CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Moose - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8e431699-90ba-4717-b048-5e8b94557aee","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Moose","wgTitle":"Moose","wgCurRevisionId":1284479286,"wgRevisionId":1284479286,"wgArticleId":20501,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2025","Articles with permanently dead external links","Cite IUCN without doi","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)","Articles with Estonian-language sources (et)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with dead external links from April 2025","CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles containing Old Norse-language text","Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text","Articles containing Narragansett-language text","Articles containing Eastern Abnaki-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from November 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024","Commons link is on Wikidata","Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations","Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs","IUCN Red List least concern species","NatureServe secure species","Moose","Alces","Fauna of the Holarctic realm","Mammals of Asia","Mammals of Europe","Mammals of North America","Mammals described in 1758","Symbols of Alaska","Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Moose","wgRelevantArticleId":20501,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35517","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Alaska_moose.jpg/1200px-Alaska_moose.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Alaska_moose.jpg/960px-Alaska_moose.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Moose - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Moose rootpage-Moose skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Moose" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Moose" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Moose" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Moose" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proboscis_and_olfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proboscis_and_olfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Proboscis and olfaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proboscis_and_olfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hooves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hooves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hooves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hooves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin_and_fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_and_fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Skin and fur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_and_fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dewlap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dewlap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Dewlap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dewlap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology and biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology and biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Natural predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structure_and_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure_and_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Social structure and reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure_and_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aggression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat,_range,_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat,_range,_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Habitat, range, and distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Habitat,_range,_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Habitat, range, and distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Habitat,_range,_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline_in_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Decline in population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Europe and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Populations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Populations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Populations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Subspecies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumption_of_offal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption_of_offal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Consumption of offal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption_of_offal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_collisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_collisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Vehicle collisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_collisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Бланэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бланэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Бланэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бланэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_eland" title="Amerikaanse eland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amerikaanse eland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%89%85_%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%85_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%98%E1%8A%95" title="ታላቅ ፈረንጅ አጋዘን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታላቅ ፈረንጅ አጋዘን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorv%C3%A2" title="Sorvâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sorvâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolh" title="Eolh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eolh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B8" title="موظ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موظ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos" title="Mos – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mos" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n" title="Sığın – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sığın" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Мышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лось – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лось" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лось – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лось" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤ་བ་ནོག་ལྡན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤ་བ་ནོག་ལྡན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan_(bronneg)" title="Elan (bronneg) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elan (bronneg)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хандагай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хандагай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant" title="Ant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Европа пăшийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Европа пăшийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_evropsk%C3%BD" title="Los evropský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Los evropský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elg" title="Elg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvva" title="Sarvva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sarvva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elch" title="Elch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeteel" title="Deeteel – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Deeteel" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5der" title="Põder – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põder" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Άλκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Сярдо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сярдо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alko" title="Alko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altze" title="Altze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Altze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="موس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgur" title="Elgur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Elgur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAs" title="Mús – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mús" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alce" title="Alce – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ГӀал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EC%BD%94%EC%86%90%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A5%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%B4" title="말코손바닥사슴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말코손바닥사슴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B6" title="Որմզդեղն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որմզդեղն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="मूस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los" title="Los – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Los" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alko" title="Alko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_besar" title="Rusa besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusa besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%90%E1%92%83%E1%91%90%E1%95%99%E1%92%83" title="ᑐᒃᑐᕙᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑐᒃᑐᕙᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttuvak" title="Tuttuvak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuttuvak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%BF%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Тъæпæнсы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тъæпæнсы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-eliki" title="I-eliki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-eliki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgur" title="Elgur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elgur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90" title="אייל קורא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אייל קורא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttorpak" title="Tuttorpak – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Tuttorpak" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бұлан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұлан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elki" title="Elki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A7%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Йӧра – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Йӧра" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpogol_(Alces_alces)" title="Cpogol (Alces alces) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Cpogol (Alces alces)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Шарды – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шарды" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%94" title="ກວາງອູດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກວາງອູດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%ABds" title="Brīds – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Brīds" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces" title="Alces – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alces" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnis" title="Alnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briedis" title="Briedis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Briedis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirvi" title="Hirvi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hirvi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1vorszarvas" title="Jávorszarvas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jávorszarvas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94rinaly" title="Ôrinaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôrinaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="मूस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मूस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B8" title="موظ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موظ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="موس (اشکاری) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موس (اشکاری)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Moose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хандгай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хандгай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="မုစ့်သမင်ကြီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မုစ့်သမင်ကြီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eland" title="Eland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A8%E1%94%85" title="ᒨᔅ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᒨᔅ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AB" title="ヘラジカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘラジカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Боккха сай – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Боккха сай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elch" title="Elch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elg" title="Elg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elg" title="Elg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%AEngna" title="Orîngna – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Orîngna" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Шордо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шордо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulon" title="Bulon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bulon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" title="موز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%A7%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%A7%D1%81" title="Вӧрмӧс – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Вӧрмӧс" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81o%C5%9B_euroazjatycki" title="Łoś euroazjatycki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łoś euroazjatycki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alce" title="Alce – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alce" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qandaqay" title="Qandaqay – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qandaqay" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan" title="Elan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsi" title="Alsi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alsi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Европейский лось – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европейский лось" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Тайах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тайах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_(rod)" title="Los (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Los (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los" title="Los – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Los" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los" title="Los – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Los" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirvi" title="Hirvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hirvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_%C3%A4lg" title="Europeisk älg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeisk älg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐரோவாசியக் காட்டுமான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோவாசியக் காட்டுமான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amezzirez" title="Amezzirez – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amezzirez" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Поши – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Поши" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA" title="กวางมูส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กวางมูส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2hp%C3%A9mo%27%C3%A9he" title="Mâhpémo'éhe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mâhpémo'éhe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n" title="Sığın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sığın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Койык – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Койык" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лось звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лось звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="قانداغاي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قانداغاي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirv%27" title="Hirv' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hirv'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nai_s%E1%BB%ABng_t%E1%BA%A5m_%C3%81-%C3%82u" title="Nai sừng tấm Á-Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nai sừng tấm Á-Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5tr" title="Põtr – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põtr" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" title="Alces alces – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alces alces" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%BC%E9%B9%BF" title="驼鹿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="驼鹿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1" title="לאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%9D%E9%B9%BF" title="駝鹿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="駝鹿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%97idis" title="Brėidis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Brėidis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%9D%E9%B9%BF" title="駝鹿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="駝鹿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35517#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Moose" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moose"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moose"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Moose" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Moose" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose&oldid=1284479286" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Moose&id=1284479286&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMoose"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMoose"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Moose&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35517" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest species of deer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moose_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moose (disambiguation)">Moose (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alces_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alces (disambiguation)">Alces (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mousse" title="Mousse">Mousse</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Moose<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late Pleistocene – Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.95633846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_moose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Alaska_moose.jpg/250px-Alaska_moose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Alaska_moose.jpg/330px-Alaska_moose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Alaska_moose.jpg/500px-Alaska_moose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5247" data-file-height="3498" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A bull (male) moose in Alaska, US </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alce_(Alces_alces),_Potter_marsh,_Alaska,_Estados_Unidos,_2017-08-22,_DD_139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alce_%28Alces_alces%29%2C_Potter_marsh%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-22%2C_DD_139.jpg/250px-Alce_%28Alces_alces%29%2C_Potter_marsh%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-22%2C_DD_139.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alce_%28Alces_alces%29%2C_Potter_marsh%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-22%2C_DD_139.jpg/330px-Alce_%28Alces_alces%29%2C_Potter_marsh%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-22%2C_DD_139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alce_%28Alces_alces%29%2C_Potter_marsh%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-22%2C_DD_139.jpg/500px-Alce_%28Alces_alces%29%2C_Potter_marsh%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-22%2C_DD_139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5883" data-file-height="4359" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A cow (female) moose in Alaska, US </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/250px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/500px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NatureServe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureServe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Alces" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alceini" title="Alceini">Alceini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alces" title="Alces"><i>Alces</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. alces</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Alces alces</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moose_distribution.png/250px-Moose_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moose_distribution.png/330px-Moose_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moose_distribution.png/500px-Moose_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Moose range map </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd><i>Cervus alces</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span></dd></dl> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>moose</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: 'moose'; used in North America) or <b>elk</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: 'elk' or 'elks'; used in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>) (<i><b>Alces alces</b></i>) is the world's tallest, <a href="/wiki/Largest_cervids" title="Largest cervids">largest</a> and heaviest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">only species</a> in the genus <i><b>Alces</b></i>. It is also the tallest, and the second-largest, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">land animal</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, falling short only of the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> in body mass. Most adult male moose have broad, palmate ("open-hand shaped") <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a>; other members of the deer family have pointed antlers with a dendritic ("twig-like") configuration. Moose inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_distribution" title="Circumpolar distribution">circumpolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forests</a> or <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, thriving in cooler, <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> areas as well as <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climates</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> shaped the relationship between moose and humans, both in Eurasia and North America. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">colonial era</a> (around 1600–1700 CE), moose were one of many valuable sources of sustenance for certain <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">tribal groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>. Hunting and habitat loss have reduced the moose's range; this fragmentation has led to sightings of "urban moose" in some areas. </p><p>The moose has been reintroduced to some of its former habitats. Currently, the greatest populations occur in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, where they can be found in all provinces (excepting <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>); additionally, substantial numbers of moose are found in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> having the most of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>), the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. In the United States (outside of Alaska and New England), most moose are found further to the north, west and northeast (including <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>), and individuals have been documented wandering as far south as western <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p><p>Predominantly a <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browser</a>, the moose's diet consists of both terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, depending on the season, with branches, twigs and dead wood making up a large portion of their winter diet. <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predators</a> of moose include <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (genus)">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverines</a> (rarely, though may take calves), and (rarely, if swimming in the ocean) <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>. Unlike most other deer species, moose do not form herds and are <a href="/wiki/Solitary_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary animal">solitary animals</a>, aside from calves who remain with their mother until the cow begins <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a> again (typically 18 months after the birth of a calf). At this point, the cow chases her calf away. Although generally slow-moving and sedentary, moose can become defensively aggressive, and move very quickly if angered or startled. <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)#Moose" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">Their mating season</a> in the autumn features energetic fights between males competing for a female. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p><i>Alces alces</i> is called a "moose" in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>, but an "elk" in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "elk" in North American English refers to a completely different species of deer, <i>Cervus canadensis</i>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Wapiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapiti">wapiti</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquin</a>). A mature male moose is called a bull, a mature female a cow, and an immature moose of either sex a calf. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>, the animal was known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄλκη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">álkē</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">alces</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, words probably borrowed from a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a> or another language of northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 8th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the species was known as <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">elch, elh, eolh</i>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>: <i>*elho-</i>, <i>*elhon-</i> and possibly connected with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">elgr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the species became known in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> as <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">elk</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">elcke</i></span>, or <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">elke</i></span>, appearing in the Latinized form <i>alke</i>, with the spelling <i>alce</i> borrowed directly from Latin: <i lang="la">alces</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "elk" remained in usage because of English-speakers' familiarity with the species in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>; however, without any living animals around to serve as a reference, the meaning became rather vague, and by the 17th century "elk" had a meaning similar to "large deer".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dictionaries of the 18th century simply described "elk" as a deer that was "as large as a horse".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "moose" had first entered English by 1606<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> (compare the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a> <span title="Narragansett-language text"><i lang="xnt">moos</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Abenaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Abenaki language">Eastern Abenaki</a> <span title="Eastern Abnaki-language text"><i lang="aaq">mos</i></span>; according to early sources, these were likely derived from <i>moosu</i>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">he strips off</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly involved forms from multiple languages mutually reinforcing one another. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> form was <i>*mo·swa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_crossing_river_in_yellowstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moose_crossing_river_in_yellowstone.jpg/250px-Moose_crossing_river_in_yellowstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moose_crossing_river_in_yellowstone.jpg/330px-Moose_crossing_river_in_yellowstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moose_crossing_river_in_yellowstone.jpg/340px-Moose_crossing_river_in_yellowstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Crossing a river</figcaption></figure> <p>On average, an adult moose stands 1.4–2.1 m (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 11 in) high at the shoulder, which is more than 30 centimetres (1 ft) higher than the next-largest deer on average, the <a href="/wiki/Cervus_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus canadensis">wapiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tail is short (6 cm to 8 cm in length) and vestigial in appearance; unlike other ungulates the moose tail is too short to swish away insects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males (or "bulls") normally weigh from 380 to 700 kg (838 to 1,543 lb) and females (or "cows") typically weigh 200 to 490 kg (441 to 1,080 lb), depending on racial or clinal as well as individual age or nutritional variations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head-and-body length is 2.4–3.1 m (7 ft 10 in – 10 ft 2 in), with the vestigial tail adding only a further <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5–12 cm (2–<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of all the races is the Alaskan subspecies (<i>A. a. gigas</i>), which can stand over 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) at the shoulder, has a span across the antlers of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and averages 634.5 kg (1,399 lb) in males and 478 kg (1,054 lb) in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Nancy_Long_/_Kurt_Savikko_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nancy_Long_/_Kurt_Savikko-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, however, the antlers of a mature bull are between 1.2 and 1.5 m (3 ft 11 in and 4 ft 11 in). The largest confirmed size for this species was a bull shot at the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a> in September 1897 that weighed 820 kg (1,808 lb) and measured 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in) high at the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been reported cases of even larger moose, including a bull killed in 2004 that weighed 1,043 kg (2,299 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a bull that reportedly scaled 1,180 kg (2,601 lb), but none are authenticated and some may not be considered reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antlers">Antlers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces_8492.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alces_alces_8492.JPG/250px-Alces_alces_8492.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alces_alces_8492.JPG/330px-Alces_alces_8492.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alces_alces_8492.JPG/500px-Alces_alces_8492.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Growing <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a> are covered with a soft, furry covering called "<a href="/wiki/Velvet_antler" title="Velvet antler">velvet</a>". Blood vessels in the velvet transport nutrients to support antler growth.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_Skull_sideview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moose_Skull_sideview.jpg/220px-Moose_Skull_sideview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moose_Skull_sideview.jpg/330px-Moose_Skull_sideview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moose_Skull_sideview.jpg/440px-Moose_Skull_sideview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="3261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">Skull</a> of a moose</figcaption></figure> <p>Bull moose have antlers like other members of the deer family. The size and growth rate of antlers is determined by diet and age.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Size and symmetry in the number of antler points signals bull moose health and cows may select mates based on antler size and symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bull moose use their antlers to display dominance, to discourage competition, and to spar or fight rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male's antlers grow as cylindrical beams projecting on each side of the head at right angles to the midline of the skull, and then fork. The lower prong of this fork may be either simple, or divided into two or three <a href="/wiki/Tine_(structural)" title="Tine (structural)">tines</a>, with some flattening. Most moose have antlers that are broad and palmate (flat) with tines (points) along the outer edge.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the ecologic range of the moose in Europe, northern populations display the palmate pattern of antlers, while the antlers of European moose residing the southerly portion of its range are typically of the cervina dendritic pattern and comparatively small, perhaps due to evolutionary pressures of hunting by humans, who prize the large palmate antlers. European moose with antlers intermediate between the palmate and the dendritic form are found in the middle of the north-south range.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose with antlers have more acute hearing than those without antlers; a study of trophy antlers using a microphone found that the palmate antler acts as a parabolic reflector, amplifying sound at the moose's ear.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antlers of mature Alaskan adult bull moose (5 to 12 years old) have a normal maximum spread greater than 200 centimeters (79 in). By the age of 13, moose antlers decline in size and symmetry. The widest spread recorded was 210 centimeters (83 in) across. An Alaskan moose also holds the record for the heaviest weight at 36 kilograms (79 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antler beam diameter, not the number of tines, indicates age.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, moose (<i>A. a. americanus</i>) antlers are usually larger than those of Eurasian moose and have two lobes on each side, like a butterfly. Eurasian moose antlers resemble a seashell, with a single lobe on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the North Siberian moose (<i>A. a. bedfordiae</i>), the posterior division of the main fork divides into three tines, with no distinct flattening. In the common moose (<i>A. a. alces</i>) this branch usually expands into a broad palmation, with one large tine at the base and a number of smaller snags on the free border. There is, however, a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> breed of the common moose in which the antlers are simpler and recall those of the East Siberian animals. The palmation appears to be more marked in North American moose than in the typical Scandinavian moose. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alces_alces.jpg/220px-Alces_alces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alces_alces.jpg/330px-Alces_alces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alces_alces.jpg/440px-Alces_alces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>Young female (<i>A. a. americana</i>) in early June.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the mating season males drop their antlers to conserve energy for the winter. A new set of antlers will then regrow in the spring. Antlers take three to five months to fully develop, making them one of the fastest growing animal organs. Antler growth is "nourished by an extensive system of blood vessels in the skin covering, which contains numerous hair follicles that give it a 'velvet' texture."<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This requires intense grazing on a highly-nutritious diet. By September the velvet is removed by rubbing and thrashing which changes the colour of the antlers. Immature bulls may not shed their antlers for the winter, but retain them until the following spring. Birds, carnivores and rodents eat dropped antlers as they are full of protein and moose themselves will eat antler velvet for the nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a bull moose is <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a>, either by accidental or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical means</a>, he will shed his current set of antlers within two weeks and then immediately begin to grow a new set of misshapen and deformed antlers that he will wear the rest of his life without ever shedding again; similarly deformed antlers can result from a deficiency of testosterone caused by <a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">cryptorchidism</a> or old age.<sup id="cite_ref-franzmann_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franzmann-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deformed antlers are composed of living bone which is still growing or able to grow, since testosterone is needed to stop antler growth;<sup id="cite_ref-bubenik_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bubenik-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they may take one of two forms. "Cactus antlers" or velericorn antlers<sup id="cite_ref-bubenik_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bubenik-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually retain the approximate shape of a normal moose's antlers but have numerous pearl-shaped <a href="/wiki/Exostoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Exostoses">exostoses</a> on their surface; being made of living bone, they are easily broken but can grow back. Perukes (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are constantly growing, tumor-like antlers with a distinctive appearance similar to coral.<sup id="cite_ref-franzmann_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franzmann-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, moose are more likely to develop perukes, rather than cactus antlers, than the more developed cervine deer, but unlike roe deer, moose do not suffer fatal decalcification of the skull as a result of peruke growth,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bubenik_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bubenik-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather can support their continued growth until they become too large to be fully supplied with blood.<sup id="cite_ref-franzmann_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franzmann-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinctive-looking perukes (often referred to as "devil's antlers") are the source of several myths and legends among many groups of <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> as well as several other tribes of indigenous peoples of North America. </p><p>In extremely rare circumstances, a cow moose may grow antlers. This is usually attributed to a hormone imbalance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proboscis_and_olfaction">Proboscis and olfaction</h3></div> <p>The moose proboscis is distinctive among living cervids due to its large size; it also features nares that can be sealed shut when the moose is browsing aquatic vegetation. The moose proboscis likely evolved as an adaptation to aquatic browsing, with loss of the <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">rhinarium</a>, and development of a superior olfactory column separate from an inferior respiratory column.<sup id="cite_ref-Pagano,_Anthony_Santino_2019_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagano,_Anthony_Santino_2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separation contributes to the moose's keen sense of smell, which they employ to detect water sources, to find food under snow, and to detect mates or predators.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pagano,_Anthony_Santino_2019_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pagano,_Anthony_Santino_2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hooves">Hooves</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracksdeepsnow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tracksdeepsnow.JPG/170px-Tracksdeepsnow.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tracksdeepsnow.JPG/255px-Tracksdeepsnow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tracksdeepsnow.JPG/340px-Tracksdeepsnow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Long legs allow moose to wade easily through deep water or snow.</figcaption></figure> <p>As with all members of the order Artiodactyla (<a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulates">even-toed ungulates</a>), moose feet have two large keratinized hooves corresponding to the third and fourth toe, with two small posterolateral <a href="/wiki/Dewclaw" title="Dewclaw">dewclaws</a> (vestigial digits), corresponding to the second and fifth toe. The hoof of the fourth digit is broader than that of the third digit, while the inner hoof of the third digit is longer than that of the fourth digit. This foot configuration may favor striding on soft ground.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moose hoof splays under load, increasing surface area, which limits sinking of the moose foot into soft ground or snow, and which increases efficiency when swimming. The body weight per footprint surface area of the moose foot is intermediate between that of the <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> foot, (which have stiff feet lacking dewclaws—optimized for high-speed running) and the <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a> foot (which are more rounded with large dewclaws, optimized for walking in deep snow). The moose's body weight per surface area of <a href="/wiki/Footprint" title="Footprint">footprint</a> is about twice that of the caribou.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_and_fur">Skin and fur</h3></div> <p>Moose skin is typical of the <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">deer family</a>. Moose fur consists of four types of hair: <a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">eyelashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">whiskers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> hairs. Hair length and hair density varies according to season, age, and body region.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coat has two layers—a top layer of long guard hairs and a soft wooly undercoat. The guard hairs are hollow and filled with air for better insulation, which also helps them stay afloat when swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dewlap">Dewlap</h3></div> <p>Both male and female moose have a <a href="/wiki/Dewlap" title="Dewlap">dewlap</a> or bell,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a fold of skin under the chin. Its exact function is unknown, but some morphologic analyses suggest a cooling (thermoregulatory) function.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories include a fitness signal in mating, as a visual and olfactory signal, or as a dominance signal by males, as are the antlers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_biology">Ecology and biology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="136" data-mwtitle="Moose_mate.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Moose_mate.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Moose_mate.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Moose_mate.ogg/Moose_mate.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Moose mate</figcaption></figure> <p>The moose is a <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browsing herbivore</a> and is capable of consuming many types of plant or fruit. The average adult moose needs to consume 96 megajoules (23,000 kilocalories) per day to maintain its body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of a moose's energy is derived from terrestrial vegetation, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a> and other non-grasses, and fresh shoots from trees such as <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>. As these terrestrial plants are rather low in <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, as much as half of its diet usually consists of aquatic plants, including <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">lilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elodea" title="Elodea">pondweed</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which while lower in energy content, provide the moose with its sodium requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_F_Page_84-85_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_F_Page_84-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter, moose are often drawn to roadways, to lick salt that is used as a snow and ice melter.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical moose, weighing 360 kg (794 lb), can eat up to 32 kg (71 lb) of food per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_F_Page_84-85_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_F_Page_84-85-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moose lack upper front <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>, but have eight sharp incisors on the lower jaw. They also have a tough tongue, lips and gums, which aid in the eating of woody vegetation. Moose have six pairs of large, flat molars and, ahead of those, six pairs of premolars, to grind up their food. A moose's upper lip is very sensitive, to help distinguish between fresh shoots and harder twigs, and is <a href="/wiki/Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a>, for grasping their food. In the summer, moose may use this prehensile lip for grabbing branches and pulling, stripping the entire branch of leaves in a single mouthful, or for pulling <a href="/wiki/Forbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbs">forbs</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelions</a>, or aquatic plants up by the base, roots and all.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers2001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A moose's diet often depends on its location, but they seem to prefer the new growths from <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous tree">deciduous trees</a> with a high sugar content, such as white birch, <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremuloides" title="Populus tremuloides">trembling aspen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Striped_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Striped maple">striped maple</a>, among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reach high branches, a moose may bend small saplings down, using its prehensile lip, mouth or body. For larger trees a moose may stand erect and walk upright on its hind legs, allowing it to reach branches up to 4.26 meters (14 ft 0 in) or higher above the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose may consume <a href="/wiki/Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">ferns</a> from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moose are excellent swimmers and are known to wade into water to eat aquatic plants. This trait serves a second purpose in cooling down the moose on summer days and ridding itself of <a href="/wiki/Black_fly" title="Black fly">black flies</a>. Moose are thus attracted to marshes and river banks during warmer months as both provide suitable vegetation to eat and water to wet themselves in. Moose have been known to dive over 5.5 metres (18 ft) to reach plants on lake bottoms,<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the complex snout may assist the moose in this type of feeding. Moose are the only deer that are capable of feeding underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Page_237_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Page_237-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an adaptation for feeding on plants underwater, the nose is equipped with fatty pads and muscles that close the nostrils when exposed to water pressure, preventing water from entering the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species can pluck plants from the water too, but these need to raise their heads in order to swallow. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_exclosure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Moose_exclosure.jpg/250px-Moose_exclosure.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Moose_exclosure.jpg/330px-Moose_exclosure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Moose_exclosure.jpg/500px-Moose_exclosure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_exclosure_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moose_exclosure_sign.jpg/250px-Moose_exclosure_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moose_exclosure_sign.jpg/330px-Moose_exclosure_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moose_exclosure_sign.jpg/500px-Moose_exclosure_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">This fenced-in area is part of a long-term research project to examine the effects of moose browsing on plant biodiversity.</div></div></div></div> <p>Moose are not <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals but <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browsers</a> (concentrate selectors), and their diet varies on a continuum between soft-leaf browsing and browsing of lignified plant matter.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, moose carefully select foods with less fiber and more concentrations of nutrients. Thus, the moose's digestive system has evolved to accommodate this relatively low-fiber diet. Unlike most hooved, domesticated animals (<a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>), moose cannot digest <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, and feeding it to a moose can be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moose's varied and complex diet is typically expensive for humans to provide, and free-range moose require a lot of forested hectarage for sustainable survival, which is one of the main reasons moose have never been widely domesticated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces_bark_stripping.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bark stripping"><img alt="Bark stripping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alces_alces_bark_stripping.jpg/250px-Alces_alces_bark_stripping.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alces_alces_bark_stripping.jpg/330px-Alces_alces_bark_stripping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Bark</a> stripping</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_moose_close_up_feeding_on_fireweed.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bull moose eating a fireweed plant"><img alt="Bull moose eating a fireweed plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bull_moose_close_up_feeding_on_fireweed.JPG/330px-Bull_moose_close_up_feeding_on_fireweed.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bull_moose_close_up_feeding_on_fireweed.JPG/500px-Bull_moose_close_up_feeding_on_fireweed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bull_moose_close_up_feeding_on_fireweed.JPG/960px-Bull_moose_close_up_feeding_on_fireweed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bull moose eating a <a href="/wiki/Fireweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireweed">fireweed</a> plant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_983_LAB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bull moose browses a beaver pond"><img alt="Bull moose browses a beaver pond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Moose_983_LAB.jpg/330px-Moose_983_LAB.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Moose_983_LAB.jpg/500px-Moose_983_LAB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Moose_983_LAB.jpg/960px-Moose_983_LAB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bull moose browses a <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> pond</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_predators">Natural predators</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_Tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moose_Tiger.jpg/250px-Moose_Tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moose_Tiger.jpg/330px-Moose_Tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moose_Tiger.jpg/500px-Moose_Tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> saddle from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, depicting a moose being hunted by a <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolves_attack_moose_2012-04-12_001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Wolves_attack_moose_2012-04-12_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Wolves_attack_moose_2012-04-12_001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Wolves_attack_moose_2012-04-12_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Wolves_attack_moose_2012-04-12_001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Wolves_attack_moose_2012-04-12_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Wolves_attack_moose_2012-04-12_001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Moose attacked by wolves</figcaption></figure> <p>A full-grown moose has few enemies except <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tigers</a> (<i>Panthera tigris tigris</i>) which regularly prey on adult moose,<sup id="cite_ref-FBW_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBW-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a pack of <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolves</a> (<i>Canis lupus</i>) can still pose a threat, especially to females with calves.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bears</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Nancy_Long_/_Kurt_Savikko_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nancy_Long_/_Kurt_Savikko-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also known to prey on moose of various sizes and are the only predator besides the wolf to attack moose both in Eurasia and North America. In Western Russia, moose provide about 15% annual estimated dietary energy content for brown bears and are the most important food source for these predators during spring.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Brown bears are more likely to scavenge a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bears</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a> (<i>Puma concolor</i>) can be significant predators of moose calves in May and June and can, in rare instances, prey on adults (mainly cows rather than the larger bulls).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverines</a> (<i>Gulo gulo</i>) are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the large ungulates are weakened by harsh winter conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orcas</a> (<i>Orcinus orca</i>) are the moose's only confirmed marine predator as they have been known to prey on moose and other deer swimming between islands out of North America's Northwest Coast. However, such kills are rare and a matter of opportunity, as moose are not a regular part of the orca diet.<sup id="cite_ref-BairdBaird2006_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BairdBaird2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is at least one recorded instance of a moose being scavenged by a <a href="/wiki/Greenland_shark" title="Greenland shark">Greenland shark</a> (<i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_mom_with_calves_and_a_bear,_Deanli_National_Park.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moose_mom_with_calves_and_a_bear%2C_Deanli_National_Park.png/250px-Moose_mom_with_calves_and_a_bear%2C_Deanli_National_Park.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moose_mom_with_calves_and_a_bear%2C_Deanli_National_Park.png/330px-Moose_mom_with_calves_and_a_bear%2C_Deanli_National_Park.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moose_mom_with_calves_and_a_bear%2C_Deanli_National_Park.png/500px-Moose_mom_with_calves_and_a_bear%2C_Deanli_National_Park.png 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Moose with calves being approached by a brown bear, Denali National Park, Alaska</figcaption></figure> <p>In some areas, moose are the primary source of food for wolves. Moose usually flee upon detecting wolves. Wolves usually follow moose at a distance of 100 to 400 meters (300 to 1,300 ft), occasionally at a distance of two to three kilometers (1 to 2 mi). Attacks from wolves against young moose may last seconds, though sometimes they can be drawn out for days with adults. Sometimes, wolves will chase moose into shallow streams or onto frozen rivers, where their mobility is greatly impeded. Moose will sometimes stand their ground and defend themselves by charging at the wolves or lashing out at them with their powerful hooves. Wolves typically kill moose by tearing at their haunches and <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a>, causing massive <a href="/wiki/Blood_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood loss">blood loss</a>. Occasionally, a wolf may immobilize a moose by biting its sensitive nose, the pain of which can <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyze</a> a moose.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf packs primarily target calves and elderly animals, but can and will take healthy, adult moose. Moose between the ages of two and eight are seldom killed by wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though moose are usually hunted by packs, there are cases in which single wolves have successfully killed healthy, fully-grown moose.<sup id="cite_ref-raven_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raven-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research into moose predation suggests that their response to perceived threats is learned rather than instinctual. In practical terms this means moose are more vulnerable in areas where wolf or bear populations were decimated in the past but are now rebounding. These same studies suggest, however, that moose learn quickly and adapt, fleeing an area if they hear or smell wolves, bears, or scavenger birds such as ravens.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moose are also subject to various diseases and forms of parasitism. In northern Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Cephenemyia_ulrichii" title="Cephenemyia ulrichii">moose botfly</a> is a parasite whose range seems to be spreading.<sup id="cite_ref-larver_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larver-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3></div> <p>Moose typically carry a heavy burden of parasites, both externally and internally. Parasitosis is an important cause of moose morbidity and mortality and also contributes to vulnerability to predators.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasites">Ectoparasites</a> of moose include the <a href="/wiki/Cephenemyia_ulrichii" title="Cephenemyia ulrichii">moose nose bot fly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dermacentor_albipictus" title="Dermacentor albipictus">winter ticks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Endoparasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoparasites">Endoparasites</a> of moose include <a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">dog tapeworm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parelaphostrongylus_tenuis" title="Parelaphostrongylus tenuis">meningeal worm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lungworm, and roundworm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure_and_reproduction">Social structure and reproduction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riddle_of_the_racks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Riddle_of_the_racks.jpg/220px-Riddle_of_the_racks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Riddle_of_the_racks.jpg/330px-Riddle_of_the_racks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Riddle_of_the_racks.jpg/440px-Riddle_of_the_racks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Display at the <a href="/wiki/Kenai_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Kenai National Wildlife Refuge">Kenai National Wildlife Refuge</a> of the skulls of two bulls who apparently died after their antlers became locked during a fight.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moose are mostly <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>. They are generally solitary with the strongest bonds between mother and calf. Although moose rarely gather in groups, there may be several in close proximity during the mating season. </p><p>Rutting and mating occurs in September and October. During the <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a>, mature bulls will cease feeding completely for a period of approximately two weeks; this fasting behavior has been attributed to neurophysiological changes related to redeployment of olfaction for detection of moose urine and moose cows.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The males are <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">polygynous and will seek several females to breed with</a>. During this time both sexes will call to each other. Males produce heavy grunting sounds that can be heard from up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) away, while females produce wail-like sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males will fight for access to females. Initially, the males assess which of them is dominant and one bull may retreat, however, the interaction can escalate to a fight using their antlers. </p><p>Female moose have an eight-month gestation period, usually bearing one calf, or twins if food is plentiful,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May or June.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twinning can run as high as 30% to 40% with good nutrition<sup id="cite_ref-A.T._Bergerud_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.T._Bergerud-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newborn moose have fur with a reddish hue in contrast to the brown appearance of an adult. The young will stay with the mother until just before the next young are born. The lifespan of an average moose is about 15–25 years. Moose populations are stable at 25 calves for every 100 cows at 1 year of age. With availability of adequate nutrition, mild weather, and low predation, moose have a huge potential for population expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-A.T._Bergerud_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.T._Bergerud-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_calves_nursing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(newborn) Calves nursing in spring."><img alt="(newborn) Calves nursing in spring." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Moose_calves_nursing.jpg/199px-Moose_calves_nursing.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Moose_calves_nursing.jpg/299px-Moose_calves_nursing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Moose_calves_nursing.jpg/399px-Moose_calves_nursing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(newborn)<br />Calves nursing in spring.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowcalflyingdown.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="(3 months) Calves stay near their mothers at all times."><img alt="(3 months) Calves stay near their mothers at all times." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cowcalflyingdown.JPG/239px-Cowcalflyingdown.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cowcalflyingdown.JPG/358px-Cowcalflyingdown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cowcalflyingdown.JPG/477px-Cowcalflyingdown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(3 months)<br />Calves stay near their mothers at all times.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninemomoose.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="(9 months) This calf is almost ready to leave its mother."><img alt="(9 months) This calf is almost ready to leave its mother." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ninemomoose.JPG/330px-Ninemomoose.JPG" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ninemomoose.JPG/500px-Ninemomoose.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ninemomoose.JPG/960px-Ninemomoose.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="837" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(9 months)<br />This calf is almost ready to leave its mother.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainstmoose.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="(10–11 months) This yearling was probably recently chased away by its pregnant mother."><img alt="(10–11 months) This yearling was probably recently chased away by its pregnant mother." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mainstmoose.JPG/500px-Mainstmoose.JPG" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mainstmoose.JPG/960px-Mainstmoose.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(10–11 months)<br />This yearling was probably recently chased away by its pregnant mother.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggression">Aggression</h3></div> <p>Moose are not typically aggressive towards humans, but will be aggressive when provoked or frightened. Moose attack more people than <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a> combined, but usually with only minor consequences. In the Americas, moose injure more people than any other wild mammal; worldwide, only hippopotamuses injure more.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When harassed or startled by people or in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>, moose may charge. Also, as with bears or most wild animals, moose accustomed to being fed by people may act aggressively when denied food. During the fall mating season, bulls may be aggressive toward humans. Cows are protective of young calves and will attack humans who come close, especially if they come between mother and calf. Moose are not territorial, do not view humans as food, and usually will not pursue humans who run away.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_moose_growing_new_antlers_and_shedding_fur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bull_moose_growing_new_antlers_and_shedding_fur.JPG/220px-Bull_moose_growing_new_antlers_and_shedding_fur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bull_moose_growing_new_antlers_and_shedding_fur.JPG/330px-Bull_moose_growing_new_antlers_and_shedding_fur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bull_moose_growing_new_antlers_and_shedding_fur.JPG/440px-Bull_moose_growing_new_antlers_and_shedding_fur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A bull, disturbed by the photographer, lowers his head and raises his <a href="/wiki/Hackles" title="Hackles">hackles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moose are unpredictable. They are most likely to attack if annoyed or harassed, or if approached too closely. A moose that has been harassed may vent its anger on anyone in the vicinity, and they often do not make distinctions between their tormentors and innocent passersby.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moose are very limber animals with highly flexible joints and sharp, pointed hooves, and are capable of kicking with both front and back legs. Unlike other large, hoofed mammals, such as horses, moose can kick in all directions, including sideways. Thus, there is no safe side from which to approach. Moose often give warning signs prior to attacking, displaying aggression by means of body language. Maintained eye contact is usually the first sign of aggression, while laid-back ears or a lowered head is a sign of agitation. When the hairs on the back of the moose's neck and shoulders (<a href="/wiki/Hackles" title="Hackles">hackles</a>) stand up, a charge is usually imminent. The <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a> Visitor Centers warn tourists that "...a moose with its hackles raised is a thing to fear."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moose cows are more likely to emit protest moans when courted by small males. This attracts the attention of large males, promotes male-male competition and violence, reduces harassment of cows by small males, and increases mating opportunities with large males.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn means that the cow moose has at least a small degree of control over which bulls she mates with.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moose often show aggression to other animals as well, especially predators. Bears are common predators of moose calves and, rarely, adults. Alaskan moose have been reported to successfully fend off attacks from both black and brown bears. Moose have been known to stomp attacking wolves, which makes them less preferred as prey to the wolves. Moose are fully capable of killing bears and wolves. In one rare event, a female moose killed two adult male wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-v.106_(1992)_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v.106_(1992)-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A moose of either sex that is confronted by danger may let out a loud roar, more resembling that of a predator than a prey animal. European moose are often more aggressive than North American moose, such as the moose in Sweden, which often become very agitated at the sight of a predator. However, like all ungulates known to attack predators, the more aggressive individuals are always darker in color, with the darkest coloring usually in areas facing the opponent, thus serving as a natural warning to other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Page_237_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Page_237-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat,_range,_and_distribution"><span id="Habitat.2C_range.2C_and_distribution"></span>Habitat, range, and distribution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal_image_of_a_cow_moose_during_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Thermal_image_of_a_cow_moose_during_winter.jpg/220px-Thermal_image_of_a_cow_moose_during_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Thermal_image_of_a_cow_moose_during_winter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Thermal image of a cow moose in the winter. Her thick, coarse fur with hollow hairs only measures an average of 8.3 °C (15 °F) above the ambient temperature of −23 °C (−9 °F), showing low heat-loss.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moose require habitat with adequate edible plants (e.g., pond grasses, young trees and shrubs), cover from predators, and protection from extremely hot or cold weather. Moose travel among different habitats with the seasons to address these requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose are cold-adapted mammals with thickened skin, dense, heat-retaining coat, and a low surface:volume ratio, which provides excellent cold tolerance but poor heat tolerance. Moose survive hot weather by accessing shade or cooling wind, or by immersion in cool water. In hot weather, moose are often found wading or swimming in lakes or ponds. When heat-stressed, moose may fail to adequately forage in summer and may not gain adequate body fat to survive the winter. Also, moose cows may not calve without adequate summer weight gain. Moose require access to both young forest for browsing and mature forest for shelter and cover. Forest disturbed by fire and logging promotes the growth of fodder for moose. Moose also require access to mineral licks, safe places for calving and aquatic feeding sites.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moose avoid areas with little or no snow as this increases the risk of predation by wolves and avoid areas with deep snow, as this impairs mobility. Thus, moose select habitat on the basis of trade-offs between risk of predation, food availability, and snow depth.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With reintroduction of bison into boreal forest, there was some concern that bison would compete with moose for winter habitat, and thereby worsen the population decline of moose. However, this does not appear to be a problem. Moose prefer sub-alpine shrublands in early winter, while bison prefer wet sedge valley meadowlands in early winter. In late winter, moose prefer river valleys with deciduous forest cover or alpine terrain above the tree line, while bison preferred wet sedge meadowlands or sunny southern grassy slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <p>After expanding for most of the 20th century, the moose population of North America has been in steep decline since the 1990s. Populations expanded greatly with improved habitat and protection, but now the moose population is declining rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline has been attributed to opening of roads and landscapes into the northern range of moose, allowing deer to become populous in areas where they were not previously common. This encroachment by deer on moose habitat brought moose into contact with previously unfamiliar pathogens, including brainworm and liver fluke, and these parasites are believed to have contributed to the population decline of moose.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the moose range includes almost all of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>), most of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> northern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, the Adirondack Mountain region and Taconic highlands of northeast New York State,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the upper <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale" title="Isle Royale">Isle Royale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>. This massive range, containing diverse habitats, contains four of the six North American subspecies. In the West, moose populations extend across Canada (<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>). Isolated groups have been verified as far south as the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wenatchee" title="Lake Wenatchee">Lake Wenatchee</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Mountains">Washington Cascades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northwestern US, the range includes <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and smaller areas of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose have extended their range southwards in the western Rocky Mountains, with initial sightings in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in 1868, and then to the northern slope of the <a href="/wiki/Uinta_Mountains" title="Uinta Mountains">Uinta Mountains</a> in Utah in the first half of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the southernmost naturally established moose population in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, a few breeding pairs were reintroduced in western Colorado, and the state's moose population is now more than 2,400.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In northeastern North America, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_moose" title="Eastern moose">Eastern moose</a>'s history is very well documented: moose meat was a staple in the diet of indigenous peoples for centuries. The common name "moose" was brought into English from the word used by those who lived in present day coastal <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>. The indigenous people often used moose hides for leather and its meat as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>, a type of dried jerky used as a source of sustenance in winter or on long journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical range of the subspecies extended from well into Quebec, the Maritimes, and Eastern Ontario south to include all of New England finally ending in the very northeastern tip of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in the west, cutting off somewhere near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in the south. The moose has been extinct in much of the eastern U.S. for as long as 150 years, due to colonial era overhunting and destruction of its habitat: Dutch, French, and British colonial sources all attest to its presence in the mid 17th century from Maine south to areas within 160 kilometers (100 mi) of present-day Manhattan. However, by the 1870s, only a handful of moose existed in this entire region in very remote pockets of forest; less than 20% of suitable habitat remained.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarworks.umass.edu_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarworks.umass.edu-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, however, moose populations have rebounded, thanks to regrowth of plentiful food sources,<sup id="cite_ref-scholarworks.umass.edu_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarworks.umass.edu-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abandonment of farmland, better land management, clean-up of pollution, and natural dispersal from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Maritimes">Canadian Maritimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. South of the Canada–US border, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> has most of the population with a 2012 headcount of about 76,000 moose.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dispersals from Maine over the years have resulted in healthy, growing populations each in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, notably near bodies of water and as high up as 910 m (3,000 ft) above sea level in the mountains. In <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, moose had gone extinct by 1870, but re-colonized the state in the 1960s, with the population expanding from Vermont and New Hampshire; by 2010, the population was estimated at 850–950.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose reestablished populations in eastern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and appeared headed south towards the <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a>, a former habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defenders.org_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defenders.org-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Midwest U.S., moose are primarily limited to the upper <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region, but strays, primarily immature males, have been found as far south as eastern Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For unknown reasons, the moose population is declining rapidly in the Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moose were successfully introduced on <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> in 1878 and 1904,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they are now the dominant <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a>, and somewhat less successfully on <a href="/wiki/Anticosti_Island" title="Anticosti Island">Anticosti Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaskan_moose_pair_(6862339335).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cow and bull moose"><img alt="Cow and bull moose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alaskan_moose_pair_%286862339335%29.jpg/500px-Alaskan_moose_pair_%286862339335%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alaskan_moose_pair_%286862339335%29.jpg/960px-Alaskan_moose_pair_%286862339335%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cow and bull moose</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_moose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cow moose"><img alt="Cow moose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cow_moose.jpg/330px-Cow_moose.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cow_moose.jpg/500px-Cow_moose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cow_moose.jpg/960px-Cow_moose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cow moose</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces_(juvenile).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moose calf"><img alt="Moose calf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alces_alces_%28juvenile%29.jpg/330px-Alces_alces_%28juvenile%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alces_alces_%28juvenile%29.jpg/500px-Alces_alces_%28juvenile%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alces_alces_%28juvenile%29.jpg/960px-Alces_alces_%28juvenile%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="1831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moose calf</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_in_population">Decline in population</h4></div> <p>Since the 1990s, moose populations have declined dramatically in much of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> North America, although they remain stable in <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact causes of specific die-offs are not determined, but most documented mortality events were due to wolf predation, bacterial infection due to injuries sustained from predators, and <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> from <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> to which moose have not developed a natural defense, such as <a href="/wiki/Liver_fluke" title="Liver fluke">liver flukes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parelaphostrongylus_tenuis" title="Parelaphostrongylus tenuis">brain worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_tick" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter tick">winter tick</a> infestations.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predation of moose calves by brown bear is also significant.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscape change from salvage logging of forest damage caused by the mountain pine beetle has resulted in greater foraging in logged areas by female moose, and this is the lead hypothesis as to why the moose population is declining in eastern North American forests, as this likely leads to increased predation.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate hypotheses among biologists for generalized, non-hunting declines in moose populations at the southern extent of their range is increasing heat stress brought on by the rapid seasonal temperature upswings as a result of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">human-induced climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scientific_american_article_on_moose_decline_in_minnesota_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientific_american_article_on_moose_decline_in_minnesota-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologists studying moose populations typically use warm-season, heat-stress thresholds of between 14 and 24 °C (57 and 75 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the minor average temperature increase of 0.83–1.11 °C (1.5–2 °F), over the last 100 years, has resulted in milder winters that induce favorable conditions for ticks, parasites and other invasive species to flourish within the southern range of moose habitat in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-scientific_american_article_on_moose_decline_in_minnesota_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientific_american_article_on_moose_decline_in_minnesota-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moose population in New Hampshire fell from 7,500 in the early 2000s to a 2014 estimate of 4,000 and in Vermont the numbers were down to 2,200<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> from a high of 5,000 animals in 2005. Much of the decline has been attributed to the winter tick, which, between 2017 and 2019, accounted for 74% of all winter mortality and 91% of winter calf deaths in Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose with heavy tick infections will rub their fur down to the skin raw trying to get the ticks off, making them look white when their outer coat rubs off. Locals call them ghost moose.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss of the insulating winter coat through attempts to rid the moose of winter tick increases the risk of hypothermia in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_Asia">Europe and Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elk_(Alces_alces)_calf_Biebrzanski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Elk_%28Alces_alces%29_calf_Biebrzanski.jpg/220px-Elk_%28Alces_alces%29_calf_Biebrzanski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Elk_%28Alces_alces%29_calf_Biebrzanski.jpg/330px-Elk_%28Alces_alces%29_calf_Biebrzanski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Elk_%28Alces_alces%29_calf_Biebrzanski.jpg/440px-Elk_%28Alces_alces%29_calf_Biebrzanski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>A. a. alces</i> calf<br />Biebrzański Park Narodowy, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakt_p%C3%A5_utstoppet_elg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jakt_p%C3%A5_utstoppet_elg.jpg/250px-Jakt_p%C3%A5_utstoppet_elg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jakt_p%C3%A5_utstoppet_elg.jpg/330px-Jakt_p%C3%A5_utstoppet_elg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jakt_p%C3%A5_utstoppet_elg.jpg/500px-Jakt_p%C3%A5_utstoppet_elg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Staged picture of a moose hunt in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, date unknown</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, moose are currently found in large numbers throughout <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, with more modest numbers in the southern <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. They are also widespread through <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> on up through the borders with Finland south towards the border with Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine and stretching far away eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The European moose was native to most temperate areas with suitable habitat on the continent and even <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> from the end of the last Ice Age, as Europe had a mix of temperate boreal and deciduous forest. Up through Classical times, the species was certainly thriving in both Gaul and <a href="/wiki/Magna_Germania" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Germania">Magna Germania</a>, as it appears in military and hunting accounts of the age. However, as the Roman era faded into medieval times, the beast slowly disappeared: soon after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, the moose disappeared from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where its range extended from Normandy in the north to the Pyrenees in the south. Farther east, it survived in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> until the 9th century as the marshlands in the latter were drained and the forests were cleared away for feudal lands in the former. It was gone from <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> by the year 1000, from the western Czech Republic by 1300, from <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> by c. 1600, and from Hungary and the Caucasus since the 18th and 19th century, respectively. </p><p>By the early 20th century, the last strongholds of the European moose appeared to be in Fennoscandian areas and patchy tracts of Russia, with a few migrants found in what is now Estonia and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. The USSR and Poland managed to restore portions of the range within its borders (such as the 1951 reintroduction into <a href="/wiki/Kampinos_National_Park" title="Kampinos National Park">Kampinos National Park</a> and the later 1958 reintroduction in Belarus), but political complications limited the ability to reintroduce it to other portions of its range. Attempts in 1930 and again in 1967 in marshland north of Berlin were unsuccessful. At present in Poland, populations are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Biebrza" title="Biebrza">Biebrza</a> river valley, Kampinos, and in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a>. It has migrated into other parts of Eastern Europe and has been spotted in eastern and southern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spieg120903_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spieg120903-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsuccessful thus far in recolonizing these areas via natural dispersal from source populations in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, it appears to be having more success migrating south into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. It is listed under Appendix III of the Bern Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, two moose were reintroduced into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-GlenMooseBBC_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlenMooseBBC-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Alladale_Wilderness_Reserve" title="Alladale Wilderness Reserve">Alladale Wilderness Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moose disappeared as a breeding species from Denmark about 4,500 years ago (in the last century, a very small number have lived for periods in <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a> without establishing a population after swimming across the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a> from Sweden),<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 2016–17 ten were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Lille_Vildmose" title="Lille Vildmose">Lille Vildmose</a> from Sweden. In 2020, this population had increased to about 25 animals.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The East Asian moose populations confine themselves mostly to the territory of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, with much smaller populations in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and Northeastern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Moose populations are relatively stable in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and increasing on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>. In Mongolia and China, where <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> took a great toll on moose, forcing them to near extinction, they are protected, but enforcement of the policy is weak and demand for traditional medicines derived from deer parts is high.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1978, the Regional Hunting Department transported 45 young moose to the center of Kamchatka. These moose were brought from <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukotka</a>, home to the largest moose on the planet. Kamchatka now regularly is responsible for the largest trophy moose shot around the world each season. As it is a fertile environment for moose, with a milder climate, less snow, and an abundance of food, moose quickly bred and settled along the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka River">Kamchatka River</a> and many surrounding regions. The population in the past 20 years has risen to over 2,900 animals. </p><p>The size of the moose varies. Following <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule" title="Bergmann's rule">Bergmann's rule</a>, population in the south (<i>A. a. cameloides</i>) usually grow smaller, while moose in the north and northeast (<i>A. a. buturlini</i>) can match the imposing sizes of the Alaskan moose (<i>A. a. gigas</i>) and are prized by <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Trophy hunter">trophy hunters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div> <p>In 1900, an attempt to introduce moose into the <a href="/wiki/Hokitika" title="Hokitika">Hokitika</a> area failed; then in 1910 ten moose (four bulls and six cows) were introduced into <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>. This area is considered a less than suitable habitat, and subsequent low numbers of sightings and kills have led to some presumption of this population's failure.<sup id="cite_ref-king_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last proven sighting of a moose in New Zealand was in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a moose antler was found in 1972, and DNA tests showed that hair collected in 2002 was from a moose. There has been extensive searching, and while automated cameras failed to capture photographs, evidence was seen of bedding spots, browsing, and antler marks.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libracles_gallicus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Libracles_gallicus.JPG/250px-Libracles_gallicus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Libracles_gallicus.JPG/330px-Libracles_gallicus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Libracles_gallicus.JPG/500px-Libracles_gallicus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendition of <i><a href="/wiki/Libralces" title="Libralces">Libralces gallicus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervalces_latifrons_Tubingen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cervalces_latifrons_Tubingen.JPG/250px-Cervalces_latifrons_Tubingen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cervalces_latifrons_Tubingen.JPG/330px-Cervalces_latifrons_Tubingen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cervalces_latifrons_Tubingen.JPG/500px-Cervalces_latifrons_Tubingen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3860" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Antlers of <i><a href="/wiki/Cervalces_latifrons" title="Cervalces latifrons">Cervalces latifrons</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervalces_scotti_-_MUSE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cervalces_scotti_-_MUSE.JPG/220px-Cervalces_scotti_-_MUSE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cervalces_scotti_-_MUSE.JPG/330px-Cervalces_scotti_-_MUSE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cervalces_scotti_-_MUSE.JPG/440px-Cervalces_scotti_-_MUSE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Replica of an American <a href="/wiki/Stag_moose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag moose">stag-moose</a> skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>Moose are members of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a>. Members of the moose lineage extend back into the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists group the moose and all its extinct relatives into one genus, <i>Alces<sup id="cite_ref-:3_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>, while others, such as Augusto Azzaroli, restrict <i>Alces</i> to the living species, placing the fossil species into the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Cervalces" title="Cervalces">Cervalces</a></i> (stag moose) and <i>Libralces</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known species in the moose lineage is <i><a href="/wiki/Libralces" title="Libralces">Libralces gallicus</a></i>, which lived in the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Libralces gallicus</i> came from the warm savannas of Pliocene Europe, with the best-preserved skeletons being found in southern France. <i>L. gallicus</i> was 1.25 times larger than the Alaskan moose in linear dimensions, making it nearly twice as massive. <i>L. gallicus</i> had many striking differences from its modern descendants. It had a longer, narrower snout and a less-developed nasal cavity, more resembling that of a modern deer, lacking any sign of the modern moose-snout. Its face resembled that of the modern <a href="/wiki/Wapiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapiti">wapiti</a>. However, the rest of its skull structure, skeletal structure and teeth bore strong resemblance to those features that are unmistakable in modern moose, indicating a similar diet. Its antlers consisted of a horizontal bar 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long, with no tines, ending in small palmations. Its skull and neck structure suggest an animal that fought using high-speed impacts, much like the <a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a>, rather than locking and twisting antlers the way modern moose combat. Their long legs and bone structure suggest an animal that was adapted to running at high speeds over rough terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-North_America'_Page_178-181_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_America'_Page_178-181-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Libralces gallicus</i> was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Cervalces_carnutorum" title="Cervalces carnutorum">Cervalces carnutorum</a></i> during the first half of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>. <i>Cervalces carnutorum</i> was soon followed by a much larger species called <i><a href="/wiki/Cervalces_latifrons" title="Cervalces latifrons">Cervalces latifrons</a></i> (broad-fronted stag-moose), which first appeared during the late Early Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevrekidis2017_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevrekidis2017-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fossils of <i>Cervalces latifrons</i> have been found across Eurasia. Like its descendants, it inhabited mostly northern latitudes, and was probably well-adapted to the cold. <i>C. latifrons</i> was the largest deer known to have ever existed, standing more than 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulders. This is bigger than even the <a href="/wiki/Irish_elk" title="Irish elk">Irish elk</a>, which was 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulders. Its antlers were smaller than the Irish elk's, but comparable in size to those of <i>L. gallicus</i>. However, the antlers had a shorter horizontal bar and larger palmations, more resembling those of a modern moose.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-North_America'_Page_178-181_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_America'_Page_178-181-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably sometime in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>, <i>Cervalces latifrons</i> migrated into North America, giving rise to the stag moose (<i><a href="/wiki/Cervalces_scotti" title="Cervalces scotti">Cervalces scotti</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern moose is thought to have evolved from <i>Cervalces latifrons</i> at around the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, probably somewhere in East Asia, with the earliest fossils of the species in Europe dating to the early Late Pleistocene. The modern moose only arrived in North America around 15,000 years ago, at the end of the Late Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populations">Populations</h2></div> <p><b>North America:</b> </p> <ul><li><i>In Canada</i>: There are an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 moose,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 150,000 in Newfoundland in 2007 descended from just four that were introduced in the 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>In United States</i>: There are estimated to be around 300,000: <ul><li>Alaska: The state's Department of Fish and Game estimated 200,000 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>: The moose population is estimated at between 60,000–70,000 in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> (the highest population of any state other than Alaska)<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,000–4,000 in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2,100 in Vermont,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,000–1,500 in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">central</a> parts of that state),<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100 in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New York: In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Department of Environmental Conservation">New York Department of Environmental Conservation</a> reported a surveyed population of 716 moose within <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Park" title="Adirondack Park">Adirondack Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rocky Mountain states: Wyoming is said to have the largest share in its six-state region, and its Fish and Game Commission estimated 7,692 in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Upper Midwest: Michigan 2000 on Isle Royale (2019) and an estimated 433 (in its <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a>) in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisconsin, 20–40 (close to its border with Michigan) in 2003, Minnesota 5600 in its northeast in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and under 100 in its northwest in 2009;<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Dakota closed, due to low moose population, one of its moose-hunting geographic units in 2011, and issued 162 single-kill licenses to hunters, each restricted to one of the remaining nine units.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Europe and Asia</b>: </p> <ul><li><i>Finland</i>: In 2009, there was a summer population of 115,000.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Norway</i>: In 2009, there were a winter population of around 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 31,131 moose were shot. In 1999, a record number of 39,422 moose were shot.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Latvia</i>: in 2015, there were 21,000.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Estonia</i>: 11,000 - 7,000<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lithuania</i>: around 14,000 in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Poland</i>: 28,000<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Czech Republic</i>: maximum of 50<sup id="cite_ref-lhnet_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lhnet-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Russia</i>: In 2007, there were approximately 600,000.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sweden</i>: Summer population is estimated to be 300,000–400,000. Around 100,000 are shot each fall.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 10,000 are killed in traffic accidents yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>European elk <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elk-telemark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Elk-telemark.jpg/250px-Elk-telemark.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Elk-telemark.jpg/330px-Elk-telemark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><i>A. a. alces</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. No longer present in central and western Europe except for <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, with a certain population in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> since the 1970s; recently sighted in eastern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (the range formerly included <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and the Benelux nations). Population increasing and regaining territory. Males weigh about 320 to 475 kg (705 to 1,047 lb) and females weigh 275 to 375 kg (606 to 827 lb) in this mid-sized subspecies. Shoulder height ranges from 1.7 to 2.1 m (5 ft 7 in to 6 ft 11 in).<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yakutia, Mid-Siberian or Lena elk<sup id="cite_ref-bearcreekjournal_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bearcreekjournal-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wading_moose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wading_moose.jpg/250px-Wading_moose.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wading_moose.jpg/330px-Wading_moose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><i>A. a. pfizenmayeri</i> </td> <td>Eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. Mostly found in the forests of eastern Russia. The most common elk subspecies in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Its range goes from the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> in the west and most of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Its range excludes the ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a> and Ussuri elk to the east and northern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. Similar in size to the western moose of Canada and the United States. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ussuri, Amur or Manchurian elk<sup id="cite_ref-bearcreekjournal_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bearcreekjournal-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>A. a. cameloides</i> </td> <td>Ranges from the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a> region of far eastern Russia, as well as the northeastern part of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Ussuri elk are different from other elk subspecies in that their antler size is much smaller, or they lack antlers entirely. Even adult bulls' antlers are small and cervine, with little palmation. The smallest subspecies in both Eurasia and the world, with both males and females standing only 1.65 to 1.85 m (5 ft 5 in to 6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and weighing between 200 and 350 kg (441 and 772 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chukotka or East Siberian elk<sup id="cite_ref-bearcreekjournal_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bearcreekjournal-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>A. a. buturlini</i> </td> <td>Ranges from northeastern Siberia from the <a href="/wiki/Alazeya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Alazeya River">Alazeya River</a> basin east to the <a href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anadyrsky_Liman" title="Anadyrsky Liman">Anadyr</a> basins and south through the <a href="/wiki/Koryak_Okrug" title="Koryak Okrug">Koryak</a> range and the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>. The largest subspecies in Eurasia. Males can grow up to 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) tall and weigh between 500 and 725 kg (1,102 and 1,598 lb); females are somewhat smaller. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_moose" title="Eastern moose">Eastern moose</a> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alces_alces_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg/150px-Alces_alces_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alces_alces_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg/225px-Alces_alces_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alces_alces_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg/300px-Alces_alces_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><i>A. a. americana</i> </td> <td>Eastern Canada, including eastern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, all of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Provinces">Atlantic Provinces</a> and the northeastern United States, including <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> near the Adirondack Mountains. Population increasing. This is a fairly small-bodied subspecies, females weighing an average of 270 kg (595 lb), males weighing an average of 365 kg (805 lb) and males standing up to approximately 2 m (6.6 ft) at the shoulder. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_moose" title="Western moose">Western moose</a> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonesome-Lake-Moose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lonesome-Lake-Moose.jpg/250px-Lonesome-Lake-Moose.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lonesome-Lake-Moose.jpg/330px-Lonesome-Lake-Moose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><i>A. a. andersoni</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> to western <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, the eastern <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (the Upper Peninsula), northern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. A middle-sized subspecies that weighs 340 to 420 kg (750 to 926 lb) in adult females and 450 to 500 kg (992 to 1,102 lb) in adult males on average.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska_moose" title="Alaska moose">Alaskan moose</a> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigbullmoose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bigbullmoose.jpg/250px-Bigbullmoose.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bigbullmoose.jpg/330px-Bigbullmoose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="2386" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><i>A. a. gigas</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and the western <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>. The largest subspecies in North America and the world and the largest living deer in the world; the largest one shot on record weighed 820 kg (1,808 lb), and was 2.33 m (7.6 ft) tall at the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shiras' moose or Yellowstone moose <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiras_Bull_at_Cecret_Lake_a_07-25-12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shiras_Bull_at_Cecret_Lake_a_07-25-12.JPG/250px-Shiras_Bull_at_Cecret_Lake_a_07-25-12.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shiras_Bull_at_Cecret_Lake_a_07-25-12.JPG/330px-Shiras_Bull_at_Cecret_Lake_a_07-25-12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><i>A. a. shirasi</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest subspecies in North America, weighing about 230 to 344 kg (507 to 758 lb) at maturity. </td></tr> <tr> <td>† <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_moose" title="Caucasian moose">Caucasian elk</a><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elch.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elch.PNG/250px-Elch.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elch.PNG/330px-Elch.PNG 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="657" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><i>A. a. caucasicus</i> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. Extinct due to habitat loss and overhunting. Its range would have included <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and North and West <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_moose_with_reflection_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_moose_with_reflection_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg/250px-A_moose_with_reflection_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_moose_with_reflection_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg/330px-A_moose_with_reflection_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_moose_with_reflection_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg/500px-A_moose_with_reflection_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A moose and its reflection</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collared_muddy_moose_yearlings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Collared_muddy_moose_yearlings.jpg/250px-Collared_muddy_moose_yearlings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Collared_muddy_moose_yearlings.jpg/330px-Collared_muddy_moose_yearlings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Collared_muddy_moose_yearlings.jpg/500px-Collared_muddy_moose_yearlings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Two young moose wearing radio tracking collars</figcaption></figure> <p>European <a href="/wiki/Rock_drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock drawings">rock drawings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> reveal that moose have been hunted since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Excavations in <a href="/wiki/Alby,_%C3%96land" title="Alby, Öland">Alby, Sweden</a>, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Stora_Alvaret" title="Stora Alvaret">Stora Alvaret</a> have yielded moose antlers in wooden hut remains from 6000 BCE, indicating some of the earliest moose hunting in northern Europe. In northern Scandinavia one can still find remains of <a href="/wiki/Trapping_pit" title="Trapping pit">trapping pits</a> used for hunting moose. These pits, which can be up to 4 m × 7 m (13 ft × 23 ft) in area and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep, would have been camouflaged with branches and leaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They would have had steep sides lined with planks, making it impossible for the moose to escape once it fell in. The pits are normally found in large groups, crossing the moose's regular paths and stretching over several km. Remains of wooden fences designed to guide the animals toward the pits have been found in bogs and peat. In Norway, an early example of these trapping devices has been dated to around 3700 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Trapping elk in pits is an extremely effective hunting method. As early as the 16th century the Norwegian government tried to restrict their use; nevertheless, the method was in use until the 19th century. </p><p>The earliest recorded description of the moose is in <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i>, where it is described thus: </p> <blockquote><p>There are also [animals], which are called <i><a href="/wiki/Alces" title="Alces">alces</a></i> (moose). The shape of these, and the varied color of their skins, is much like roes, but in size they surpass them a little and are destitute of horns, and have legs without joints and ligatures; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest, nor, if they have been thrown down by any accident, can they raise or lift themselves up. Trees serve as beds to them; they lean themselves against them, and thus reclining only slightly, they take their rest; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing. When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In book 8, chapter 16 of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> from 77 CE, the elk and an animal called achlis, which is presumably the same animal, are described thus: </p> <blockquote><p> ... there is, also, the elk, which strongly resembles our steers, except that it is distinguished by the length of the ears and of the neck. There is also the achlis, which is produced in the land of Scandinavia; it has never been seen in this city, although we have had descriptions of it from many persons; it is not unlike the moose, but has no joints in the hind leg. Hence, it never lies down, but reclines against a tree while it sleeps; it can only be taken by previously cutting into the tree, and thus laying a trap for it, as otherwise, it would escape through its swiftness. Its upper lip is so extremely large, for which reason it is obliged to go backwards when grazing; otherwise, by moving onwards, the lip would get doubled up.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/220px-Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/330px-Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg/440px-Alces_alces_elan_trophee_chateau_Tanlay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption>Moose <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy head</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowpoop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Snowpoop.JPG/250px-Snowpoop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Snowpoop.JPG/330px-Snowpoop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Snowpoop.JPG/500px-Snowpoop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Moose <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">scat</a> is commonly found on trails. Some souvenir shops sell bags of it, sealed with <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> and labeled with humorous names.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moose are hunted as a <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> species in many of the countries where they are found. Moose meat tastes, wrote <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> in <i>The Maine Woods</i>, "like tender beef, with perhaps more flavour; sometimes like <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a>". While the flesh has <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> levels similar to those of other comparable <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meats</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wapiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapiti">wapiti</a>), it has a low <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> content, and the fat that is present consists of a higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fats</a> than <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Geist" title="Valerius Geist">Valerius Geist</a>, who emigrated to Canada from the Soviet Union, wrote in his 1999 book <i>Moose: Behaviour, Ecology, Conservation</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Sweden, no fall menu is without a mouthwatering moose dish. The Swedes fence their highways to reduce moose fatalities and design moose-proof cars. Sweden is less than half as large as the Canadian province of British Columbia, but the annual take of moose in Sweden—upward of 150,000—is twice that of the total moose harvest in North America.</p></blockquote> <p>Boosting moose populations in Alaska for hunting purposes is one of the reasons given for allowing aerial or airborne methods to remove wolves in designated areas, e.g., Craig Medred: "A kill of 124 wolves would thus translate to [the survival of] 1488 moose or 2976 <a href="/wiki/Caribou_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou (North America)">caribou</a> or some combination thereof".<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists believe that this artificial inflation of game populations is actually detrimental to both caribou and moose populations as well as the ecosystem as a whole. This is because studies have shown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that when these game populations are artificially boosted, it leads to both <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and a crash in these populations.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumption_of_offal">Consumption of offal</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> levels are high in Finnish moose <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, with the result that consumption of these organs from moose more than one year old is prohibited in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of a study reported in 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_(Ontario)" title="Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)">Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources</a> recommended against the consumption of moose and deer kidneys and livers. Levels of cadmium were found to be considerably higher than in Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Natural Resources">Department of Natural Resources</a> advises hunters not to consume cervid <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cadmium intake has been found to be elevated amongst all consumers of moose meat, though the meat was found to contribute only slightly to the daily cadmium intake. However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse <a href="/wiki/Health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects">health effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_collisions">Vehicle collisions</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> of a moose is above the hood of most <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">passenger cars</a>. In a collision, the impact crushes the front roof beams and individuals in the front seats.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collisions of this type are frequently fatal; <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">seat belts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbags</a> offer little protection.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In collisions with higher vehicles (such as trucks), most of the deformation is to the front of the vehicle and the passenger compartment is largely spared. Moose collisions have prompted the development of a vehicle test referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Moose_test" title="Moose test">moose test</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Älgtest</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Elchtest</i>). A Massachusetts study found that moose–vehicular collisions had a very high human fatality rate and that such collisions caused the death of 3% of the Massachusetts moose population annually.<sup id="cite_ref-ZellerWattles2018_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZellerWattles2018-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_carcass_at_a_solid_waste_facility,_Homer,_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Moose_carcass_at_a_solid_waste_facility%2C_Homer%2C_Alaska.jpg/250px-Moose_carcass_at_a_solid_waste_facility%2C_Homer%2C_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Moose_carcass_at_a_solid_waste_facility%2C_Homer%2C_Alaska.jpg/330px-Moose_carcass_at_a_solid_waste_facility%2C_Homer%2C_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Moose_carcass_at_a_solid_waste_facility%2C_Homer%2C_Alaska.jpg/500px-Moose_carcass_at_a_solid_waste_facility%2C_Homer%2C_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Moose carcass, cause of death unknown, at a solid waste transfer facility in Alaska.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moose warning signs are used on roads in regions where there is a danger of collision with the animal. The triangular warning signs common in Sweden, Norway, and Finland have become coveted souvenirs among tourists traveling in these countries, causing road authorities so much expense that the moose signs have been replaced with imageless generic warning signs in some regions.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ontario, Canada, an estimated 265 moose die each year as a result of collision with trains (as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). Moose–train collisions were more frequent in winters with above-average snowfall.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2008, the Norwegian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i> estimated that some 13,000 moose had died in collisions with Norwegian trains since 2000. The state agency in charge of railroad infrastructure (Jernbaneverket) plans to spend 80 million <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian kroner</a> to reduce collision rate in the future by fencing the railways, clearing vegetation from near the tracks, and providing alternative snow-free feeding places for the animals elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, collisions between automobiles and moose are frequent enough that all new highways have fences to prevent moose from accessing the road, as has long been done in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. A demonstration project, Highway 7 between <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>, which has one of the highest frequencies of moose collisions in the province, did not have these fences until 2008, although it was and continues to be extremely well signed.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> recommended that motorists use caution between dusk and dawn because that is when moose are most active and most difficult to see, increasing the risk of collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local moose sightings are often reported on radio stations so that motorists can take care while driving in particular areas. An electronic "moose detection system" was installed on two sections of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a> in Newfoundland in 2011, but the system proved unreliable and was removed in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the moose population in Newfoundland was increasing along with the number of road accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sweden, a road will not be fenced unless it experiences at least one moose accident per km per year.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In eastern Germany, where the scarce population is slowly increasing, there were two road accidents involving moose since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_crossing_warning_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian road sign."><img alt="Canadian road sign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moose_crossing_warning_sign.jpg/250px-Moose_crossing_warning_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moose_crossing_warning_sign.jpg/330px-Moose_crossing_warning_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moose_crossing_warning_sign.jpg/500px-Moose_crossing_warning_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canadian road sign.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Finland_road_sign_A20.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finnish road sign."><img alt="Finnish road sign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Finland_road_sign_A20.1.svg/330px-Finland_road_sign_A20.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Finland_road_sign_A20.1.svg/500px-Finland_road_sign_A20.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Finland_road_sign_A20.1.svg/960px-Finland_road_sign_A20.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Finnish road sign.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NO_road_sign_146.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwegian road sign."><img alt="Norwegian road sign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NO_road_sign_146.1.svg/256px-NO_road_sign_146.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NO_road_sign_146.1.svg/385px-NO_road_sign_146.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NO_road_sign_146.1.svg/513px-NO_road_sign_146.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norwegian road sign.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweden_road_sign_A19-1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swedish road sign."><img alt="Swedish road sign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sweden_road_sign_A19-1.svg/330px-Sweden_road_sign_A19-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sweden_road_sign_A19-1.svg/500px-Sweden_road_sign_A19-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sweden_road_sign_A19-1.svg/507px-Sweden_road_sign_A19-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swedish road sign.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Warning sign in Alaska where trees and brush are trimmed along high moose crossing areas so that moose can be seen as they approach the road."><img alt="Warning sign in Alaska where trees and brush are trimmed along high moose crossing areas so that moose can be seen as they approach the road." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG/330px-Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG" decoding="async" width="205" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG/500px-Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG/960px-Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">Warning sign</a> in Alaska where trees and brush are trimmed along high moose crossing areas so that moose can be seen as they approach the road.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_crossing_a_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moose (A. a. gigas) crossing a road in Alaska."><img alt="Moose (A. a. gigas) crossing a road in Alaska." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Moose_crossing_a_road.jpg/500px-Moose_crossing_a_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Moose_crossing_a_road.jpg/960px-Moose_crossing_a_road.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moose (<i>A. a. gigas</i>) crossing a road in Alaska.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyborg_ElkMonument_006_9848c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vyborg_ElkMonument_006_9848c.jpg/250px-Vyborg_ElkMonument_006_9848c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vyborg_ElkMonument_006_9848c.jpg/330px-Vyborg_ElkMonument_006_9848c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vyborg_ElkMonument_006_9848c.jpg/500px-Vyborg_ElkMonument_006_9848c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3342" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture by the Finnish Jussi Mäntynen from 1923. The statue was preserved intact from the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and is located in <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Domestication of moose was investigated in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Early experiments were inconclusive, but with the creation of a moose farm at <a href="/wiki/Pechora-Ilych_Nature_Reserve" title="Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve">Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve</a> in 1949, a small-scale moose domestication program was started, involving attempts at <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> of animals on the basis of their behavioural characteristics. Since 1963, the program has continued at <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Moose_Farm" title="Kostroma Moose Farm">Kostroma Moose Farm</a>, which had a herd of 33 <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">tame</a> moose as of 2003. Although at this stage the farm is not expected to be a profit-making enterprise, it obtains some income from the sale of <a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">moose milk</a> and from visiting tourist groups. Its main value, however, is seen in the opportunities it offers for the research in the <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and behavior of the moose, as well as in the insights it provides into the general principles of animal <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a>. </p><p>In Sweden, there was a debate in the late 18th century about the national value of using the moose as a domestic animal. Among other things, the moose was proposed to be used in postal distribution, and there was a suggestion to develop a <a href="/wiki/Moose_cavalry" title="Moose cavalry">moose-mounted cavalry</a>. Such proposals remained unimplemented, mainly because the extensive hunting for moose that was deregulated in the 1790s nearly drove it to extinction. While there have been documented cases of individual moose (eg <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lgen_Stolta" title="Älgen Stolta">Älgen Stolta</a>) being used for riding and/or pulling carts and sleds, Björklöf concludes no wide-scale usage has occurred outside fairy tales.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3></div> <p>As one of the Canadian national symbols, the moose occurs on several Canadian coats of arms, including <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moose is also a common coat of arms in Europe as well; for example, in Finland, it appears on the coats of arms of <a href="/wiki/Hirvensalmi" title="Hirvensalmi">Hirvensalmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Mäntsälä">Mäntsälä</a> municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Michigan" title="Seal of Michigan">Seal of Michigan</a> features a moose.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirvensalmi.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hirvensalmi.vaakuna.svg/250px-Hirvensalmi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hirvensalmi.vaakuna.svg/330px-Hirvensalmi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hirvensalmi.vaakuna.svg/500px-Hirvensalmi.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A moose in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Hirvensalmi" title="Hirvensalmi">Hirvensalmi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84lgen_Stolta" title="Älgen Stolta">Älgen Stolta</a>, a rare example of a domesticated moose</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHundertmark,_K.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hundertmark, K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/56003281/22157381">"<i>Alces alces</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T56003281A22157381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Alces+alces&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T56003281A22157381&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en&rft.au=Hundertmark%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F56003281%2F22157381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatureServe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatureServe_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104982/Alces_alces">"Alces alces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a> Explorer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240410160956/https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104982/Alces_alces">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Alces+alces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2FTaxon%2FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104982%2FAlces_alces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/60507">"elk, <i>n</i>. 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.). 1989 [1891]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309225208/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/60507">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=elk%2C+n.+1&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F60507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/lkh2"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄλκη</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=alces">alces</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/4677">"alce, <i>n.</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (3rd ed.). 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309225920/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/4677">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=alce%2C+n.&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F4677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). <i>The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, Nathan (1731). <i>An Universal Etymological English Dictionary</i> Royal Exchange. Page EL--EM.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-moose" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=moose">"moose"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=moose&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-moose" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=moose">"moose"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=moose&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/moose">"moose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=moose&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903005022/http://jackmanmaine.org/maine-moose.php">"Moose Facts from Maine"</a>. Jackman, Maine Chamber of Commerce. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jackmanmaine.org/maine-moose.php">the original</a> on September 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+Facts+from+Maine&rft.pub=Jackman%2C+Maine+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjackmanmaine.org%2Fmaine-moose.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Bruce (2019). <i>Mesothelioma</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28597-5"><bdi>978-1-135-28597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesothelioma&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-135-28597-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102234625/http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/snp/Animals/moose.htm">"Moose"</a>. Environment and Climate Change Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/snp/Animals/moose.htm">the original</a> on January 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose&rft.pub=Environment+and+Climate+Change+Newfoundland+and+Labrador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.gov.nl.ca%2Fsnp%2FAnimals%2Fmoose.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzmann, A. W. (1981). <i>Alces alces</i>. Mammalian Species, 1-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nowak, Ronald W., <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8">978-0-8018-5789-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nancy_Long_/_Kurt_Savikko-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nancy_Long_/_Kurt_Savikko_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nancy_Long_/_Kurt_Savikko_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongSavikko2009" class="citation web cs1">Long, Nancy; Savikko, Kurt (August 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130022010/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/moose.php">"Moose: Wildlife Notebook Series"</a>. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/moose.php">the original</a> on November 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose%3A+Wildlife+Notebook+Series&rft.pub=Alaska+Department+of+Fish+and+Game&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Savikko%2C+Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adfg.state.ak.us%2Fpubs%2Fnotebook%2Fbiggame%2Fmoose.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, <i>The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats</i>. Sterling Pub Co Inc. (1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-235-9">978-0-85112-235-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moosehuntinginfo.com/world-record-moose.php">"World Record Moose Hunting"</a>. <i>moosehuntinginfo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301233631/https://www.moosehuntinginfo.com/world-record-moose.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moosehuntinginfo.com&rft.atitle=World+Record+Moose+Hunting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moosehuntinginfo.com%2Fworld-record-moose.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodgers2001a-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001a_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2001" class="citation cs2">Rodgers, Art (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moose0000rodg/page/24">"Appearance and characteristics"</a>, <i>Moose</i>, Voyager Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moose0000rodg/page/24">24–27</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89658-521-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89658-521-8"><bdi>978-0-89658-521-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appearance+and+characteristics&rft.btitle=Moose&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=Voyager+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89658-521-8&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoose0000rodg%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Fluctuating asymmetry in the antlers of moose ( Alces alces ): does it signal male quality?". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>254</b> (1341): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>255. 22 December 1993. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1993.0154">10.1098/rspb.1993.0154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129492491">129492491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fluctuating+asymmetry+in+the+antlers+of+moose+%28+Alces+alces+%29%3A+does+it+signal+male+quality%3F&rft.volume=254&rft.issue=1341&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=1993-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129492491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1993.0154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNygrénPuseniusTiilikainendKorpelainen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nygrén, Tuire; Pusenius, Jyrki; Tiilikainend, Raisa; Korpelainen, Jan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15167953.pdf#page=22">"Moose Antler Type Polymorphism: Age and Weight Dependent Phenotypes and Phenotype Frequencies in Space and Time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annales Zoologici Fennici</i>. <b>44</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">445–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23736846">23736846</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211012221937/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15167953.pdf#page=22">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Zoologici+Fennici&rft.atitle=Moose+Antler+Type+Polymorphism%3A+Age+and+Weight+Dependent+Phenotypes+and+Phenotype+Frequencies+in+Space+and+Time&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23736846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nygr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Tuire&rft.au=Pusenius%2C+Jyrki&rft.au=Tiilikainend%2C+Raisa&rft.au=Korpelainen%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F15167953.pdf%23page%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBubenikBubenik2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Peter G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1221&context=scimath_facpub">"Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds"</a>. <i>European Journal of Wildlife Research</i>. <b>54</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">533–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EJWR...54..533B">2008EJWR...54..533B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10344-007-0165-4">10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44737101">44737101</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314062052/https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1221&context=scimath_facpub">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Palmated+antlers+of+moose+may+serve+as+a+parabolic+reflector+of+sounds&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44737101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10344-007-0165-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EJWR...54..533B&rft.aulast=Bubenik&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft.au=Bubenik%2C+Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengagedscholarship.csuohio.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1221%26context%3Dscimath_facpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Randerson2008" class="citation news cs1">James Randerson (March 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/mar/21/medicalresearch.animalbehaviour">"Moose's sharp hearing is attributed to antlers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Moose%27s+sharp+hearing+is+attributed+to+antlers&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft.au=James+Randerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2008%2Fmar%2F21%2Fmedicalresearch.animalbehaviour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-franzmann-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-franzmann_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-franzmann_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-franzmann_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranzmannSchwartz1997" class="citation book cs1">Franzmann, Albert W.; Schwartz, Charles C. (1997). <i>Ecology and Management of the North American Moose</i>. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-775-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-775-8"><bdi>1-56098-775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Management+of+the+North+American+Moose&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56098-775-8&rft.aulast=Franzmann&rft.aufirst=Albert+W.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bubenik-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bubenik_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bubenik_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bubenik_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBubenikBubenik1990" class="citation book cs1">Bubenik, George A.; Bubenik, Anthony B. (1990). <i>Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers: Evolution, Morphology, Physiology, and Social Significance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8968-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8968-2"><bdi>978-1-4613-8968-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horns%2C+Pronghorns%2C+and+Antlers%3A+Evolution%2C+Morphology%2C+Physiology%2C+and+Social+Significance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-8968-2&rft.aulast=Bubenik&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft.au=Bubenik%2C+Anthony+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geist, Valerius (1998)<i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC&pg=PA244">Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923015358/https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC&pg=PA244&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> September 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Stackpole Books. p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskapublic.org/2009/10/19/it%E2%80%99s-a-bull-moose%E2%80%A6no-a-cow%E2%80%A6/">It's a Bull Moose...No a Cow...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120114602/http://www.alaskapublic.org/2009/10/19/it%E2%80%99s-a-bull-moose%E2%80%A6no-a-cow%E2%80%A6/">Archived</a> January 20, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Joe Viechnicki, KFSK – Petersburg 10-19-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pagano,_Anthony_Santino_2019-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pagano,_Anthony_Santino_2019_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pagano,_Anthony_Santino_2019_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pagano, Anthony Santino, Jeffrey T. Laitman, Kurt Albertine, and Samuel Marquez. "Evolution of the proboscis in the moose, Alces alces: Evidence from Morphology and Ecology." The FASEB Journal 33, no. 1_supplement (2019): 767-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Márquez, Samuel, Anthony S. Pagano, Carrie S. Mongle, Kurt H. Albertine, and Jeffrey T. Laitman. "The Nasal Complex of a Semiaquatic Artiodactyl, the Moose (Alces alces): Is it a Good Evolutionary Model for the Ancestors of Cetaceans?." The Anatomical Record 302, no. 5 (2019): 667-692.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keller, Anna, Marcus Clauss, Evelyne Muggli, and Karl Nuss. "Even-toed but uneven in length: the digits of artiodactyls." Zoology 112, no. 4 (2009): 270-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lundmark, Caroline. Morphological and behavioral adaptations of moose to climate, snow, and forage. Vol. 2008, no. 67. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Telfer, Edmund S., and John P. Kelsall. "Adaptation of some large North American mammals for survival in snow." Ecology 65, no. 6 (1984): 1828-1834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSokolovChernova1987" class="citation journal cs1">Sokolov, V. E.; Chernova, O. F. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130013618/https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=SE8811438">"Morphology of the skin of moose (Alces alces L.)"</a>. <i>Swedish Wildlife Research (Sweden)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=SE8811438">the original</a> on 2022-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swedish+Wildlife+Research+%28Sweden%29&rft.atitle=Morphology+of+the+skin+of+moose+%28Alces+alces+L.%29&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sokolov&rft.aufirst=V.+E.&rft.au=Chernova%2C+O.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagris.fao.org%2Fagris-search%2Fsearch.do%3FrecordID%3DSE8811438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newfoundlandbiggamehunting.com/post/newfoundland-moose-trivia">"Big Game Hunting in Newfoundland"</a>. Newfoundland Big Game Hunting. January 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104164154/http://www.newfoundlandbiggamehunting.com/post/newfoundland-moose-trivia">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+Game+Hunting+in+Newfoundland&rft.pub=Newfoundland+Big+Game+Hunting&rft.date=2016-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newfoundlandbiggamehunting.com%2Fpost%2Fnewfoundland-moose-trivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSokolovChernova1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sokolov, V.E.; Chernova, O.F. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260120646">"Morphology of the skin of moose (<i>Alces alces</i> L.)"</a>. <i>Swedish Wildlife Research</i>. Suppl.: <span class="nowrap">367–</span>375<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swedish+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Morphology+of+the+skin+of+moose+%28Alces+alces+L.%29&rft.volume=Suppl.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sokolov&rft.aufirst=V.E.&rft.au=Chernova%2C+O.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F260120646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/moose-mammal#ref1022349">"Moose"</a>. britannica.com. July 23, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002221422/https://www.britannica.com/animal/moose-mammal#ref1022349">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft.date=1999-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fmoose-mammal%23ref1022349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBro-Jørgensen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bro-Jørgensen, Jakob (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949748">"Evolution of the ungulate dewlap: thermoregulation rather than sexual selection or predator deterrence?"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Zoology</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12983-016-0165-x">10.1186/s12983-016-0165-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949748">4949748</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27437025">27437025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Zoology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+ungulate+dewlap%3A+thermoregulation+rather+than+sexual+selection+or+predator+deterrence%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4949748%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27437025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12983-016-0165-x&rft.aulast=Bro-J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4949748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/hautala_gavi/">"Alces alces, Giant of the Northern Forest"</a>. bioweb.uwlax.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208200728/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/hautala_gavi/">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alces+alces%2C+Giant+of+the+Northern+Forest&rft.pub=bioweb.uwlax.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioweb.uwlax.edu%2Fbio203%2Fs2012%2Fhautala_gavi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj8lAQAAMAAJ&dq=moose+calories+needed&pg=PA96">Report of the Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Calendar Year 1971</a> (Report). Washington, D. C.: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062700/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj8lAQAAMAAJ&dq=moose+calories+needed&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Cooperative+Wildlife+Research+Unit+Calendar+Year+1971&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.+C.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUj8lAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dmoose%2Bcalories%2Bneeded%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mooseworld.com/diet.htm">Moose diet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125060007/http://mooseworld.com/diet.htm">Archived</a> November 25, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mooseworld. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_F_Page_84-85-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_F_Page_84-85_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_F_Page_84-85_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1998" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard F. (1998). <i>Biology by numbers: an encouragement to quantitative thinking</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+by+numbers%3A+an+encouragement+to+quantitative+thinking&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisLyon1999" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (1999). <i>Journey to New England</i>. Patricia Harris-David Lyon. p. 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+New+England&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Patricia+Harris-David+Lyon&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Lyon%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodgers2001-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers2001_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2001" class="citation cs2">Rodgers, Art (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moose0000rodg/page/34"><i>Moose</i></a>, Voyager Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moose0000rodg/page/34">34</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89658-521-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89658-521-8"><bdi>978-0-89658-521-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moose&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Voyager+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89658-521-8&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoose0000rodg%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPromackSanker1992" class="citation book cs1">Promack, Jennie; Sanker, Thomas J. (1992). <i>Seasons of the Moose</i>. Gibbs Smith. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seasons+of+the+Moose&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Promack&rft.aufirst=Jennie&rft.au=Sanker%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125060007/http://mooseworld.com/diet.htm">"Moose diet"</a>. <i>Mooseworld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mooseworld.com/diet.htm">the original</a> on November 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mooseworld&rft.atitle=Moose+diet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mooseworld.com%2Fdiet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple1983" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, Byron (1983). <i>North American big-game animals</i>. Stoeger Publishing. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+big-game+animals&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Stoeger+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarb1966" class="citation book cs1">Farb, Peter (1966). <i>The Land and Wildlife of North America</i>. California State department of Education. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+and+Wildlife+of+North+America&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=California+State+department+of+Education&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Farb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimmermannMcNicol1988" class="citation journal cs1">Timmermann, H. R.; McNicol, J. G. (June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/10.5558/tfc64238-3">"Moose Habitat Needs"</a>. <i>The Forestry Chronicle</i>. <b>64</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">238–</span>245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5558%2Ftfc64238-3">10.5558/tfc64238-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7546">0015-7546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forestry+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Moose+Habitat+Needs&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=1988-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5558%2Ftfc64238-3&rft.issn=0015-7546&rft.aulast=Timmermann&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft.au=McNicol%2C+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.cif-ifc.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5558%2Ftfc64238-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1955" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Randolph L. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB_xAAAAMAAJ"><i>North American Moose</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7021-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7021-3"><bdi>0-8020-7021-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328013345/https://books.google.com/books?id=SB_xAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Water is definitely one of the preferred elements in the habitat of moose. When feeding on submerged aquatic vegetation they occasionally dive for plants in water over 18 feet deep.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Moose&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-8020-7021-3&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Randolph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSB_xAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Page_237-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Page_237_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Page_237_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeist1998" class="citation book cs1">Geist, Valerius (1998). <i>Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology</i>. Stackpole Books. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deer+of+the+World%3A+Their+Evolution%2C+Behaviour%2C+and+Ecology&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=Valerius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharp" class="citation web cs1">Sharp, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/science/2004-05-05-moose-nose_x.htm">"Researchers take a look at the moose's enigmatic nose"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518105004/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/science/2004-05-05-moose-nose_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Researchers+take+a+look+at+the+moose%27s+enigmatic+nose&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F2004-05-05-moose-nose_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerliozLeducHofman-KamińskaBignon-Lau2022" class="citation journal cs1">Berlioz, Emilie; Leduc, Charlotte; Hofman-Kamińska, Emilia; Bignon-Lau, Olivier; Kowalczyk, Rafał; Merceron, Gildas (15 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018221005393">"Dental microwear foraging ecology of a large browsing ruminant in Northern Hemisphere: The European moose (Alces alces)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>586</b>: 110754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2021.110754">10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110754</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2025</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Dental+microwear+foraging+ecology+of+a+large+browsing+ruminant+in+Northern+Hemisphere%3A+The+European+moose+%28Alces+alces%29&rft.volume=586&rft.pages=110754&rft.date=2022-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2021.110754&rft.aulast=Berlioz&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft.au=Leduc%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Hofman-Kami%C5%84ska%2C+Emilia&rft.au=Bignon-Lau%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Kowalczyk%2C+Rafa%C5%82&rft.au=Merceron%2C+Gildas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0031018221005393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheekeDierenfeld2010" class="citation book cs1">Cheeke, Peter R.; Dierenfeld, Ellen Sue (2010). <i>Comparative Animal Nutrition and Metabolism</i>. CABI. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Animal+Nutrition+and+Metabolism&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cheeke&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.au=Dierenfeld%2C+Ellen+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMowry2003" class="citation web cs1">Mowry, Tim (December 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301221605/http://m.juneauempire.com/stories/122603/sta_hay.shtml#.VroopVJvy-4">"Deadly diet of hay can bring down a moose"</a>. <i>Fairbanks Daily News-Miner</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.juneauempire.com/stories/122603/sta_hay.shtml#.VroopVJvy-4">the original</a> on March 1, 2016 – via Juneau Empire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fairbanks+Daily+News-Miner&rft.atitle=Deadly+diet+of+hay+can+bring+down+a+moose&rft.date=2003-12-26&rft.aulast=Mowry&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.juneauempire.com%2Fstories%2F122603%2Fsta_hay.shtml%23.VroopVJvy-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBW-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBW_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrasef,_A.2012" class="citation book cs1">Frasef, A. (2012). <i>Feline Behaviour and Welfare</i>. CABI. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-926-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-926-7"><bdi>978-1-84593-926-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feline+Behaviour+and+Welfare&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-926-7&rft.au=Frasef%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25">Tigris Foundation dedicated to the survival of the Amur tiger and leopard in the wild : UK HOME</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817021258/http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25">Archived</a> August 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tigrisfoundation.nl (November 13, 1999). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, M. W., Jędrzejewski, W., & Jedrzejewska, B. (2012). <i>Prey preferences of the tiger Panthera tigris</i>. Journal of Zoology, 286(3), 221-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongSavikko2007" class="citation web cs1">Long, Nancy; Savikko, Kurt (December 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115175008/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php">"Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game"</a>. Adfg.state.ak.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php">the original</a> on November 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolf%3A+Wildlife+Notebook+Series+%E2%80%93+Alaska+Department+of+Fish+and+Game&rft.pub=Adfg.state.ak.us&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Savikko%2C+Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adfg.state.ak.us%2Fpubs%2Fnotebook%2Ffurbear%2Fwolf.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgurtsovKhapuginZheltukhinFedoseeva2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ogurtsov, Sergey S.; Khapugin, Anatoliy A.; Zheltukhin, Anatoliy S.; Fedoseeva, Elena B.; Antropov, Alexander V.; Mar Delgado, María del; Penteriani, Vincenzo (11 January 2024). "Brown bear food habits in natural and human-modified landscapes in West-European Russia". <i>Ursus</i>. <b>2023</b> (34e11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2192%2FURSUS-D-22-00007">10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266933839">266933839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ursus&rft.atitle=Brown+bear+food+habits+in+natural+and+human-modified+landscapes+in+West-European+Russia&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=34e11&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2192%2FURSUS-D-22-00007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266933839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ogurtsov&rft.aufirst=Sergey+S.&rft.au=Khapugin%2C+Anatoliy+A.&rft.au=Zheltukhin%2C+Anatoliy+S.&rft.au=Fedoseeva%2C+Elena+B.&rft.au=Antropov%2C+Alexander+V.&rft.au=Mar+Delgado%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+del&rft.au=Penteriani%2C+Vincenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongSavikko2009" class="citation web cs1">Long, Nancy; Savikko, Kurt (August 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091129232831/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php">"Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game"</a>. Adfg.state.ak.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php">the original</a> on November 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brown+Bear%3A+Wildlife+Notebook+Series+%E2%80%93+Alaska+Department+of+Fish+and+Game&rft.pub=Adfg.state.ak.us&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Savikko%2C+Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adfg.state.ak.us%2Fpubs%2Fnotebook%2Fbiggame%2Fbrnbear.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opseth, O. (1998). <i>Brown bear (Ursus arctos) diet and predation on moose (Alces alces) calves in the southern taiga zone in Sweden</i>. Cand Sci Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mattson, D. J. (1997). <i>Use of ungulates by Yellowstone grizzly bears Ursus arctos</i>. Biological Conservation, 81(1), 161-177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzFranzmann1983" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Charles C. & Franzmann, Albert W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf">"Effects of Tree Crushing on Black Bear Predation on Moose Calves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bears: Their Biology and Management</i>. <b>5</b>. A Selection of Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, February 1980: <span class="nowrap">40–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3872518">10.2307/3872518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3872518">3872518</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217060309/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bears%3A+Their+Biology+and+Management&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Tree+Crushing+on+Black+Bear+Predation+on+Moose+Calves&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3872518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3872518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft.au=Franzmann%2C+Albert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bearbiology.com%2Ffileadmin%2Ftpl%2FDownloads%2FURSUS%2FVol_5%2FSchwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111053/http://hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87">"Hinterland Who's Who – Cougar"</a>. Hww.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87">the original</a> on September 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hinterland+Who%27s+Who+%E2%80%93+Cougar&rft.pub=Hww.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hww.ca%2Fhww2.asp%3Fid%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wolverine.printerfriendly#:~:text=Wolverines%20are%20opportunistic%3B%20eating%20about,are%20well%20adapted%20for%20scavenging.&text=In%20the%20right%20situations%2C%20wolverines,when%20they%20are%20most%20vulnerable.">"Wolverine Species Profile, Alaska Department of Fish and Game"</a>. <i>www.adfg.alaska.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416033334/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wolverine.printerfriendly#:~:text=Wolverines%20are%20opportunistic%3B%20eating%20about,are%20well%20adapted%20for%20scavenging.&text=In%20the%20right%20situations%2C%20wolverines,when%20they%20are%20most%20vulnerable.">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adfg.alaska.gov&rft.atitle=Wolverine+Species+Profile%2C+Alaska+Department+of+Fish+and+Game&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adfg.alaska.gov%2Findex.cfm%3Fadfg%3Dwolverine.printerfriendly%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWolverines%2520are%2520opportunistic%253B%2520eating%2520about%2Care%2520well%2520adapted%2520for%2520scavenging.%26text%3DIn%2520the%2520right%2520situations%252C%2520wolverines%2Cwhen%2520they%2520are%2520most%2520vulnerable.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scrafford, Matthew A., and Mark S. Boyce. "Temporal patterns of wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) foraging in the boreal forest." Journal of Mammalogy 99, no. 3 (2018): 693-701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132035/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf">"Gulo gulo – The American Society of Mammalogists"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. smith.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gulo+gulo+%E2%80%93+The+American+Society+of+Mammalogists&rft.pub=smith.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fmsi%2Fpdf%2Fi0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BairdBaird2006-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BairdBaird2006_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBairdBaird2006" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Robert W.; Baird, Robin W. (August 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23"><i>Killer Whales of the World: Natural History and Conservation</i></a>. Voyageur Press. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2654-1"><bdi>978-0-7603-2654-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721191653/http://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killer+Whales+of+the+World%3A+Natural+History+and+Conservation&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-2654-1&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Baird%2C+Robin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRjksm-5-ap4C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/moose-eating-shark-rescued-in-newfoundland-harbour-1.2434102">"Moose-eating shark rescued in Newfoundland harbour"</a>. <i>CBC Newfoundland & Labrador</i>. Canadian Broatcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523025548/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/moose-eating-shark-rescued-in-newfoundland-harbour-1.2434102">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Newfoundland+%26+Labrador&rft.atitle=Moose-eating+shark+rescued+in+Newfoundland+harbour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fmoose-eating-shark-rescued-in-newfoundland-harbour-1.2434102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graves_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves,_Will2007" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Will (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802182158/http://www.wolvesinrussia.com/"><i>Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages</i></a>. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55059-332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55059-332-7"><bdi>978-1-55059-332-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80431846">80431846</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolvesinrussia.com/">the original</a> on August 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolves+in+Russia%3A+Anxiety+throughout+the+ages&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Detselig+Enterprises&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80431846&rft.isbn=978-1-55059-332-7&rft.au=Graves%2C+Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolvesinrussia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308150339/http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=35&articleID=589">"Watching Wolves On a Wild Ride By Les Line, National Wildlife Federation, December/January 2001, vol. 39 no. 1"</a>. Nwf.org:80. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwf.org:80/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=35&articleID=589">the original</a> on March 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watching+Wolves+On+a+Wild+Ride+By+Les+Line%2C+National+Wildlife+Federation%2C+December%2FJanuary+2001%2C+vol.+39+no.+1&rft.pub=Nwf.org%3A80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%3A80%2Fnationalwildlife%2Farticle.cfm%3FissueID%3D35%26articleID%3D589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raven-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raven_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124100228/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF17/1702.html">"Alaska Science Forum, June 10, 2004 <i>Are ravens responsible for wolf packs?</i> Article #1702 by Ned Rozell"</a>. Gi.alaska.edu. June 10, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF17/1702.html">the original</a> on November 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alaska+Science+Forum%2C+June+10%2C+2004+Are+ravens+responsible+for+wolf+packs%3F+Article+%231702+by+Ned+Rozell&rft.pub=Gi.alaska.edu&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gi.alaska.edu%2FScienceForum%2FASF17%2F1702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carnivores of the World</i> by Dr. Luke Hunter. Princeton University Press (2011), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15228-8">978-0-691-15228-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, Joel; Swenson, Jon E.; Persson, Inga-Lill <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211113/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-70741145.html">Recolonizing Carnivores and Naive Prey: Conservation Lessons from Pleistocene Extinctions.</a> <i>Science</i> September 2, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larver-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larver_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaenson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jaenson, Thomas G.T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927083253/http://ltarkiv.lakartidningen.se/artNo39551P">"Larver av nässtyngfluga i ögat - ovanligt men allvarligt problem. Fall av human oftalmomyiasis från Dalarna och sydöstra Finland redovisas (summary)"</a>. <i>Läkartidningen</i>. <b>108</b> (16). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltarkiv.lakartidningen.se/artNo39551P">the original</a> on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Moose bot fly larvae are common parasites of moose (<i>Alces alces</i>) in north and central Sweden. Last year, however, <i>C. ulrichii</i> was on three occasions recorded for the first time from Småland, south Sweden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%C3%A4kartidningen&rft.atitle=Larver+av+n%C3%A4sstyngfluga+i+%C3%B6gat+-+ovanligt+men+allvarligt+problem.+Fall+av+human+oftalmomyiasis+fr%C3%A5n+Dalarna+och+syd%C3%B6stra+Finland+redovisas+%28summary%29&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jaenson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fltarkiv.lakartidningen.se%2FartNo39551P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebowBlouinRosenblattAlexander2021" class="citation journal cs1">Debow, Jacob; Blouin, Joshua; Rosenblatt, Elias; Alexander, Cedric; Gieder, Katherina; Cottrell, Walter; Murdoch, James; Donovan, Therese (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.22101">"Effects of Winter Ticks and Internal Parasites on Moose Survival in Vermont, USA"</a>. <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>85</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1423–</span>1439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JWMan..85.1423D">2021JWMan..85.1423D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.22101">10.1002/jwmg.22101</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Wildlife+Management&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Winter+Ticks+and+Internal+Parasites+on+Moose+Survival+in+Vermont%2C+USA&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1423-%3C%2Fspan%3E1439&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjwmg.22101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JWMan..85.1423D&rft.aulast=Debow&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Blouin%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Elias&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Cedric&rft.au=Gieder%2C+Katherina&rft.au=Cottrell%2C+Walter&rft.au=Murdoch%2C+James&rft.au=Donovan%2C+Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjwmg.22101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolandsenMadslienYtrehusHamnes2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rolandsen, Christer M.; Madslien, Knut; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Hamnes, Inger Sofie; Solberg, Erling J.; Mysterud, Atle; Vikøren, Turid; Våge, Jørn; Hanssen, Oddvar; Miller, Andrea L. (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8105593">"Distribution, prevalence and intensity of moose nose bot fly (Cephenemyia ulrichii) larvae in moose (Alces alces) from Norway"</a>. <i>International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">120–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021IJPPW..15..120R">2021IJPPW..15..120R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijppaw.2021.04.012">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.04.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F85965">10852/85965</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8105593">8105593</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33996444">33996444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Parasitology%3A+Parasites+and+Wildlife&rft.atitle=Distribution%2C+prevalence+and+intensity+of+moose+nose+bot+fly+%28Cephenemyia+ulrichii%29+larvae+in+moose+%28Alces+alces%29+from+Norway&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8105593%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021IJPPW..15..120R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33996444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijppaw.2021.04.012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F85965&rft.aulast=Rolandsen&rft.aufirst=Christer+M.&rft.au=Madslien%2C+Knut&rft.au=Ytrehus%2C+Bj%C3%B8rnar&rft.au=Hamnes%2C+Inger+Sofie&rft.au=Solberg%2C+Erling+J.&rft.au=Mysterud%2C+Atle&rft.au=Vik%C3%B8ren%2C+Turid&rft.au=V%C3%A5ge%2C+J%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Hanssen%2C+Oddvar&rft.au=Miller%2C+Andrea+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8105593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllingwoodPekinsJonesMusante2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ellingwood, Daniel D.; Pekins, Peter J.; Jones, Henry; Musante, Anthony R. (16 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3339&context=icwdm_usdanwrc">"Evaluating moose Alces alces population response to infestation level of winter ticks Dermacentor albipictus"</a>. <i>Wildlife Biology</i>. <b>2020</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2981%2Fwlb.00619">10.2981/wlb.00619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220526796">220526796</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517041202/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3339&context=icwdm_usdanwrc">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wildlife+Biology&rft.atitle=Evaluating+moose+Alces+alces+population+response+to+infestation+level+of+winter+ticks+Dermacentor+albipictus&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2981%2Fwlb.00619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220526796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ellingwood&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft.au=Pekins%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Henry&rft.au=Musante%2C+Anthony+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3339%26context%3Dicwdm_usdanwrc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWünschmannArmienButlerSchrage2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wünschmann, Arno; Armien, Anibal G.; Butler, Erika; Schrage, Mike; Stromberg, Bert; Bender, Jeff B.; Firshman, Anna M.; Carstensen, Michelle (1 January 2015). "NECROPSY FINDINGS IN 62 OPPORTUNISTICALLY COLLECTED FREE-RANGING MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) FROM MINNESOTA, USA (2003–13)". <i>Journal of Wildlife Diseases</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F2014-02-037">10.7589/2014-02-037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25390764">25390764</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19770221">19770221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Diseases&rft.atitle=NECROPSY+FINDINGS+IN+62+OPPORTUNISTICALLY+COLLECTED+FREE-RANGING+MOOSE+%28ALCES+ALCES%29+FROM+MINNESOTA%2C+USA+%282003%E2%80%9313%29&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19770221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25390764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7589%2F2014-02-037&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCnschmann&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Armien%2C+Anibal+G.&rft.au=Butler%2C+Erika&rft.au=Schrage%2C+Mike&rft.au=Stromberg%2C+Bert&rft.au=Bender%2C+Jeff+B.&rft.au=Firshman%2C+Anna+M.&rft.au=Carstensen%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miquelle, Dale G. "Why don't bull moose eat during the rut?." <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_and_Sociobiology" title="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</a> 27, no. 2 (1990): 145-151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDW_Hartt,_DataCoordinator" class="citation web cs1">DW Hartt, Data; Coordinator, Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424001305/http://www.nwtwildlife.com/NWTwildlife/moose/reproduction.htm">"Moose Reproduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwtwildlife.com/NWTwildlife/moose/reproduction.htm">the original</a> on April 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+Reproduction&rft.au=DW+Hartt%2C+Data&rft.au=Coordinator%2C+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwtwildlife.com%2FNWTwildlife%2Fmoose%2Freproduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuff1999" class="citation book cs1">Ruff, Sue (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smithsonianbooko0000unse"><i>The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals</i></a></span>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Press">Smithsonian Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-845-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-845-8"><bdi>978-1-56098-845-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+Book+of+North+American+Mammals&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-845-8&rft.aulast=Ruff&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmithsonianbooko0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207233626/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/moose/index.html">"Moose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_DNR" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota DNR">Minnesota DNR</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/moose/index.html">the original</a> on December 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+DNR&rft.atitle=Moose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Fmammals%2Fmoose%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.T._Bergerud-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A.T._Bergerud_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A.T._Bergerud_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrichtonA._T._BergerudJames-Abra" class="citation web cs1">Crichton, Vince; A. T. Bergerud; James-Abra, Erin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/moose">"Moose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Crichton&rft.aufirst=Vince&rft.au=A.+T.+Bergerud&rft.au=James-Abra%2C+Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adventure Guide Inside Passage & Coastal Alaska By Ed Readicker-Henderson, Lynn Readicker-Henderson – Hunter Publishing 2006 Page 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091105013619/http://www.wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=aawildlife.agmoose">"What To Do About Aggressive Moose, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game"</a>. wildlife.alaska.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=aawildlife.agmoose">the original</a> on November 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+To+Do+About+Aggressive+Moose%2C+Division+of+Wildlife+Conservation%2C+Alaska+Department+of+Fish+and+Game&rft.pub=wildlife.alaska.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwildlife.alaska.gov%2Findex.cfm%3Fadfg%3Daawildlife.agmoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adventure Guide Alaska Highway</i> By Ed Readicker-Henderson, Lynn Readicker-Henderson – Hunter Publishing 2006 Page 416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explorer's Guide 50 Hikes Around Anchorage</i> By Lisa Maloney – The Countryman Press 2010 Page 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Field & Stream</i> Aug 2002 – Page 75--77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wilderness Camping & Hiking</i> By Paul Tawrell – Exxa Nature 2007 Page 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowyerRachlowStewartVan_Ballenberghe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bowyer, R. Terry; Rachlow, Janet L.; Stewart, Kelley M.; Van Ballenberghe, Victor (December 2011). "Vocalizations by Alaskan moose: female incitation of male aggression". <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>65</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2251–</span>2260. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BEcoS..65.2251B">2011BEcoS..65.2251B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-011-1234-y">10.1007/s00265-011-1234-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20008798">20008798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Vocalizations+by+Alaskan+moose%3A+female+incitation+of+male+aggression&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2251-%3C%2Fspan%3E2260&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20008798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-011-1234-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011BEcoS..65.2251B&rft.aulast=Bowyer&rft.aufirst=R.+Terry&rft.au=Rachlow%2C+Janet+L.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Kelley+M.&rft.au=Van+Ballenberghe%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Fed News Service, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211143/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2416873911.html">Female moose moans provoke bull fights, females have more choice in picking mates, concludes Idaho state university study</a> March 8, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v.106_(1992)-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v.106_(1992)_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34347342"><i>v.106 (1992) – The Canadian field-naturalist</i></a>. Vol. 106. 21 February 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822183532/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34347342">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=v.106+%281992%29+%E2%80%93+The+Canadian+field-naturalist&rft.date=1992-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F34347342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, J.L., C. Arvidson, and P. Wood. 1992. Two Wolves, <i>Canis lupus</i>, killed by a Moose, <i>Alces alces</i>, in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 106(1): 126-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRines" class="citation report cs1">Rines, Kristine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/Resource003858_Rep5484.pdf">New Hampshire's moose population vs climate change</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). New Hampshire Fish and Game Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103753/https://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/Resource003858_Rep5484.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=New+Hampshire%27s+moose+population+vs+climate+change&rft.pub=New+Hampshire+Fish+and+Game+Department&rft.aulast=Rines&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.unh.edu%2Fresources%2Ffiles%2FResource003858_Rep5484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dussault, Christian, Jean‐Pierre Ouellet, Réhaume Courtois, Jean Huot, Laurier Breton, and Hélène Jolicoeur. "Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors." Ecography 28, no. 5 (2005): 619-628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJungCzetwertynskiSchmiegelow2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jung, Thomas S.; Czetwertynski, Sophie M.; Schmiegelow, Fiona K. A. (2018). "Boreal forest titans do not clash: low overlap in winter habitat selection by moose (<i>Alces americanus</i>) and reintroduced bison (<i>Bison bison</i>)". <i>European Journal of Wildlife Research</i>. <b>64</b> (3): 25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EJWR...64...25J">2018EJWR...64...25J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10344-018-1184-z">10.1007/s10344-018-1184-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49315294">49315294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Boreal+forest+titans+do+not+clash%3A+low+overlap+in+winter+habitat+selection+by+moose+%28Alces+americanus%29+and+reintroduced+bison+%28Bison+bison%29&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49315294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10344-018-1184-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EJWR...64...25J&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft.au=Czetwertynski%2C+Sophie+M.&rft.au=Schmiegelow%2C+Fiona+K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2013" class="citation news cs1">Robbins, Jim (October 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/science/earth/something-is-killing-off-the-moose.html">"Moose Die-Off Alarms Scientists"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210211456/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/science/earth/something-is-killing-off-the-moose.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Moose+Die-Off+Alarms+Scientists&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F15%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fsomething-is-killing-off-the-moose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/deer-bringing-death-to-minnesota-s-moose/455232463/">"Solved: Deer have direct role in death of Minnesota moose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a></i>. 7 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420030727/http://www.startribune.com/deer-bringing-death-to-minnesota-s-moose/455232463/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Solved%3A+Deer+have+direct+role+in+death+of+Minnesota+moose&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fdeer-bringing-death-to-minnesota-s-moose%2F455232463%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023308/https://firstforwildlife.wordpress.com/2014/12/02/studies-show-relationship-between-wolves-and-minnesota-moose-population-decline/">"Moose population decline"</a>. 2 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstforwildlife.wordpress.com/2014/12/02/studies-show-relationship-between-wolves-and-minnesota-moose-population-decline/">the original</a> on 2023-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+population+decline&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstforwildlife.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F12%2F02%2Fstudies-show-relationship-between-wolves-and-minnesota-moose-population-decline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/id/ungulates/moose">"Moose | North Dakota Game and Fish"</a>. <i>gf.nd.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105021357/https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/id/ungulates/moose">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gf.nd.gov&rft.atitle=Moose+%26%23124%3B+North+Dakota+Game+and+Fish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgf.nd.gov%2Fwildlife%2Fid%2Fungulates%2Fmoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWattlesDeStefano2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wattles, David W.; DeStefano, Stephen (13 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alcesjournal.org/index.php/alces/article/view/73">"STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF MOOSE IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES"</a>. <i>Alces: A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of Moose</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">53–</span>68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104181813/https://alcesjournal.org/index.php/alces/article/view/73">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alces%3A+A+Journal+Devoted+to+the+Biology+and+Management+of+Moose&rft.atitle=STATUS+AND+MANAGEMENT+OF+MOOSE+IN+THE+NORTHEASTERN+UNITED+STATES&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=DeStefano%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falcesjournal.org%2Findex.php%2Falces%2Farticle%2Fview%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6964.html">"Moose - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation"</a>. <i>www.dec.ny.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913110243/https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6964.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dec.ny.gov&rft.atitle=Moose+-+NYS+Dept.+of+Environmental+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ny.gov%2Fanimals%2F6964.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005181422/http://www.wildlife.utah.gov/news/06-04/permits.php">"Utah Division of Wildlife Resources"</a>. Wildlife.utah.gov. April 28, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildlife.utah.gov/news/06-04/permits.php">the original</a> on October 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utah+Division+of+Wildlife+Resources&rft.pub=Wildlife.utah.gov&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwildlife.utah.gov%2Fnews%2F06-04%2Fpermits.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/2003215177_webmoose21.html">"Oregon moose population is booming"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i>. August 21, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417112102/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003215177_webmoose21.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Oregon+moose+population+is+booming&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fnation-world%2F2003215177_webmoose21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/news/2009/2009_october.asp">"ODFW Oregon Conservation Strategy News"</a>. Dfw.state.or.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706225719/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/news/2009/2009_october.asp">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ODFW+Oregon+Conservation+Strategy+News&rft.pub=Dfw.state.or.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfw.state.or.us%2Fconservationstrategy%2Fnews%2F2009%2F2009_october.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfe-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfeHerseyStoner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Michael L.; Hersey, Kent R.; Stoner, David C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257449101">"A History of Moose Management in Utah"</a>. <i>Alces</i>. <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alces&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Moose+Management+in+Utah&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.au=Hersey%2C+Kent+R.&rft.au=Stoner%2C+David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257449101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNadeauDeCesareBrimeyerBergman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nadeau, M. Steven; DeCesare, Nicholas J.; Brimeyer, Douglas G.; Bergman, Eric J.; Harris, Richard B.; Hersey, Kent R.; Huebner, Kari K.; Matthews, Patrick E.; Thomas, Timothy P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/publications/01955/wdfw01955.pdf">"Status and trends of moose populations and hunting opportunity in the Western United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Department+of+Fish+and+Wildlife&rft.atitle=Status+and+trends+of+moose+populations+and+hunting+opportunity+in+the+Western+United+States&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=M.+Steven&rft.au=DeCesare%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Brimeyer%2C+Douglas+G.&rft.au=Bergman%2C+Eric+J.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Hersey%2C+Kent+R.&rft.au=Huebner%2C+Kari+K.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Patrick+E.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Timothy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdfw.wa.gov%2Fpublications%2F01955%2Fwdfw01955.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2025">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCappelloni2002" class="citation book cs1">Cappelloni, Nancy (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-uomE8l8g8C&pg=PA14"><i>Cranberry Cooking for All Seasons</i></a>. Spinner Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932027-71-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932027-71-9"><bdi>978-0-932027-71-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009073801/http://books.google.com/books?id=u-uomE8l8g8C&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cranberry+Cooking+for+All+Seasons&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Spinner+Publications&rft.date=2002-11&rft.isbn=978-0-932027-71-9&rft.aulast=Cappelloni&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-uomE8l8g8C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholarworks.umass.edu-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scholarworks.umass.edu_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scholarworks.umass.edu_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWattles2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Wattles, David W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1791&context=theses"><i>STATUS, MOVEMENTS, AND HABITAT USE OF MOOSE IN MASSACHUSETTS</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">M.S.</a> thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232721/http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1791&context=theses">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=STATUS%2C+MOVEMENTS%2C+AND+HABITAT+USE+OF+MOOSE+IN+MASSACHUSETTS&rft.degree=M.S.&rft.inst=University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1791%26context%3Dtheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressherald.com/news/Survey-shows-Maine-has-about-76000-moose.html">"Survey estimates Maine has 76,000 moose"</a>. The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram. September 7, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223228/http://www.pressherald.com/news/Survey-shows-Maine-has-about-76000-moose.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Survey+estimates+Maine+has+76%2C000+moose&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2Fnews%2FSurvey-shows-Maine-has-about-76000-moose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWattles2011" class="citation book cs1">Wattles, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1791&context=theses"><i>Status, Movements, and Habitat Use of Moose in Massachusetts</i></a>. University of Massachusetts MS thesis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232721/http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1791&context=theses">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status%2C+Movements%2C+and+Habitat+Use+of+Moose+in+Massachusetts&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+MS+thesis&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1791%26context%3Dtheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_moose.htm">Living With Moose</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608001901/http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_moose.htm">Archived</a> June 8, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mass.gov (September 20, 2007). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maine.gov/ifw/licenses_permits/lotteries/moose/index.htm">Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife – Moose Hunting Permits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015152942/http://www.maine.gov/ifw/licenses_permits/lotteries/moose/index.htm">Archived</a> October 15, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Maine.gov. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/wildlife/pdf_files/outreach/connecticut_wildlife_magazine/cwso04.pdf">Connecticut Wildlife Sep/Oct 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811104345/http://ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/wildlife/pdf_files/outreach/connecticut_wildlife_magazine/cwso04.pdf">Archived</a> August 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF). Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpbn.org/article/moose-are-loose">Moose are on the Loose - Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100622071458/https://www.cpbn.org/article/moose-are-loose">Archived</a> June 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cpbn.org. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0214/p13s02-sten.html">Forests lure moose to Massachusetts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108201818/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0214/p13s02-sten.html">Archived</a> November 8, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Christian Science Monitor (February 14, 2007). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defenders.org-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-defenders.org_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804222937/http://www.defenders.org/newsroom/defenders_magazine/winter_2007/moose_in_a_mess.php">"Moose in a Mess? - Defenders of Wildlife"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenders.org/newsroom/defenders_magazine/winter_2007/moose_in_a_mess.php">the original</a> on August 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+in+a+Mess%3F+-+Defenders+of+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenders.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fdefenders_magazine%2Fwinter_2007%2Fmoose_in_a_mess.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6964.html">"Moose"</a>. <i>Dec.ny.gov</i>. NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. July 6, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728023814/http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6964.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dec.ny.gov&rft.atitle=Moose&rft.date=1999-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ny.gov%2Fanimals%2F6964.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranzman2013" class="citation news cs1">Franzman, Dave (December 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209012754/http://www.kcrg.com/news/local/A-Moose-Still-on-the-Loose-in-Eastern-Iowa-234643041.html">"A Moose Still on the Loose in Eastern Iowa"</a>. <i>KCRG News 9</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kcrg.com/news/local/A-Moose-Still-on-the-Loose-in-Eastern-Iowa-234643041.html">the original</a> on December 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KCRG+News+9&rft.atitle=A+Moose+Still+on+the+Loose+in+Eastern+Iowa&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft.aulast=Franzman&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkcrg.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FA-Moose-Still-on-the-Loose-in-Eastern-Iowa-234643041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastalsafari.com/MOOSE.htm">"tm Moose"</a>. <i>Newfoundland Coastal Safari</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111170038/http://www.coastalsafari.com/MOOSE.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newfoundland+Coastal+Safari&rft.atitle=tm+Moose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastalsafari.com%2FMOOSE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/moose-die-off-not-seen-in-yukon-where-populations-stable-1.2055719">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Moose die-off' not seen in Yukon, where populations stable"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>. October 16, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230234825/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/moose-die-off-not-seen-in-yukon-where-populations-stable-1.2055719">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=%27Moose+die-off%27+not+seen+in+Yukon%2C+where+populations+stable&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnorth%2Fmoose-die-off-not-seen-in-yukon-where-populations-stable-1.2055719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFcredits_Hari_Sreenivasan2014" class="citation web cs1">credits <a href="/wiki/Hari_Sreenivasan" title="Hari Sreenivasan">Hari Sreenivasan</a> (April 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/alarming-decline-wild-moose-new-hampshire/">"What's devastating the wild moose population in New England?"</a>. <i>PBS Newshour</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408100853/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/alarming-decline-wild-moose-new-hampshire/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Newshour&rft.atitle=What%27s+devastating+the+wild+moose+population+in+New+England%3F&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.au=credits+Hari+Sreenivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Falarming-decline-wild-moose-new-hampshire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockman, Christopher J., William B. Collins, Jeffery M. Welker, Donald E. Spalinger, and Bruce W. Dale. "Determining kill rates of ungulate calves by brown bears using neck-mounted cameras." <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> <b>41</b>, no. 1 (2017): 88-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancisProcterKuzykFisher2021" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Alexandra L.; Procter, Chris; Kuzyk, Gerald; Fisher, Jason T. (January 2021). "Female Moose Prioritize Forage Over Mortality Risk in Harvested Landscapes". <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>85</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JWMan..85..156F">2021JWMan..85..156F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.21963">10.1002/jwmg.21963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226361594">226361594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Wildlife+Management&rft.atitle=Female+Moose+Prioritize+Forage+Over+Mortality+Risk+in+Harvested+Landscapes&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226361594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjwmg.21963&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JWMan..85..156F&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+L.&rft.au=Procter%2C+Chris&rft.au=Kuzyk%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Jason+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scientific_american_article_on_moose_decline_in_minnesota-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scientific_american_article_on_moose_decline_in_minnesota_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scientific_american_article_on_moose_decline_in_minnesota_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCusick2012" class="citation news cs1">Cusick, Daniel (18 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rapid-climate-changes-turn-north-woods-into-moose-graveyard/">"Rapid Climate Changes Turn North Woods into Moose Graveyard"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. Springer Nature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108121953/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rapid-climate-changes-turn-north-woods-into-moose-graveyard/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Rapid+Climate+Changes+Turn+North+Woods+into+Moose+Graveyard&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Cusick&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Frapid-climate-changes-turn-north-woods-into-moose-graveyard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCannMoenHarris2013" class="citation journal cs1">McCann, N.P.; Moen, R.A.; Harris, T.R. (October 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d.umn.edu/biology/documents/Moen1.pdf">"Warm-season heat stress in moose (<i>Alces alces</i>)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>91</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">893–</span>898. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CaJZ...91..893M">2013CaJZ...91..893M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjz-2013-0175">10.1139/cjz-2013-0175</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113070553/http://www.d.umn.edu/biology/documents/Moen1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Warm-season+heat+stress+in+moose+%28Alces+alces%29&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E893-%3C%2Fspan%3E898&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fcjz-2013-0175&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013CaJZ...91..893M&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=N.P.&rft.au=Moen%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Harris%2C+T.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d.umn.edu%2Fbiology%2Fdocuments%2FMoen1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRempel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rempel, Robert S. (September 24, 2011). "Effects of climate change on moose populations: Exploring the response horizon through biometric and systems models". <i>Ecological Modelling</i>. <b>222</b> (18): <span class="nowrap">3355–</span>3365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EcMod.222.3355R">2011EcMod.222.3355R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolmodel.2011.07.012">10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.07.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Modelling&rft.atitle=Effects+of+climate+change+on+moose+populations%3A+Exploring+the+response+horizon+through+biometric+and+systems+models&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3355-%3C%2Fspan%3E3365&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolmodel.2011.07.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011EcMod.222.3355R&rft.aulast=Rempel&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebowBlouinRosenblattAlexander2021" class="citation journal cs1">Debow, Jacob; Blouin, Joshua; Rosenblatt, Elias; Alexander, Cedric; Gieder, Katherina; Cottrell, Walter; Murdoch, James; Donovan, Therese (2021-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.22101">"Effects of Winter Ticks and Internal Parasites on Moose Survival in Vermont, USA"</a>. <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>85</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1423–</span>1439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JWMan..85.1423D">2021JWMan..85.1423D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.22101">10.1002/jwmg.22101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-541X">0022-541X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236985989">236985989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Wildlife+Management&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Winter+Ticks+and+Internal+Parasites+on+Moose+Survival+in+Vermont%2C+USA&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1423-%3C%2Fspan%3E1439&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjwmg.22101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236985989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-541X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JWMan..85.1423D&rft.aulast=Debow&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Blouin%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Elias&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Cedric&rft.au=Gieder%2C+Katherina&rft.au=Cottrell%2C+Walter&rft.au=Murdoch%2C+James&rft.au=Donovan%2C+Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjwmg.22101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKusnetz2017" class="citation web cs1">Kusnetz, Nicholas (May 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24052017/climate-change-ticks-killing-new-england-moose-hunters">"Climate Change Is Killing New England's Moose. Can Hunters Save Them?"</a>. InsideClimate News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124800/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24052017/climate-change-ticks-killing-new-england-moose-hunters">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Is+Killing+New+England%27s+Moose.+Can+Hunters+Save+Them%3F&rft.pub=InsideClimate+News&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft.aulast=Kusnetz&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F24052017%2Fclimate-change-ticks-killing-new-england-moose-hunters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/13/winter-ticks-exact-heavy-toll-new-england-moose/PmpQ3QAHm9C1imAxkzMhDM/story.html">"Ticks are killing 70 percent of moose calves across Maine, N.H."</a> <i>The Boston Globe</i>. January 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165038/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/13/winter-ticks-exact-heavy-toll-new-england-moose/PmpQ3QAHm9C1imAxkzMhDM/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Ticks+are+killing+70+percent+of+moose+calves+across+Maine%2C+N.H.&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2017%2F01%2F13%2Fwinter-ticks-exact-heavy-toll-new-england-moose%2FPmpQ3QAHm9C1imAxkzMhDM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-18/moose-new-england-face-grisly-deaths-tick-infestations">"Moose in New England face grisly deaths from tick infestations"</a>. Pri.org. March 18, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124651/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-18/moose-new-england-face-grisly-deaths-tick-infestations">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+in+New+England+face+grisly+deaths+from+tick+infestations&rft.pub=Pri.org&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2017-03-18%2Fmoose-new-england-face-grisly-deaths-tick-infestations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacQuarrie2017" class="citation news cs1">MacQuarrie, Brian (January 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/13/winter-ticks-exact-heavy-toll-new-england-moose/PmpQ3QAHm9C1imAxkzMhDM/story.html">"Ticks devastate Maine, N.H. moose populations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240729125757/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/13/winter-ticks-exact-heavy-toll-new-england-moose/PmpQ3QAHm9C1imAxkzMhDM/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Ticks+devastate+Maine%2C+N.H.+moose+populations&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.aulast=MacQuarrie&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2017%2F01%2F13%2Fwinter-ticks-exact-heavy-toll-new-england-moose%2FPmpQ3QAHm9C1imAxkzMhDM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel, W. M. "Grooming by moose (<i>Alces alces</i>) infested with the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Acari): a mechanism for premature loss of winter hair." <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i> <b>69</b>, no. 5 (1991): 1255-1260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchnfeld2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schnfeld, Fiona (2009). "Presence of moose (Alces alces) in Southeastern Germany". <i>European Journal of Wildlife Research</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EJWR...55..449S">2009EJWR...55..449S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10344-009-0272-5">10.1007/s10344-009-0272-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30772675">30772675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Presence+of+moose+%28Alces+alces%29+in+Southeastern+Germany&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=449&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30772675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10344-009-0272-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EJWR...55..449S&rft.aulast=Schnfeld&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spieg120903-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spieg120903_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/wild-elks-return-to-germany-a-853581.html">"Elks Make a Dangerous Comeback in Germany"</a>. <i>Spiegel</i>. September 3, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225195318/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/wild-elks-return-to-germany-a-853581.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel&rft.atitle=Elks+Make+a+Dangerous+Comeback+in+Germany&rft.date=2012-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fwild-elks-return-to-germany-a-853581.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeikki_HenttonenAndreas_KranzMichael_StubbeTiit_Maran2007" class="citation journal cs1">Heikki Henttonen; Andreas Kranz; Michael Stubbe; Tiit Maran; Alexei Tikhonov (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41782/10539156">"<i>Alces alces</i> ssp. <i>alces</i> (Europe assessment)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2007</b>: e.T41782A10539156<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Alces+alces+ssp.+alces+%28Europe+assessment%29&rft.volume=2007&rft.pages=e.T41782A10539156&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Heikki+Henttonen&rft.au=Andreas+Kranz&rft.au=Michael+Stubbe&rft.au=Tiit+Maran&rft.au=Alexei+Tikhonov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41782%2F10539156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/society/20091002-22315.html">Wayward elk 'Knutschi' found dead – The Local</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111525/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20091002-22315.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Thelocal.de. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlenMooseBBC-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlenMooseBBC_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Euq1KEgysKg">"Re-Introducing Moose to the Glen – Moose – BBC"</a>. 24 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429015044/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Euq1KEgysKg">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2009</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re-Introducing+Moose+to+the+Glen+%E2%80%93+Moose+%E2%80%93+BBC&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEuq1KEgysKg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrambEccleston2008" class="citation news cs1">Cramb, Auslan; Eccleston, Paul (April 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127184812/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3339404/Moose-to-roam-free-again-in-Scotland.html">"Moose to roam free again in Scotland"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3339404/Moose-to-roam-free-again-in-Scotland.html">the original</a> on January 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Moose+to+roam+free+again+in+Scotland&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.aulast=Cramb&rft.aufirst=Auslan&rft.au=Eccleston%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fearthnews%2F3339404%2FMoose-to-roam-free-again-in-Scotland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119054359/http://www.alladale.com/wilderness-reserve/highland-flora--fauna/european-elk---alces-alces.html">"European Elk - <i>Alces alces</i>"</a>. Alladale Wilderness Reserve. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alladale.com/wilderness-reserve/highland-flora--fauna/european-elk---alces-alces.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Elk+-+Alces+alces&rft.pub=Alladale+Wilderness+Reserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alladale.com%2Fwilderness-reserve%2Fhighland-flora--fauna%2Feuropean-elk---alces-alces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pattedyratlas.lex.dk/Elg">"Elg"</a>. Dansk Pattedyratlas. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116185413/https://pattedyratlas.lex.dk/Elg">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elg&rft.pub=Dansk+Pattedyratlas&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpattedyratlas.lex.dk%2FElg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/aalborg/elge-formerer-sig-lystigt-tre-nye-elgkalve-i-vildmosen/a27e64e2-43bd-4c9f-95f2-11da6706d6b6">"Elge formerer sig lystigt: Tre nye elgkalve i Vildmosen"</a>. Nordjyske. 2 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129140907/https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/aalborg/elge-formerer-sig-lystigt-tre-nye-elgkalve-i-vildmosen/a27e64e2-43bd-4c9f-95f2-11da6706d6b6">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elge+formerer+sig+lystigt%3A+Tre+nye+elgkalve+i+Vildmosen&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnordjyske.dk%2Fnyheder%2Faalborg%2Felge-formerer-sig-lystigt-tre-nye-elgkalve-i-vildmosen%2Fa27e64e2-43bd-4c9f-95f2-11da6706d6b6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_King1995" class="citation book cs1">Caroline King, ed. (1995). <i>The handbook of New Zealand mammals</i>. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press in association with the Mammal Society, New Zealand Branch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558320-5"><bdi>978-0-19-558320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+New+Zealand+mammals&rft.place=Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+in+association+with+the+Mammal+Society%2C+New+Zealand+Branch&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-558320-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/deer-and-deer-farming/1">"Deer and deer farming – Introduction and impact of deer"</a>. Te Ara – Encyclopedia of New Zealand. March 1, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204003541/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/deer-and-deer-farming/1">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deer+and+deer+farming+%E2%80%93+Introduction+and+impact+of+deer&rft.pub=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fdeer-and-deer-farming%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/hairs-move-nz-moose-out-of-realm-of-nessie/ZLR2BGOTHEB4OW7I4OXDT4HEOA/">"Hairs move NZ moose out of realm of Nessie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. October 6, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105002735/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/hairs-move-nz-moose-out-of-realm-of-nessie/ZLR2BGOTHEB4OW7I4OXDT4HEOA/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Hairs+move+NZ+moose+out+of+realm+of+Nessie&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fhairs-move-nz-moose-out-of-realm-of-nessie%2FZLR2BGOTHEB4OW7I4OXDT4HEOA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_147-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBredaMarchetti2005" class="citation journal cs1">Breda, Marzia; Marchetti, Marco (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379104001593">"Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia"</a>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>24</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">775–</span>805. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005QSRv...24..775B">2005QSRv...24..775B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2004.05.005">10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.05.005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016233907/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379104001593">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Systematical+and+biochronological+review+of+Plio-Pleistocene+Alceini+%28Cervidae%3B+Mammalia%29+from+Eurasia&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E775-%3C%2Fspan%3E805&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2004.05.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005QSRv...24..775B&rft.aulast=Breda&rft.aufirst=Marzia&rft.au=Marchetti%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0277379104001593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiedziałkowskaNeumannBorowikKołodziej-Sobocińska2020" class="citation book cs1">Niedziałkowska, Magdalena; Neumann, Wiebke; Borowik, Tomasz; Kołodziej-Sobocińska, Marta; Malmsten, Jonas; Arnemo, Jon M.; Ericsson, Göran (2020). "Moose Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)". In Hackländer, Klaus; Zachos, Frank E. (eds.). <i>Handbook of the Mammals of Europe</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-65038-8_23-1">10.1007/978-3-319-65038-8_23-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65038-8"><bdi>978-3-319-65038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moose+Alces+alces+%28Linnaeus%2C+1758%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Mammals+of+Europe&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-65038-8_23-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-65038-8&rft.aulast=Niedzia%C5%82kowska&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Wiebke&rft.au=Borowik%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Ko%C5%82odziej-Soboci%C5%84ska%2C+Marta&rft.au=Malmsten%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Arnemo%2C+Jon+M.&rft.au=Ericsson%2C+G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology</i> By Valerius Geist - Page 244-250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_America'_Page_178-181-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_America'_Page_178-181_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America'_Page_178-181_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Morphological Change in Quaternary Mammals of North America</i> by Robert Allen Martin, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_David_Barnosky" title="Anthony David Barnosky">Anthony D. Barnosky</a> - Cambridge University Press 1993 Page 178-181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kevrekidis2017-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kevrekidis2017_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharalampos_Kevrekidis,_Dimitris_S._Kostopoulos2017" class="citation web cs1">Charalampos Kevrekidis, Dimitris S. Kostopoulos (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315743837">"The southernmost occurrence of Cervalces latifrons (Johnson, 1874) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.24751.53928">10.13140/RG.2.2.24751.53928</a> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+southernmost+occurrence+of+Cervalces+latifrons+%28Johnson%2C+1874%29+%28Artiodactyla%3A+Cervidae%29+in+Europe&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.24751.53928&rft.au=Charalampos+Kevrekidis%2C+Dimitris+S.+Kostopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F315743837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/evolution/cervalces-latifrons/index.html">"Cervalces latifrons | Natural History Museum"</a>. Nhm.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202806/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/evolution/cervalces-latifrons/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cervalces+latifrons+%26%23124%3B+Natural+History+Museum&rft.pub=Nhm.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fnature-online%2Fspecies-of-the-day%2Fevolution%2Fcervalces-latifrons%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeiriListerKosintsevZazula2020" class="citation journal cs1">Meiri, Meirav; Lister, Adrian; Kosintsev, Pavel; Zazula, Grant; Barnes, Ian (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjbi.13935">"Population dynamics and range shifts of moose ( Alces alces ) during the Late Quaternary"</a>. <i>Journal of Biogeography</i>. <b>47</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2223–</span>2234. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JBiog..47.2223M">2020JBiog..47.2223M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjbi.13935">10.1111/jbi.13935</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0270">0305-0270</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225467866">225467866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+and+range+shifts+of+moose+%28+Alces+alces+%29+during+the+Late+Quaternary&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2223-%3C%2Fspan%3E2234&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjbi.13935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225467866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-0270&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JBiog..47.2223M&rft.aulast=Meiri&rft.aufirst=Meirav&rft.au=Lister%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Kosintsev%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Zazula%2C+Grant&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjbi.13935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424191149/http://www.hww.ca/en/species/mammals/moose.html#sid14">"Hinterland Who's Who"</a>. Hww.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hww.ca/en/species/mammals/moose.html#sid14">the original</a> on April 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hinterland+Who%27s+Who&rft.pub=Hww.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hww.ca%2Fen%2Fspecies%2Fmammals%2Fmoose.html%23sid14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724203530/http://www.canadacool.com/COOLFACTS/NEWFOUNDLAND/NFLDMoose.html">"Newfoundland's 120,000 moose are descended from just four that were introduced a century ago"</a>. <i>Canadacool.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadacool.com/COOLFACTS/NEWFOUNDLAND/NFLDMoose.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadacool.com&rft.atitle=Newfoundland%27s+120%2C000+moose+are+descended+from+just+four+that+were+introduced+a+century+ago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadacool.com%2FCOOLFACTS%2FNEWFOUNDLAND%2FNFLDMoose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/speciesinfo/moose/pdfs/interior_moose_news_fall_2011.pdf">Interior Alaska Moose News (Fall 2011)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220094623/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/speciesinfo/moose/pdfs/interior_moose_news_fall_2011.pdf">Archived</a> February 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 6, "How Do Scandinavia and Alaska Compare?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maine.gov/ifw/hunting-trapping/hunting/species/moose/index.html">"Moose: Game Species: Hunting: Hunting & Trapping: Maine Dept of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose%3A+Game+Species%3A+Hunting%3A+Hunting+%26+Trapping%3A+Maine+Dept+of+Inland+Fisheries+and+Wildlife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fifw%2Fhunting-trapping%2Fhunting%2Fspecies%2Fmoose%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unh.edu/unhtoday/2023/02/population-surveying-methods-new-hampshire-moose">"Tracking New Hampshire's Moose Population Using Drones and Wildlife Cameras"</a>. 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+New+Hampshire%27s+Moose+Population+Using+Drones+and+Wildlife+Cameras&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unh.edu%2Funhtoday%2F2023%2F02%2Fpopulation-surveying-methods-new-hampshire-moose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtfishandwildlife.com/hunt/hunting-and-trapping-opportunities/moose/moose-management-faqs">"Moose Management FAQs | Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+Management+FAQs+%26%23124%3B+Vermont+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtfishandwildlife.com%2Fhunt%2Fhunting-and-trapping-opportunities%2Fmoose%2Fmoose-management-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/moose/faq.html">"New England Research Institute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+England+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fmoose%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ct.gov/deep/wildlife/fact-sheets/moose">"Moose"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.ct.gov%2Fdeep%2Fwildlife%2Ffact-sheets%2Fmoose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Lynch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/adirondack-moose-population-threatened-stable-19863077.php">Adirondack moose population threatened but stable</a>, <i>Albany Times-Union</i> (October 27, 2024).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/article_eef704f1-9b7f-5812-b219-31b57a917a31.html">"Wyoming moose numbers fall short"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430102955/http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/article_eef704f1-9b7f-5812-b219-31b57a917a31.html">Archived</a> April 30, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Billings Gazette</i>, May 28, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/wolf-moose-populations.htm">Isle Royale: Wolf & Moose Populations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408032912/https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/wolf-moose-populations.htm">Archived</a> 2021-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Park Service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153--252224--,00.html">"DNRE Survey Results Indicate Approximately 433 Moose in Western Upper Peninsula"</a>. Michigan.gov. May 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191049/http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153--252224--,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNRE+Survey+Results+Indicate+Approximately+433+Moose+in+Western+Upper+Peninsula&rft.pub=Michigan.gov&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdnr%2F0%2C1607%2C7-153--252224--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035142/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/recreation/hunting/moose/moose_survey_2010.pdf">"2010 Aerial Moose Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/recreation/hunting/moose/moose_survey_2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Aerial+Moose+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.dnr.state.mn.us%2Frecreation%2Fhunting%2Fmoose%2Fmoose_survey_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/reports/legislative/moose_mgmt_research.pdf">"Moose Management and Research Plan Update"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113070603/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/reports/legislative/moose_mgmt_research.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+Management+and+Research+Plan+Update&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.dnr.state.mn.us%2Faboutdnr%2Freports%2Flegislative%2Fmoose_mgmt_research.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gf.nd.gov/hunting/biggame/bsem/moose.html">"Big Game Hunting: Moose Season Information"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109193640/http://gf.nd.gov/hunting/biggame/bsem/moose.html">Archived</a> November 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, North Dakota Game and Fish Department</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riistaweb.riista.fi/riistatiedot/riistatietohaku.mhtml">RiistaWeb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724144553/http://riistaweb.riista.fi/riistatiedot/riistatietohaku.mhtml">Archived</a> July 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Riistaweb.riista.fi. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Elgen-truer-skogen-258961b.html">"Elgen truer skogen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106151140/http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Elgen-truer-skogen-258961b.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Elgen+truer+skogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnorge%2FElgen-truer-skogen-258961b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/jord-skog-jakt-og-fiskeri/statistikker/elgjakt/aar/2016-03-18">"Elgjakt, 2015/2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistisk sentralbyrå</a>. 18 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031845/https://www.ssb.no/jord-skog-jakt-og-fiskeri/statistikker/elgjakt/aar/2016-03-18">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elgjakt%2C+2015%2F2016&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fjord-skog-jakt-og-fiskeri%2Fstatistikker%2Felgjakt%2Faar%2F2016-03-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006234127/https://www.zm.gov.lv/public/files/CMS_Static_Page_Doc/00/00/00/37/44/Alnisgrafiks.jpg">"zm.gov.lv"</a> (in Latvian). zm.gov.lv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zm.gov.lv/public/files/CMS_Static_Page_Doc/00/00/00/37/44/Alnisgrafiks.jpg">the original</a> on October 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zm.gov.lv&rft.pub=zm.gov.lv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zm.gov.lv%2Fpublic%2Ffiles%2FCMS_Static_Page_Doc%2F00%2F00%2F00%2F37%2F44%2FAlnisgrafiks.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tartu.postimees.ee/8107158/kuhu-podrad-kadusid-eesti-ja-lati-teadlased-uurivad-asja">"Kuhu põdrad kadusid? Eesti ja Läti teadlased uurivad asja"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tartu_Postimees" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu Postimees">Tartu Postimees</a></i> October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024. <span class="languageicon">(in Estonian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110182639/https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/163091/lietuva-pamego-meskenai-o-rudiesiems-lokiams-vietos-cia-per-mazai">"Lietuvą pamėgo meškėnai, o rudiesiems lokiams vietos čia per mažai"</a>. <i>lrt.lt</i>. February 10, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/163091/lietuva-pamego-meskenai-o-rudiesiems-lokiams-vietos-cia-per-mazai">the original</a> on January 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lrt.lt&rft.atitle=Lietuv%C4%85+pam%C4%97go+me%C5%A1k%C4%97nai%2C+o+rudiesiems+lokiams+vietos+%C4%8Dia+per+ma%C5%BEai&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fnaujienos%2Flietuvoje%2F2%2F163091%2Flietuva-pamego-meskenai-o-rudiesiems-lokiams-vietos-cia-per-mazai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewilding-oder-delta.com/pl/aktualnosci/powrot-losia/">"Zespół Rewilding Oder Delta nastawia się na powrót łosia"</a>. 31 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215210309/https://rewilding-oder-delta.com/pl/aktualnosci/powrot-losia/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82+Rewilding+Oder+Delta+nastawia+si%C4%99+na+powr%C3%B3t+%C5%82osia&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewilding-oder-delta.com%2Fpl%2Faktualnosci%2Fpowrot-losia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lhnet-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lhnet_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095304/http://www.lhnet.org/eurasian-elk/">"Factsheet: Eurasian Elk (Elk, reindeer, roe deer (Cetartiodactyla Cervidae Capreolinae) > Alces alces)"</a>. Lhnet.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhnet.org/eurasian-elk/">the original</a> on July 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factsheet%3A+Eurasian+Elk+%28Elk%2C+reindeer%2C+roe+deer+%28Cetartiodactyla+Cervidae+Capreolinae%29+%3E+Alces+alces%29&rft.pub=Lhnet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhnet.org%2Feurasian-elk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaskin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Baskin, Leonid M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alcesjournal.org/index.php/alces/article/viewFile/4/3">"Status of Regional Moose Populations in European and Asiatic Russia"</a>. <i>Alces</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226212035/http://alcesjournal.org/index.php/alces/article/viewFile/4/3">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alces&rft.atitle=Status+of+Regional+Moose+Populations+in+European+and+Asiatic+Russia&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Baskin&rft.aufirst=Leonid+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falcesjournal.org%2Findex.php%2Falces%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F4%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051340/http://jagareforbundet.se/Templates/Pages/AnimalSpeciesPage.aspx?id=623&epslanguage=sv">"jagareforbundet.se"</a> (in Swedish). jagareforbundet.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jagareforbundet.se/Templates/Pages/AnimalSpeciesPage.aspx?id=623&epslanguage=sv">the original</a> on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=jagareforbundet.se&rft.pub=jagareforbundet.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjagareforbundet.se%2FTemplates%2FPages%2FAnimalSpeciesPage.aspx%3Fid%3D623%26epslanguage%3Dsv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salenalgen.se/Älginformation.htm">salenalgen.se Om älgar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620050136/http://www.salenalgen.se/%C3%84lginformation.htm">Archived</a> June 20, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/sa-manga-djur-dodas-i-trafiken-varje-ar">"Så många djur dödas i trafiken varje år | SvD"</a>. <i>Svenska Dagbladet</i>. Svd.se. December 29, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025726/https://www.svd.se/sa-manga-djur-dodas-i-trafiken-varje-ar">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=S%C3%A5+m%C3%A5nga+djur+d%C3%B6das+i+trafiken+varje+%C3%A5r+%26%23124%3B+SvD&rft.date=2003-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fsa-manga-djur-dodas-i-trafiken-varje-ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, A. T., Xie, Y., Hoffmann, R. S., Lunde, D., MacKinnon, J., Wilson, D. E., & Wozencraft, W. C. (Eds.). (2010). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&q=moose">A guide to the mammals of China</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919071005/https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=moose&f=false">Archived</a> September 19, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bearcreekjournal-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bearcreekjournal_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bearcreekjournal_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bearcreekjournal_182-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130620053743/http://bearcreekjournal.com/mooseworld/asian-moose/">"Asian Moose"</a>. Bear Creek Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bearcreekjournal.com/mooseworld/asian-moose/">the original</a> on June 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Moose&rft.pub=Bear+Creek+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbearcreekjournal.com%2Fmooseworld%2Fasian-moose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Jackson, 2009, Moose, Reaktion Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, K. (2009). <i>Moose</i>. Reaktion Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/moose.pdf">"Moose in British Columbia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, British Columbia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222030944/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/moose.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+in+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Environment%2C+Lands+and+Parks%2C+British+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.gov.bc.ca%2Fwld%2Fdocuments%2Fmoose.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzmann, A. W., LeResche, R. E., Rausch, R. A., & Oldemeyer, J. L. (1978). <i>Alaskan moose measurements and weights and measurement-weight relationships</i>. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56(2), 298-306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621205514/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/hunter/gametrails/2004/moose_status.htm">"Moose Status and Hunting in Washington By Dana L. Base, Associate Wildlife Biologist August 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/hunter/gametrails/2004/moose_status.htm">the original</a> on June 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose+Status+and+Hunting+in+Washington+By+Dana+L.+Base%2C+Associate+Wildlife+Biologist+August+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwdfw.wa.gov%2Fwlm%2Fgame%2Fhunter%2Fgametrails%2F2004%2Fmoose_status.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrobel2006" class="citation book cs1">Wrobel, Murray (November 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1A9Y1OA2oC&q=Caucasian+elk&pg=PA14"><i>Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-048882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-048882-0"><bdi>978-0-08-048882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elsevier%27s+Dictionary+of+Mammals&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006-11-18&rft.isbn=978-0-08-048882-0&rft.aulast=Wrobel&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQn1A9Y1OA2oC%26q%3DCaucasian%2Belk%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaesarHirtius1879" class="citation book cs1">Caesar, Julius; Hirtius, Aulus (1879). "XXVII". <i>Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and civil wars</i>. Harper & brothers. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-217-45287-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-217-45287-8"><bdi>978-0-217-45287-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXVII&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Commentaries+on+the+Gallic+and+civil+wars&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1879&rft.isbn=978-0-217-45287-8&rft.aulast=Caesar&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Hirtius%2C+Aulus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_BostockHenry_Thomas_Riley" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">John Bostock</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Henry Thomas Riley</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713100336/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+8.16">"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+8.16">the original</a> on 2012-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+The+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DPlin.%2BNat.%2B8.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c22al.html">"Moose, meat, raw (Alaska Native)"</a>. Nutrition Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521095638/http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c22aL.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moose%2C+meat%2C+raw+%28Alaska+Native%29&rft.pub=Nutrition+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutritiondata.com%2Ffacts-C00001-01c22al.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213031137/http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/410461.html/">"adn.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/410461.html/">the original</a> on February 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=adn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Fnews%2Falaska%2Fwildlife%2Fwolves%2Fstory%2F410461.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenders.org/resources/publications/policy_and_legislation/aerial_hunting_q_and_a.pdf">Aerial Hunting FAQs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712145731/http://www.defenders.org/resources/publications/policy_and_legislation/aerial_hunting_q_and_a.pdf">Archived</a> July 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Defenders of Wildlife - Protect America's Wildlife (PAW) Act - Aerial hunting FAQs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodqualitynews.com/Food-Alerts/All-clear-for-Finnish-foods">"All-clear for Finnish foods"</a>. Food Quality News. 11 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091110081823/http://www.foodqualitynews.com/Food-Alerts/All-clear-for-Finnish-foods">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All-clear+for+Finnish+foods&rft.pub=Food+Quality+News&rft.date=2003-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodqualitynews.com%2FFood-Alerts%2FAll-clear-for-Finnish-foods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlooschenkoDownesFrankBraun1988" class="citation journal cs1">Glooschenko, V.; Downes, C.; Frank, R.; Braun, H.E.; Addison, E.M.; Hickie, J. (June 1988). "Cadmium levels in Ontario moose and deer in relation to soil sensitivity to acid precipitation". <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>71</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ScTEn..71..173G">1988ScTEn..71..173G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-9697%2888%2990165-9">10.1016/0048-9697(88)90165-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3381081">3381081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Cadmium+levels+in+Ontario+moose+and+deer+in+relation+to+soil+sensitivity+to+acid+precipitation&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=1988-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3381081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-9697%2888%2990165-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988ScTEn..71..173G&rft.aulast=Glooschenko&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Downes%2C+C.&rft.au=Frank%2C+R.&rft.au=Braun%2C+H.E.&rft.au=Addison%2C+E.M.&rft.au=Hickie%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703172302/https://www.gnb.ca/cnb/news/he/2005e1188hw.htm">"Health and Wellness Public Health Advisory / Hunters and wildlife diseases (05/09/16)"</a>. No. NB 1188. www.gnb.ca. New Brunswick Chief Medical Officer of Health. September 16, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnb.ca/cnb/news/he/2005e1188hw.htm">the original</a> on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Health+and+Wellness+Public+Health+Advisory+%2F+Hunters+and+wildlife+diseases+%2805%2F09%2F16%29&rft.issue=NB+1188&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnb.ca%2Fcnb%2Fnews%2Fhe%2F2005e1188hw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vahteristo, L., Lyytikäinen, T., Venäläinen, E. R., Eskola, M., Lindfors, E., Pohjanvirta, R., & Maijala, R. (2003). Cadmium intake of moose hunters in Finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney. <i>Food Additives and Contamination, 20</i>, 453–463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vti.se/sv/publikationer/pdf/algdocka-av-gummi-for-krockprov.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311184713/http://www.vti.se/sv/publikationer/pdf/algdocka-av-gummi-for-krockprov.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vti.se%2Fsv%2Fpublikationer%2Fpdf%2Falgdocka-av-gummi-for-krockprov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529203439/http://www.vti.se/nordic/2-04mapp/annosv.html">Traffic Management for a Sustainable Environment</a> Number 2, 2004, of Nordic Road & Transport Research. Annotations Sweden</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZellerWattles2018-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZellerWattles2018_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZellerWattlesDeStefano2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zeller, Katherine A.; Wattles, David W.; DeStefano, Stephen (2018). "Incorporating Road Crossing Data into Vehicle Collision Risk Models for Moose (Alces americanus) in Massachusetts, USA". <i>Environmental Management</i>. <b>62</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">518–</span>528. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnMan..62..518Z">2018EnMan..62..518Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-018-1058-x">10.1007/s00267-018-1058-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-152X">0364-152X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29744581">29744581</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13700403">13700403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Incorporating+Road+Crossing+Data+into+Vehicle+Collision+Risk+Models+for+Moose+%28Alces+americanus%29+in+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E518-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13700403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EnMan..62..518Z&rft.issn=0364-152X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00267-018-1058-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29744581&rft.aulast=Zeller&rft.aufirst=Katherine+A.&rft.au=Wattles%2C+David+W.&rft.au=DeStefano%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/algsafari-lockar-tusentals-turister-1.560803">Älgsafari lockar tusentals turister</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>", <i><a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a></i>, August 12, 2007. Accessed November 6, 2009."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamr, Joe, Mike Hall, and Jesse N. Popp. "AN ASSESSMENT OF MOOSE AND ELK TRAIN COLLISIONS IN ONTARIO, CANADA." Alces: A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of Moose 55 (2019): 1-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928100858/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2222872.ece">"Railroad takes steps to reduce moose crashes"</a>. <i>Aftenposten</i>. January 28, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2222872.ece">the original</a> on September 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Railroad+takes+steps+to+reduce+moose+crashes&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fenglish%2Flocal%2Farticle2222872.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnb.ca/0113/moose/alert-e.asp">Moose-Vehicle Collision Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114141943/http://www.gnb.ca/0113/moose/alert-e.asp">Archived</a> January 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Brunswick Department of Transportation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnb.ca/cnb/news/tran/2008e0411tr.htm">More wildlife fencing to be installed on Route 7 in 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117200940/http://www.gnb.ca/cnb/news/tran/2008e0411tr.htm">Archived</a> January 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Communications New Brunswick, April 8, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513202718/http://www.roads.gov.nl.ca/moose.htm">"Highway Driving Conditions – Department of Transportation and Works"</a>. www.roads.gov.nl.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roads.gov.nl.ca/moose.htm">the original</a> on May 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highway+Driving+Conditions+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Transportation+and+Works&rft.pub=www.roads.gov.nl.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roads.gov.nl.ca%2Fmoose.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/moose-detection-lights-being-removed-not-effective-for-n-l-1.2951688">"Moose detection lights being removed, 'not effective' for N.L."</a> <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. February 10, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123113917/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/moose-detection-lights-being-removed-not-effective-for-n-l-1.2951688">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Moose+detection+lights+being+removed%2C+%27not+effective%27+for+N.L.&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fmoose-detection-lights-being-removed-not-effective-for-n-l-1.2951688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAusten2024" class="citation news cs1">Austen, Ian (October 5, 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/05/world/canada/newfoundland-moose-car-accidents.html">"A Menace to Motorists, but the 'Noble' Moose Is Adopted by Newfoundland"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Menace+to+Motorists%2C+but+the+%27Noble%27+Moose+Is+Adopted+by+Newfoundland&rft.date=2024-10-05&rft.aulast=Austen&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F10%2F05%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-moose-car-accidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttela.se/start/mellerud/1.595186-manga-viltolyckor-inget-gors?NewUrl=null">Många viltolyckor – inget görs – Mellerud</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719070131/http://ttela.se/start/mellerud/1.595186-manga-viltolyckor-inget-gors?NewUrl=null">Archived</a> July 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. www.ttela.se (December 21, 2010). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Björklöf, Sune. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordicacademicpress.com/o.o.i.s?id=52&vid=123">"Har älgar tämjts till kavalleri?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714194546/http://www.nordicacademicpress.com/o.o.i.s?id=52&vid=123">Archived</a> July 14, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Populär Historia</i>, no 5. Visited May 17, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/quarterly/id/31852">"The Newfoundland Quarterly, volume 057, no. 2 (June 1958) :: Newfoundland Quarterly"</a>. <i>collections.mun.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626011931/http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/quarterly/id/31852">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.mun.ca&rft.atitle=The+Newfoundland+Quarterly%2C+volume+057%2C+no.+2+%28June+1958%29+%3A%3A+Newfoundland+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mun.ca%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fquarterly%2Fid%2F31852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/about/emblems_symbols/emblems.html#Coat">"Coat of arms of Ontario – Government of Ontario"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050920121006/http://www.gov.on.ca/mbs/english/about/emblems_symbols/emblems.html#Coat">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coat+of+arms+of+Ontario+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.on.ca%2FMBS%2Fenglish%2Fabout%2Femblems_symbols%2Femblems.html%23Coat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Suomen kunnallisvaakunat</i> (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3"><bdi>951-773-085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+kunnallisvaakunat&rft.pub=Suomen+Kunnallisliitto&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=951-773-085-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/sos/0,4670,7-127-1633_95527_95528-22823--,00.html">"SOS - History of the Great Seal and Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>www.michigan.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929111624/https://www.michigan.gov/sos/0,4670,7-127-1633_95527_95528-22823--,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.michigan.gov&rft.atitle=SOS+-+History+of+the+Great+Seal+and+Coat+of+Arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fsos%2F0%2C4670%2C7-127-1633_95527_95528-22823--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alcesjournal.org/">Alces: A journal devoted to the biology and management of moose (Alces alces)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125205/http://alcesjournal.org/">Archived</a> 2012-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuTemple2000" class="citation book cs1">DuTemple, Lesley A. (February 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEtyxoXC5d8C&q=North%20American%20Moose&pg=PP1"><i>North American Moose</i></a>. Lerner Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57505-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57505-426-1"><bdi>978-1-57505-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Moose&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57505-426-1&rft.aulast=DuTemple&rft.aufirst=Lesley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEtyxoXC5d8C%26q%3DNorth%2520American%2520Moose%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeistFrancis1999" class="citation book cs1">Geist, Valerius; Francis, Michael H. (November 1999). <i>Moose: Behavior, Ecology, Conservation</i>. Voyageur Press (MN). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89658-422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89658-422-8"><bdi>978-0-89658-422-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moose%3A+Behavior%2C+Ecology%2C+Conservation&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press+%28MN%29&rft.date=1999-11&rft.isbn=978-0-89658-422-8&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=Valerius&rft.au=Francis%2C+Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPromackSanker1992" class="citation book cs1">Promack, Jennie; Sanker, Thomas J. (June 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=639shiQhz8sC&q=Seasons%20of%20the%20Moose&pg=PP1"><i>Seasons of the Moose</i></a>. Gibbs Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87905-455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87905-455-7"><bdi>978-0-87905-455-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seasons+of+the+Moose&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=1992-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87905-455-7&rft.aulast=Promack&rft.aufirst=Jennie&rft.au=Sanker%2C+Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D639shiQhz8sC%26q%3DSeasons%2520of%2520the%2520Moose%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrong1998" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Paul (May 1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmoosecountry0000stro"><i>Wild Moose Country</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). Cowles Creative Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55971-638-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55971-638-3"><bdi>978-1-55971-638-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Moose+Country&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cowles+Creative+Publishing&rft.date=1998-05&rft.isbn=978-1-55971-638-3&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildmoosecountry0000stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moose" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:moose"> moose</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" class="extiw" title="commons:Alces alces"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Alces alces</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alces alces">Alces alces</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180703">"Alces alces"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alces+alces&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D180703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xwik_lSyW1A">A moose in the National Nature Park "Losinyj Ostrov" ("Moose" or "Elk" Island) in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723084153/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xwik_lSyW1A">Archived</a> 2013-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122044505/http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=1">"North American Mammals: Alces alces"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=1">the original</a> on 2016-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+Mammals%3A+Alces+alces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnh.si.edu%2Fmna%2Fimage_info.cfm%3Fspecies_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoose" class="Z3988"></span> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Artiodactyla_species813" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artiodactyla" title="Template talk:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Artiodactyla_species813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Game" title="Template:North American Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie-chicken" title="Greater prairie-chicken">Greater prairie-chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/120px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5305" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5305" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alces alces</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35517" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q35517">Q35517</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alces_alces" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alces alces">Alces alces</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alces_alces/">Alces_alces</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20892">20892</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=201855">201855</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/BHC3">BHC3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328654">328654</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ALCSAL">ALCSAL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305254">305254</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/29d8f33f-e445-42b7-b711-3d35b2b7d1ae">29d8f33f-e445-42b7-b711-3d35b2b7d1ae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2440940">2440940</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/522193">522193</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11098270">11098270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180703">180703</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/56003281">56003281</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006285">1006285</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200208">14200208</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104982/">2.104982</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9852">9852</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/865dcb94-6b66-49ba-97a7-01c3a0261fa5">865dcb94-6b66-49ba-97a7-01c3a0261fa5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/20725/">20725</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=460509">460509</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850">43850</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=1419">1419</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Alces-alces">Alces-alces</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Cervus alces</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109647135" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q109647135">Q109647135</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5XMWM">5XMWM</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/11384">11384</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4409380">4409380</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=898282">898282</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/4F0FAD83-B0C4-49AC-8401-866252DF8D58">4F0FAD83-B0C4-49AC-8401-866252DF8D58</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1580" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35517#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070738-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Moose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85087175">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alces"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12199481k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alces"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12199481k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="los evropský"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115175&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543679205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10648091">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose&oldid=1284479286">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose&oldid=1284479286</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NatureServe_secure_species" title="Category:NatureServe secure species">NatureServe secure species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moose" title="Category:Moose">Moose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alces" title="Category:Alces">Alces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Holarctic_realm" title="Category:Fauna of the Holarctic realm">Fauna of the Holarctic realm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Asia" title="Category:Mammals of Asia">Mammals of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Europe" title="Category:Mammals of Europe">Mammals of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_North_America" title="Category:Mammals of North America">Mammals of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_described_in_1758" title="Category:Mammals described in 1758">Mammals described in 1758</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Alaska" title="Category:Symbols of Alaska">Symbols of Alaska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2025">Articles with dead external links from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cite_IUCN_without_doi" title="Category:Cite IUCN without doi">Cite IUCN without doi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latvian-language_sources_(lv)" title="Category:CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)">CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Estonian-language_sources_(et)" title="Category:Articles with Estonian-language sources (et)">Articles with Estonian-language sources (et)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv)">Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2025" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2025">Articles with dead external links from April 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Narragansett-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Narragansett-language text">Articles containing Narragansett-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Eastern_Abnaki-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Eastern Abnaki-language text">Articles containing Eastern Abnaki-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_November_2020" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from November 2020">Vague or ambiguous time from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_automatically_added_original_combinations" title="Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations">Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_20%E2%80%9324_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 April 2025, at 20:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moose</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>119 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-vgl77","wgBackendResponseTime":340,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.496","walltime":"2.889","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45942,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":860740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":122119,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":669818,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2469.526 1 -total"," 35.95% 887.734 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.55% 482.821 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 19.36% 478.034 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 10.25% 253.144 72 Template:Cite_web"," 7.11% 175.502 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 7.04% 173.971 76 Template:Period_start"," 7.04% 173.887 30 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.80% 167.944 1 Template:Artiodactyla"," 6.68% 164.943 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.547","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25066448,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-59pw6","timestamp":"20250409121320","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Moose","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moose","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35517","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35517","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T01:21:45Z","dateModified":"2025-04-07T20:52:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e0\/Alaska_moose.jpg","headline":"species of mammal"}</script> </body> </html>