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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stratigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stratigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ediacaran-Cambrian_boundary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ediacaran-Cambrian_boundary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ediacaran-Cambrian_boundary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terreneuvian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terreneuvian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Terreneuvian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terreneuvian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambrian_Series_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambrian_Series_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Cambrian Series 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambrian_Series_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miaolingian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miaolingian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Miaolingian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miaolingian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furongian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furongian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Furongian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furongian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambrian–Ordovician_boundary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambrian–Ordovician_boundary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Cambrian–Ordovician boundary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambrian–Ordovician_boundary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Impact structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paleogeography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleogeography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleogeography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laurentia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laurentia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Laurentia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laurentia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gondwana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gondwana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gondwana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gondwana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ganderia,_East_and_West_Avalonia,_Carolinia_and_Meguma_Terranes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganderia,_East_and_West_Avalonia,_Carolinia_and_Meguma_Terranes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma Terranes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganderia,_East_and_West_Avalonia,_Carolinia_and_Meguma_Terranes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Baltica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>North China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_China_and_Annamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_China_and_Annamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>South China and Annamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_China_and_Annamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geochemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geochemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geochemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotope_excursions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotope_excursions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Isotope excursions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotope_excursions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Base_of_Cambrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_of_Cambrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Base of Cambrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_of_Cambrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambrian_Stages_2_and_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambrian_Stages_2_and_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Cambrian Stages 2 and 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambrian_Stages_2_and_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambrian_Stage_4_to_early_Miaolingian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambrian_Stage_4_to_early_Miaolingian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Cambrian Stage 4 to early Miaolingian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambrian_Stage_4_to_early_Miaolingian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Furongian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Furongian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Early Furongian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Furongian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnesium/calcium_isotope_ratios_in_seawater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnesium/calcium_isotope_ratios_in_seawater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Magnesium/calcium isotope ratios in seawater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnesium/calcium_isotope_ratios_in_seawater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oceanic life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cambrian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="العصر الكمبري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الكمبري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrianu" title="Cambrianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cambrianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembri_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Kembri dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kembri dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ক্যামব্রিয়ান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যামব্রিয়ান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria-k%C3%AD" title="Cambria-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cambria-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Кембрыйскі перыяд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кембрыйскі перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Кембр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кембр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Камбрий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камбрий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrij" title="Kambrij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kambrij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrian" title="Kambrian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kambrian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambri%C3%A0" title="Cambrià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambrià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambriaidd" title="Cambriaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cambriaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κάμβρια περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάμβρια περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mbrico" title="Cámbrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámbrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrio" title="Kambrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kambrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbriar" title="Kanbriar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanbriar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کامبرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامبرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrien" title="Cambrien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cambrien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%A9imhse_Chaimbriach" title="An Tréimhse Chaimbriach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tréimhse Chaimbriach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mbrico" title="Cámbrico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cámbrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EA%B8%B0" title="캄브리아기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캄브리아기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Քեմբրիի ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քեմբրիի ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="कैम्ब्रियाई कल्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैम्ब्रियाई कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrij" title="Kambrij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kambrij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambr%C3%ADumt%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Kambríumtímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kambríumtímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambriano" title="Cambriano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cambriano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קמבריון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמבריון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambriyum" title="Kambriyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kambriyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="კამბრიული სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კამბრიული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Кембрий кезеңі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кембрий кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кембрий мезгили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кембрий мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrium" title="Cambrium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cambrium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrijs" title="Kembrijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kembrijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambras" title="Kambras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kambras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrium" title="Cambrium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cambrium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cambrian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Камбриум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камбриум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="കാംബ്രിയൻ കാലഘട്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാംബ്രിയൻ കാലഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کامبرین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کامبرین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambria" title="Kambria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kambria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ng-%C5%AB-g%C4%AB" title="Hàng-ū-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hàng-ū-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="ကမ်ဘရီအာယုဂ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ်ဘရီအာယုဂ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrium" title="Cambrium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cambrium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="त्रिखण्डारम्म युग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="त्रिखण्डारम्म युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%B4%80" title="カンブリア紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンブリア紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cambrian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembriy_sistemasi" title="Kembriy sistemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kembriy sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کیمبرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمبرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cambrian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambr" title="Kambr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kambr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambriano" title="Cambriano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cambriano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cambrian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кембрийский период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кембрийский период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кембрий – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кембрий" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Cambrian" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cambrian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrij" title="Kambrij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kambrij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambriyaan" title="Kambriyaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kambriyaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Камбријум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камбријум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrij" title="Kambrij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kambrij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrikausi" title="Kambrikausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kambrikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambriyano" title="Kambriyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kambriyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கேம்பிரியக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேம்பிரியக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кембрий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кембрий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ยุคแคมเบรียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคแคมเบรียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambriyen" title="Kambriyen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kambriyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кембрійський період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кембрійський період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کیمبری دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمبری دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B7_Cambri" title="Kỷ Cambri – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỷ Cambri" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kambrium" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%B4%80" title="寒武紀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="寒武紀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cambrian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="寒武纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_K%C3%A1mbr%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Ìgbà Kámbríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Kámbríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%B4%80" title="寒武紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="寒武紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="寒武纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First period of the Paleozoic Era, 539–485 million years ago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cambrian (disambiguation)">Cambrian (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cambria" title="Cambria">Cambria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>.</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cambrian fauna" redirects here. For the first evolutionary fauna, see <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_fauna#Cambrian_fauna" title="Evolutionary fauna">Evolutionary fauna § Cambrian fauna</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(127,160,86);">Cambrian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">538.8 ± 0.2 – 485.4 ± 1.9 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:38.636923076923px; width:16.073846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_510_Ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_510_Ma.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_510_Ma.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_510_Ma.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_510_Ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_510_Ma.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_510_Ma.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth as it appeared 510 million years ago during the Cambrian Period, Series 2 epoch</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:25.15em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:38em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−540 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.07em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.49em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−535 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−530 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.74em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−525 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−520 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−515 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−510 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−505 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.35em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−495 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.60em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.02em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−490 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−485 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.28em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:9em;height:38em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000011"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,179,66);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:0.000em;width:0.990em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.056em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">N<br />♇</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:35.889em;left:0.000em;width:0.990em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.944em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">P<br />a<br />l<br />e<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,217,106);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:1.080em;width:7.920em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.056em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,160,86);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:33.678em;left:1.080em;width:0.990em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.839em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C<br />a<br />m<br />b<br />r<br />i<br />a<br />n</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(0,146,112);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.111em;left:1.080em;width:7.920em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.056em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(140,176,108);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:24.630em;height:11.159em;left:2.160em;width:0.990em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.580em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">T<br />e<br />r<br />r<br />e<br />n<br />e<br />u<br />v<br />i<br />a<br />n</a><br /><br /></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,120);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.039em;height:7.591em;left:2.160em;width:0.990em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.795em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">S<br />e<br />r<br />i<br />e<br />s<br /><br />2</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,207,134);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:9.449em;height:7.491em;left:2.160em;width:0.990em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.745em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">M<br />i<br />a<br />o<br />l<br />i<br />n<br />g.</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,224,149);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:7.337em;left:2.160em;width:0.990em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.669em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">F<br />u<br />r<br />o<br />n<br />g.</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:0.000em;width:9.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,181,117);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.690em;height:6.199em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.099em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Fortunian" title="Fortunian">Fortunian</a><br /></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,186,128);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:24.630em;height:4.960em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.480em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%">"<i><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_2" title="Cambrian Stage 2">Stage 2</a></i>"</span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,197,131);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:20.202em;height:4.428em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.214em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%">"<i><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_3" title="Cambrian Stage 3">Stage 3</a></i>"</span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,202,142);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.039em;height:3.163em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.581em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%">"<i><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_4" title="Cambrian Stage 4">Stage 4</a></i>"</span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,212,146);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.193em;height:2.746em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.373em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Wuliuan" title="Wuliuan">Wuliuan</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(191,217,157);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.663em;height:2.530em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.265em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Drumian" title="Drumian">Drumian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(204,223,170);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:9.449em;height:2.114em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.057em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Guzhangian" title="Guzhangian">Guzhangian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(204,235,174);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:7.551em;height:1.898em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.949em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Paibian" title="Paibian">Paibian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(217,240,187);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:4.705em;height:2.746em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.373em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:75%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanian" title="Jiangshanian">Jiangshanian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(230,245,201);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:2.593em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.297em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%">"<i><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_10" title="Cambrian Stage 10">Stage 10</a></i>"</span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:8.910em;width:0.090em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:33.778em;left:2.070em;width:0.090em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:33.778em;left:3.150em;width:0.045em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:20.202em;height:0.063em;left:3.240em;width:5.760em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.032em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#27A1D9;border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.889em;height:2.111em;left:8.370em;width:0.540em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.056em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.826em;height:0.063em;left:0.000em;width:9.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.032em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.111em;height:0.063em;left:1.080em;width:7.920em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.032em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:38em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.449em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Orsten" title="Orsten">Orsten</a> Fauna</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.193em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.723em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Kaili_biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaili biota">Kaili biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.355em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.5em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">Archaeocyatha</a> extinction</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:19.886em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Emu_Bay_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Emu Bay shale">Emu Bay Shale</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.099em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Passet" title="Sirius Passet">Sirius Passet</a> biota</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.732em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang_biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengjiang biota">Chengjiang</a> biota</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.630em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">First <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.690em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">SSF</a> diversification, first <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> & <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">archaeocyatha</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:34.118em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">First <a href="/wiki/Halkieriid" title="Halkieriid">halkieriids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helcionelloida" title="Helcionelloida">mollusсs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyolith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyolith">hyoliths</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">SSF</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:37.280em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Baykonurian_glaciation" title="Baykonurian glaciation">Baykonurian glaciation</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:12.611em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Dresbachian" title="Dresbachian">Dresbachian</a> extinction</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><td id="Legend" colspan="3" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.7em 1em"><table id="Legend" role="presentation" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em;border-style:none;float:left;clear:both"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0"><span style="background:#27A1D9;padding:0em .1em;border:solid 1px #242020;height:1.5em;width:1.5em;margin:.25em .9em .25em .25em"> </span></td><td style="padding:0"><div>Major <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:22em"><b>Subdivision of the Cambrian according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2023.</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">First proposed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>, 1835</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Ichnofossil</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Treptichnus_pedum" class="mw-redirect" title="Treptichnus pedum">Treptichnus pedum</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Head" title="Fortune Head">Fortune Head section</a>, Newfoundland, Canada<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cambrian&params=47.0762_N_55.8310_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°04′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°49′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.0762°N 55.8310°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.0762; -55.8310</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1992<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">Conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Iapetognathus_fluctivagus" title="Iapetognathus fluctivagus">Iapetognathus fluctivagus</a></i>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Greenpoint section, <a href="/wiki/Green_Point,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Point, Newfoundland">Green Point</a>, Newfoundland, Canada<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cambrian&params=49.6829_N_57.9653_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°40′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">57°57′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.6829°N 57.9653°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.6829; -57.9653</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Atmospheric and climatic data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Sea level above present day</th><td class="infobox-data">Rising steadily from 4 m to 90 m<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of a series on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 115%; background: rgb(127,160,86); padding: 0.4em;">The <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg/90px-Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg/135px-Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg/180px-Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Fossil localities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_Shales" title="Maotianshan Shales">Chengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Passet" title="Sirius Passet">Sirius Passet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doushantuo_Formation" title="Doushantuo Formation">Doushantuo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Key organisms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimberichnus" title="Kimberichnus">Kimberichnus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vernanimalcula" title="Vernanimalcula">Vernanimalcula</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale_type_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess Shale type fauna">Burgess-type</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrella" title="Marrella">Marrella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodont">Radiodonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halwaxiida" title="Halwaxiida">Halwaxiids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontogriphus" title="Odontogriphus">Odontogriphus</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">Small shelly fauna</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helcionellid" title="Helcionellid">Helcionellids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Evolutionary concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt>Trends</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_substrate_revolution" title="Cambrian substrate revolution">Cambrian substrate revolution</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Themes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a></li> <li>Stem and <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown groups</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CEXNAV" title="Template:CEXNAV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CEXNAV" title="Template talk:CEXNAV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CEXNAV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CEXNAV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cambrian</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"> </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAM</span>-bree-ən, <span style="font-size:90%">KAYM</span>-</i></a>) is the first <a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">geological period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> Era, and the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic_Eon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanerozoic Eon">Phanerozoic Eon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe191186_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe191186-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> period 538.8 Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> Period 485.4 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the continents lay in the southern hemisphere surrounded by the vast <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembly of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> during the Ediacaran and early Cambrian led to the development of new <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent plate boundaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">continental-margin arc magmatism</a> along its margins that helped drive up global temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> lay across the equator, separated from Gondwana by the opening <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cambrian was a time of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth" title="Greenhouse and icehouse Earth">greenhouse</a> climate conditions, with high levels of atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and low levels of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the atmosphere and seas. Upwellings of <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> deep ocean waters into shallow marine environments led to extinction events, whilst periods of raised oxygenation led to increased <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cambrian marked a profound change in <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life on Earth</a>; prior to the Period, the majority of living organisms were small, <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a> and poorly preserved. Complex, <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a> gradually became more common during the Ediacaran, but it was not until the Cambrian that the rapid diversification of lifeforms, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, produced the first representatives of most modern animal <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Period is also unique in its unusually high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Lagerstätte">lagerstätte</a> deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where "soft" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the Cambrian, <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">myriapods</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColletteGassHagadorn2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColletteGassHagadorn2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started adapting to the land, along with the first <a href="/wiki/Embryophytes#Phylogeny,_evolutionary_history_and_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophytes">plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Cambrian</i> is derived from the Latin version of <i><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></i>, the Welsh name for Wales, where rocks of this age were first studied. It was named by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> in 1835, who divided it into three groups; the Lower, Middle, and Upper.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined the boundary between the Cambrian and the overlying Silurian, together with <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a>, in their joint paper "<i>On the Silurian and Cambrian Systems, Exhibiting the Order in which the Older Sedimentary Strata Succeed each other in England and Wales</i>". This early agreement did not last.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson-2021_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-2021-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the scarcity of fossils, Sedgwick used rock types to identify Cambrian strata. He was also slow in publishing further work. The clear fossil record of the Silurian, however, allowed Murchison to correlate rocks of a similar age across Europe and Russia, and on these he published extensively. As increasing numbers of fossils were identified in older rocks, he extended the base of the Silurian downwards into the Sedgwick's "Upper Cambrian", claiming all fossilised strata for "his" Silurian series. Matters were complicated further when, in 1852, fieldwork carried out by Sedgwick and others revealed an unconformity within the Silurian, with a clear difference in fauna between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedgwick1852_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick1852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davidson-2021_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-2021-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed Sedgwick to now claim a large section of the Silurian for "his" Cambrian and gave the Cambrian an identifiable fossil record. The dispute between the two geologists and their supporters, over the boundary between the Cambrian and Silurian, would extend beyond the life times of both Sedgwick and Murchison. It was not resolved until 1879, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapworth" title="Charles Lapworth">Charles Lapworth</a> proposed the disputed strata belong to its own system, which he named the Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson-2021_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-2021-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Cambrian</i> for the oldest period of the Paleozoic was officially agreed in 1960, at the 21st <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Geological Congress</a>. It only includes Sedgwick's "Lower Cambrian series", but its base has been extended into much older rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy <span class="anchor" id="Subdivisions"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stratigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stages</a> can be defined globally or regionally. For global stratigraphic correlation, the ICS ratify rock units based on a <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> (GSSP) from a single <a href="/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">formation</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Stratotype" title="Stratotype">stratotype</a>) identifying the lower boundary of the unit. Currently the boundaries of the Cambrian System, three series and six stages are defined by global stratotype sections and points.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ediacaran-Cambrian_boundary">Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower boundary of the Cambrian was originally held to represent the first appearance of complex life, represented by <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>. The recognition of <a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Small shelly fossils">small shelly fossils</a> before the first trilobites, and <a href="/wiki/Ediacara_biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ediacara biota">Ediacara biota</a> substantially earlier, has led to calls for a more precisely defined base to the Cambrian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer-2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the long recognition of its distinction from younger <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> rocks and older <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rocks, it was not until 1994 that the Cambrian system/period was internationally ratified. After decades of careful consideration, a continuous sedimentary sequence at Fortune Head, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> was settled upon as a formal base of the Cambrian Period, which was to be correlated worldwide by the earliest appearance of <i><a href="/wiki/Treptichnus_pedum" class="mw-redirect" title="Treptichnus pedum">Treptichnus pedum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer-2016_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovery of this fossil a few metres below the GSSP led to the refinement of this statement, and it is the <i>T. pedum</i> ichnofossil assemblage that is now formally used to correlate the base of the Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer-2016_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This formal designation allowed radiometric dates to be obtained from samples across the globe that corresponded to the base of the Cambrian. An early date of 570 Ma quickly gained favour,<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer-2016_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the methods used to obtain this number are now considered to be unsuitable and inaccurate. A more precise analysis using modern radiometric dating yields a date of 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ash horizon in Oman from which this date was recovered corresponds to a marked fall in the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a> that correlates to equivalent excursions elsewhere in the world, and to the disappearance of distinctive Ediacaran fossils (<i><a href="/wiki/Namacalathus" title="Namacalathus">Namacalathus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cloudina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudina">Cloudina</a></i>). Nevertheless, there are arguments that the dated horizon in Oman does not correspond to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, but represents a <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a> change from marine to evaporite-dominated strata – which would mean that dates from other sections, ranging from 544 to 542 Ma, are more suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer-2016_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Approximate correlation of global and regional stages in Cambrian stratigraphy<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>International Series </th> <th>International Stage </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Australian </th> <th>Russian-Kazakhian </th> <th>North American </th> <th>European </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="21" align="center"><b>C<br />a<br />m<br />b<br />r<br />i<br />a<br />n</b> </td> <td rowspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">"<a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_10" title="Cambrian Stage 10">Stage 10</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2">Niuchehean</td> <td>Datsonian </td> <td rowspan="2">Batyrbaian</td> <td>Skullrockian / Ibexian (part) </td> <td rowspan="6">Merionethian </td></tr> <tr> <td>Payntonian </td> <td rowspan="3">Sunwaptan / <a href="/wiki/Trempealeauan" title="Trempealeauan">Trempealeauan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanian" title="Jiangshanian">Jiangshanian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Jiangshanian </td> <td rowspan="2">Iverian </td> <td>Aksaian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Sakian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paibian" title="Paibian">Paibian</a> </td> <td>Paibian </td> <td>Idamean</td> <td>Steptoean / <a href="/wiki/Franconian_(stage)" title="Franconian (stage)">Franconian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Guzhangian" title="Guzhangian">Guzhangian</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Guzhangian</td> <td>Mindyallan</td> <td>Ayusokkanian </td> <td rowspan="4">Marjuman / <a href="/wiki/Dresbachian" title="Dresbachian">Dresbachian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boomerangian </td> <td rowspan="3">Mayan </td> <td rowspan="5">Acadian / St. David's </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Drumian" title="Drumian">Drumian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Wangcunian</td> <td>Undillian </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wuliuan" title="Wuliuan">Wuliuan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Wuliuan</td> <td>Templetonian</td> <td rowspan="3">Amgan / Amgaian</td> <td>Topazan </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Ordian </td> <td rowspan="3">Delmaran </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Cambrian Series 2</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">"<a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_4" title="Cambrian Stage 4">Stage 4</a>" </td> <td rowspan="4">Duyunian </td> <td rowspan="6">Branchian / Comley (part) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Toyonian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"> </td> <td rowspan="3">Dyeran </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Botomian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">"<a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_3" title="Cambrian Stage 3">Stage 3</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3">Nangaoan </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Atdabanian </td> <td rowspan="2">Montezuman </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Placentian / Comley (part) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">"<a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_2" title="Cambrian Stage 2">Stage 2</a>" </td> <td>Meishucunian </td> <td>Tommotian* </td> <td rowspan="3">Begadean </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Jinningian </td> <td rowspan="2">Nemakit-Daldynian* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortunian" title="Fortunian">Fortunian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></b> </td> <td></td> <td>Sinian </td> <td>Adelaidean</td> <td>Sakharan / Vendian </td> <td>Hadrynian </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*Most Russian paleontologists define the lower boundary of the Cambrian at the base of the Tommotian Stage, characterized by diversification and global distribution of organisms with mineral skeletons and the appearance of the first <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">Archaeocyath</a> bioherms.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozanov2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozanov2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SokolovFedonkin1984_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SokolovFedonkin1984-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khomentovskii2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomentovskii2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the layered rocks that make up the headland at Fortune Head GSSP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg/220px-Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg/330px-Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg/440px-Basal_Cambrian_GSSP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary section at Fortune Head, Newfoundland, GSSP</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terreneuvian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian</a> is the lowermost series/<a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">epoch</a> of the Cambrian, lasting from 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma to c. 521 Ma. It is divided into two stages: the <a href="/wiki/Fortunian" title="Fortunian">Fortunian</a> stage, 538.8 ± 0.2 Ma to c. 529 Ma; and the unnamed Stage 2, c. 529 Ma to c. 521 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Terreneuvian was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> (IUGS) in 2007, replacing the previous "Cambrian Series 1". The GSSP defining its base is at Fortune Head on the Burin Peninsula, eastern Newfoundland, Canada (see Ediacaran - Cambrian boundary above). The Terreneuvian is the only series in the Cambrian to contain no trilobite fossils. Its lower part is characterised by complex, sediment-penetrating Phanerozoic-type <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossils</a>, and its upper part by small shelly fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambrian_Series_2">Cambrian Series 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cambrian Series 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second series/epoch of the Cambrian is currently unnamed and known as <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Cambrian Series 2</a>. It lasted from c. 521 Ma to c. 509 Ma. Its two stages are also unnamed and known as <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_3" title="Cambrian Stage 3">Cambrian Stage 3</a>, c. 521 Ma to c. 514 Ma, and <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_4" title="Cambrian Stage 4">Cambrian Stage 4</a>, c. 514 Ma to c. 509 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base of Series 2 does not yet have a GSSP, but it is expected to be defined in <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> marking the first appearance of trilobites in <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. There was a rapid diversification of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">metazoans</a> during this epoch, but their restricted geographic distribution, particularly of the trilobites and <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">archaeocyaths</a>, have made global correlations difficult, hence ongoing efforts to establish a GSSP.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miaolingian">Miaolingian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Miaolingian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_(Middle_Cambrian)_-_sponges,_arthropods_(44691571505).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg/250px-Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg/375px-Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg/500px-Diorama_of_the_Burgess_Shale_Biota_%28Middle_Cambrian%29_-_sponges%2C_arthropods_%2844691571505%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption>Diorama of the <a href="/wiki/Paleobiota_of_the_Burgess_Shale" title="Paleobiota of the Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale Biota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian</a> is the third series/epoch of the Cambrian, lasting from c. 509 Ma to c. 497 Ma, and roughly identical to the middle Cambrian in older literature <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11035897.2019.1621374">[1]</a>. It is divided into three stages: the <a href="/wiki/Wuliuan" title="Wuliuan">Wuliuan</a> c. 509 Ma to 504.5 Ma; the <a href="/wiki/Drumian" title="Drumian">Drumian</a> c. 504.5 Ma to c. 500.5 Ma; and the Guzhangian c. 500.5 Ma to c. 497 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name replaces Cambrian Series 3 and was ratified by the IUGS in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after the Miaoling Mountains in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou Province</a>, South China, where the GSSP marking its base is found. This is defined by the first appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Oryctocephalidae" title="Oryctocephalidae">oryctocephalid</a> trilobite <i><a href="/wiki/Oryctocephalus_indicus" title="Oryctocephalus indicus">Oryctocephalus indicus</a></i>. Secondary markers for the base of the Miaolingian include the appearance of many <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">acritarchs</a> forms, a global <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">marine transgression</a>, and the disappearance of the polymerid trilobites, <i>Bathynotus</i> or <i>Ovatoryctocara.</i> Unlike the Terreneuvian and Series 2, all the stages of the Miaolingian are defined by GSSPs<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-2019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Olenelloidea" title="Olenelloidea">olenellids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eodiscidae" title="Eodiscidae">eodiscids</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Redlichiida" title="Redlichiida">redlichiids</a> trilobites went extinct at the boundary between Series 2 and the Miaolingian. This is considered the oldest mass extinction of trilobites.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Furongian">Furongian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Furongian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian</a>, c. 497 Ma to 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma, is the fourth and uppermost series/epoch of the Cambrian. The name was ratified by the IUGS in 2003 and replaces Cambrian Series 4 and the traditional "Upper Cambrian". The GSSP for the base of the Furongian is in the <a href="/wiki/Wuling_Mountains" title="Wuling Mountains">Wuling Mountains</a>, in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan Province</a>, China. It coincides with the first appearance of the agnostoid trilobite <i>Glyptagnostus reticulatus</i>, and is near the beginning of a large positive <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> isotopic excursion.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Furongian is divided into three stages: the <a href="/wiki/Paibian" title="Paibian">Paibian</a>, c. 497 Ma to c. 494 Ma, and the <a href="/wiki/Jiangshanian" title="Jiangshanian">Jiangshanian</a> c. 494 Ma to c. 489.5 Ma, which have defined GSSPs; and the unnamed <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_10" title="Cambrian Stage 10">Cambrian Stage 10</a>, c. 489.5 Ma to 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambrian–Ordovician_boundary"><span id="Cambrian.E2.80.93Ordovician_boundary"></span>Cambrian–Ordovician boundary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cambrian–Ordovician boundary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GSSP for the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary is at <a href="/wiki/Green_Point,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Green Point, Newfoundland and Labrador">Green Point</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, Canada, and is dated at 485.4 Ma. It is defined by the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Iapetognathus_fluctivagus" title="Iapetognathus fluctivagus">Iapetognathus fluctivagus</a></i>. Where these conodonts are not found the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Graptolite" title="Graptolite">graptolites</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobite</a> <i>Jujuyaspis borealis</i> can be used. The boundary also corresponds with the peak of the largest positive variation in the δ<sup>13</sup>C curve during the boundary time interval and with a global marine transgression.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_structures">Impact structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major meteorite impact structures include: the early Cambrian (c. 535 Ma) <a href="/wiki/Neugrund_crater" title="Neugrund crater">Neugrund crater</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, Estonia, a complex meteorite crater about 20 km in diameter, with two inner ridges of about 7 km and 6 km diameter, and an outer ridge of 8 km that formed as the result of an impact of an asteroid 1 km in diameter;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 5 km diameter <a href="/wiki/Gardnos_crater" title="Gardnos crater">Gardnos crater</a> (500±10 Ma) in <a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a>, Norway, where post-impact sediments indicate the impact occurred in a shallow marine environment with <a href="/wiki/Rockslide" title="Rockslide">rock avalanches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flows</a> occurring as the crater rim was breached not long after impact;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 24 km diameter <a href="/wiki/Presqu%27%C3%AEle_crater" title="Presqu'île crater">Presqu'ile crater</a> (500 Ma or younger) <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada; the 19 km diameter <a href="/wiki/Glikson_crater" title="Glikson crater">Glikson crater</a> (c. 508 Ma) in Western Australia; the 5 km diameter <a href="/wiki/Mizarai_crater" title="Mizarai crater">Mizarai crater</a> (500±10 Ma) in Lithuania; and the 3.2 km diameter <a href="/wiki/Newporte_crater" title="Newporte crater">Newporte structure</a> (c. 500 Ma or slightly younger) in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, U.S.A.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeography">Paleogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paleogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reconstructing the position of the continents during the Cambrian is based on <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">palaeomagnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">palaeobiogeographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a>, geological and <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">palaeoclimatic</a> data. However, these have different levels of uncertainty and can produce contradictory locations for the major continents.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppie-2024_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppie-2024-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, together with the ongoing debate around the existence of the Neoproterozoic supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a>, means that while most models agree the continents lay in the southern hemisphere, with the vast <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa</a> Ocean covering most of northern hemisphere, the exact distribution and timing of the movements of the Cambrian continents varies between models.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppie-2024_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppie-2024-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondwana_and_Laurentia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Paleogeographic map showing Gondwana close to the south pole, Laurentia at the equator and Baltica in between." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondwana_and_Laurentia.png/220px-Gondwana_and_Laurentia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondwana_and_Laurentia.png/330px-Gondwana_and_Laurentia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondwana_and_Laurentia.png/440px-Gondwana_and_Laurentia.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Approximate positions of Gondwana, Laurentia and Baltica in the middle Cambrian (c. 500 Ma). AT: Armorican terrane, CA: Carolinia, CU: Cuyania, EA: East Avalonia, FA: Famatina arc, GA: Ganderia, IB: Iberia, MX: Mixteca–Oaxaca block, WA: West Avalonia. Plate boundaries: red - subduction; white - ridges; yellow - transform.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Most models show <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> stretching from the south polar region to north of the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the Cambrian, the south pole corresponded with the western South American sector and as Gondwana rotated anti-clockwise, by the middle of the Cambrian, the south pole lay in the northwest African region.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppie-2024_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppie-2024-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> lay across the equator, separated from Gondwana by the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of Pannotia have Laurentia and <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a> close to the Amazonia region of Gondwana with a narrow Iapetus Ocean that only began to open once Gondwana was fully assembled c. 520 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those not in favour of the existence of Pannotia show the Iapetus opening during the Late Neoproterozoic, with up to c. 6,500 km (c. 4038 miles) between Laurentia and West Gondwana at the beginning of the Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the smaller continents, Baltica lay between Laurentia and Gondwana, the Ran Ocean (an arm of the Iapetus) opening between it and Gondwana. <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a> lay close to the western margin of Gondwana and to the north of Baltica.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_Hearing-2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_Hearing-2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annamia and <a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a> formed a single continent situated off north central Gondwana. The location of <a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a> is unclear. It may have lain along the northeast Indian sector of Gondwana or already have been a separate continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laurentia">Laurentia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laurentia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Cambrian, Laurentia lay across or close to the equator.  It drifted south and rotated c. 20° anticlockwise during the middle Cambrian, before drifting north again in the late Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Late Neoproterozoic (or mid-Cambrian) <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> of Laurentia from Gondwana and the subsequent opening of the Iapetus Ocean, Laurentia was largely surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margins</a> with much of the continent covered by shallow seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Laurentia separated from Gondwana, a sliver of continental <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terrane</a> rifted from Laurentia with the narrow <a href="/wiki/Taconic_orogeny" title="Taconic orogeny">Taconic seaway</a> opening between them. The remains of this terrane are now found in southern Scotland, Ireland, and Newfoundland. Intra-oceanic <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> either to the southeast of this terrane in the Iapetus, or to its northwest in the Taconic seaway, resulted in the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arc</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accreted</a> to the terrane in the late Cambrian, triggering southeast-dipping subduction beneath the terrane itself and consequent closure of the marginal seaway. The terrane collided with Laurentia in the Early Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the early Cambrian, rifting along Laurentia's southeastern margin led to the separation of <a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a> (now part of Argentina) from the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_County,_Arkansas" title="Ouachita County, Arkansas">Ouachita</a> embayment with a new ocean established that continued to widen through the Cambrian and Early Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2016_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gondwana">Gondwana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gondwana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gondwana was a massive continent, three times the size of any of the other Cambrian continents. Its continental land area extended from the south pole to north of the equator. Around it were extensive shallow seas and numerous smaller land areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a> that formed Gondwana came together during the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian. A narrow ocean separated <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a> from Gondwana until c. 530 Ma<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Arequipa-Antofalla" title="Arequipa-Antofalla">Arequipa-Antofalla</a> block united with the <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> sector of Gondwana in the early Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kuunga_orogeny" title="Kuunga orogeny">Kuunga Orogeny</a> between northern (<a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">India</a>) and southern Gondwana (<a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalahari Craton</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a>), which began c. 570 Ma, continued with parts of northern Gondwana over-riding southern Gondwana and was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">intrusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction zones</a>, active since the Neoproterozoic, extended around much of Gondwana's margins, from northwest Africa southwards round South America, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a>, and the eastern edge of West Australia. Shorter subduction zones existed north of <a href="/wiki/Arabian-Nubian_Shield" title="Arabian-Nubian Shield">Arabia</a> and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Famatinian_orogeny" title="Famatinian orogeny">Famatinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_arc" title="Continental arc">continental arc</a> stretched from central Peru in the north to central Argentina in the south. Subduction beneath this proto-<a href="/wiki/Andean_orogeny" title="Andean orogeny">Andean</a> margin began by the late Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2016_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the northern margin of Gondwana, between northern Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_terrane" title="Armorican terrane">Armorican Terranes</a> of southern Europe, the continental arc of the <a href="/wiki/Cadomian_Orogeny" title="Cadomian Orogeny">Cadomian Orogeny</a> continued from the Neoproterozoic in response to the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_subduction" title="Oblique subduction">oblique subduction</a> of the Iapetus Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2021_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subduction extended west along the Gondwanan margin and by c. 530 Ma may have evolved into a major <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform fault</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2021_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At c. 511 Ma the <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">continental flood basalts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kalkarindji" title="Kalkarindji">Kalkarindji</a> <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous province</a> (LIP) began to erupt. These covered an area of > 2.1 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> across northern, central and Western Australia regions of Gondwana making it one of the largest, as well as the earliest, LIPs of the Phanerozoic. The timing of the eruptions suggests they played a role in the early to middle Cambrian <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">mass extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2021_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ganderia,_East_and_West_Avalonia,_Carolinia_and_Meguma_Terranes"><span id="Ganderia.2C_East_and_West_Avalonia.2C_Carolinia_and_Meguma_Terranes"></span>Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma Terranes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ganderia, East and West Avalonia, Carolinia and Meguma Terranes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terranes of <a href="/wiki/Ganderia" title="Ganderia">Ganderia</a>, East and West <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolina_terrane" title="Carolina terrane">Carolinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meguma_terrane" title="Meguma terrane">Meguma</a> lay in polar regions during the early Cambrian, and high-to-mid southern <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> by the mid to late Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2016_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keppie-2024_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppie-2024-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are commonly shown as an island arc-transform fault system along the northwestern margin of Gondwana north of northwest Africa and Amazonia, which rifted from Gondwana during the Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2016_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some models show these terranes as part of a single independent <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinent</a>, Greater Avalonia, lying to the west of Baltica and aligned with its eastern (<a href="/wiki/Timanide_Orogen" title="Timanide Orogen">Timanide</a>) margin, with the Iapetus to the north and the Ran Ocean to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppie-2024_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppie-2024-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondwana,_China_and_Siberia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Paleogeographic map showing Gondwana close to the south pole, Siberia, North and South China near the equator and Baltica to the south of Siberia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gondwana%2C_China_and_Siberia.png/220px-Gondwana%2C_China_and_Siberia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gondwana%2C_China_and_Siberia.png/330px-Gondwana%2C_China_and_Siberia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gondwana%2C_China_and_Siberia.png/440px-Gondwana%2C_China_and_Siberia.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Approximate positions of Siberia, Gondwana, North and South China, Baltica and smaller terranes in the middle Cambrian (c. 500 Ma). AN: Annamia, CM: Central Mongolian terrane, JA: Japan arc, KHT: Kazakhstania terranes, MOO: Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, NC: North China, QT: Qinling terrane, SC: South China, TA: Tarim microcontinent, VT: Variscan terranes. Plate boundaries: red - subduction; white - ridges; yellow - transform.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltica">Baltica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baltica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Cambrian, Baltica rotated more than 60° anti-clockwise and began to drift northwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2016_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rotation was accommodated by major strike-slip movements in the Ran Ocean between it and Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baltica lay at mid-to-high southerly latitudes, separated from Laurentia by the Iapetus and from Gondwana by the Ran Ocean. It was composed of two continents, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shield" title="Baltic Shield">Fennoscandia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Craton" title="Sarmatian Craton">Sarmatia</a>, separated by shallow seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2016_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> deposited in these <a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformably</a> overlay Precambrian <a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a> rocks. The lack of coarse-grained sediments indicates low lying <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> across the centre of the craton.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along Baltica's northeastern margin subduction and arc magmatism associated with the Ediacaran <a href="/wiki/Timanide_Orogen" title="Timanide Orogen">Timanian Orogeny</a> was coming to an end. In this region the early to middle Cambrian was a time of non-deposition and followed by late Cambrian rifting and sedimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2018_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its southeastern margin was also a <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent boundary</a>, with the accretion of island arcs and microcontinents to the craton, although the details are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberia">Siberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Siberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Siberia began the Cambrian close to western Gondwana and north of Baltica. It drifted northwestwards to close to the equator as the Ægir Ocean opened between it and Baltica.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wong_Hearing-2021_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_Hearing-2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the continent was covered by shallow seas with extensive <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">archaeocyathan reefs</a>. The then northern third of the continent (present day south; Siberia has rotated 180° since the Cambrian) adjacent to its convergent margin was mountainous.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Late Neoproterozoic to the Ordovician, a series of island arcs accreted to Siberia's then northeastern margin, accompanied by extensive arc and <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_region" title="Back-arc region">back-arc</a> volcanism. These now form the <a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region" title="Altai-Sayan region">Altai-Sayan</a> terranes.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2018_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some models show a convergent plate margin extending from Greater Avalonia, through the Timanide margin of Baltica, forming the Kipchak island arc offshore of southeastern Siberia and curving round to become part of the Altai-Sayan convergent margin.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppie-2024_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppie-2024-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the then western margin, Late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian rifting was followed by the development of a passive margin.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2018_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the then north, Siberia was separated from the Central Mongolian terrane by the narrow and slowly opening <a href="/wiki/Mongol-Okhotsk_Ocean" title="Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean">Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean</a>. The Central Mongolian terrane's northern margin with the Panthalassa was convergent, whilst its southern margin facing the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean was passive.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Cambrian, the terranes that would form <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a> later in the Paleozoic were a series of island arc and <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">accretionary complexes</a> that lay along an intra-oceanic convergent plate margin to the south of North China.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2018_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the south of these the Tarim microcontinent lay between Gondwana and Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its northern margin was passive for much of the Paleozoic, with thick sequences of <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">platform carbonates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes" title="Fluvial sediment processes">fluvial</a> to marine sediments resting unconformably on Precambrian basement. Along its southeast margin was the <a href="/wiki/Altyn-Tagh" title="Altyn-Tagh">Altyn</a> Cambro–Ordovician accretionary complex, whilst to the southwest a subduction zone was closing the narrow seaway between the North West <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun</a> region of Tarim and the South West Kunlun terrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2018_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_China">North China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea,_North_China.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png/250px-Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png/375px-Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png/500px-Life_on_the_platform_margin_of_the_Miaolingian_sea%2C_North_China.png 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Life reconstruction of the Linyi Lagerstätte in Northern China</figcaption></figure> <p>North China lay at equatorial to tropical latitudes during the early Cambrian, although its exact position is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_Hearing-2021_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_Hearing-2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the craton was covered by shallow seas, with land in the northwest and southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern North China was a passive margin until the onset of subduction and the development of the Bainaimiao arc in the late Cambrian. To its south was a convergent margin with a southwest dipping subduction zone, beyond which lay the North Qinling terrane (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Qinling_orogenic_belt" title="Qinling orogenic belt">Qinling Orogenic Belt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Domeier-2018_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domeier-2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_China_and_Annamia">South China and Annamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: South China and Annamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South China and Annamia formed a single continent. Strike-slip movement between it and Gondwana accommodated its steady drift northwards from offshore the Indian sector of Gondwana to near the western Australian sector. This northward drift is evidenced by the progressive increase in <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> and increasing <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">faunal</a> diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern margin South China, including the South Qinling block, was a passive margin.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the southeastern margin, lower Cambrian volcanics indicate the accretion of an island arc along the Song Ma suture zone. Also, early in the Cambrian, the eastern margin of South China changed from passive to active, with the development of oceanic volcanic island arcs that now form part of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Japan" title="Geology of Japan">Japanese terrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of climate-indicating sediments, including the wide latitudinal distribution of tropical carbonate platforms, archaeocyathan reefs and <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxites</a>, and arid zone <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">calcrete</a> deposits, show the Cambrian was a time of greenhouse climate conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late Cambrian the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobite</a> provinces also indicate only a moderate pole-to-equator temperature gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence of glaciation at high latitudes on Avalonia. However, it is unclear whether these sediments are early Cambrian or actually late Neoproterozoic in age.<sup id="cite_ref-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calculations of global average temperatures (GAT) vary depending on which techniques are used. Whilst some measurements show GAT over c. 40 °C (104 °F) models that combine multiple sources give GAT of c. 20–22 °C (68–72 °F) in the Terreneuvian increasing to c. 23–25 °C (73–77 °F) for the rest of the Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warm climate was linked to elevated atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels. Assembly of Gondwana led to the reorganisation of the tectonic plates with the development of new convergent plate margins and continental-margin arc magmatism that helped drive climatic warming.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruptions of the Kalkarindji LIP <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a> during Stage 4 and into the early Miaolingian, also released large quantities of carbon dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> into the atmosphere leading to rapid climatic changes and elevated sea surface temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is uncertainty around the maximum sea surface temperatures. These are calculated using <a href="/wiki/%CE%9418O" title="Δ18O">δ<sup>18</sup>O</a> values from marine rocks, and there is an ongoing debate about the levels δ<sup>18</sup>O in Cambrian seawater relative to the rest of the Phanerozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wotte-2019_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wotte-2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates for tropical sea surface temperatures vary from c. 28–32 °C (82–90 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wotte-2019_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wotte-2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to c. 29–38 °C (84–100 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnEarlyCambrianGreenhouseClimate-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern average tropical sea surface temperatures are 26 °C (79 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atmospheric oxygen levels rose steadily rising from the Neoproterozoic due to the increase in <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesising</a> organisms. Cambrian levels varied between c. 3% and 14% (present day levels are c. 21%). Low levels of atmospheric oxygen and the warm climate resulted in lower dissolved oxygen concentrations in marine waters and widespread <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxia</a> in deep ocean waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mills-2023_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2023-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a complex relationship between oxygen levels, the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a> of ocean waters, and the evolution of life. Newly evolved burrowing organisms exposed anoxic sediments to the overlying oxygenated seawater. This <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a> decreased the burial rates of organic carbon and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulphur</a>, which over time reduced atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels, leading to widespread anoxic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-van_de_Velde-2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_de_Velde-2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periods of higher rates of continental <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> led to increased delivery of nutrients to the oceans, boosting productivity of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> and stimulating metazoan evolution. However, rapid increases in nutrient supply led to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, where rapid growth in phytoplankton numbers result in the depletion of oxygen in the surrounding waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood-2019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pulses of increased oxygen levels are linked to increased biodiversity; raised oxygen levels supported the increasing <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> demands of organisms, and increased <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a> by expanding habitable areas of seafloor. Conversely, incursions of oxygen-deficient water, due to changes in sea level, ocean circulation, upwellings from deeper waters and/or biological productivity, produced anoxic conditions that limited habitable areas, reduced ecological niches and resulted in extinction events both regional and global.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills-2023_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2023-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_de_Velde-2018_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_de_Velde-2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood-2019_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, these dynamic, fluctuating environments, with global and regional anoxic incursions resulting in extinction events, and periods of increased oceanic oxygenation stimulating biodiversity, drove evolutionary innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-van_de_Velde-2018_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_de_Velde-2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood-2019_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Geochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Cambrian, variations in <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic ratio">isotope ratios</a> were more frequent and more pronounced than later in the Phanerozoic, with at least 10 carbon isotope (<a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a>) excursions (significant variations in global isotope ratios) recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These excursions record changes in the biogeochemistry of the oceans and atmosphere, which are due to processes such as the global rates of continental arc magmatism, rates of weathering and nutrients levels entering the marine environment, sea level changes, and biological factors including the impact of burrowing fauna on oxygen levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood-2019_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotope_excursions">Isotope excursions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Isotope excursions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Base_of_Cambrian">Base of Cambrian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Base of Cambrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basal Cambrian δ<sup>13</sup>C excursion (BACE), together with low <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">δ<sup>238</sup>U</a> and raised <a href="/wiki/%CE%9434S" title="Δ34S">δ<sup>34</sup>S</a> indicates a period of widespread shallow marine anoxia, which occurs at the same time as the extinction off the Ediacaran acritarchs. It was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterian</a> animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambrian_Stages_2_and_3">Cambrian Stages 2 and 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cambrian Stages 2 and 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early Cambrian, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr</a> rose in response to enhanced continental weathering. This increased the input of nutrients into the oceans and led to higher burial rates of organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2020_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over long timescales, the extra oxygen released by organic carbon burial is balanced by a decrease in the rates of <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> (FeS<sub>2</sub>) burial (a process which also releases oxygen), leading to stable levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, during the early Cambrian, a series of linked δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>34</sup>S excursions indicate high burial rates of both organic carbon and pyrite in biologically productive yet anoxic ocean floor waters. The oxygen-rich waters produced by these processes spread from the deep ocean into shallow marine environments, extending the habitable regions of the seafloor.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He-2019_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He-2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pulses of oxygen are associated with the radiation of the small shelly fossils and the Cambrian <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> radiation isotope excursion (CARE).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2020_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in oxygenated waters in the deep ocean ultimately reduced the levels of organic carbon and pyrite burial, leading to a decrease in oxygen production and the re-establishment of anoxic conditions. This cycle was repeated several times during the early Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He-2019_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He-2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archeocyathids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Archeocyathids.JPG/220px-Archeocyathids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Archeocyathids.JPG/330px-Archeocyathids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Archeocyathids.JPG/440px-Archeocyathids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archeocyathid" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeocyathid">Archeocyathids</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Poleta_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleta formation">Poleta formation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> area</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambrian_Stage_4_to_early_Miaolingian">Cambrian Stage 4 to early Miaolingian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cambrian Stage 4 to early Miaolingian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the eruptions of the Kalkarindji LIP basalts during Stage 4 and the early Miaolingian released large quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. The changes these wrought are reflected by three large and rapid δ<sup>13</sup>C excursions. Increased temperatures led to a global sea level rise that flooded continental shelves and interiors with anoxic waters from the deeper ocean and drowned carbonate platforms of archaeocyathan reefs, resulting in the widespread accumulation of black organic-rich shales. Known as the Sinsk anoxic extinction event, this triggered the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic, the 513 - 508 Ma Botoman-Toyonian Extinction (BTE), which included the loss of the archaeocyathids and <a href="/wiki/Hyolitha" title="Hyolitha">hyoliths</a> and saw a major drop in biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He-2019_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He-2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise in sea levels is also evidenced by a global decrease in <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr. The flooding of continental areas decreased the rates of continental weathering, reducing the input of <sup>87</sup>Sr to the oceans and lowering the <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr of seawater.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2020_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The base of the Miaolingian is marked by the Redlichiid–Olenellid extinction carbon isotope event (ROECE), which coincides with the main phase of Kalkarindji volcanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Miaolingian, orogenic events along the Australian-Antarctic margin of Gondwana led to an increase in weathering and an influx of nutrients into the ocean, raising the level of productivity and organic carbon burial. These can be seen in the steady increase in <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and δ<sup>13</sup>C.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2020_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Furongian">Early Furongian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Early Furongian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continued erosion of the deeper levels of the Gondwanan mountain belts led to a peak in <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and linked positive δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>34</sup>S excursions, known as the <a href="/wiki/Steptoean_positive_carbon_isotope_excursion" title="Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion">Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion</a> (SPICE).<sup id="cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates similar geochemical conditions to Stages 2 and 3 of the early Cambrian existed, with the expansion of seafloor anoxia enhancing the burial rates of organic matter and pyrite.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2020_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increase in the extent of anoxic seafloor conditions led to the extinction of the marjumiid and <a href="/wiki/Damesellidae" title="Damesellidae">damesellid</a> trilobites, whilst the increase in oxygen levels that followed helped drive the radiation of plankton.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr fell sharply near the top of the Jiangshanian Stage, and through Stage 10 as the Gondwanan mountains were eroded down and rates of weathering decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng-2020_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2020_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnesium/calcium_isotope_ratios_in_seawater"><span id="Magnesium.2Fcalcium_isotope_ratios_in_seawater"></span>Magnesium/calcium isotope ratios in seawater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Magnesium/calcium isotope ratios in seawater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mineralogy of inorganic marine carbonates has varied through the Phanerozoic, controlled by the Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> values of seawater. High Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> result in <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> precipitation dominated by <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> and high-magnesium <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Aragonite_sea" title="Aragonite sea">aragonite seas</a>, and low ratios result in <a href="/wiki/Calcite_sea" title="Calcite sea">calcite seas</a> where low-magnesium calcite is the primary calcium carbonate precipitate.<sup id="cite_ref-Wei-2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wei-2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shells and skeletons of biomineralising organisms reflect the dominant form of calcite.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiong-2023_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiong-2023-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Ediacaran to early Cambrian increasing oxygen levels led to a decrease in ocean acidity and an increase in the concentration of calcium in sea water. However, there was not a simple transition from aragonite to calcite seas, rather a protracted and variable change through the Cambrian. Aragonite and high-magnesium precipitation continued from the Ediacaran into Cambrian Stage 2. Low-magnesium calcite skeletal hard parts appear in Cambrian Age 2, but inorganic precipitation of aragonite also occurred at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiong-2023_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiong-2023-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed aragonite–calcite seas continued through the middle and late Cambrian, with fully calcite seas not established until the early Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiong-2023_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiong-2023-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These variations and slow decrease in Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> of seawater were due to low oxygen levels, high continental weathering rates and the geochemistry of the Cambrian seas. In conditions of low oxygen and high iron levels, iron substitutes for magnesium in <a href="/wiki/Authigenesis" title="Authigenesis">authigenic clay minerals</a> deposited on the ocean floor, slowing the removal rates of magnesium from seawater. The enrichment of ocean waters in silica, prior to the radiation of siliceous organisms, and the limited bioturbation of the anoxic ocean floor increased the rates of deposition, relative to the rest of the Phanerozoic, of these clays. This, together with the high input of magnesium into the oceans via enhanced continental weathering, delayed the reduction in Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> and facilitated continued aragonite precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wei-2022_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wei-2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conditions that favoured the deposition of authigenic clays were also ideal for the formation of <i><a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerstätten">lagerstätten</a></i>, with the minerals in the clays replacing the soft body parts of Cambrian organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruss-2024_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruss-2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cambrian flora was little different from the Ediacaran. The principal taxa were the marine macroalgae <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuxianospira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuxianospira (page does not exist)">Fuxianospira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sinocylindra" title="Sinocylindra">Sinocylindra</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Marpolia" title="Marpolia">Marpolia</a></i>. No calcareous macroalgae are known from the period.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No <a href="/wiki/Land_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plant">land plant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophyte</a>) fossils are known from the Cambrian. However, biofilms and microbial mats were well developed on Cambrian tidal flats and beaches 500 mya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchieberBoseErikssonBanerjee200753–71_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchieberBoseErikssonBanerjee200753–71-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and microbes forming microbial Earth <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, comparable with modern <a href="/wiki/Cryptobiotic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptobiotic soil">soil crust</a> of desert regions, contributing to soil formation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although molecular clock estimates suggest <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">terrestrial plants</a> may have first emerged during the Middle or Late Cambrian, the consequent large-scale removal of the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere through sequestration did not begin until the Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanic_life">Oceanic life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Oceanic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 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template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.92em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:4.537em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.269em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:44.053em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.026em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:38.546em;height:5.507em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.546em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.128em;height:15.419em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.709em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:23.128em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.564em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.621em;height:5.507em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:17.621em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.811em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:11.663em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.831em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.982em;height:7.379em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.689em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.203em;height:3.756em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.878em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.721em;height:2.583em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.291em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.606em;height:1.597em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.798em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.333em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.666em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.606em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.303em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:5.947em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.974em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.533em;height:16.520em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:21.575em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.787em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:8.260em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.130em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.568em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.053em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.952em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:38.546em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.278em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:25.330em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.780em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.026em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.621em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Earliest multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.520em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.361em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.260em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.489em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.993em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.958em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.15em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.956em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.075em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:3.304em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.275em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.018em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div> <p>The Cambrian explosion was a period of rapid multicellular growth. Most animal life during the Cambrian was aquatic. Trilobites were once assumed to be the dominant life form at that time,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this has proven to be incorrect. Arthropods were by far the most dominant animals in the ocean, but trilobites were only a minor part of the total arthropod diversity. What made them so apparently abundant was their heavy armor reinforced by calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), which fossilized far more easily than the fragile <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinous</a> exoskeletons of other arthropods, leaving numerous preserved remains.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period marked a steep change in the diversity and composition of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a> suffered a mass extinction at the start of the Cambrian Period, which corresponded with an increase in the abundance and complexity of burrowing behaviour. This behaviour had a <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_substrate_revolution" title="Cambrian substrate revolution">profound and irreversible effect on the substrate</a> which transformed the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> ecosystems. Before the Cambrian, the sea floor was covered by <a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">microbial mats</a>. By the end of the Cambrian, burrowing animals had destroyed the mats in many areas through bioturbation. As a consequence, many of those organisms that were dependent on the mats became extinct, while the other species adapted to the changed environment that now offered new ecological niches.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time there was a seemingly rapid appearance of representatives of all the mineralized <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were once thought to have only appeared in the Lower Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2013_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2013-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of those phyla were represented only by stem-group forms; and since mineralized phyla generally have a benthic origin, they may not be a good proxy for (more abundant) non-mineralized phyla.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd2000_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png/150px-Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png/225px-Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png/300px-Margaretia_dorus_Reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Margaretia" title="Margaretia">Margaretia dorus</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a>, which were once believed to be <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, but are now understood to represent <a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">hemichordates</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While the early Cambrian showed such diversification that it has been named the Cambrian Explosion, this changed later in the period, when there occurred a sharp drop in biodiversity. About 515 Ma, the number of species going extinct exceeded the number of new species appearing. Five million years later, the number of genera had dropped from an earlier peak of about 600 to just 450. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> rate in many groups was reduced to between a fifth and a third of previous levels. 500 Ma, oxygen levels fell dramatically in the oceans, leading to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a>, while the level of poisonous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> simultaneously increased, causing another extinction. The later half of Cambrian was surprisingly barren and showed evidence of several rapid extinction events; the <a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">stromatolites</a> which had been replaced by reef building sponges known as <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">Archaeocyatha</a>, returned once more as the archaeocyathids became extinct. This declining trend did not change until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Ordovician_Biodiversification_Event" title="Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event">Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_(Drumian)_Marjum_biota.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png/250px-Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png/375px-Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png/500px-Artistic_reconstruction_of_the_Cambrian_%28Drumian%29_Marjum_biota.png 2x" data-file-width="3238" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>Artistic reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Marjum_Formation" title="Marjum Formation">Marjum biota</a>, including various arthropods (<a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymenocarina" title="Hymenocarina">hymenocarines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiodonta" title="Radiodonta">radiodonts</a>), sponges, echinoderms, and various other groups </figcaption></figure> <p>Some Cambrian organisms ventured onto land, producing the trace fossils <i><a href="/wiki/Protichnites" title="Protichnites">Protichnites</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Climactichnites" title="Climactichnites">Climactichnites</a></i>. Fossil evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Euthycarcinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthycarcinoid">euthycarcinoids</a>, an extinct group of arthropods, produced at least some of the <i>Protichnites</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColletteHagadorn2010ColletteGassHagadorn2012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColletteHagadorn2010ColletteGassHagadorn2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils of the track-maker of <i>Climactichnites</i> have not been found; however, fossil trackways and resting traces suggest a large, <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slug</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYochelsonFedonkin1993GettyHagadorn2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYochelsonFedonkin1993GettyHagadorn2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to later periods, the Cambrian fauna was somewhat restricted; free-floating organisms were rare, with the majority living on or close to the sea floor;<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mineralizing animals were rarer than in future periods, in part due to the unfavourable <a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">ocean chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many modes of preservation are unique to the Cambrian, and some preserve soft body parts, resulting in an abundance of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Lagerstätte">Lagerstätten</a></i></span>. These include <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Passet" title="Sirius Passet">Sirius Passet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Sinsk Algal Lens,<sup id="cite_ref-SinskAlgalLens_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinskAlgalLens-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_Shales" title="Maotianshan Shales">Maotianshan Shales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Emu_Bay_Shale" title="Emu Bay Shale">Emu Bay Shale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Burgess Shale.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield1990_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield1990-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page2008_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page2008-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OrrEtAl1998_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrrEtAl1998-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Geographic_Data_Committee" title="Federal Geographic Data Committee">Federal Geographic Data Committee</a> uses a "barred capital C" <span class="nowrap">⟨Ꞓ⟩</span> character to represent the Cambrian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character is <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+A792</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ꞓ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH BAR</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CambrianStromatolites.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stromatolites of the Pika Formation (Middle Cambrian) near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada"><img alt="Stromatolites of the Pika Formation (Middle Cambrian) near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/CambrianStromatolites.jpg/500px-CambrianStromatolites.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/CambrianStromatolites.jpg/750px-CambrianStromatolites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/CambrianStromatolites.jpg/999px-CambrianStromatolites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">Stromatolites</a> of the Pika Formation (Middle Cambrian) near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trilobites, like these Elrathia kingii were very common arthropods during this time"><img alt="Trilobites, like these Elrathia kingii were very common arthropods during this time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg/223px-Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg/335px-Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg/446px-Elrathia_kingii_growth_series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a>, like these <i><a href="/wiki/Elrathia_kingii" class="mw-redirect" title="Elrathia kingii">Elrathia kingii</a></i> were very common arthropods during this time</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anomalocaris was an early marine predator, a member of the stem-arthropod group Radiodonta"><img alt="Anomalocaris was an early marine predator, a member of the stem-arthropod group Radiodonta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/324px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/486px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png/648px-20191203_Anomalocaris_canadensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris">Anomalocaris</a></i> was an early marine predator, a member of the stem-arthropod group <a href="/wiki/Radiodonta" title="Radiodonta">Radiodonta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 287.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 285.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Opabinia was a bizarre stem-arthropod that possessed five stalked eyes, and a fused proboscis tipped with a claw-like appendage."><img alt="Opabinia was a bizarre stem-arthropod that possessed five stalked eyes, and a fused proboscis tipped with a claw-like appendage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png/428px-20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png" decoding="async" width="286" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png/642px-20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png/855px-20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i> was a bizarre stem-arthropod that possessed five stalked eyes, and a fused proboscis tipped with a claw-like appendage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protichnites,_Blackberry_Hill,_Wisconsin,_Cambrian_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protichnites were the trackways of arthropods that walked Cambrian beaches"><img alt="Protichnites were the trackways of arthropods that walked Cambrian beaches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Protichnites%2C_Blackberry_Hill%2C_Wisconsin%2C_Cambrian_2.jpg/335px-Protichnites%2C_Blackberry_Hill%2C_Wisconsin%2C_Cambrian_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Protichnites%2C_Blackberry_Hill%2C_Wisconsin%2C_Cambrian_2.jpg/502px-Protichnites%2C_Blackberry_Hill%2C_Wisconsin%2C_Cambrian_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Protichnites%2C_Blackberry_Hill%2C_Wisconsin%2C_Cambrian_2.jpg/669px-Protichnites%2C_Blackberry_Hill%2C_Wisconsin%2C_Cambrian_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Protichnites" title="Protichnites">Protichnites</a></i> were the trackways of arthropods that walked Cambrian beaches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hallucigenia sparsa was a member of group lobopodian, that is considered to be related to modern velvet worms."><img alt="Hallucigenia sparsa was a member of group lobopodian, that is considered to be related to modern velvet worms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png/195px-20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png/293px-20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png/391px-20210830_Hallucigenia_sparsa_diagrammatic_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hallucigenia" title="Hallucigenia">Hallucigenia sparsa</a></i> was a member of group <a href="/wiki/Lobopodia" title="Lobopodia">lobopodian</a>, that is considered to be related to modern <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">velvet worms</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cambroraster falcatus was a hurdiid radiodont that bore a large horseshoe-shaped carapace."><img alt="Cambroraster falcatus was a hurdiid radiodont that bore a large horseshoe-shaped carapace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png/234px-20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png/351px-20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png/468px-20200329_Cambroraster_falcatus.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cambroraster" title="Cambroraster">Cambroraster</a> falcatus</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Hurdiidae" title="Hurdiidae">hurdiid</a> radiodont that bore a large horseshoe-shaped carapace.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 688px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 686px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pikaia was a stem-chordate from the Middle Cambrian"><img alt="Pikaia was a stem-chordate from the Middle Cambrian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia.png/1029px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia.png" decoding="async" width="686" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia.png/1543px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia.png/2058px-Schematic_anatomical_reconstruction_of_Pikaia.png 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pikaia" title="Pikaia">Pikaia</a></i> was a stem-chordate from the Middle Cambrian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 346px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 344px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Amiskwia sagittiformis was a large bodied gnathiferan from Canada and China"><img alt="Amiskwia sagittiformis was a large bodied gnathiferan from Canada and China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png/516px-Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="344" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png/774px-Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png/1031px-Amiskwia_sagittiformis_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amiskwia_sagittiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiskwia sagittiformis">Amiskwia sagittiformis</a></i> was a large bodied <a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathifera (clade)">gnathiferan</a> from Canada and China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haplophrentis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Haplophrentis was a hyolith, a group of conical shelled lophotrochozoans that were potentially related to either lophophorates or mollusks."><img alt="Haplophrentis was a hyolith, a group of conical shelled lophotrochozoans that were potentially related to either lophophorates or mollusks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Haplophrentis.png/293px-Haplophrentis.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Haplophrentis.png/439px-Haplophrentis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Haplophrentis.png/585px-Haplophrentis.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Haplophrentis" title="Haplophrentis">Haplophrentis</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Hyolitha" title="Hyolitha">hyolith</a>, a group of conical shelled <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">lophotrochozoans</a> that were potentially related to either <a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">lophophorates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halkieria_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Halkieria was a bizarre invertebrate that was an early member of the mollusk group"><img alt="Halkieria was a bizarre invertebrate that was an early member of the mollusk group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Halkieria_reconstruction.png/361px-Halkieria_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Halkieria_reconstruction.png/542px-Halkieria_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Halkieria_reconstruction.png/722px-Halkieria_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halkieriid" title="Halkieriid"><i>Halkieria</i></a> was a bizarre invertebrate that was an early member of the mollusk group</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian%E2%80%93Ordovician_extinction_event" title="Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event">Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event</a> – circa 488 Ma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresbachian" title="Dresbachian">Dresbachian</a> extinction event—circa 499 Ma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Botomian_mass_extinction" title="End-Botomian mass extinction">End Botomian</a> extinction event—circa 513 Ma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title="List of fossil sites">List of fossil sites</a> <i>(with link directory)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)" title="Type locality (geology)">Type locality (geology)</a>, the locality where a particular rock type, stratigraphic unit, fossil or mineral species is first identified</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambrian_preservational_modes" title="Template:Cambrian preservational modes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambrian_preservational_modes" title="Template talk:Cambrian preservational modes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambrian_preservational_modes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambrian preservational modes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modes_of_preservation_in_the_Cambrian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modes of preservation in the Cambrian</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exceptional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orsten" title="Orsten">Orsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doushantuo_Formation" title="Doushantuo Formation">Doushantuo</a> <a href="/wiki/Doushantuo_type_preservation" title="Doushantuo type preservation">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Springs_(fossil_locality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter Springs (fossil locality)">Bitter Springs</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Springs_type_preservation" title="Bitter Springs type preservation">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale-type_preservation" title="Burgess Shale-type preservation">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beecher%27s_Trilobite_Bed" title="Beecher's Trilobite Bed">Beecher's Trilobite Bed</a> <a href="/wiki/Beecher%27s_Trilobite_type_preservation" title="Beecher's Trilobite type preservation">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ediacara_biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ediacara biota">Ediacaran</a> <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_type_preservation" title="Ediacaran type preservation">type</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Legged trilobite"><img alt="Legged trilobite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olenoides_serratus_oblique_with_antennas.jpg/97px-Olenoides_serratus_oblique_with_antennas.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olenoides_serratus_oblique_with_antennas.jpg/145px-Olenoides_serratus_oblique_with_antennas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Olenoides_serratus_oblique_with_antennas.jpg/194px-Olenoides_serratus_oblique_with_antennas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">Small shelly fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Trace fossils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></i>. September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.atitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2023-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasierCowieTaylor1994" class="citation journal cs1">Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John; Taylor, Michael (March–June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/fortunian.pdf">"Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>17</b> (1–2): 3–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1994%2Fv17i1.2%2F002">10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/fortunian.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Decision+on+the+Precambrian-Cambrian+boundary+stratotype&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3-8&rft.date=1994-03%2F1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1994%2Fv17i1.2%2F002&rft.aulast=Brasier&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Cowie%2C+John&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Ffortunian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperNowlanWilliams2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/tremadocian.pdf">"Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 19–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2001%2Fv24i1%2F005">10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/tremadocian.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Global+Stratotype+Section+and+Point+for+base+of+the+Ordovician+System&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-28&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2001%2Fv24i1%2F005&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Nowlan%2C+Godfrey&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Ftremadocian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqSchutter2008" class="citation journal cs1">Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". <i>Science</i>. <b>322</b> (5898): 64–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...322...64H">2008Sci...322...64H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161648">10.1126/science.1161648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18832639">18832639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206514545">206514545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Chronology+of+Paleozoic+Sea-Level+Changes&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=5898&rft.pages=64-8&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1161648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206514545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18832639&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...322...64H&rft.aulast=Haq&rft.aufirst=B.+U.&rft.au=Schutter%2C+SR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe191186-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe191186_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe1911">Howe 1911</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StratChart_2022-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-06.pdf">"International Stratigraphic Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Commission on Stratigraphy. June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713060338/https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Stratigraphic+Chart&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2023-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torsvik-2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-2017_7-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsvikCocks2017" class="citation book cs1">Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. 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Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10532-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10532-4"><bdi>978-1-107-10532-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/968155663">968155663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+history+and+palaeogeography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F968155663&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10532-4&rft.aulast=Torsvik&rft.aufirst=Trond+H.&rft.au=Cocks%2C+L.+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F968155663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myrow-2024-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrow-2024_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyrowGoodgeBrockBetts2024" class="citation journal cs1">Myrow, Paul M.; Goodge, John W.; Brock, Glenn A.; Betts, Marissa J.; Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Hughes, Nigel C.; Gaines, Robert R. 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Retrieved 15 June 2015</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Paleozoic#Cambrian" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Paleozoic">Paleozoic#Cambrian</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmthorGrotzingerSchröderBowring2003" class="citation journal cs1">Amthor, J. E.; Grotzinger, John P.; Schröder, Stefan; Bowring, Samuel A.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Martin, Mark W.; Matter, Albert (2003). "Extinction of <i>Cloudina</i> and <i>Namacalathus</i> at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman". <i>Geology</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 431–434. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geo....31..431A">2003Geo....31..431A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282003%29031%3C0431%3AEOCANA%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0431:EOCANA>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Extinction+of+Cloudina+and+Namacalathus+at+the+Precambrian-Cambrian+boundary+in+Oman&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=431-434&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282003%29031%3C0431%3AEOCANA%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Geo....31..431A&rft.aulast=Amthor&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Grotzinger%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Bowring%2C+Samuel+A.&rft.au=Ramezani%2C+Jahandar&rft.au=Martin%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Matter%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColletteGassHagadorn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, J. H.; Gass, K. C.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2012). "<i>Protichnites eremita</i> unshelled? Experimental model-based neoichnology and new evidence for a euthycarcinoid affinity for this ichnospecies". <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>86</b> (3): 442–454. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPal...86..442C">2012JPal...86..442C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F11-056.1">10.1666/11-056.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129234373">129234373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Protichnites+eremita+unshelled%3F+Experimental+model-based+neoichnology+and+new+evidence+for+a+euthycarcinoid+affinity+for+this+ichnospecies&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=442-454&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129234373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F11-056.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JPal...86..442C&rft.aulast=Collette&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Gass%2C+K.+C.&rft.au=Hagadorn%2C+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColletteHagadorn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, J. H.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2010). 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New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393027051" title="Special:BookSources/9780393027051"><bdi>9780393027051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Life%3A+the+Burgess+Shale+and+the+Nature+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780393027051&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwonderfullifebur00goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Howe, John Allen (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cambrian System"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cambrian_System">"Cambrian System" </a></span>. 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(1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1602923">"Description of the impressions and footprints of the <i>Protichnites</i> from the Potsdam sandstone of Canada"</a>. <i>Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (1–2): 214–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26">10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130712914">130712914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+London+Quarterly+Journal&rft.atitle=Description+of+the+impressions+and+footprints+of+the+Protichnites+from+the+Potsdam+sandstone+of+Canada&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=214-225&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130712914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1602923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengBabcockCooper2012" class="citation book cs1">Peng, S.; Babcock, L.E.; Cooper, R.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212062427/http://www.geol.umd.edu/~hcui/Reference/GeolTimeScale2012/Ch19-Cambrian.pdf">"The Cambrian Period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Geologic Time Scale</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geol.umd.edu/~hcui/Reference/GeolTimeScale2012/Ch19-Cambrian.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Elsevier. pp. 53–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444528599" title="Special:BookSources/9780444528599"><bdi>9780444528599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Microbial+Mat+Features+Preserved+within+the+Clastic+Rock+Record&rft.pages=53-71&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780444528599&rft.aulast=Schieber&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bose%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+P.+G.&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+S.&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+S.&rft.au=Altermann%2C+W.&rft.au=Catuneau%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYochelsonFedonkin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Yochelson, E. L.; Fedonkin, M. A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/159009">"Paleobiology of <i>Climactichnites</i>, and Enigmatic Late Cambrian Fossil"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology</i>. <b>74</b> (74): 1–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.74.1">10.5479/si.00810266.74.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Contributions+to+Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Paleobiology+of+Climactichnites%2C+and+Enigmatic+Late+Cambrian+Fossil&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=1-74&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00810266.74.1&rft.aulast=Yochelson&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rft.au=Fedonkin%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F159009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambrian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cambrian" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cambrian">Cambrian</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9bg">Cambrian period</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trilobites.info/biostratigraphy.htm">Biostratigraphy</a> – includes information on Cambrian trilobite <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trilobite.info">Sam Gon's trilobite pages</a> (contains numerous Cambrian trilobites)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-lieven.com/erdzeitalter/kambrium/kambrium.htm">Examples of Cambrian Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/">Paleomap Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030829130602/http://www.earth-pages.com/archive/geobiology.asp">Report on the web on Amthor and others from <i>Geology</i> vol. 31</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616125244/http://www.astrobio.net/news/article251.html">Weird Life on the Mats</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073140/https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?Cambrian">Chronostratigraphy scale v.2018/08 | Cambrian</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cambrian_Period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 2.7em; border-color: rgb(127,160,86);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambrian_footer" title="Template:Cambrian footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambrian_footer" title="Template talk:Cambrian footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambrian_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambrian footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cambrian_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambrian Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortunian" title="Fortunian">Fortunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_2" title="Cambrian Stage 2">Stage 2</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_3" title="Cambrian Stage 3">Stage 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_4" title="Cambrian Stage 4">Stage 4</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuliuan" title="Wuliuan">Wuliuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumian" title="Drumian">Drumian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhangian" title="Guzhangian">Guzhangian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paibian" title="Paibian">Paibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanian" title="Jiangshanian">Jiangshanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_10" title="Cambrian Stage 10">Stage 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79064#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4163142-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paleoecology--Cambrian"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00004840">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564856">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kambrium"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117283&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007290943505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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