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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American film production studio</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Hal Roach Studios, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Hal_Roach_Studios%22_ad_-_from,_The_Radio_Annual_and_Television_Yearbook,_1955_(IA_radioannua00radi)_(page_1058_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%22Hal_Roach_Studios%22_ad_-_from%2C_The_Radio_Annual_and_Television_Yearbook%2C_1955_%28IA_radioannua00radi%29_%28page_1058_crop%29.jpg/220px-%22Hal_Roach_Studios%22_ad_-_from%2C_The_Radio_Annual_and_Television_Yearbook%2C_1955_%28IA_radioannua00radi%29_%28page_1058_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%22Hal_Roach_Studios%22_ad_-_from%2C_The_Radio_Annual_and_Television_Yearbook%2C_1955_%28IA_radioannua00radi%29_%28page_1058_crop%29.jpg/330px-%22Hal_Roach_Studios%22_ad_-_from%2C_The_Radio_Annual_and_Television_Yearbook%2C_1955_%28IA_radioannua00radi%29_%28page_1058_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%22Hal_Roach_Studios%22_ad_-_from%2C_The_Radio_Annual_and_Television_Yearbook%2C_1955_%28IA_radioannua00radi%29_%28page_1058_crop%29.jpg/440px-%22Hal_Roach_Studios%22_ad_-_from%2C_The_Radio_Annual_and_Television_Yearbook%2C_1955_%28IA_radioannua00radi%29_%28page_1058_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="2042" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Cinema</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">July 23, 1914<span class="noprint">; 110 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1914-07-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach, Sr.</a></li> <li>Dan Linthicum</li> <li>I.H. Nance</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1961<span class="noprint">; 64 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1961</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Halcyon_Studios" title="Halcyon Studios">Halcyon Studios</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Culver_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver City">Culver City</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">TV shows</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Theatrical feature films</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">TV movies</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Theatrical short films</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scranton_Lace_Company" title="Scranton Lace Company">Scranton Lace Company</a> (1958-1960)<br /><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_Studios" title="Halcyon Studios">Quintex Australia Ltd./RHI Entertainment/Hallmark Entertainment/Sonar Entertainment/Halcyon Studios</a> (1988–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hal Roach Television Corporation</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hal Roach Studios</b> was an American <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a> and, through its TV production subsidiary, <b>Hal Roach Television Corporation</b>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> production studio. Known as <i>The Laugh Factory to the World</i>, it was founded by producer <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> and business partners Dan Linthicum and I.H. Nance as the <b>Rolin Film Company</b> on July 23, 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurGangBookChapter1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studio lot, at 8822 Washington Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver City">Culver City</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, was built in 1920, at which time Rolin was renamed to <i>Hal E. Roach Studios</i>. The first series in Hal Roach Studios were the <i>Willie Work</i> comedies, with first short being <i><a href="/wiki/Willie_Runs_the_Park" title="Willie Runs the Park">Willie Runs the Park</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Roach_Studios&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roach saw significant success in the 1920s with series of <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short</a> comedy films featuring stars such as <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snub_Pollard" title="Snub Pollard">Snub Pollard</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Gang" title="Our Gang">Our Gang</a></i> kids.<sup id="cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurGangBookChapter1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studio produced both short films and features for distribution through <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Exchange" title="Pathé Exchange">Pathé Exchange</a> until 1927, when it signed a new distribution deal with <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1930s, the studio had entered a golden age, with a line-up of many of film's most popular comedians, including <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charley_Chase" title="Charley Chase">Charley Chase</a>, <i>Our Gang</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Todd" title="Thelma Todd">Thelma Todd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zasu_Pitts" class="mw-redirect" title="Zasu Pitts">Zasu Pitts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurGangBookChapter1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As movie theaters began to favor <a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">double features</a> over single-feature programs with added short films—Roach's specialty—the studio's focus shifted from shorts to features, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Topper_(film)" title="Topper (film)">Topper</a></i> and Laurel and Hardy's <i><a href="/wiki/Way_Out_West_(1937_film)" title="Way Out West (1937 film)">Way Out West</a></i> (both 1937).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, the studios began distributing its titles through <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>, selling the <i>Our Gang</i> short film unit to MGM.<sup id="cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurGangBookChapter1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1940s, Roach began producing "<a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach%27s_Streamliners" title="Hal Roach's Streamliners">streamliner</a>" features—shorter films running 40–50 minutes, intended for exhibition as <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1942 to 1945, the studio was leased to the <a href="/wiki/First_Motion_Picture_Unit" title="First Motion Picture Unit">First Motion Picture Unit</a> for the production of training and propaganda films, primarily for the Army Air Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studio was nicknamed "Fort Hal Roach".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1943, Roach licensed revivals of his sound-era productions for theatrical and home-movie distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Hal_Roach_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hal_Roach-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the War, Roach became the first Hollywood producer to go to an all-color production schedule, making four streamliners in <a href="/wiki/Cinecolor" title="Cinecolor">Cinecolor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hal_Roach_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hal_Roach-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the television boom of the late 1940s, Roach shifted to TV production with <b>Hal Roach Television Corporation</b> and produced <i><a href="/wiki/Fireside_Theatre" title="Fireside Theatre">Fireside Theatre</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy" title="Amos 'n' Andy">Amos 'n' Andy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Defender_(TV_series)" title="The Public Defender (TV series)">The Public Defender</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Riley" title="The Life of Riley">The Life of Riley</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stu_Erwin_Show" title="The Stu Erwin Show">The Stu Erwin Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurGangBookChapter1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1959, the studio was closed due to bankruptcy under the management of Roach's son Hal Roach Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-TheEnd_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEnd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal Sr. returned to try to resurrect it; but by December 1962, the lot was permanently closed.<sup id="cite_ref-TheEnd_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEnd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1963, the lot was demolished after several auctions and sales of the company's assets.<sup id="cite_ref-TheEnd_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEnd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hal Roach Jr. died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in 1972. Hal Sr. sold his interest in Hal Roach Studios to a Canadian investment group in 1971; he died in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-TheEnd_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEnd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a corporate entity, Hal Roach Studios survived into the 1980s, managing the rights to its catalog, primarily the Laurel and Hardy films, and sporadic new productions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kids_Incorporated" title="Kids Incorporated">Kids Incorporated</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also became a pioneer in digital <a href="/wiki/Film_colorization" title="Film colorization">film colorization</a>, purchasing a 50% interest in pioneering company Colorization, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-Edgerton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgerton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through Colorization, Inc., Hal Roach Studios produced colorized versions of classic black-and-white Roach films, beginning with <i>Topper</i> and <i>Way Out West</i>, and became the first studio to distribute colorized films in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-AFI_Topper_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFI_Topper-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roach's Colorization, Inc. colorized films from other studios as well.<sup id="cite_ref-TheEnd_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEnd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 17, 1986, Hal Roach Studios inked an agreement with film production company <a href="/wiki/Otto_Preminger" title="Otto Preminger">Otto Preminger Films</a> to colorize four black-and-white Otto Preminger movies for television syndication.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 8, 1986, Hal Roach Studios and Robert Halmi, Inc. partnered with book publisher Grolier to set up a home video arm, Grolier Home Video, to produce adaptations of Grolier's book properties.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, the company made an offer to buy <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stark" title="Ray Stark">Rastar Productions</a>, but it was turned down in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company was gradually acquired from 1985 to 1988 by RHI Entertainment (today <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul_Entertainment" title="Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment">Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company had completed the merger by 1987. Australian financial company <a href="/wiki/Qintex" title="Qintex">Qintex</a> joined the board, a prelude to their full takeover of the company by 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Roach_Studios&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rolin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rolin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWard2006" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Richard Lewis (2006-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dY4-pWxOzD0C&q=Linthicum"><i>A History of the Hal Roach Studios</i></a>. SIU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11, 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809388066" title="Special:BookSources/9780809388066"><bdi>9780809388066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hal+Roach+Studios&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E11%2C+39&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.isbn=9780809388066&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdY4-pWxOzD0C%26q%3DLinthicum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OurGangBookChapter1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OurGangBookChapter1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaltinBann1992" class="citation book cs1">Maltin, Leonard; Bann, Richard W. (1992). <i>The Little Rascals: The Life & Times of Our Gang</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Crown Publishing/Three Rivers Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3, 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Rascals%3A+The+Life+%26+Times+of+Our+Gang&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+68&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing%2FThree+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Maltin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Bann%2C+Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, pp. 59-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, pp. 96-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-11-me-9898-story.html">"Reagan Paid His Dues in World War II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 11 May 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Reagan+Paid+His+Dues+in+World+War+II&rft.date=1985-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-05-11-me-9898-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, pp. 116-123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stmpu.html">Hollywood's Army: The First Motion Picture Unit, US Army Air Forces, Culver City, California</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/news/news/director-producer-arnold-laven-passes">"Director-Producer Arnold Laven Passes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Director-Producer+Arnold+Laven+Passes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fdirector-producer-arnold-laven-passes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hal_Roach-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hal_Roach_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hal_Roach_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theearlycinema.weebly.com/hal-roach.html">"Hal Roach"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hal+Roach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheearlycinema.weebly.com%2Fhal-roach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheEnd-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheEnd_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheEnd_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheEnd_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheEnd_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheEnd_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, pp. 153-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">maltin & Bann, pp. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgerton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edgerton_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Edgerton, Gary R. (Winter 2000). "The Germans Wore Gray, You Wore Blue". <i>Journal of Popular Film and Television</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01956050009602812">10.1080/01956050009602812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159900256">159900256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Popular+Film+and+Television&rft.atitle=The+Germans+Wore+Gray%2C+You+Wore+Blue&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01956050009602812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159900256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Gary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFI_Topper-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFI_Topper_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4530">"Topper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFI+Catalog+of+Feature+Films&rft.atitle=Topper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Fmembers%2Fcatalog%2FDetailView.aspx%3Fs%3D%26Movie%3D4530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a href="/wiki/Topper_(film)" title="Topper (film)"><i>Topper</i></a> (Media notes). Hal Roach Studios Film Classics, Inc. 1985. <q>It seems fitting that <i>Topper</i> should again be on the cutting edge of change, this time heralding the age of Colorization as the first completed Color version of a classic black and white motion picture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topper&rft.pub=Hal+Roach+Studios+Film+Classics%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHal+Roach+Studios" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SMEAAAAMBAJ&q=colorized&pg=PT11">"Roach Enters Home Market"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. 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States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/9498">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102121">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/148614965">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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