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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Residence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Residence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Residence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_patron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_patron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Royal patron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_patron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Varāhamihira</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0" title="বৰাহমিহিৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৰাহমিহিৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="واراهامیهیرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="واراهامیهیرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="বরাহমিহির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বরাহমিহির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="वराहमिहिर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वराहमिहिर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C3%A1hamihira" title="Varáhamihira – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Varáhamihira" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βαραχαμιχίρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαραχαμιχίρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaja_Mijira" title="Varaja Mijira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Varaja Mijira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="واراهامیهیرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واراهامیهیرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0" title="વરાહમિહિર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વરાહમિહિર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="वराहमिहिर – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="वराहमिहिर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="वराह मिहिर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वराह मिहिर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Varāhamihira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Varāhamihira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0" title="ವರಾಹಮಿಹಿರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರಾಹಮಿಹಿರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C3%A1ha_Mihira" title="Varáha Mihira – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Varáha Mihira" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="വരാഹമിഹിരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വരാഹമിഹിരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="वराहमिहिर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वराहमिहिर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="वराहमिहिर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वराहमिहिर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%92%E3%83%A9" title="ヴァラーハミヒラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァラーハミヒラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0" title="ବରାହମିହିର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବରାହମିହିର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0" title="ਵਰ੍ਹਾਮੀਹੀਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰ੍ਹਾਮੀਹੀਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="وراہمہیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وراہمہیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Varāhamihira" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Варахамихира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варахамихира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="वराहमिहिरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वराहमिहिरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Varāhamihira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira" title="Varahamihira – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varahamihira" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வராகமிகிரர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வராகமிகிரர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Varāhamihira</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 20-21 March 505 CE</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />possibly Kapitthaka (identified with <a href="/wiki/Kayatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayatha">Kayatha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sankissa" title="Sankissa">Sankissa</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">possibly 587 CE (disputed; see <a href="#Date">Date section</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">astrologer-astronomer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika" title="Pancha-siddhantika">Pancha-siddhantika</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Brhat-samhita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brihat_Jataka" title="Brihat Jataka">Brihajjataka</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Varāhamihira</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20/21 March 505 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 587), also called <b>Varāha</b> or <b>Mihira</b>, was a Hindu <a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">astrologer-astronomer</a> who lived in or around <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date">Date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other prominent <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India" title="Outline of ancient India">ancient Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a>, Varāhamihira does not mention his date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, based on hints in his works, modern scholars date him to the 6th century CE; possibly, he also lived during the last years of the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika" title="Pancha-siddhantika">Pancha-siddhantika</a></i>, Varāhamihira refers to the year 427 of the <i>Shaka-kala</i> (also <i>Shakendra-kala</i> or <i>Shaka-bhupa-kala</i>). Identifying this <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a> places Varāhamihira in the 505 CE. Alternative theories identify this calendar era with other eras, placing him before the 5th century CE. However, these theories are inaccurate, as Varāhamihira must have lived after <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> (born 476 CE), whose work he refers to. The particulars of the date mentioned by Varāhamihira - <a href="/wiki/Shukla_paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukla paksha">Shukla</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pratipada" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratipada">pratipada</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> month of the Shaka year 427 - align accurately with 20-21 March 505 CE. <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> also places Varāhamihira in 505 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913–4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the contemporary tradition, 505 CE was most probably the year in which Varāhamihira composed <i>Pancha-Siddhantaka</i> or began planning it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some scholars believe that it was the year of Varāhamihira's birth or of another important event in his life. This is because according to Amaraja, the author of a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Khandakhadyaka" title="Khandakhadyaka">Khanda-khadyaka</a></i>, Varāhamihira died in 587 CE (Shaka year 509). If Varāhamihira wrote his work in 505 CE even at the young age of 25, he must have been over 105 years old at the time of his death, which seems exceptionally high to these scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, these scholars consider date Varāhamihira's lifespan to 505-587 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars doubt the accuracy of Amaraja's statement, since he lived a thousand years after Varāhamihira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a historically inaccurate tradition, Varāhamihira was associated with the first century BCE legendary emperor <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya" title="Vikramaditya">Vikramaditya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition is based on <i>Jyotirvid-abharana</i>, a work attributed to <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>, which states that Varāhamihira (along with Kalidasa) was one of the <a href="/wiki/Navaratnas" title="Navaratnas">navaratnas</a> ("nine gems") at Vikramaditya's court. However, this text is a literary forgery, and is dated variously from 12th-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varāhamihira definitely did not live in the same century as some of the purported "Navaratnas", such as the much older <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varahamihira%27s_Brihajjataka,_Sanskrit,_Nepalaksara_script,_manuscript_copied_in_1399_CE,_Kathmandu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Varahamihira%27s_Brihajjataka%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_manuscript_copied_in_1399_CE%2C_Kathmandu.jpg/220px-Varahamihira%27s_Brihajjataka%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_manuscript_copied_in_1399_CE%2C_Kathmandu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Varahamihira%27s_Brihajjataka%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_manuscript_copied_in_1399_CE%2C_Kathmandu.jpg/330px-Varahamihira%27s_Brihajjataka%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_manuscript_copied_in_1399_CE%2C_Kathmandu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Varahamihira%27s_Brihajjataka%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_manuscript_copied_in_1399_CE%2C_Kathmandu.jpg/440px-Varahamihira%27s_Brihajjataka%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_manuscript_copied_in_1399_CE%2C_Kathmandu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2353" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption> 1399 CE manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brihat_Jataka" title="Brihat Jataka">Brihajjataka</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th-century_Brihat_Samhita_of_Varahamihira,_1279_CE_Hindu_text_palm_leaf_manuscript,_Pratima_lakshana,_Sanskrit,_Nepalaksara_script,_folio_1_talapatra_from_a_Buddhist_monastery,_1v,_2r_2v_leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/6th-century_Brihat_Samhita_of_Varahamihira%2C_1279_CE_Hindu_text_palm_leaf_manuscript%2C_Pratima_lakshana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_folio_1_talapatra_from_a_Buddhist_monastery%2C_1v%2C_2r_2v_leaves.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/6th-century_Brihat_Samhita_of_Varahamihira%2C_1279_CE_Hindu_text_palm_leaf_manuscript%2C_Pratima_lakshana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_folio_1_talapatra_from_a_Buddhist_monastery%2C_1v%2C_2r_2v_leaves.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/6th-century_Brihat_Samhita_of_Varahamihira%2C_1279_CE_Hindu_text_palm_leaf_manuscript%2C_Pratima_lakshana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script%2C_folio_1_talapatra_from_a_Buddhist_monastery%2C_1v%2C_2r_2v_leaves.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption> 1279 CE manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Brhat-samhita</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the undisputed information about the life of Varāhamihira comes from a stanza in his <i><a href="/wiki/Brihat_Jataka" title="Brihat Jataka">Brhaj-jataka</a></i>. According to this stanza, he was a resident of <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(Ancient_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (Ancient India)">Avanti</a>, was a son of Aditya-dasa, and studied at Kapitthaka through the boon of the sun god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varāhamihira's father Aditya-dasa likely trained him in <a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">jyotisha</a> (Indian <a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">astrology and astronomy</a>), as suggested by the <i>Brhaj-jataka</i> stanza and the opening stanza of <i>Pancha-siddhantika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varāhamihira's commentator <a href="/wiki/Utpala_(astronomer)" title="Utpala (astronomer)">Utpala</a> calls him "Magadha-dvija". According to one interpretation, this means that Varāhamihira was Brahmana (<i>dvija</i>), whose ancestors belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TKP_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TKP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another theory, the word "Magadha" in this context refers to the sun-worshipping <a href="/wiki/Maga_Brahmin" title="Maga Brahmin">Maga</a> cult that Varāhamihira was a part of. In his <i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Brhat-samhita</a></i>, Varāhamihira mentions that the Magas were the only people suitable for consecrating an image of the Sun god. The Magas, as they came to be known in India, originated from the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> priests of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">Ajay Mitra Shastri</a> cites a <i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i> passage according to which the term "Magadha" is a synonym of "Maga" and refers to "those who contemplate on the Maga". According to Shastri, Utpala has used the word "Magadha" to denote the Magas, who had been accepted as Shaka-dvipi (Maga) Brahmins in the Indian society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110–11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110–11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shastri theorizes that "Varaha-mihira" may be a Sanskritized form of the Iranian name "Varaza-Mihr", and may refer to a legend mentioned in the <i>Mihr <a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yasht</a></i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></i>. According to this legend, the god Verethraghna, in the form of a boar (<i>varaza</i>), precedes Mihr in his march. Shastri notes that the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> monarch <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> bore the name Mihrvaraza, which is quite similar to Varahamihra. Academic <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Edalji_Sanjana" title="Jahangir Edalji Sanjana">J.E. Sanjana</a> suggests that Varāhamihira was descended from an Iranian Magi priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199113_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199113-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars, such as M.T. Patwardhan and A.N. Upadhye, have identified Varāhamihira with Bazurjmehr, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a>'s writings as a minister of the Sasanian king <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khusraw Nushirwan</a> (r. 531-578). However, A.M. Shastri dismisses this theory as unconvincing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117–18_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117–18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several historically inaccurate legends about the ancestry of Varāhamihira: </p> <ul><li>Jain writers <a href="/wiki/Merutunga" title="Merutunga">Merutunga</a> (14th century) and Rajashekhara-Suri claim that his original name was Varaha, and he was a brother of the Jain patriarch <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a>. He gained knowledge because of a favour by the Sun, because of which the suffix "Mihira" ("Sun") was added to his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918–9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918–9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain authors seem to have fabricated this story to prove the pre-eminence of the Jain astrology over the Brahmanical astrology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Another 20th century legend, purportedly based on "some old <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> text" claims that Aditya-dasa's wife was called Satya-vati alias Indu-mati: Varāhamihira was born to them in their fifties by the boon of the Sun. He was originally known as Mihira, and was given the prefix "Varaha" by King Vikramaditya when he correctly predicted that a boar (<i>varaha</i> in Sanskrit) would kill the king's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19919_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19919-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>A tradition associates Varāhamihira with <a href="/wiki/Berachampa" title="Berachampa">Berachampa</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, where a mound called "Varāhamihira's house" is located. This seems to be the result of an attempt to associate the locality with a famous figure. A legend from the Bengal region claims that Varaha and Mihira were a father-son duo at Vikramaditya's court, and the poet <a href="/wiki/Khana_(poet)" title="Khana (poet)">Khana</a> was Mihira's wife. This legend is of no historical value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991248_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991248-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Varaha" and "Mihira" were alternative names for the same person - Varāhamihira, as attested by the later astronomical works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Another legend claims that the <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> teacher <a href="/wiki/Shabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabara">Shabara-svamin</a> had four wives, one from each <a href="/wiki/Varna_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Varna in Hinduism">varna</a>, and Varāhamihira was his son from his Brahmin wife. Some scholars, such as S.K. Dikshit, have theorized that Aditya-dasa (or Aditya-deva) was another name of Shabara-svamin, but no historical evidence supports this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthplace">Birthplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birthplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapitthaka, where Varāhamihira studied, was probably his birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-TKP_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TKP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While "Kapitthaka" is the most popular reading the place's name, several variants of this name appear in various manuscripts, including Kampilyaka,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapilaka, Kapishthala, and Kapishkala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utpala suggests that this village had a sun temple. According to one theory, Kapitthaka is the modern <a href="/wiki/Kayatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayatha">Kayatha</a>, an archaeological site near Ujjain. Statues of the sun deity <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (whom Varāhamihira worshipped) dated 600-900 CE have been found there, and <i><a href="/wiki/Limonia_acidissima" title="Limonia acidissima">kapittha</a></i> trees are abundant in and around Kayatha. However, no historical source suggests that Kapitthaka was another name for Kayatha. According to another theory, Kapitthaka is same as <a href="/wiki/Sankissa" title="Sankissa">Sankissa</a> (ancient Sankashya) in present-day Uttar Pradesh: according to the 7th-century Chinese traveler <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, this town was also known as Kah-pi-t'a. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">Ajay Mitra Shastri</a> notes that Kah-pi-t'a is phonetically similar to Kapittha or Kapitthaka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19916_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19916-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the term "Magadha-dvija" (see above), <a href="/wiki/Sudhakara_Dvivedi" title="Sudhakara Dvivedi">Sudhakara Dvivedi</a> suggests that Varāhamihira was born and brought up in Magadha, and later migrated to Ujjain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199127_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199127-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">Ajay Mitra Shastri</a> disputes this, noting that Utpala describes him as "Avantikacharya" (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(region)" title="Avanti (region)">Avanti</a>) and "Magadha-dvija": these two terms cannot be reconciled if "Magadha-dvija" is interpreted as "<a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a> (Brahmana) of Magadha"; instead "Magadha" here means <a href="/wiki/Maga_Brahmin" title="Maga Brahmin">Maga</a>, as attested by the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residence">Residence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Residence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the above-mentioned stanza, Varāhamihira's association with Avanti is confirmed by other evidence: in <i>Pancha-siddhantika</i>, he calls himself <i>Avantyaka</i> ("of Avanti"), and the later commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Utpala_(astronomer)" title="Utpala (astronomer)">Utpala</a> and Mahidhara describe him as <i>Avantikacharya</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharya</a> of Avanti").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utpala also describes Varāhamihira's son Prthu-yashas as Avantikacharya, in his commentary on <i>Shat-panchashika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199124_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199124-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">Ajay Mitra Shastri</a>, relying on Utpala, believes that "Avanti" here refers to the city of <a href="/wiki/Ujjayini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujjayini">Ujjayini</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(Ancient_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (Ancient India)">Avanti region</a> of central India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Dániel Balogh, however, notes that Avanti here may refer to the city of Ujjayini or the Avanti region in general: there is no concrete evidence that Varāhamihira lived in the city; he may have lived elsewhere in Avanti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019142-143_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019142-143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_patron">Royal patron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Royal patron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varāhamihira likely lived in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aulikara_dynasty" title="Second Aulikara dynasty">Aulikara</a> kingdom, as the Aulikaras ruled Avanti in the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199151_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199151-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varāhamihira's <i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Brhat-samhita</a></i> states that on the topic of omens (<i>shakuna</i>), one of the works he consulted was that of Dravya-vardhana, the king of Avanti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199143–45_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199143–45-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dravya-vardhana likely belonged to the Aulikara dynasty, several of whose members bore names ending in <i>-vardhana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199151_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199151-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">Ajay Mitra Shastri</a> notes that Dravya-vardhana is the only person for whom Varāhamihira employs the honorific <i><a href="/wiki/Shri" title="Shri">Shri</a></i>, although he mentions several other notable people. Moreover, he mentions Dravya-vardhana's work before he mentions reputed authorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Saptarishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">Saptarishis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrddha_Garga" title="Vrddha Garga">Garga</a>. According to Shastri, this, combined with the fact that both Dravya-vardhana and Varāhamihira lived in Avanti, suggests that Dravya-vardhana was the royal patron of Varāhamihira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199143–45_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199143–45-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shastri theorizes that Dravya-vardhana was a successor of <a href="/wiki/Yashodharman" title="Yashodharman">Yashodharman</a> alias Vishnu-vardhana, who may have also been a patron of Varāhamihira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other historians identify Dravya-vardhana with the earlier Aulikara ruler <a href="/wiki/Second_Aulikara_dynasty#Drapa-vardhana" title="Second Aulikara dynasty">Drapa-vardhana</a>. Shastri disputes this, arguing that Varāhamihira describes Dravya-vardhana as a <i>maharajadhiraja</i> (emperor), while the <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABsthal_inscription" title="Rīsthal inscription">Rīsthal inscription</a> describes Drapa-vardhana as a <i>senapati</i> (commander). Balogh disagrees with Shastri, noting that Varāhamihira actually uses the term <i>nrpo maharajadhiraja-kah</i> (<i>nrpa</i> or ruler "connected to the emperor") for the king, which Shastri has misunderstood as <i>maharajadhirajah</i> (emperor). Only one manuscript reads <i>maharajadhirajah</i>, which can be discarded as it doesn't fit the metre; three others have <i>maharajdhiraja-jah</i>. Thus, the actual title of Drapa-vardhana was <i>nrpa</i>, which is much closer to <i>senapati</i> in status. Utpala also interprets the term <i>maharajadhiraja-kah</i> to mean "born in the dynasty of the (or an) emperor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019141–142_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019141–142-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Hans Bakker</a> interprets the term to <i>maharajadhiraja-kah</i> as a governor installed at Ujjayini by the contemporary Gupta emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balogh believes that Dravya-vardhana was probably same as Drapa-vardhana: "Dravya" may be a variant arising from a mistake in a medieval manuscript, which is the source of later manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balogh disputes Shastri's assertion that Varāhamihira shows a particularly reverential attitude to the king, and even if he did, this is no evidence that the two were contemporaries. Varāhamihira consulted the king's work instead of the original work of Bharadvaja that it was based on; according to Balogh, this actually makes it more likely that the king lived at a time earlier than Varāhamihira, who did not have access to the older work of Bharadvaja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019142_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019142-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Balogh, Varāhamihira likely lived during the reign of the Aulikara kings Prakasha-dharman, Yashodharman, or an unknown successor of Yashodharman. However, unlike Shastri, Balogh believes that Varāhamihira did not have a royal patron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDániel_Balogh2019143-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several scholars theorize that Varāhamihira came from a <a href="/wiki/Maga_Brahmin" title="Maga Brahmin">Brahminized</a> family of the sun-worshipping <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> priests (see <a href="#Ancestry">Ancestry</a> above).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110–11_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110–11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a worshipper of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Savitru" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitru">Savitur</a>, and stated that he had received all his knowledge by the grace of this god.<sup id="cite_ref-BSR_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSR-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <i>Brhaj-jataka</i>, he states that he was able to compose the text because of a boon by the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he mentions other deities, he devotes a much larger number of verses to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His commentator Utpala credits his sharp intellect to a boon by the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later writers describe him as an incarnation of the Sun god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19919_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19919-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utpala, for example, declares that the Sun descended on earth in the form of Varāhamihira to save the jyotisha-shastra from destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19691_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19691-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Subhashita-ratna-kosha</i> quotes stanzas that praise Varāhamihira as an incarnation of Vishnu and the Sun, presumably because of two parts of his name (<i><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">varaha</a></i> referring to an avatar of Vishnu, and <i>mihira</i> meaning sun).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199124_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199124-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sun worship seems to have been his family's religion, as his father Aditya-dasa's name literally means "slave (or servant) of the Sun".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM.R._Bhatt1996572_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.R._Bhatt1996572-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kutuhula-manjari</i>, a later text, suggests that Varāhamihira was born to Aditya-dasa by the blessings of the Sun. Varāhamihira's son Prthu-yashas also invokes the Sun in the opening stanza of his work <i>Shatpanchashikha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varāhamihira was well-versed with the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM.R._Bhatt1996638_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.R._Bhatt1996638-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recommends the performance of several ancient Hindu rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Punyaham" title="Punyaham">Punyaham</a> and chanting of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic hymns">Vedic hymns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM.R._Bhatt1996570_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.R._Bhatt1996570-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varāhamihira praises Vishnu in the chapters 42 and 104 of Brhat-samhita, leading A.N.S. Aiyangar and K.V.R Aiyangar to speculate that he came in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Shrivaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrivaishnava">Shrivaishnava</a> saints (Alvars); however, A.M. Shastri dismisses this theory, describing the praise for Vishnu as an example of religious eclecticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri196921_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri196921-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Brhat-samhita</i>, Varāhamihira discusses the iconography of several Brahmanical deities, including <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Baladeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekanamsha" title="Ekanamsha">Ekanamsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Shamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, consorts of Shamba and Pradyumna, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, Surya, the divine mothers (<a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Revanta" title="Revanta">Revanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991100–120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991100–120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were presumably the popular gods worshipped during his period. He also describes the iconography of two non-Brahmanical faiths, that of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinas">Jinas</a>. He appears to have been religiously liberal, as he reveres the Buddha as "the father of the world" and devotes an entire stanza to Buddha's iconology (compared to shorter descriptions of several Brahmanical deities).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991120–121_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991120–121-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A verse in the <i>Brhat-samhita</i> describes the iconography of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, but this verse appears only in one or two manuscripts, and is likely a later interpolation. Similarly, a <i>Tikanika-yatra</i> verse in which the author reveres Ganesha (among other deities), is likely spurious; this verse appears only in one manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991121_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri1991121-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varāhamihira is credited with writing several authoritative texts on <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and astrology">astronomy and astrology</a>. He was also known for his poetic skills, and the 11th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra</a> describes him as a great poet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He apparently wrote a set of two works - detailed and short - in the following areas:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199119–20_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199119–20-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th>Detailed work </th> <th>Short work </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematical astronomy (<i>tantra</i>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika" title="Pancha-siddhantika">Pancha-siddhantika</a></i> </td> <td>Now lost, known from Utpala's commentary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horoscopy">Horoscopy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hora_(astrology)" title="Hora (astrology)">hora</a></i>): <a href="/wiki/Natal_astrology" title="Natal astrology">nativity</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Brihat_Jataka" title="Brihat Jataka">Brhaj-jataka</a></i> </td> <td><i>Laghu-jataka</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horoscopy: <a href="/wiki/Astrological_compatibility" title="Astrological compatibility">marriage</a> </td> <td><i>Brhad-vivaha-patala</i> </td> <td><i>Svalpa-vivaha-patala</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horoscopy: <a href="/wiki/Electional_astrology" title="Electional astrology">journeys</a> </td> <td><i>Brhad-yatra</i> and <i>Yoga-yatra</i> </td> <td><i>Svalpa-yatra</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General astrology (<i>samhita</i>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Brhat-samhita</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81sa_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Samāsa Saṃhitā">Samasa-samhita</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The chronological order of some of these works can be determined based on the internal evidence and Utpala's commentary. In order or earliest to latest, these works are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199120_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199120-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Pancha-siddhantika</i></li> <li><i>Brhaj-jataka</i></li> <li><i>Brhad-yatra</i></li> <li><i>Yoga-yatra</i> (according to Utpala, Varaha-mihira wrote this because he was dissatisfied with <i>Brhad-yatra</i>)</li> <li><i>Brhad-vivaha-patala</i></li> <li><i>Brhat-samhita</i></li></ul> <p><i>Laghu-jataka</i> states that it was written after <i>Brhaj-jataka</i>, and Utpala's commentary states that it was written after the abridged version of <i>Pancha-siddhantika</i>. However, its order with respect to the other works is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199120_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199120-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later authors also mention or quote from some other works composed by Varaha-mihira. Manuscripts of some other works attributed to Varaha-mihira exist, but these attributions are of doubtful nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199120_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199120-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Romaka_Siddhanta" title="Romaka Siddhanta">Romaka Siddhanta</a></i> ("The Doctrine of the Romans") and the <i><a href="/wiki/Paulisa_Siddhanta" title="Paulisa Siddhanta">Paulisa Siddhanta</a></i> were two works of Western origin which influenced Varāhamihira's thought. The <i>Pauliṣa Siddhānta</i> is often mistakenly thought to be a single work and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Alexandria">Paul of Alexandria</a> (c. 378 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this notion has been rejected by other scholars in the field, notably by <a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a> who stated that "...the identification of Paulus Alexandrinus with the author of the <i>Pauliṣa Siddhānta</i> is totally false".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of his writings share similarities with the earlier texts like <i><a href="/wiki/Vedanga_Jyotisha" title="Vedanga Jyotisha">Vedanga Jyotisha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars consider Varāhamihira to be the strong candidate for the one who understood and introduced the zodiac signs, predictive calculations for auspicious ceremonies and astrological computations in India.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarma2184_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarma2184-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varāhamihira's works contain 35 Sanskritized Greek astronomical terms, and he exhibits a good understanding of the Greek astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199118_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199118-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He praised the Greeks (<i>Yavanas</i>) for being "well trained in the sciences", though impure in ritual order.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varāhamihira gained reputation as the most eminent writer on <a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">jyotisha</a> after his death, and his works superseded nearly all the earlier Indian texts in this area. Several later Indian astrologer-astronomers speak highly of him, and acknowledge his works among their main sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19691–3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19691–3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> also greatly admires him, describing him as an excellent astronomer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19694_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19694-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_mathematicians" title="List of Indian mathematicians">List of Indian mathematicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birthdate is disputed, see <a href="#Date">#Date</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sudhakara Dvivedi, following the reading "Kampilyaka", identified Varahamihira's birthplace as present-day <a href="/wiki/Kalpi" title="Kalpi">Kalpi</a> in Uttar Pradesh. However, this identification is incorrect: the ancient name of Kalpi was Kalapriya, not Kampilyaka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri196915_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri196915-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913–4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19913–4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvans2014" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Brian (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3CPwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61"><i>The Development of Mathematics Throughout the Centuries: A Brief History in a Cultural Context</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118853979" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118853979"><bdi>978-1118853979</bdi></a>. <q>Varāhamihira, a mathematician born around 505 CE and died 587 CE, who was also known for innovation with Pascal's triangle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Mathematics+Throughout+the+Centuries%3A+A+Brief+History+in+a+Cultural+Context&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1118853979&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3CPwAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History of Indian Literature</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 2008. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1984" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Ram (1984). <i>Kālidāsa: His Art and Culture</i>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa%3A+His+Art+and+Culture&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Srinivasachariar1974" class="citation book cs1">M. Srinivasachariar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA100"><i>History of Classical Sanskrit Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802841" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802841"><bdi>9788120802841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Classical+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=94-111&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9788120802841&rft.au=M.+Srinivasachariar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dVRvVyHaiQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Winternitz, Moriz</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C"><i>History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0056-4&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Moriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql0BmInD1c4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19915_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TKP-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TKP_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TKP_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.K_Puttaswamy2012" class="citation book cs1">T.K Puttaswamy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8oVRSu692qoC&pg=PA141"><i>Mathematical Achievements of Pre-modern Indian Mathematicians</i></a>. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123979131" title="Special:BookSources/9780123979131"><bdi>9780123979131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Achievements+of+Pre-modern+Indian+Mathematicians&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780123979131&rft.au=T.K+Puttaswamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8oVRSu692qoC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110–11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110–11_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199110–11_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199113-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199113_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117–18-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199117–18_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918–9-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19918–9_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351186465" title="Special:BookSources/9789351186465"><bdi>9789351186465</bdi></a>. <q>He belonged, as his name indicates, to a Brahminized family of the Magi, sun-worshipping Zoroastrian priests, and he himself came to be regarded in later times as an incarnation of the sun god.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pearls+and+Pebbles&rft.btitle=The+First+Spring+Part+2%3A+Culture+in+the+Golden+Age+of+India&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789351186465&rft.au=Abraham+Eraly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KFQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSR-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSR_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Suryanarain_Rao1986" class="citation book cs1">B. 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"Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran". <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>. <b>54</b> (2). University of Chicago Press: 229–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349703">10.1086/349703</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228540">228540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128083594">128083594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Astronomy+and+Astrology+in+India+and+Iran&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-246&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128083594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F228540%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349703&rft.aulast=Pingree&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarma2184-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarma2184_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sarma, K. V. (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli">"Varahamihira"</a></span>. In Helaine Selin (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli/page/n2193">2184</a>–2185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4425-0_9604">10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-4559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varahamihira&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=2184-2185&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4425-0_9604&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediahis00seli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199118-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri199118_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991">A.M. Shastri 1991</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1990" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Kirti Narayan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYY6AAAAIAAJ&dq=varahamihira+greeks+impure&pg=PA54"><i>Asia Before Europe Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521316812" title="Special:BookSources/0521316812"><bdi>0521316812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Before+Europe+Economy+and+Civilisation+of+the+Indian+Ocean+from+the+Rise+of+Islam+to+1750&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0521316812&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Kirti+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYY6AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dvarahamihira%2Bgreeks%2Bimpure%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19691–3-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19691–3_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1969">A.M. Shastri 1969</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19694-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19694_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA.M._Shastri1969">A.M. Shastri 1969</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">A.M. Shastri</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Varāhamihira and His Times</i></a>. Kusumanjali. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28644897">28644897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Var%C4%81hamihira+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Kusumanjali&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28644897&rft.au=A.M.+Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMf0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.M._Shastri1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">A.M. Shastri</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAbAAAAMAAJ"><i>India as Seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896842212" title="Special:BookSources/9780896842212"><bdi>9780896842212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+as+Seen+in+the+B%E1%B9%9Bhatsa%E1%B9%81hit%C4%81+of+Var%C4%81hamihira&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780896842212&rft.au=A.M.+Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQAbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDániel_Balogh2019" class="citation book cs1">Dániel Balogh (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUDEDwAAQBAJ"><i>Inscriptions of the Aulikaras and Their Associates</i></a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110649789" title="Special:BookSources/9783110649789"><bdi>9783110649789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+the+Aulikaras+and+Their+Associates&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783110649789&rft.au=D%C3%A1niel+Balogh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUDEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.R._Bhatt1996" class="citation book cs1">M. Ramakrishna Bhat, ed. (1996) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VR8iriWmzUC"><i>Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira</i></a> (Second ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120810600" title="Special:BookSources/9788120810600"><bdi>9788120810600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brhat+Samhita+of+Varahamihira&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120810600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VR8iriWmzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVar%C4%81hamihira" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Var%C4%81hamihira&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brihat-samhita">The Brihat-samhita; complete translation by N. Chidambaram Iyer</a> Online edition with glossary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#panca">Pancasiddhantika, Brihat Jataka, Brihat Samhita and Hora Shastra</a> Various editions in English and Sanskrit. (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brihatjataka00varaiala"><i>The Brihat Jataka</i> (1905)</a> (PDF) – archived from <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Asalesha_Nakshatram" class="mw-redirect" title="Asalesha Nakshatram">Āshleshā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magha_(nakshatra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magha (nakshatra)">Maghā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABrva_Phalgun%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pūrva Phalgunī (page does not exist)">Pūrva Phalgunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Phalgun%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Phalgunī">Uttara Phalgunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_(nakshatra)" title="Hasta (nakshatra)">Hasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">Chitrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svati" title="Svati">Svātī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vish%C4%81kh%C4%81" title="Vishākhā">Vishākhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_(nakshatra)" title="Anuradha (nakshatra)">Anurādhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(nakshatra)" title="Jyeshtha (nakshatra)">Jyeshtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mula_(nakshatra)" title="Mula (nakshatra)">Mūla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABrva_Ash%C4%81dh%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Pūrva Ashādhā">Pūrva Ashādhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Ash%C4%81dh%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Ashādhā">Uttara Ashādhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana" title="Shravana">Shravana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanishta" title="Dhanishta">Dhanishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatabhisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatabhisha">Shatabhisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABrva_Bh%C4%81drapad%C4%81" title="Pūrva Bhādrapadā">Pūrva Bhādrapadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Bh%C4%81drapad%C4%81" title="Uttara Bhādrapadā">Uttara Bhādrapadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revati_(nakshatra)" title="Revati (nakshatra)">Revatī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_zodiac#Hindu_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal zodiac">Rāśi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aries_(astrology)" title="Aries (astrology)">Meṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)" title="Taurus (astrology)">Vṛṣabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(astrology)" title="Gemini (astrology)">Mithuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)" title="Cancer (astrology)">Karkaṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Siṃha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)" title="Virgo (astrology)">Kanyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_(astrology)" title="Libra (astrology)">Tulā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Vṛścika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Dhanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Makara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Kumbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)" title="Pisces (astrology)">Mīna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_aspect_(Hindu_Astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology)">Astrological aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avastha_(Hindu_astrology)" title="Avastha (Hindu astrology)">Avastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmakaraka" title="Atmakaraka">Atmakaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayanamsa">Ayanamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81va" title="Bhāva">Bhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choghadiya" title="Choghadiya">Choghadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasha_(astrology)" title="Dasha (astrology)">Daśās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drekkana" title="Drekkana">Drekkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmasthana_(astrology)" title="Karmasthana (astrology)">Karmasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundali_(astrology)" title="Kundali (astrology)">Kuṇḍali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagna" title="Lagna">Lagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraka_(Hindu_astrology)" title="Maraka (Hindu astrology)">Maraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntha_(astrology)" title="Muntha (astrology)">Muntha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navamsa_(astrology)" title="Navamsa (astrology)">Navamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_astrology" title="Nadi astrology">Nadi astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjika" title="Panjika">Panjika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_dispositors_(Hindu_astrology)" title="Planetary dispositors (Hindu astrology)">Planetary dispositors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashmi_(Hindu_astrology)" title="Rashmi (Hindu astrology)">Rashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Astrology">Science and Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvatobhadra_Chakra_(Hindu_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvatobhadra Chakra (Hindu astrology)">Sarvatobhadra Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikonasthanas" title="Trikonasthanas">Trikonasthanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upachayasthanas_(Hindu_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upachayasthanas (Hindu astrology)">Upachayasthanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyatip%C4%81ta" title="Vyatipāta">Vyatipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga-karakas_(Hindu_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga-karakas (Hindu astrology)">Yoga-karakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakri_grahas" title="Vakri grahas">Vakri grahas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Yogas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhi_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhi yoga">Adhi yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhanda_Samrajya_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhanda Samrajya yoga">Akhanda Samrajya yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarishta" title="Balarishta">Balarishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamara_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamara yoga">Chamara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainya_yoga_(Hindu_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dainya yoga (Hindu astrology)">Dainya yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daridra_yoga_(Hindu_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daridra yoga (Hindu astrology)">Daridra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhana_yoga_(Hindu_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhana yoga (Hindu astrology)">Dhana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahala_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahala yoga">Kahala yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabhasa_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabhasa yoga">Nabhasa yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neechabhanga_Raja_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Neechabhanga Raja yoga">Neechabhanga Raja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Mahapurusha_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Panch Mahapurusha yoga">Panch Mahapurusha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parajata_yoga" title="Parajata yoga">Parajata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preshya_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Preshya yoga">Preshya yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_yoga_(Hindu_astrology)" title="Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)">Raja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyasa_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanyasa yoga">Sanyasa yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Raja_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viparita Raja yoga">Viparita Raja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(Hindu_astrology)" title="Yoga (Hindu astrology)">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihat_Jataka" title="Brihat Jataka">Brihat Jataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavartha_Ratnakara" title="Bhavartha Ratnakara">Bhavartha Ratnakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasadhyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasadhyayi">Dasadhyayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garga_Hora" title="Garga Hora">Garga Hora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora_Ratna" title="Hora Ratna">Hora Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora_Sara" title="Hora Sara">Hora Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jataka_Parijata" title="Jataka Parijata">Jataka Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini_Sutras_(Hindu_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaimini Sutras (Hindu astrology)">Jaimini Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakalankara" title="Jatakalankara">Jatakalankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jataka_Parijata" title="Jataka Parijata">Jataka Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jataka_Tattva" title="Jataka Tattva">Jataka Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghu_Parashari" title="Laghu Parashari">Laghu Parashari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansagari" title="Mansagari">Mansagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Tantra" title="Prashna Tantra">Prashna Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasna_Marga" title="Prasna Marga">Prasna Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaladeepika" title="Phaladeepika">Phaladeepika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanketa_Nidhi" title="Sanketa Nidhi">Sanketa Nidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvartha_Chintamani" title="Sarvartha Chintamani">Sarvartha Chintamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajika_Neelakanthi" title="Tajika Neelakanthi">Tajika Neelakanthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Ancient Rishis/Astrologers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantreswara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantreswara">Mantreswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Daivajna" title="Nilakantha Daivajna">Nilakantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasara">Parasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanatha_Dikshita" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaidyanatha Dikshita">Vaidyanatha Dikshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varahamihira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_mathematics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_mathematics" title="Template:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_mathematics" title="Template talk:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_mathematics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_mathematicians" title="List of Indian mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Apastamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudhayana_sutras" title="Baudhayana sutras">Baudhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ty%C4%81yana" title="Kātyāyana">Katyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava" title="Manava">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingala" title="Pingala">Pingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Āryabhaṭa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_II" title="Aryabhata II">Āryabhaṭa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmadeva" title="Brahmadeva">Brahmadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindasv%C4%81mi" title="Govindasvāmi">Govindasvāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halayudha" title="Halayudha">Halayudha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakara" title="Kamalakara">Kamalakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra_(mathematician)" title="Mahāvīra (mathematician)">Mahāvīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_S%C5%ABri" title="Mahendra Sūri">Mahendra Sūri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munishvara" title="Munishvara">Munishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayana Pandit">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Samrat" title="Jagannatha Samrat">Jagannatha Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABpati" title="Śrīpati">Śrīpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sridhara" title="Sridhara">Sridhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Varāhamihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankara_Variar" title="Sankara Variar">Sankara Variar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasena" title="Virasena">Virasena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.C._Mahalanobis" class="mw-redirect" title="P.C. Mahalanobis">P.C. Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.R._Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Rao">C.R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeravalli_S._Varadarajan" title="Veeravalli S. Varadarajan">Veeravalli S. Varadarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Parthasarathy_(probabilist)" title="K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)">K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Narasimhan" title="M. S. Narasimhan">M. S. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Seshadri" title="C. S. Seshadri">C. S. Seshadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra" title="Harish-Chandra">Harish-Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbayya_Sivasankaranarayana_Pillai" title="Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai">Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilak_Raj_Prabhakar" title="Tilak Raj Prabhakar">Tilak Raj Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjul_Bhargava" title="Manjul Bhargava">Manjul Bhargava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Venkatesh" title="Akshay Venkatesh">Akshay Venkatesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vakil" title="Ravi Vakil">Ravi Vakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannan_Soundararajan" title="Kannan Soundararajan">Kannan Soundararajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:SSBPST_recipients_in_Mathematical_Science" title="Template:SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhshali_manuscript" title="Bakhshali manuscript">Bakhshali manuscript</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bijaganita" title="Bijaganita">Bijaganita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta" title="Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta">Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganita_Kaumudi" title="Ganita Kaumudi">Ganita Kaumudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakkusaram" title="Kanakkusaram">Kanakkusaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karanapaddhati" title="Karanapaddhati">Karanapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABl%C4%81vat%C4%AB" title="Līlāvatī">Līlāvatī</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lokavibhaga" title="Lokavibhaga">Lokavibhaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81t%C4%ABga%E1%B9%87ita" title="Pātīgaṇita">Pātīgaṇita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulisa_Siddhanta" title="Paulisa Siddhanta">Paulisa Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pancha-Siddhantika">Paitamaha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romaka_Siddhanta" title="Romaka Siddhanta">Romaka Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadratnamala" title="Sadratnamala">Sadratnamala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siddh%C4%81nta_Shiromani" title="Siddhānta Shiromani">Siddhānta Shiromani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulba_Sutras" title="Shulba Sutras">Śulba Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Siddhanta" title="Vasishtha Siddhanta">Vasishtha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venvaroha" title="Venvaroha">Veṇvāroha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuktibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Yuktibhāṣā">Yuktibhāṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yavanajataka" title="Yavanajataka">Yavanajataka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br /> innovations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a></li> <li>Symbol for <a href="/wiki/0" title="0">zero (0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_series" title="Madhava series">Infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Jaipur" title="Jantar Mantar, Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_New_Delhi" title="Jantar Mantar, New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Ujjain" title="Jantar Mantar, Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Varanasi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians of<br /> mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bapudeva_Sastri" title="Bapudeva Sastri">Bapudeva Sastri</a> (1821–1900)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Balakrishna_Dikshit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit (page does not exist)">Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit</a> (1853–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakara_Dvivedi" title="Sudhakara Dvivedi">Sudhakara Dvivedi</a> (1855–1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Rangacarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Rangacarya (page does not exist)">M. Rangacarya</a> (1861–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Sengupta" class="mw-redirect" title="P. C. Sengupta">P. C. Sengupta</a> (1876–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Datta" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Datta">B. B. Datta</a> (1888–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takao_Hayashi" title="Takao Hayashi">T. Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._A._Krishnaswamy_Ayyangar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (page does not exist)">A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar</a> (1892– 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhesh_Narayan_Singh" title="Avadhesh Narayan Singh">A. N. Singh</a> (1901–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Rajagopal" class="mw-redirect" title="C. T. Rajagopal">C. T. Rajagopal</a> (1903–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Saraswati_Amma" class="mw-redirect" title="T. A. Saraswati Amma">T. A. Saraswati Amma</a> (1918–2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._N._Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. N. Sen (page does not exist)">S. N. Sen</a> (1918–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Shukla" class="mw-redirect" title="K. S. Shukla">K. S. Shukla</a> (1918–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Sarma" title="K. V. Sarma">K. V. Sarma</a> (1919–2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eugene_Clark" title="Walter Eugene Clark">Walter Eugene Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke" title="Henry Thomas Colebrooke">Henry Thomas Colebrooke </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics#Medieval_European_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br /> institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskaracharya_Pratishthana" title="Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana">Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mathematical_Institute" title="Chennai Mathematical Institute">Chennai Mathematical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences,_Chennai" title="Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai">Institute of Mathematical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra_Research_Institute" title="Harish-Chandra Research Institute">Harish-Chandra Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_Centre_for_Science_Education" title="Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education">Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanujan_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_in_Mathematics" title="Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics">Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">TIFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_astronomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_astronomy" title="Template:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_astronomy" title="Template talk:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_astronomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_astronomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_II" title="Aryabhata II">Aryabhata II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainu_Bappu" title="Vainu Bappu">Vainu Bappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudhayana">Baudhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Chakrabarti" title="Sandip Chakrabarti">Sandip Chakrabarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhagobinda_Chandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Radhagobinda Chandra">Radhagobinda Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amil_Kumar_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Amil Kumar Das">Amil Kumar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Devadas" class="mw-redirect" title="P Devadas">P. Devadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_K_Das_Gupta" class="mw-redirect" title="M K Das Gupta">M. K. Das Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyesthadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyesthadeva">Jyesthadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakara" title="Kamalakara">Kamalakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana">Katyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagadha">Lagadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla" title="Lalla">Lalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavira (mathematician)">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava" title="Manava">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Radhakrishnan">Venkatraman Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Rawal" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Rawal">J. J. Rawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megh_Nad_Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Megh Nad Saha">Megh Nad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Samrat" title="Jagannatha Samrat">Jagannatha Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapudeva_Sastri" title="Bapudeva Sastri">Bapudeva Sastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II_of_Amber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II of Amber">Jai Singh II of Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripati">Sripati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Suri">Mahendra Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Swarup" title="Govind Swarup">Govind Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpala_(astronomer)" title="Utpala (astronomer)">Utpala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varahamihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankara_Variyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shankara Variyar">Shankara Variyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasistha">Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathani_Samanta" title="Pathani Samanta">Pathani Samanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Bṛhat Saṃhitā</a></i></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganitagannadi" title="Ganitagannadi">Ganitagannadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmimamsa" title="Jyotirmimamsa">Jyotirmimamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulba_Sutras" title="Shulba Sutras">Shulba Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khandakhadyaka" title="Khandakhadyaka">Khandakhadyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_(astronomy_book)" title="Mahadevi (astronomy book)">Mahādevī</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makarandasarini" title="Makarandasarini">Makarandasarini</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Siddhanta_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhanta (astronomy)">Siddhantas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta" title="Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta">Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maha-Siddhanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Siddhanta">Maha-Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika" title="Pancha-siddhantika">Pancha-Siddhantika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulisa_Siddhanta" title="Paulisa Siddhanta">Paulisa Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paitamaha_Siddhanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Paitamaha Siddhanta">Paitamaha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jam%E1%B9%9Bg%C4%81%E1%B9%85ka_(astronomy_book)" title="Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)">Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romaka_Siddhanta" title="Romaka Siddhanta">Romaka Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Siddhanta" title="Vasishtha Siddhanta">Vasishtha Siddhanta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantrasangraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantrasangraha">Tantrasangraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81kyakara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vākyakaraṇa">Vākyakaraṇa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanga_Jyotisha" title="Vedanga Jyotisha">Vedanga Jyotisha</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yavanajataka" title="Yavanajataka">Yavanajataka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Celestial globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff" title="Jacob's staff">Cross-staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_sundial" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial sundial">Equatorial sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">Quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextant (astronomical)">Sextant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantraraja" title="Yantraraja">Yantraraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">Azimuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">Cardinal direction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">Celestial equator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">Celestial sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">Center of mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychonic_system" title="Tychonic system">Geoheliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jyoti%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotiṣa">Jyotiṣa</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_ahargana" title="Kali ahargana">Kali ahargaṇa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">Kalpa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karana_(pancanga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karana (pancanga)">Karana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">Nakshatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityayoga" title="Nityayoga">Nityayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_(Indian_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritu (Indian season)">Ritu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi" title="Tithi">Tithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81ra_(astronomy)" title="Vāra (astronomy)">Vāra</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">Zodiacal sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Jaipur" title="Jantar Mantar, Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_New_Delhi" title="Jantar Mantar, New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Ujjain" title="Jantar Mantar, Ujjain">Ujjain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#Hellenistic_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Hellenistic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">Islamic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_Medieval_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Medieval Western Europe">European astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Vedic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakha" title="Vaisakha">Vaisakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Jyeshta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aashaadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aashaadha">Aashaadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">Shraavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaadra">Bhadrapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvin_(month)" title="Ashvin (month)">Ashvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartika_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartika (month)">Kartik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahayana" title="Agrahayana"> Margashirsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausha" title="Pausha">Pausha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Maagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Phalguna</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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