English-language newspaper in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Memoirs of expatriate life can be considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel literature</a> with an extended stay in the host country. Some of the more notable examples are listed here in order of their publication date, and recount experiences of roughly the same decade unless noted otherwise. </p><p><b>Medieval</b>: In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>), <a href="/wiki/Rustichello_da_Pisa" title="Rustichello da Pisa">Rustichello da Pisa</a> recounted the tales of Italian merchant <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> about journeying the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> to China. </p><p><b>1930s-1960s</b>: In the first half of <i><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a></i> (1933), <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> described a life of low-paid squalor while working in the kitchens of Parisian restaurants. In <i>The America That I Have Seen</i> (1949), Egyptian Islamist <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> denounced the United States after studying there. In <i><a href="/wiki/My_Family_and_Other_Animals" title="My Family and Other Animals">My Family and Other Animals</a></i> (1956) and its sequels, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Durrell" title="Gerald Durrell">Gerald Durrell</a> described growing up as the budding naturalist in an eccentric English family on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> during the late 1930s. In <i><a href="/wiki/As_I_Walked_Out_One_Midsummer_Morning" title="As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning">As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning</a></i> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Lee" title="Laurie Lee">Laurie Lee</a> told of busking and tramping in his youth across 1930s Spain. </p><p><b>1970s-1990s</b>: In <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Me,_Eddie" title="It's Me, Eddie">It's Me, Eddie</a></i> (1979), <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Eduard Limonov</a> discusses his time as a Soviet expatriate living in New York City in the 1970s, including his poor work experiences, political disillusionment, and sexual experiences. In <i>Letters from Hollywood</i> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> corresponded with a friend about the life of an English writer in Los Angeles. In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Year_in_Provence" title="A Year in Provence">A Year in Provence</a></i> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mayle" title="Peter Mayle">Peter Mayle</a> and his English family adapt to life in Southern France while renovating an old farmhouse. In <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_from_a_Small_Island" title="Notes from a Small Island">Notes from a Small Island</a></i> (1995), American writer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bill Bryson</a> described a farewell tour of Britain. </p><p><b>2000s</b>: In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Year_in_the_Merde" title="A Year in the Merde">A Year in the Merde</a></i> (2004) English bachelor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clarke_(writer)" title="Stephen Clarke (writer)">Stephen Clarke</a> recounted comic escapades while working in Paris. In <i><a href="/wiki/Eat,_Pray,_Love" title="Eat, Pray, Love">Eat, Pray, Love</a></i> (2006), divorced American <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gilbert" title="Elizabeth Gilbert">Elizabeth Gilbert</a> searched for meaning in Italy, India and Indonesia. In the early chapters of <i><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Life" title="Miracles of Life">Miracles of Life</a></i> (2008), <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a> told of his childhood and early adolescence in Shanghai during the 1930s and 1940s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Films about expatriates often deal with issues of <a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">culture shock</a>. They include dramas, comedies, thrillers, action/adventure films and romances. Examples, grouped by host country, include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Happy_Together_(1997_film)" title="Happy Together (1997 film)">Happy Together</a></li> <li>Austria: <i><a href="/wiki/Before_Sunrise" title="Before Sunrise">Before Sunrise</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a></i>.</li> <li>Belize: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mosquito_Coast_(film)" title="The Mosquito Coast (film)">The Mosquito Coast</a></i>.</li> <li>Cambodia: <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ghosts_(2002_film)" title="City of Ghosts (2002 film)">City of Ghosts</a></i>.</li> <li>China: <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_Silk_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron and Silk (film)">Iron and Silk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(2006_film)" title="The Painted Veil (2006 film)">The Painted Veil</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years_in_Tibet_(1997_film)" title="Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)">Seven Years in Tibet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(2014_film)" title="Lucy (2014 film)">Lucy</a></i>..</li> <li>France: <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charade_(1963_film)" title="Charade (1963 film)">Charade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Rotten_Scoundrels_(film)" title="Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (film)">Dirty Rotten Scoundrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Good_Year" title="A Good Year">A Good Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killing_Zoe" title="Killing Zoe">Killing Zoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_Paris" title="Midnight in Paris">Midnight in Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Moderns" title="The Moderns">The Moderns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninotchka" title="Ninotchka">Ninotchka</a>, <a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief" title="To Catch a Thief">To Catch a Thief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breathless_(1960_film)" title="Breathless (1960 film)">Breathless</a></i>.</li> <li>Hong Kong: <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Is_a_Many-Splendored_Thing_(film)" title="Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (film)">Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Suzie_Wong_(film)" title="The World of Suzie Wong (film)">The World of Suzie Wong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Already_Tomorrow_in_Hong_Kong" title="Already Tomorrow in Hong Kong">Already Tomorrow in Hong Kong</a></i>.</li> <li>India: <i><a href="/wiki/Best_Exotic_Marigold_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Exotic Marigold Hotel">Best Exotic Marigold Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Up_the_Khyber" title="Carry On Up the Khyber">Carry On Up the Khyber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outsourced_(film)" title="Outsourced (film)">Outsourced</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_India_(film)" title="A Passage to India (film)">A Passage to India</a></i>.</li> <li>Indonesia: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(film)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (film)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i>.</li> <li>Italy: <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Coins_in_the_Fountain_(film)" title="Three Coins in the Fountain (film)">Three Coins in the Fountain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Tuscan_Sun_(film)" title="Under the Tuscan Sun (film)">Under the Tuscan Sun</a></i>.</li> <li>Japan: <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Translation_(film)" title="Lost in Translation (film)">Lost in Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr._Baseball" title="Mr. Baseball">Mr. Baseball</a></i>.</li> <li>Kenya: <i><a href="/wiki/Clarence,_the_Cross-Eyed_Lion" title="Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion">Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Born_Free" title="Born Free">Born Free</a></i>,<i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_(film)" title="Out of Africa (film)">Out of Africa</a></i>.</li> <li>Mexico: <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_the_Sierra_Madre" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure of the Sierra Madre">Treasure of the Sierra Madre</a></i>.</li> <li>Morocco: <i><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch_(film)" title="Naked Lunch (film)">Naked Lunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sheltering_Sky_(film)" title="The Sheltering Sky (film)">The Sheltering Sky</a></i>.</li> <li>Peru: <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_of_the_Incas" title="Secret of the Incas">Secret of the Incas</a></i>.</li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hologram_for_the_King_(film)" title="A Hologram for the King (film)">A Hologram for the King</a></i>.</li> <li>Spain: <i><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_(film)" title="Barcelona (film)">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexy_Beast" title="Sexy Beast">Sexy Beast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicky_Cristina_Barcelona" title="Vicky Cristina Barcelona">Vicky Cristina Barcelona</a></i>.</li> <li>Thailand: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_(film)" title="The Beach (film)">The Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)" title="The King and I (1956 film)">The King and I</a></i></li> <li>Uganda: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_King_of_Scotland_(film)" title="The Last King of Scotland (film)">The Last King of Scotland</a></i>.</li> <li>United Kingdom: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Barry_McKenzie" title="The Adventures of Barry McKenzie">The Adventures of Barry McKenzie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(1971_film)" title="Straw Dogs (1971 film)">Straw Dogs</a></i>.</li> <li>United States: <i><a href="/wiki/Borat" title="Borat">Borat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coming_to_America" title="Coming to America">Coming to America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee" title="Crocodile Dundee">Crocodile Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/How_to_Lose_Friends_%26_Alienate_People_(film)" title="How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (film)">How To Lose Friends And Alienate People</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Cowboys_Go_America" title="Leningrad Cowboys Go America">Leningrad Cowboys Go America</a></i>.</li> <li>Vietnam: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quiet_American_(1958_film)" title="The Quiet American (1958 film)">The Quiet American</a></i> (1958) and (<a href="/wiki/The_Quiet_American_(2002_film)" title="The Quiet American (2002 film)">2002</a>).</li> <li><b>Unnamed/various</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Eat_Pray_Love" title="Eat Pray Love">Eat Pray Love</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_American_(film)" title="The Ugly American (film)">The Ugly American</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Fear" title="The Wages of Fear">The Wages of Fear</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Horizon_(1937_film)" title="Lost Horizon (1937 film)">Lost Horizon</a></i> (1937) and (<a href="/wiki/Lost_Horizon_(1973_film)" title="Lost Horizon (1973 film)">1973</a>).</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reality television has dealt with overseas real estate (<i><a href="/wiki/House_Hunters" title="House Hunters">House Hunters International</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(British_TV_series)" title="A Place in the Sun (British TV series)">A Place in the Sun</a></i>), wealthy Russians in London (<i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Russians" title="Meet the Russians">Meet the Russians</a></i>), British expat couples (<i><a href="/wiki/No_Going_Back_(TV_series)" title="No Going Back (TV series)">No Going Back</a>)</i> and mismanaged restaurants (<i><a href="/wiki/Ramsay%27s_Kitchen_Nightmares#Costa_del_Nightmares" title="Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares">Ramsay's Costa del Nightmares</a></i>). </p><p>The final decades of the British Raj have been portrayed in dramas (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_in_the_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)">The Jewel in the Crown</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Summers" title="Indian Summers">Indian Summers</a></i>). Diplomats on a foreign posting have been the basis for drama (<i><a href="/wiki/Embassy_(TV_series)" title="Embassy (TV series)">Embassy</a></i>), documentary (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Embassy_(TV_series)" title="The Embassy (TV series)">The Embassy</a></i>) and comedy (<i><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_(TV_series)" title="Ambassadors (TV series)">Ambassadors</a></i>). British writers in Hollywood have been the subject of comedy (<i><a href="/wiki/Episodes_(TV_series)" title="Episodes (TV series)">Episodes</a></i>). Other settings include British doctors in contemporary India (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Karma_Hospital" title="The Good Karma Hospital">The Good Karma Hospital</a></i>) and a series of British detectives posted to an idyllic Caribbean island (<i><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Paradise_(TV_series)" title="Death in Paradise (TV series)">Death in Paradise</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">Asylum seeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clientitis" title="Clientitis">Clientitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">Domicile (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">Émigré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_migration" title="Existential migration">Existential migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">Foreign born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">Foreign worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global mobility">Global mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Human capital flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">International student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">Settler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075630/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/expatriate">"expatriate | Definition of expatriate in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/expatriate">the original</a> on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=expatriate+%7C+Definition+of+expatriate+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fexpatriate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastreeRob_KitchenAlisdair_Rogers2013" class="citation book cs1">Castree, Noel; Rob Kitchen; Alisdair Rogers (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYWcAQAAQBAJ&q=expatriate"><i>A Dictionary of Human Geography</i></a> (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199599868" title="Special:BookSources/9780199599868"><bdi>9780199599868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Human+Geography&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=9780199599868&rft.aulast=Castree&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Rob+Kitchen&rft.au=Alisdair+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYWcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dexpatriate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration">"International Migration Law No. 34 - Glossary on Migration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></i>: 67–68. 19 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1813-2278">1813-2278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft.atitle=International+Migration+Law+No.+34+-+Glossary+on+Migration&rft.pages=67-68&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.issn=1813-2278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iom.int%2Fbooks%2Finternational-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075630/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/expatriate">"Definition of expatriate in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/expatriate">the original</a> on 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+expatriate+in+English&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fexpatriate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/expatriate">"Definition of expatriate"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+expatriate&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fexpatriate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930034318/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/migrant">"Definition of migrant in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/migrant">the original</a> on 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+migrant+in+English&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmigrant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/migrant">"Definition of migrant"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+migrant&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmigrant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927112912/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/immigrant">"Definition of immigrant in English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/immigrant">the original</a> on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+immigrant+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fimmigrant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immigrant">"Definition of immigrant"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+are+white+people+expats+when+the+rest+of+us+are+immigrants%3F&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.aulast=Koutonin&rft.aufirst=Mawuna+Remarque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development-professionals-network%2F2015%2Fmar%2F13%2Fwhite-people-expats-immigrants-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeWolf2014" class="citation web cs1">DeWolf, Christopher (29 December 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/expat/2014/12/29/in-hong-kong-just-who-is-an-expat-anyway/">"In Hong Kong, Just Who Is an Expat, Anyway?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/News_Corp_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corp (2013–present)">News Corp</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Under+the+Volcano%3A+a+modernist+masterpiece&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fnov%2F02%2Funder-the-volcano-modernist-masterpiece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, DJ (10 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/apr/10/the-imperfectionists-tom-rachman-review">"The Imperfectionists by Tom Rachman"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Imperfectionists+by+Tom+Rachman&rft.date=2010-04-10&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Fapr%2F10%2Fthe-imperfectionists-tom-rachman-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpatriate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Expatriate</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/expatriate" class="extiw" title="wikt:expatriate">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Expatriates" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Expatriates">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Expatriation" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Expatriation">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Retiring_abroad" class="extiw" title="voy:Retiring abroad">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476713" class="extiw" title="d:Q476713">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&oldid=1259095597">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expatriate&oldid=1259095597</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expatriates" title="Category:Expatriates">Expatriates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nationality" 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