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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femmes_dans_les_litt%C3%A9ratures_de_l%27imaginaire" title="Femmes dans les littératures de l'imaginaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Femmes dans les littératures de l'imaginaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulheres_na_fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_especulativa" title="Mulheres na ficção especulativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mulheres na ficção especulativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96" title="Жінки у фантастиці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жінки у фантастиці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8031531#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="View the content page [c]" 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plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Women in society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors"><span class="wrap">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields"><span class="wrap">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a><br /></li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_women" title="Kurdish women">Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template talk:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.1em;background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality in<br />speculative fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Main topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_and_pregnancy_in_speculative_fiction" title="Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction">Reproduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Genres</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Women in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">In comics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_characters_in_comics" title="Category:LGBTQ characters in comics">characters</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_mythology" title="LGBT themes in mythology">In mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_horror_fiction" title="LGBTQ themes in horror fiction">In horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">Lesbian vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Recurring elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_pregnancy" title="Male pregnancy">Male pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-gender_world" title="Single-gender world">Single-gender worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">Lesbian vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture" title="Women warriors in literature and culture">Woman warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Awards and <a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">conventions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Network" title="Gaylactic Network">Gaylactic Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylaxicon" title="Gaylaxicon">Gaylaxicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Gaylactic Spectrum Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda Literary Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherwise_Award" title="Otherwise Award">Otherwise Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiscon" title="Wiscon">Wiscon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Universe" title="Broad Universe">Broad Universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators (website)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Star_Trek" title="Sexuality in Star Trek">Sexuality in <i>Star Trek</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_in_SF" title="Template:Sex in SF"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_in_SF" title="Template talk:Sex in SF"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_in_SF" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex in SF"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>role of <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a> in <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a></b> has changed a great deal since the early to mid-20th century. There are several aspects to women's roles, including their participation as authors of speculative fiction and their role in science fiction fandom. Regarding authorship, in 1948, 10–15% of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writers were female. Women's role in <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>) has grown since then, and in 1999, women comprised 36% of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a>'s professional members.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> (1818) by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> has been called the first science fiction novel,<sup id="cite_ref-aldiss73_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldiss73-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although women wrote <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> novels even before that, with <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Margaret Cavendish</a> publishing the first (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Blazing_World" title="The Blazing World">The Blazing World</a></i>) in the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-davin06_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davin06-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early published <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> was written by and for any gender. However, speculative fiction, with science fiction in particular, has traditionally been viewed as a male-oriented genre.<sup id="cite_ref-EoSF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoSF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women have been active in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">science fiction fandom</a> for a number of decades. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writers">Writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science fiction originally had a reputation of being created by men for other men, though the genre had women writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Clare_Winger_Harris" title="Clare Winger Harris">Clare Winger Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Allen_deFord" title="Miriam Allen deFord">Miriam Allen deFord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Barrows_Bennett" title="Gertrude Barrows Bennett">Gertrude Barrows Bennett</a>, from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-tuttle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuttle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the late 1960s, women did not win major<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> science fiction awards, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugos</a>. The 1966 "<i><a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Analog Science Fiction and Fact</a></i> All-Time Poll" did not list any novels by women<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1973 "Locus All-Time Favorite Authors Poll" was over 90% male.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the two women in Locus's poll, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Andre Norton</a>, had been "gender ambiguous" for many of her readers. Other female writers of the era, such as <a href="/wiki/C._L._Moore" title="C. L. Moore">C. L. Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a>, also used ambiguous or male names. Women who wrote under their own names, such as <a href="/wiki/Zenna_Henderson" title="Zenna Henderson">Zenna Henderson</a>, initially wrote more "domestic" material concerning teachers and mothers. A partial exception was <a href="/wiki/Katherine_MacLean" title="Katherine MacLean">Katherine MacLean</a>, who wrote sociology- and psychology-oriented fiction and rarely used a male name.<sup id="cite_ref-tuttle_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuttle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eric Leif Davin argues in <i>Partners in Wonder</i> that science fiction's "male-oriented" reputation is unjustified and that it was a "safe haven" for outsiders, including women.<sup id="cite_ref-Davin3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davin3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davin reports that only <a href="/wiki/L._Taylor_Hansen" title="L. Taylor Hansen">L. Taylor Hansen</a> concealed her sex in early years, and that C. L. Moore wanted to hide her career as a science fiction author from her job. </p><p>Women writers were in a minority: during the '50s and '60s, almost 1,000 stories published in science fiction magazines by over 200 female-identified authors between 1926 and 1960 were documented, making women writers 10-15% of contributors. His is a minority view, "at odds with the common perception of science fiction".<sup id="cite_ref-Davin3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davin3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advent of <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave feminism">second wave feminism</a> in the 1960s, combined with the growing view of science fiction as the literature of ideas, led to an influx of female science fiction writers, and some saw this influx as the first appearance of women into the genre. In the 1960s and 1970s, authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (who debuted in 1963) and <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a> (who debuted in the 1950s) began to consciously explore <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> themes in works such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Man" title="The Female Man">The Female Man</a></i>, creating a self-consciously <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">feminist science fiction</a>. </p><p>As of 2013, publisher statistics indicate that men still outnumber women about two to one among English-language speculative fiction writers aiming for professional publication, but that the percentages vary considerably by genre. The following numbers are based on the 503 submissions received by <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a>, a major science fiction and fantasy publisher, between January and July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Submissions by genre</th> <th>Women</th> <th>Men </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic fantasy">epic</a> or <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a></td> <td>33%</td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">paranormal romance</a></td> <td>57%</td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></td> <td>17%</td> <td>83% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></td> <td>22%</td> <td>78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">Young adult fiction</a></td> <td>68%</td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other or unclassifiable</td> <td>27%</td> <td>73% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Overall</b></td> <td><b>37%</b></td> <td><b>63%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ten women have been named <a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a> of science fiction by the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Andre Norton</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">C.J. Cherryh</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Yolen" title="Jane Yolen">Jane Yolen</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Nalo Hopkinson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey" title="Mercedes Lackey">Mercedes Lackey</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_McKinley" title="Robin McKinley">Robin McKinley</a> (2023)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>, who wrote the five-novel science fiction series <a href="/wiki/Canopus_in_Argos" title="Canopus in Argos">Canopus in Argos</a>, received the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. </p><p>The <i>Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i> lists three notable women authors of <a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">military science fiction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Moon" title="Elizabeth Moon">Elizabeth Moon</a> (particularly her <i>Familias Regnant</i> stories such as <i>Hunting Party</i> (1993)), and <a href="/wiki/Karen_Traviss" title="Karen Traviss">Karen Traviss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-List_missing_criteria plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list has no <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LSC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LSC">precise inclusion criteria</a></b> as described in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Manual of Style for standalone lists</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Talk:Women in speculative fiction">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below is an evolving list of women authors in science fiction emphasizing diversity and innovation across various subgenres: </p> <ul><li>Terry Ann Adams</li> <li>Linda Addison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Jane_Anders" title="Charlie Jane Anders">Charlie Jane Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryka_Aoki" title="Ryka Aoki">Ryka Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Asaro" title="Catherine Asaro">Catherine Asaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Ashwell" title="Pauline Ashwell">Pauline Ashwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li>Wilhelmina Baird</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kage_Baker" title="Kage Baker">Kage Baker</a></li> <li>Celeste Rita Baker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Benaway" title="Gwen Benaway">Gwen Benaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Barrows_Bennett" title="Gertrude Barrows Bennett">Gertrude Barrows Bennet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Joanne_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcia Joanne Bennett">Marcia Joanne Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Beukes" title="Lauren Beukes">Lauren Beukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imogen_Binnie" title="Imogen Binnie">Imogen Binnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Chester" title="Deborah Chester">Jay D. Blakeney</a> (real name <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Chester" title="Deborah Chester">Deborah Chester</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kaathryn_Bohnhoff" title="Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff">Maya Kathryn Bohnhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Bolekaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Bolekaja (page does not exist)">Lisa Bolekaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wander_Bonanno" title="Margaret Wander Bonanno">Margaret Wander Bonnano</a></li> <li>Amanda Bouchet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a> (successfully authored her own titles and <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghost wrote</a> for George Sanders)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Bradley_Lane" title="Mary E. Bradley Lane">Mary E. Bradley Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a></li> <li>Jennifer Marie Brissett</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosel_George_Brown" title="Rosel George Brown">Rosel George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Maree_Brown" title="Adrienne Maree Brown">adrienne maree brown</a></li> <li>Dorothy Bryant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Bull" title="Emma Bull">Emma Bull</a></li> <li>Otis Kidwell Burger</li> <li>Chesya Burke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li>Maria Campbell</li> <li>Margaret Cavendish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_Chambers" title="Becky Chambers">Becky Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_McKee_Charnas" title="Suzy McKee Charnas">Suzy McKee Charnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">Carolyn Janice Cherry</a> (pen name <a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">C. J. Cherryh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Chester" title="Deborah Chester">Deborah Chester</a> (pen name Jay D. Blakeney)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Clayton" title="Jo Clayton">Jo Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Clingerman" title="Mildred Clingerman">Mildred Clingerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Collins" title="Suzanne Collins">Suzanne Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Constantine" title="Storm Constantine">Storm Constantine</a></li> <li>Susan Coon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Cooper" title="Susan Cooper">Susan Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_C._Crispin" title="Ann C. Crispin">Ann C. Crispin</a></li> <li>Myrna Culbreath</li> <li>Julie E. Czerneda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Allen_deFord" title="Miriam Allen deFord">Miriam Allen DeFord</a></li> <li>Grace Dillon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherie_Dimaline" title="Cherie Dimaline">Cherie Dimaline</a></li> <li>Ariel Djanikian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_E._Downing" title="Paula E. Downing">Paula E. Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliette_de_Bodard" title="Aliette de Bodard">Aliette de Bodard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Doyle" title="Debra Doyle">Debra Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Duane" title="Diane Duane">Diane Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tananarive_Due" title="Tananarive Due">Tananarive Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Eisenstein" title="Phyllis Eisenstein">Phyllis Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzette_Haden_Elgin" title="Suzette Haden Elgin">Suzette Haden Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Elison" title="Meg Elison">Meg Elison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_El-Mohtar" title="Amal El-Mohtar">Amal El-Mohtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Engdahl" title="Sylvia Engdahl">Sylvia Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heid_E._Erdrich" title="Heid E. Erdrich">Heid E. Erdrich</a></li> <li>Isabel Fall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fancher" title="Jane Fancher">Jane S. Fancher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Felice" title="Cynthia Felice">Cynthia Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Finch" title="Sheila Finch">Sheila Finch</a></li> <li>Magnus Flight (writing duo Christina Lynch and Meg Showery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Joy_Fowler" title="Karen Joy Fowler">Karen Joy Fowler</a></li> <li>Leslie Gadallah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_A._Gilliland" title="Alexis A. Gilliland">Alexis Gilliland</a></li> <li>Jaymee Goh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelle_Gomez" title="Jewelle Gomez">Jewelle Gomez</a></li> <li>Phyllis Gotlieb</li> <li>Susan Grant</li> <li>Gayle Greeno</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._M._Griffin" title="P. M. Griffin">Pauline Margaret Griffin</a> (pen name <a href="/wiki/P._M._Griffin" title="P. M. Griffin">P.M. Griffin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Griffith" title="Nicola Griffith">Nicola Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Wilder" title="Cherry Wilder">Cherry Barbara Grimm</a> (real name <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Wilder" title="Cherry Wilder">Cherry Wilder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Hairston" title="Andrea Hairston">Andrea Hairston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hambly" title="Barbara Hambly">Barbara Hambley</a></li> <li>Virginia Hamilton</li> <li>Lucile Taylor Hanson (pen name L. Taylor Hanson)</li> <li>Thea Von Harbou</li> <li>Joy Harjo</li> <li>Tara Harper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Winger_Harris" title="Clare Winger Harris">Clare Winger Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenna_Henderson" title="Zenna Henderson">Zenna Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Henneberg" title="Nathalie Henneberg">Nathalie Henneberg</a> (pen name N.C. Henneberg collaborating with husband Charlie Henneberg)</li> <li>Lynn Hightower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Nalo Hopkinson</a></li> <li>Monica Hughes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameron_Hurley" title="Kameron Hurley">Kameron Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N.K. Jemisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Asimov" title="Janet Asimov">Jane Jeppson</a> (pen name J.O. Jeppson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaya_Dawn_Johnson" title="Alaya Dawn Johnson">Alaya Dawn Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Wynne_Jones" title="Diana Wynne Jones">Diane Wynn Jones</a></li> <li>Cyril Judd (pen name for writing collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Judith_Merril" title="Judith Merril">Judith Merril</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth" title="Cyril M. Kornbluth">Cyril M. Kornbluth</a>)</li> <li>Melanie Kent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Killough" title="Lee Killough">Les Killough</a></li> <li>Katherine Eliska Kimbriel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wall_Kimmerer" title="Robin Wall Kimmerer">Robin Wall Kimmerer</a></li> <li>Melanie Kent</li> <li>Aditi Khorana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinette_Kowal" title="Mary Robinette Kowal">Mary Robinette Kowal</a></li> <li>Bibiana Krall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey" title="Mercedes Lackey">Mercedes Lackey</a></li> <li>Larissa Lai</li> <li>Joy Leach</li> <li>Ann Leckie</li> <li>Tanith Lee</li> <li>Fonda Lee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a></li> <li>Deborah Lessing</li> <li>Jacqueline Lichtenberg</li> <li>Malinda Lo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Lord" title="Karen Lord">Karen Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Lowachee" title="Karin Lowachee">Karin Lowachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Merril" title="Judith Merril">Judith Merril</a> (pen name Cyril Judd for writing collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth" title="Cyril M. Kornbluth">Cyril M. Kornbluth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Flyte" title="Magnus Flyte">Christina Lynch</a> (pen name Magnus Flight)</li> <li>Elizabeth A. Lynn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._C._MacApp" title="C. C. MacApp">C.C. MacApp</a> (real name Carol MacApp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_MacLean" title="Katherine MacLean">Katherine Maclean</a></li> <li>Susan Cooper Mandrake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondra_Marshak" title="Sondra Marshak">Sondra Marshak</a></li> <li>Adrienne Marten-Barnes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Martine" title="Arkady Martine">Arkady Martine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maxwell" title="Ann Maxwell">Ann Maxwell</a></li> <li>Janet McAdams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Ann McCaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_McConnell" title="Ashley McConnell">Ashley McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonda_N._McIntyre" title="Vonda N. McIntyre">Vonda N. McIntyre</a></li> <li>Helen Merrick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Merril" title="Judith Merril">Judith Merril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melisa_Michaels" title="Melisa Michaels">Melisa Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Moon" title="Elizabeth Moon">Elizabeth Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._Moore" title="C. L. Moore">Catherine Lucille Moore</a> (pen name <a href="/wiki/C._L._Moore" title="C. L. Moore">C.L. Moore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Morris" title="Janet Morris">Janet Morris</a></li> <li>Tamsyn Muir</li> <li>Pat Murphy</li> <li>Nichelle Nichols</li> <li>Jeanette Ng</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Alice Andre Norton</a> (born Alice Mary Norton, pen names include <a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Andre Norton</a>, Andrew North, and Allen Weston)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malka_Older" title="Malka Older">Malka Older</a></li> <li>Kathleen O’Malley</li> <li>Nene Ormes</li> <li>An Owomoyela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Paul" title="Barbara Paul">Barbara Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marge_Piercy" title="Marge Piercy">Marge Piercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Plett" title="Casey Plett">Casey Plett</a></li> <li>Susan Power</li> <li>Roberta Rambelli (pen name Robert Rainbell)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Randall" title="Marta Randall">Marta Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Reed" title="Kit Reed">Kit Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Rice" title="Jane Rice">Jane Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Roanhorse" title="Rebecca Roanhorse">Rebecca Roanhorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Robinson" title="Eden Robinson">Eden Robinson</a></li> <li>Eleanor Robinson</li> <li>Jeanne Robinson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Robson" title="Kelly Robson">Kelly Robson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Rogers_(novelist)" title="Jane Rogers (novelist)">Janet Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rosenblum" title="Mary Rosenblum">Mary Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristine_Kathryn_Rusch" title="Kristine Kathryn Rusch">Kristine Kathryn Rusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Russell" title="Marta Russell">Maria Russell</a></li> <li>Kiini Ibura Salaam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Samatar" title="Sofia Samatar">Sophia Samatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Sargent" title="Pamela Sargent">Pamela Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Douglas" title="Ellen Douglas">Josephine Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Scott" title="Melissa Scott">Melissa Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_St._Clair" title="Margaret St. Clair">Idris Seabright</a> (real name <a href="/wiki/Margaret_St._Clair" title="Margaret St. Clair">Margaret St. Clair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisi_Shawl" title="Nisi Shawl">Nisi Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">Alice Sheldon</a> (pen name <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelly</a></li> <li>Meg Showery</li> <li>Susan Shwartz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko" title="Leslie Marmon Silko">Leslie Marmon Silko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Betasamosake_Simpson" title="Leanne Betasamosake Simpson">Leanne Betasamosake Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Singh" title="Vandana Singh">Vandana Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sky" title="Kathleen Sky">Kathleen Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melinda_M._Snodgrass" title="Melinda M. Snodgrass">Melinda M. Snodgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_E._Smith" title="Evelyn E. Smith">Evelyn Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stanton" title="Mary Stanton">Mary Staton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_St._Clair" title="Margaret St. Clair">Margaret St. Clair</a> (pen name <a href="/wiki/Margaret_St._Clair" title="Margaret St. Clair">Idris Seabright</a>)</li> <li>Marti Steussy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_St._John_Mandel" title="Emily St. John Mandel">Emily St. John Mandel</a></li> <li>Tricia Sullivan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheri_S._Tepper" title="Sheri S. Tepper">Sherry Tepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Cheng_Thom" title="Kai Cheng Thom">Kai Cheng Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheree_Thomas" title="Sheree Thomas">Sheree Renée Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Tidbeck" title="Karin Tidbeck">Karin Tidbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Tuttle" title="Lisa Tuttle">Lisa Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rena_Vale" title="Rena Vale">Rena Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherynne_M._Valente" title="Catherynne M. Valente">Catherynne M. Valente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_J._Van_Scyoc" title="Sydney J. Van Scyoc">Sydney Van Scyoc</a></li> <li>Mary Vigiliante</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_D._Vinge" title="Joan D. Vinge">Joan D. Vinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thea_von_Harbou" title="Thea von Harbou">Thea Von Harbou</a></li> <li>Anne Walker</li> <li>Barbara Walton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Webb" title="Sharon Webb">Sharon Webb</a></li> <li>Aliya Whiteley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Wilder" title="Cherry Wilder">Cherry Wilder</a> (real name Cherry Barbara Grimm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Wilhelm" title="Kate Wilhelm">Kate Wilhelm</a></li> <li>Tess Williams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a></li> <li>G. Willow Wilson (Gwendolyn Willow Wilson)</li> <li>Pauline Winslow</li> <li>Patricia Wrightson</li> <li>Isabel Yap</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Yolen" title="Jane Yolen">Jane Yolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Zettel" title="Sarah Zettel">Sarah Zettle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fans">Fans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women have been active in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">science fiction fandom</a> for some time, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction">Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction</a></i> dates the coinage "femfan" (sometimes: "femme fan") to as early as 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leigh Brackett says of the history of women in SF "There always were a certain number of women fans and women readers."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labalestier quotes the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Startling_Stories" title="Startling Stories">Startling Stories</a></i>, writing in 1953, as saying </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ten years ago [<i>i.e.</i>, 1943] stf fans were practically all male, today with or without benefit of fan activities, a lot of girls and housewives and other members of the sex are quietly reading science fiction and beginning to add their voices to the bable... We honestly never expected such a surge of female women into science fiction<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 1958 self-reported <i><a href="/wiki/If_(magazine)" title="If (magazine)">If</a></i> survey found that 31% of respondents were women, which the editors said was "surprisingly high (at least to us)".<sup id="cite_ref-if195806_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-if195806-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> said "probably the first appearance of the 'Women in Science Fiction' panel soon to become a fixture of these conventions" was at the <a href="/wiki/10th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="10th World Science Fiction Convention">10th World Science Fiction Convention</a> in 1953;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was also the first <a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Convention">World Science Fiction Convention</a> chaired by a woman, author <a href="/wiki/Julian_May" title="Julian May">Julian May</a>. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">science fiction fandom</a> has been an organized phenomenon for decades—presaging the organized fandoms of other genres and media—the study of science fiction fandom within <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">science fiction studies</a> is relatively new. Consequently, assertions about the prevalence of women in fandom are largely anecdotal and personal, and sometimes contradictory. Most prominent among these assertions is the claim that it was the advent of the original <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> television series which brought large quantities of women into fandom. This claim is critically analyzed by Davin, who finds it poorly founded, and cites a long history of female involvement in fandom decades prior to <i>Star Trek</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larbalestier also cites women active in science fiction fandom before the late 1960s and early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, women became more visibly present in fandom, and more organized, in the 1970s. The <a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">slash</a> movement among fans began, as far as anyone can tell, with Diane Marchant's publication of the first known <i>Star Trek</i> "<a href="/wiki/Kirk/Spock" title="Kirk/Spock">Kirk/Spock</a>" story in <i>Grup</i> #3 in 1974. 1974 also saw the creation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_and_the_Chameleon" title="The Witch and the Chameleon">The Witch and the Chameleon</a></i>, the first explicitly feminist <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fanzine" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction fanzine">fanzine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fanzine <i>Khatru</i> published a "Women in Science Fiction" symposium in 1975 (one of the "males" who participated was <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree, Jr.">James Tiptree, Jr.</a>). In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Wood_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Wood (science fiction)">Susan Wood</a> set up a panel on "women and science fiction" at <a href="/wiki/34th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="34th World Science Fiction Convention">MidAmericon</a>, the 1976 Worldcon; this ultimately led to the founding of <i>A Women's APA</i>, the first women's <a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">amateur press association</a>. Also in 1976, <a href="/wiki/WisCon" class="mw-redirect" title="WisCon">WisCon</a>, the world's leading—and for many years, only—feminist science fiction convention and conference was founded: an annual conference in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. In turn, as a result of discussions at WisCon, institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree,_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree, Jr. Award">Tiptree Awards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broad_Universe" title="Broad Universe">Broad Universe</a> arose to address questions of gender in speculative fiction and issues peculiar to women writers of speculative fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the same people involved in creating WisCon also founded the feminist fanzine <a href="/wiki/Janus_(science_fiction_magazine)" title="Janus (science fiction magazine)"><i>Janus</i></a>, which was thrice nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fanzine" title="Hugo Award for Best Fanzine">Hugo Award for Best Fanzine</a> (1978–1980).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the perception of speculative fiction as mainly a men's genre continues to be widespread. As the inclusion of women within science fiction and fantasy more broadly has become obvious, the specificity of the perception has evolved. For instance, the still widely held view that "science fiction and fantasy are men's genres" has been refined by some to distinguish between science fiction as a genre mainly appealing to men, and fantasy, which is generally seen as being more accommodating to women<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (some subgenres, particularly <a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">urban fantasy</a>, with female protagonists, and <a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">paranormal romance</a> are seen as being more popular with women than with men<sup id="cite_ref-arthur_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arthur-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Little formal study has supported any of these distinctions, whether based on readers, writers, or characters. </p><p>This perception has often been upheld and enforced by men, perhaps to protect themselves from what fandom researcher <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Henry Jenkins</a> called the stereotype that “men are feminized and/or desexualized through their intimate engagement with mass culture”.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women fans of speculative fiction are called pejorative terms like “<a href="/wiki/Fake_geek_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake geek girl">fake geek girl</a>”and are chastised for their love of “<a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue" title="Mary Sue">Mary Sue</a>” characters, while at the same time male characters with the same qualities are beloved,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can even face harassment for their participation in fandom.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Jenkins writes, speculative fiction is especially popular with women who identify with feminism because they reject the gender roles that are traditionally seen in other types of fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender">Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_fiction_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Science_fiction_women.jpg/200px-Science_fiction_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Science_fiction_women.jpg/300px-Science_fiction_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Science_fiction_women.jpg/400px-Science_fiction_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A 1911 illustration from <a href="/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Omega:_The_Last_Days_of_the_World" title="Omega: The Last Days of the World">La Fin du monde</a></i>. It depicts a fictional future society in which all women are beautiful and have lovely voices.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">[...] science fiction and fantasy pulp magazines were directed mainly at boys[...]. Female characters were only occasionally included in science fiction pulp stories; the male protagonists' lengthy explanations to the women with limited knowledge revealed the plots</div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Garber,_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="Garber, Eric">Garber, Eric</a> and Paleo, Lyn "Preface" in <i>Uranian worlds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uranian_Worlds_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uranian_Worlds-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender in speculative fiction</a></div> <p>The highlighting of <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender in science fiction">gender in science fiction</a> has varied widely throughout the genre's history. Some writers and artists have challenged their society's gender norms in producing their work; others have not. Speculative and science fiction fandoms have generally become less proportionately male over time. In step with this, so have the casts of characters portrayed in fiction; similarly, considerations of gender in speculative and science fiction have increased in frequency and nuance over time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_political_movements">Influence of political movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence of political movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of women within science fiction in the last decades of the twentieth century was driven in part by the <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movements, and has included strands of the various related and spin-off movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>. </p><p>In the 1970s, a number of events began to focus on women in fandom, professional science fiction, and as characters. In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Sargent" title="Pamela Sargent">Pamela Sargent</a> published an influential anthology, <i>Women of Wonder: Science Fiction Stories by Women, About Women</i>—the first of many anthologies to come that focused on women or gender rules. Additionally, movement among writers concerned with feminism and gender roles sprang up, leading to a genre of "feminist science fiction" including <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a>' 1975 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Man" title="The Female Man">The Female Man</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>'s 1976 <i><a href="/wiki/Triton_(novel)" title="Triton (novel)">Trouble on Triton: An Ambiguous Heterotopia</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Marge_Piercy" title="Marge Piercy">Marge Piercy</a>'s 1976 <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_on_the_Edge_of_Time" title="Woman on the Edge of Time">Woman on the Edge of Time</a></i>. </p><p>The 1970s also saw a vibrant <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Liberation">gay liberation movement</a>, which made its presence known in science fiction,<sup id="cite_ref-UW_p._x_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UW_p._x-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with gay/lesbian and gay/lesbian-friendly panels at <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction conventions">conventions</a> and articles in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fanzines" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction fanzines">fanzines</a>; gay/lesbian content increasingly present in the fiction itself; the gay/lesbian bookstore "A Different Light", which took its name from <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Lynn" title="Elizabeth A. Lynn">Elizabeth A. Lynn</a>'s novel of the same name;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a focus on <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> issues in the pages of feminist publications. </p><p>More recently, the 2010s have sparked a rebirth for speculative fiction. This revival of the genre can be attributed to the political chaos that came with the <a href="/wiki/2016_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 election">2016 election</a> in which Donald J. Trump won the U.S. presidency. Margaret Atwood's speculative science fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i> was adapted into a television series Hulu special and saw such success that it was renewed for a second season. Many critics made the connection between <i>The Handmaid's Tale</i> and President Trump's America in multiple reviews of the series. The fears that came with such a controversial election have given way to a revival of speculative fiction in the 2010s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_adaptations">Media adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Media adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood's</a> <i>The Handmaid's Tale</i> was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(film)" title="The Handmaid's Tale (film)">film</a> in 1990, directed by <a href="/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a>. The film received a 31% positive review on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> with an average rating of 4.8/10. </p><p><i>The Handmaid's Tale</i> was also adapted into a ten-episode television series Hulu special released on April 26, 2017. The <a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)" title="The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)">series</a> saw such success that it was renewed for a second season set to release in April 2018. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia Butler's</a> speculative science/fantasy fiction novel <i>Dawn</i>, the first in her trilogy titled <i><a href="/wiki/Lilith%27s_Brood" title="Lilith's Brood">Lilith's Brood</a></i>, is currently being adapted for television by producers <a href="/wiki/Ava_DuVernay" title="Ava DuVernay">Ava DuVernay</a> and Charles D. King's Macro Ventures alongside writer <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Mahoney" title="Victoria Mahoney">Victoria Mahoney</a>. There is no projected release date for the adaptation yet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(science_fiction_magazine)" title="Janus (science fiction magazine)"><i>Janus</i> (science fiction magazine)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_and_the_Chameleon" title="The Witch and the Chameleon">The Witch and the Chameleon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiscon" title="Wiscon">Wiscon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavin2006" class="citation book cs1">Davin, Eric Leif (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partnersinwonder0000davi"><i>Partners in Wonder: Women And the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926-1965</i></a></span>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partnersinwonder0000davi/page/69">69–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739112670" title="Special:BookSources/9780739112670"><bdi>9780739112670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partners+in+Wonder%3A+Women+And+the+Birth+of+Science+Fiction%2C+1926-1965&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780739112670&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=Eric+Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartnersinwonder0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aldiss73-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aldiss73_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldiss1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Aldiss, Brian W.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billionyearspree00bria_0"><i>Billion Year Spree: The True History of Science Fiction</i></a> (1st ed.). Garden city: N.Y. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385088879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385088879"><bdi>978-0385088879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billion+Year+Spree%3A+The+True+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Garden+city&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=N.Y.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0385088879&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillionyearspree00bria_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davin06-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davin06_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavin2006" class="citation book cs1">Davin, Eric Leif (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partnersinwonder0000davi"><i>Partners in Wonder</i></a></span>. Lexington Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partnersinwonder0000davi/page/54">54–55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780575123625" title="Special:BookSources/9780575123625"><bdi>9780575123625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partners+in+Wonder&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780575123625&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=Eric+Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartnersinwonder0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoSF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoSF_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCluteNicholls1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (1999). "Sex". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i> (2nd ed.). Great Britain: Orbit. p. 1088. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4"><bdi>1-85723-897-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=1088&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Orbit&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85723-897-4&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuttle-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tuttle_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuttle_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttle" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Tuttle" title="Lisa Tuttle">Tuttle, Lisa</a>. "Women as portrayed in Science Fiction". <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]</i>. p. 1343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+as+portrayed+in+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction%5D&rft.pages=1343&rft.aulast=Tuttle&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the bio of <a href="/wiki/Clare_Winger_Harris" title="Clare Winger Harris">Clare Winger Harris</a> for a case of a lesser one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114120146/http://locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/AsfAT1966.html">"1966 Astounding/Analog All-Time Poll"</a>. <i>The LOCUS Index to SF Awards</i>. Locus Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/LocusAT1973.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+LOCUS+Index+to+SF+Awards&rft.atitle=1966+Astounding%2FAnalog+All-Time+Poll&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2FSFAwards%2FDb%2FLocusAT1973.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/award_category_year.cgi?326+1973">"1973 All-Time Favorite Author (Locus Poll Award)"</a>. <i>The Internet Speculative Fiction Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Internet+Speculative+Fiction+Database&rft.atitle=1973+All-Time+Favorite+Author+%28Locus+Poll+Award%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isfdb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Faward_category_year.cgi%3F326%2B1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davin3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davin3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davin3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davin, pp. 3-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisp2013" class="citation web cs1">Crisp, Julie (10 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torbooks.co.uk/blog/2013/07/10/sexism-in-genre-publishing-a-publishers-perspective">"SEXISM IN GENRE PUBLISHING: A PUBLISHER'S PERSPECTIVE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Books&rft.atitle=SEXISM+IN+GENRE+PUBLISHING%3A+A+PUBLISHER%27S+PERSPECTIVE&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torbooks.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2013%2F07%2F10%2Fsexism-in-genre-publishing-a-publishers-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfwa.org/nebula-awards/nebula-weekend/events-program/grandmaster/">"SFWA Grand Master page"</a>. <i>sfwa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfwa.org&rft.atitle=SFWA+Grand+Master+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfwa.org%2Fnebula-awards%2Fnebula-weekend%2Fevents-program%2Fgrandmaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/military_sf">"Military SF"</a>. <i>sf-encyclopedia.com</i>. Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 20 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sf-encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Military+SF&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fmilitary_sf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Prucher, <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_Words:_The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction">Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction</a>,</i> "Femfan," page 62. Oxford University Press, 2007; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530567-8">978-0-19-530567-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davin 2006, page 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battle-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battle_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battle_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Justine Larbalestier, "The Women Men Don't See," in <i>The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction,</i> p. 159, Wesleyan University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6527-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6527-3">978-0-8195-6527-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-if195806-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-if195806_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1958-06_IF#page/n3/mode/2up">"Editor's Report"</a>. <i>If</i> (editorial). June 1958. pp. 3–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=If&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Report&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=1958-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1958-06_IF%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Silverberg, "Reflections: Problems of Time Travel," <i>Asimov's Science Fiction,</i> issue 0206 (2002))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davin 2006, Chapter 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Julie. <i>James Tiptree, Jr.: The Double Life of Alice B. Sheldon</i>; New York: Macmillan, 2007; p. 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See generally Merrick, Helen. "From Female Man to Feminist Fan: Uncovering 'Herstory' in the Annals of SF Fandom," in <i>Women of Other Worlds: Excursions through Science Fiction and Feminism</i>, ed. by Helen Merrick and Tess Williams, University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands, 1999: pp. 115–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/HugoNomList.html">"Hugo Nominee List"</a>. <i>locusmag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=locusmag.com&rft.atitle=Hugo+Nominee+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2FSFAwards%2FDb%2FHugoNomList.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuttle, Lisa. <i>"Gender"; Clute, John and Grant, John <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i>; United Kingdom; Orbit Books, 1997; p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arthur-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arthur_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2007" class="citation web cs1">Arthur, Keri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanceaustralia.com/articles/urban.htm">"Paranormal Romance and Urban Fantasy--defining two popular subgenres"</a>. The Romance Writers of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paranormal+Romance+and+Urban+Fantasy--defining+two+popular+subgenres&rft.pub=The+Romance+Writers+of+Australia&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Keri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanceaustralia.com%2Farticles%2Furban.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. Studies in culture and communication. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90571-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90571-0">0-415-90571-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarysue.com/why-the-mary-sue-is-important/">"It's-A Me, Mary Sue: Why She's An Important Figure For Fanfic And Fangirls"</a>. <i>www.themarysue.com</i>. 12 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.themarysue.com&rft.atitle=It%27s-A+Me%2C+Mary+Sue%3A+Why+She%27s+An+Important+Figure+For+Fanfic+And+Fangirls&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarysue.com%2Fwhy-the-mary-sue-is-important%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaircloth" class="citation web cs1">Faircloth, Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jezebel.com/san-diego-comic-con-attendees-fight-back-against-sexual-1612082933">"San Diego Comic Con Attendees Fight Back Against Sexual Harassment"</a>. <i>jezebel.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jezebel.com&rft.atitle=San+Diego+Comic+Con+Attendees+Fight+Back+Against+Sexual+Harassment&rft.aulast=Faircloth&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjezebel.com%2Fsan-diego-comic-con-attendees-fight-back-against-sexual-1612082933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uranian_Worlds-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uranian_Worlds_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Garber" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Garber">Eric Garber</a>, Lyn Paleo. <i>Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror</i>, G K Hall: 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5">0-8161-8573-5</a>; p. viii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bainbridge, William. “Women in Science Fiction.” Sex Roles, vol. 8, no. 10, 1982, pp. 1081–1093.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_p._x-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UW_p._x_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo <i>Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror</i>, "Preface" p. x G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5">0-8161-8573-5</a>. "The prevalence of homosexual imagery in contemporary science fiction and fantasy can be directly attributed to the influence of the lesbian-feminist and gay liberation movements."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/l/elizabeth-a-lynn/">"Elizabeth A Lynn"</a>. Fantasticfiction.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+A+Lynn&rft.pub=Fantasticfiction.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasticfiction.co.uk%2Fl%2Felizabeth-a-lynn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/1997/Issues/10/Lynn.html">"Locus: Elizabeth A. Lynn interview"</a>. Locusmag.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Locus%3A+Elizabeth+A.+Lynn+interview&rft.pub=Locusmag.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F1997%2FIssues%2F10%2FLynn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(Archive.org) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701115340/http://feministsf.org/authors/wsfwriters.html">Index to Female Writers In Science Fiction, Fantasy & Utopia: 18th Century to the Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kenny_Badami" title="Mary Kenny Badami">Badami, Mary Kenny</a>. "A Feminist Critique of Science Fiction," <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrapolation (magazine)"><i>Extrapolation</i></a> 18 (Dec. 1978), pp. 6–19.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavin2005" class="citation book cs1">Davin, Eric Leif (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partnersinwonder0000davi"><i>Partners in Wonder: Women and the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926-1965</i></a></span>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partners+in+Wonder%3A+Women+and+the+Birth+of+Science+Fiction%2C+1926-1965&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1267-0&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=Eric+Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartnersinwonder0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Larbalestier, Justine. <i>The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction.</i> Wesleyan University Press, Middleton, Connecticut, 2002.</li> <li>Merrick, Helen. "From Female Man to Feminist fan: Uncovering 'Herstory' in the Annals of SF Fandom." in <i>Women of Other Worlds: Excursions through Science Fiction and Feminism</i>, edited by Helen Merrick and Tess Williams, University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands, 1999: pp. 115–139.</li> <li>-- <i>The Secret Feminist Cabal: A Cultural History of Science Fiction Feminisms</i>. Seattle: Aqueduct Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933500-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933500-33-1">978-1-933500-33-1</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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