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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_measures_of_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_measures_of_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Other measures of toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_measures_of_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Related measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Median lethal dose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجرعة المميتة الوسطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجرعة المميتة الوسطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortalama_%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BCc%C3%BC_doza" title="Ortalama öldürücü doza – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ortalama öldürücü doza" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DL50" title="DL50 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DL50" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskmine_surmav_annus" title="Keskmine surmav annus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskmine surmav annus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μέση θανατηφόρος δόση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέση θανατηφόρος δόση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosis_letal_media" title="Dosis letal media – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dosis letal media" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortiga_dozo_(LD50)" title="Mortiga dozo (LD50) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mortiga dozo (LD50)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25_50eko_dosi_hilgarri" title="% 50eko dosi hilgarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="% 50eko dosi hilgarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="میانه دوز کشنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میانه دوز کشنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_l%C3%A9tale_m%C3%A9diane" title="Dose létale médiane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dose létale médiane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_letal_media" title="Dose letal media – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dose letal media" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%88%98_%EC%B9%98%EC%82%AC%EB%9F%89" title="반수 치사량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반수 치사량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Միջին մահացու չափաքանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջին մահացու չափաքանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Median dosis letal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0gildisbanaskammtur" title="Miðgildisbanaskammtur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðgildisbanaskammtur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DL50" title="DL50 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DL50" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medi%C3%A1n_hal%C3%A1los_adag" title="Medián halálos adag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Medián halálos adag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മീഡിയൻ ലീതൽ ഡോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മീഡിയൻ ലീതൽ ഡോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_maut_median" title="Dos maut median – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dos maut median" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%95%B0%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E9%87%8F" title="半数致死量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="半数致死量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letaldose_50" title="Letaldose 50 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Letaldose 50" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_letal_mediana" title="Dose letal mediana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dose letal mediana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%9450" title="ЛД50 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ЛД50" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5_50" title="แอลดี 50 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอลดี 50" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortalama_%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BCc%C3%BC_doz" title="Ortalama öldürücü doz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ortalama öldürücü doz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50" title="LD50 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="LD50" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%E1%BB%81u_g%C3%A2y_ch%E1%BA%BFt_trung_b%C3%ACnh" title="Liều gây chết trung bình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liều gây chết trung bình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%95%B8%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E9%87%8F" title="半數致死量 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="半數致死量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q711849#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LD50" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/LD50_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="LD50 (disambiguation)">LD50 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>, the <b>median lethal dose</b>, <b>LD<sub>50</sub></b> (abbreviation for "<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose" title="Lethal dose">lethal dose</a>, 50%"), <b>LC<sub>50</sub></b> (lethal concentration, 50%) or <b>LCt<sub>50</sub></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Toxic_unit" title="Toxic unit">toxic unit</a> that measures the <a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose" title="Lethal dose">lethal dose</a> of a given <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">substance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of LD<sub>50</sub> for a substance is the <a href="/wiki/Dose_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose (pharmacology)">dose</a> required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration. LD<sub>50</sub> figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's <a href="/wiki/Acute_toxicity" title="Acute toxicity">acute toxicity</a>. A lower LD<sub>50</sub> is indicative of higher toxicity. </p><p>The term LD<sub>50</sub> is generally attributed to John William Trevan.<sup id="cite_ref-Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_1957_pp._273–288_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_1957_pp._273–288-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test was created by J. W. Trevan in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>semilethal dose</b> is occasionally used in the same sense, in particular with translations of foreign language text, but can also refer to a sublethal dose. LD<sub>50</sub> is usually determined by tests on animals such as <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">laboratory mice</a>. In 2011, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved alternative methods to LD<sub>50</sub> for testing the cosmetic drug <a href="/wiki/Botox" class="mw-redirect" title="Botox">Botox</a> without animal tests.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions">Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LD<sub>50</sub> is usually expressed as the mass of substance administered per unit mass of test subject, typically as <a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligrams</a> of substance per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> of body mass, sometimes also stated as <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">nanograms</a> (suitable for <a href="/wiki/Botulinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum">botulinum</a>), <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">micrograms</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> (suitable for <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a>) per kilogram. Stating it this way allows the relative toxicity of different substances to be compared and normalizes for the variation in the size of the animals exposed (although toxicity does not always scale simply with body mass). For substances in the environment, such as poisonous vapors or substances in water that are toxic to fish, the concentration in the environment (per cubic metre or per litre) is used, giving a value of LC<sub>50</sub>. But in this case, the exposure time is important (see below). </p><p>The choice of 50% lethality as a benchmark avoids the potential for ambiguity of making measurements in the extremes and reduces the amount of testing required. However, this also means that LD<sub>50</sub> is not the lethal dose for all subjects; some may be killed by much less, while others survive doses far higher than the LD<sub>50</sub>. Measures such as "LD<sub>1</sub>" and "LD<sub>99</sub>" (dosage required to kill 1% or 99%, respectively, of the test population) are occasionally used for specific purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lethal dosage often varies depending on the method of <a href="/wiki/Drug_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug administration">administration</a>; for instance, many substances are less toxic when administered orally than when <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenously</a> administered. For this reason, LD<sub>50</sub> figures are often qualified with the mode of administration, e.g., "LD<sub>50</sub> i.v." </p><p>The related quantities LD<sub>50</sub>/30 or LD<sub>50</sub>/60 are used to refer to a dose that without treatment will be lethal to 50% of the population within (respectively) 30 or 60 days. These measures are used more commonly within radiation <a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">health physics</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, as survival beyond 60 days usually results in recovery. </p><p>A comparable measurement is LCt<sub>50</sub>, which relates to lethal dosage from exposure, where C is concentration and t is time. It is often expressed in terms of mg-min/m<sup>3</sup>. ICt<span style="font-size:100%;"><sub>50</sub></span> is the dose that will cause incapacitation rather than death. These measures are commonly used to indicate the comparative efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> agents, and dosages are typically qualified by rates of breathing (e.g., resting = 10 L/min) for inhalation, or degree of clothing for skin penetration. The concept of Ct was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> and is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Haber%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber's law">Haber's law</a>, which assumes that exposure to 1 minute of 100 mg/m<sup>3</sup> is equivalent to 10 minutes of 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (1 × 100 = 100, as does 10 × 10 = 100). </p><p>Some chemicals, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, are rapidly detoxified by the human body, and do not follow Haber's law. In these cases, the lethal concentration may be given simply as LC<sub>50</sub> and qualified by a duration of exposure (e.g., 10 minutes). The <a href="/wiki/Material_safety_data_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Material safety data sheet">material safety data sheets</a> for toxic substances frequently use this form of the term even if the substance does follow Haber's law. </p><p>For disease-causing organisms, there is also a measure known as the median infective dose and dosage. The median infective dose (ID<sub>50</sub>) is the number of organisms received by a person or test animal qualified by the route of administration (e.g., 1,200 org/man per oral). Because of the difficulties in counting actual organisms in a dose, infective doses may be expressed in terms of biological assay, such as the number of LD<sub>50</sub>s to some test animal. In <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> infective dosage is the number of infective doses per cubic metre of air times the number of minutes of exposure (e.g., ICt<sub>50</sub> is 100 medium doses - min/m<sup>3</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitation">Limitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a measure of toxicity, LD<sub>50</sub> is somewhat unreliable and results may vary greatly between testing facilities due to factors such as the genetic characteristics of the sample population, animal species tested, environmental factors and mode of administration.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There can be wide variability between species as well; what is relatively safe for rats may very well be extremely toxic for humans (<i><a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracetamol toxicity">paracetamol toxicity</a>), and vice versa. For example, chocolate, comparatively harmless to humans, is known to be <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_chocolate#Non-human_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of chocolate">toxic to many animals</a>. When used to test <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> from venomous creatures, such as <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, LD<sub>50</sub> results may be misleading due to the physiological differences between mice, rats, and humans. Many <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a> are specialized predators on mice, and their venom may be adapted specifically to incapacitate mice; and <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a> may be exceptionally resistant. While most <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have a very similar physiology, LD<sub>50</sub> results may or may not have equal bearing upon every mammal species, such as humans, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: Comparing substances (especially drugs) to each other by LD<sub>50</sub> can be misleading in many cases due (in part) to differences in <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">effective dose</a> (ED<sub>50</sub>). Therefore, it is more useful to compare such substances by <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">therapeutic index</a>, which is simply the ratio of LD<sub>50</sub> to ED<sub>50</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following examples are listed in reference to LD<sub>50</sub> values, in descending order, and accompanied by LC<sub>50</sub> values, {bracketed}, when appropriate. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Substance </th> <th>Animal, route </th> <th class="unsortable">LD<sub>50</sub> <br /> {LC<sub>50</sub>} <br /> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">LD<sub>50</sub> : g/kg <br /> {LC<sub>50</sub> : g/L} <br /> standardised </th> <th class="unsortable">Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">Water</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>><span data-sort-value="7004900000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>90,000 mg/kg </td> <td>>90 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a> (table sugar) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004297000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>29,700 mg/kg </td> <td>29.7 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004258000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>25,800 mg/kg </td> <td>25.8 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> (blood sugar) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004258000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>25,800 mg/kg </td> <td>25.8 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a> (MSG) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004166000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>16,600 mg/kg </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Walker00_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker00-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">Stevioside</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia">stevia</a>) </td> <td>mice and rats, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004150000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>15,000 mg/kg </td> <td>15 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a> (petrol) </td> <td>rat </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004140630000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>14,063 mg/kg </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> (ascorbic acid) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004119000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>11,900 mg/kg </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">Glyphosate</a> (isopropylamine salt of) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004105370000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>10,537 mg/kg </td> <td>10.537 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a> (milk sugar) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>10,000 mg/kg </td> <td>10 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> </td> <td>mice, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>10,000 mg/kg </td> <td>10 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OC(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003847100000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>8,471 mg/kg </td> <td>8.471 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanuric_acid" title="Cyanuric acid">Cyanuric acid</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003770000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>7,700 mg/kg </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Babayan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babayan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">Cadmium sulfide</a> (CdS) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003708000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>7,080 mg/kg </td> <td>7.08 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>OH</span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003706000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>7,060 mg/kg </td> <td>7.06 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodium <a href="/wiki/Sarin#Production_and_structure" title="Sarin">isopropyl methylphosphonic acid</a> (IMPA, metabolite of <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003686000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>6,860 mg/kg </td> <td>6.86 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003600000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>6,000 mg/kg </td> <td>6 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Babayan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babayan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003500000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>5,000 mg/kg </td> <td>5 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melamine_cyanurate" title="Melamine cyanurate">Melamine cyanurate</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003410000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>4,100 mg/kg </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Babayan_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babayan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> (fruit sugar) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>4,000 mg/kg </td> <td>4 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_molybdate" title="Sodium molybdate">Sodium molybdate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>MoO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>4,000 mg/kg </td> <td>4 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salt_poisoning" title="Salt poisoning">Sodium chloride</a> (table salt) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>3,000 mg/kg </td> <td>3 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> (acetylsalicylic acid) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>1,944 mg/kg </td> <td>1.944 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol">Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>1,270 mg/kg </td> <td>1.27 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (CBD) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>980 mg/kg </td> <td>0.98 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanol_toxicity" title="Methanol toxicity">Methanol</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>OH</span>) </td> <td>human, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003562800000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>810 mg/kg </td> <td>0.81 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">Trinitrotoluene</a> (TNT) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>790 mg/kg </td> <td>0.790 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic</a> (As) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>763 mg/kg </td> <td>0.763 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>636 mg/kg </td> <td>0.636 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>600–800 mg/kg </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">Solanine</a> (main alkaloid in the several plants in <i><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></i> amongst them <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum tuberosum">Solanum tuberosum</a></i>) </td> <td>rat, oral (2.8 mg/kg human, oral) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002590000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>590 mg/kg </td> <td>0.590 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ADBAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ADBAC">Alkyl dimethyl benzalkonium chloride</a> (ADBAC) </td> <td>rat, oral <br /> fish, immersion <br /> aquatic invertebrates, immersion </td> <td>304.5 mg/kg <br /> {0.28 mg/L} <br /> {0.059 mg/L} </td> <td>0.3045 <br /> {0.00028} <br /> {0.000059} </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-epaRED_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epaRED-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benzopyrone" title="Benzopyrone">benzopyrone</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_aromaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum aromaticum">Cinnamomum aromaticum</a></i> and other plants) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>293 mg/kg </td> <td>0.293 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">magic mushrooms</a>) </td> <td>mouse, oral </td> <td>280 mg/kg </td> <td>0.280 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">Hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>238–277 mg/kg </td> <td>0.238 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a> </td> <td>rat, intraperitoneal </td> <td>229 mg/kg </td> <td>0.229 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol_poisoning" title="Paracetamol poisoning">Paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>200 mg/kg </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>192 mg/kg </td> <td>0.192 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">Arsenic trisulfide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>185–6,400 mg/kg </td> <td>0.185–6.4 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">Sodium nitrite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>180 mg/kg </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">Methylenedioxymethamphetamine</a> (MDMA, ecstasy) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>160 mg/kg </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate_dihydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranyl acetate dihydrate">Uranyl acetate dihydrate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">UO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>COO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) </td> <td>mouse, oral </td> <td>136 mg/kg </td> <td>0.136 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Depluranium4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Depluranium4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane">Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane</a> (DDT) </td> <td>mouse, oral </td> <td>135 mg/kg </td> <td>0.135 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> (U) </td> <td>mice, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002114000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>114 mg/kg (estimated) </td> <td>0.114 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Depluranium4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Depluranium4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a> </td> <td>mouse, oral </td> <td>100 mg/kg </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> </td> <td>mouse, oral </td> <td>96 mg/kg </td> <td>0.096 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_chloride" title="Cobalt(II) chloride">Cobalt(II) chloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CoCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>80 mg/kg </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> (CdO) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>72 mg/kg </td> <td>0.072 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiopental_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiopental sodium">Thiopental sodium</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>64 mg/kg </td> <td>0.064 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>60 mg/kg </td> <td>0.060 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> </td> <td>rat, intraperitoneal </td> <td>57 mg/kg </td> <td>0.057 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a> (NaF) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>52 mg/kg </td> <td>0.052 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> </td> <td>mouse and rat, oral <p>human, smoking </p> </td> <td>50 mg/kg </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane" title="Pentaborane">Pentaborane</a> </td> <td>human, oral </td> <td>50 mg/kg </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> </td> <td>mouse, oral </td> <td>47.2 mg/kg </td> <td>0.0472 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">Vitamin D3</a> (cholecalciferol) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>37 mg/kg </td> <td>0.037 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">Piperidine</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>30 mg/kg </td> <td>0.030 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> (diamorphine) </td> <td>mouse, intravenous </td> <td>21.8 mg/kg </td> <td>0.0218 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">Lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD) </td> <td>rat, intravenous </td> <td>16.5 mg/kg </td> <td>0.0165 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">As<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>14 mg/kg </td> <td>0.014 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metallic <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> (As) </td> <td>rat, <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">intraperitoneal</a> </td> <td>13 mg/kg </td> <td>0.013 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a> (NaCN) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>6.4 mg/kg </td> <td>0.0064 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorotoxin" title="Chlorotoxin">Chlorotoxin</a> (CTX, from <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>) </td> <td>mice </td> <td>4.3 mg/kg </td> <td>0.0043 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN) </td> <td>mouse, oral </td> <td>3.7 mg/kg </td> <td>0.0037 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a> </td> <td>rat, intravenous </td> <td>3.39 mg/kg </td> <td>0.00339 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (from various <i><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> genera</i>) </td> <td>mice, oral </td> <td>3.3 mg/kg </td> <td>0.0033 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">White phosphorus</a> (P) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>3.03 mg/kg </td> <td>0.00303 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Strychnos_nux-vomica" title="Strychnos nux-vomica">Strychnos nux-vomica</a></i>) </td> <td>human, oral </td> <td>1–2 mg/kg (estimated) </td> <td>0.001–0.002 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum_napellus" title="Aconitum napellus">Aconitum napellus</a></i> and related species) </td> <td>human, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998800000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>1–2 mg/kg </td> <td>0.001–0.002 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercury(II) chloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HgCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>1 mg/kg </td> <td>0.001 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Blister_beetle" title="Blister beetle">blister beetles</a>) </td> <td>human, oral </td> <td>500 μg/kg </td> <td>0.0005 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin B1</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_flavus" title="Aspergillus flavus">Aspergillus flavus</a></i> mold) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>480 μg/kg </td> <td>0.00048 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> (Pu) </td> <td>dog, intravenous </td> <td>320 μg/kg </td> <td>0.00032 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">Bufotoxin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Bufo" title="Bufo">Bufo</a> <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>) </td> <td>cat, intravenous </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999300000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>300 μg/kg </td> <td>0.0003 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brodifacoum" title="Brodifacoum">Brodifacoum</a> </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>270 μg/kg </td> <td>0.00027 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">Caesium-137</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">137</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Cs</span>) </td> <td>mouse, parenteral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999215000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>21.5 μCi/g </td> <td>0.000245 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoroacetate" title="Sodium fluoroacetate">Sodium fluoroacetate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>FCOONa</span>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td>220 μg/kg </td> <td>0.00022 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">Chlorine trifluoride</a> (ClF<sub>3</sub>) </td> <td>mouse, absorption through skin </td> <td>178 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000178 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a> </td> <td>mouse, subcutaneous injection </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999172000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>172 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000172 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Sydney_funnel-web_spider" title="Sydney funnel-web spider">Sydney funnel-web spider</a>) </td> <td>mice </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999150000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>150 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000150 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a> </td> <td>human, oral, inhalation, absorption through skin/eyes </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999140000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>140 μg/kg (estimated) </td> <td>0.00014 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venom of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wandering_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian wandering spider">Brazilian wandering spider</a> </td> <td>rat, subcutaneous </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999134000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>134 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000134 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxin</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides">Amanita phalloides</a></i> mushrooms) </td> <td>human, oral </td> <td>100 μg/kg </td> <td>0.0001 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimethylmercury" title="Dimethylmercury">Dimethylmercury</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Hg(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) </td> <td>human, transdermal </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998800000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>50 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000050 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a> (t-Butyl-bicyclophosphate) </td> <td>mouse, intravenous </td> <td>36 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000036 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid452023_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid452023-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> </td> <td>monkey </td> <td>30 μg/kg </td> <td>0.00003 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venom of the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Taipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Taipan">Inland Taipan</a> (Australian snake) </td> <td>rat, subcutaneous </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998250000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>25 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000025 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor oil plant">castor oil plant</a>) </td> <td>rat, intraperitoneal <br /> rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998220000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>22 μg/kg <br /> 20–30 mg/kg </td> <td>0.000022 <br /> 0.02 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin</a> (TCDD, in <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>) </td> <td>rat, oral </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>20 μg/kg </td> <td>0.00002 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">blue-ringed octopus</a> </td> <td>intravenous </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997820000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>8.2 μg/kg </td> <td>0.0000082 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CrTX-A (from <i><a href="/wiki/Carybdea_rastonii" title="Carybdea rastonii">Carybdea rastonii</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Box_jellyfish" title="Box jellyfish">box jellyfish</a> <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>) </td> <td>crayfish, intraperitoneal </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997500000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>5 μg/kg </td> <td>0.000005 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Latrodectus" title="Latrodectus">widow spider</a> <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>) </td> <td>mice </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997430000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>4.3 μg/kg </td> <td>0.0000043 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Epipedobates_anthonyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipedobates anthonyi">Epipedobates anthonyi</a></i> poison dart frog) </td> <td>mouse, intravenous </td> <td>1.46-13.98 μg/kg </td> <td>0.00000146 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frog</a>) </td> <td>human, sub-cutaneous injection </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>2–7 μg/kg (estimated) </td> <td>0.000002 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Rosary_pea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary pea">rosary pea</a>) </td> <td>mice, intravenously <p>human, inhalation </p><p>human, oral </p> </td> <td>0.7 μg/kg <p>3.3 μg/kg </p><p>10–1000 μg/kg </p> </td> <td>0.0000007 <p>0.0000033 </p><p>0.00001–0.001 </p> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> (from certain marine <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>) </td> <td>human, intravenously <p>human, oral </p> </td> <td>0.6 μg/kg <p>5.7 μg/kg </p> </td> <td>0.0000006 <p>0.0000057 </p> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a>-1 (from <a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">ciguateric fish</a>) </td> <td>mice, intraperitoneal </td> <td>250 ng<span data-sort-value="6996250000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>/kg </td> <td>0.00000025 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Palythoa" title="Palythoa">Palythoa</a></i> coral) </td> <td>mouse, intravenous </td> <td>45 ng/kg <p>2.3–31.5 μg/kg </p> </td> <td>0.000000045 <p>0.0000023 </p> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">ciguateric fish</a>) </td> <td>mouse, <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">intraperitoneal</a> </td> <td>50 ng<span data-sort-value="6995500000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>/kg </td> <td>0.00000005 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">Polonium-210</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">210</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Po</span>) </td> <td>human, inhalation </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>10 ng/kg (estimated) </td> <td>0.00000001 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">Diphtheria toxin</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a></i>) </td> <td>mice </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>10 ng/kg </td> <td>0.00000001 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-biology.unm.edu_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biology.unm.edu-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i> bacteria) </td> <td>mice </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6994200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>2 ng/kg </td> <td>0.000000002 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-biology.unm.edu_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biology.unm.edu-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a></i>) </td> <td>mice </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6994200000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>2 ng/kg </td> <td>0.000000002 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-biology.unm.edu_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biology.unm.edu-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a></i>) </td> <td>human, oral, injection, inhalation </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6994100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>1 ng/kg (estimated) </td> <td>0.000000001 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a> </td> <td>human, irradiation </td> <td>3–5 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> (Gray) </td> <td>— </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poison_scale">Poison scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poison scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison-Scale-long.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Poison-Scale-long.jpg/700px-Poison-Scale-long.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Poison-Scale-long.jpg/1050px-Poison-Scale-long.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Poison-Scale-long.jpg/1400px-Poison-Scale-long.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14368" data-file-height="6392" /></a><figcaption> Negative values of the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_logarithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal logarithm">decimal logarithm</a> of the median lethal dose LD<sub>50</sub> (<span class="texhtml">−log<sub>10</sub>(LD<sub>50</sub>)</span>) on a linearized toxicity scale encompassing 11 orders of magnitude. Water occupies the lowest toxicity position (1) while the toxicity scale is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a> (12).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The LD<sub>50</sub> values have a very wide range. The <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a> as the most toxic substance known has an LD<sub>50</sub> value of 1 ng/kg, while the most non-toxic substance <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> has an LD<sub>50</sub> value of more than 90 g/kg; a difference of about 1 in 100 billion, or 11 orders of magnitude. As with all measured values that differ by many orders of magnitude, a logarithmic view is advisable. Well-known examples are the indication of the earthquake strength using the <a href="/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Richter scale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/PH_value" class="mw-redirect" title="PH value">pH value</a>, as a measure for the acidic or basic character of an aqueous solution or of <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure#Sound_pressure_level" title="Sound pressure">loudness</a> in <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a>. In this case, the negative decimal logarithm of the LD<sub>50</sub> values, which is standardized in kg per kg body weight, is considered <span class="texhtml">−log<sub>10</sub>(LD<sub>50</sub>)</span>. </p><p>The dimensionless value found can be entered in a toxin scale. Water as the baseline substance is neatly 1 in the negative logarithmic toxin scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of procedures have been defined to derive the LD<sub>50</sub>. The earliest was the 1927 "conventional" procedure by Trevan, which requires 40 or more animals. The <a href="/wiki/Fixed-dose_procedure" title="Fixed-dose procedure">fixed-dose procedure</a>, proposed in 1984, estimates a level of toxicity by feeding at defined doses and looking for signs of toxicity (without requiring death).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Up-and-down_procedure" title="Up-and-down procedure">up-and-down procedure</a>, proposed in 1985, yields an LD<sub>50</sub> value while dosing only one animal at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed-Muench_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed-Muench method">Reed-Muench method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_dose_makes_the_poison" title="The dose makes the poison">The dose makes the poison</a> – the toxicology adage that high quantities of any substance is lethal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_measures_of_toxicity">Other measures of toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other measures of toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_safety_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Certain safety factor">Certain safety factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">Therapeutic index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_index" title="Protective index">Protective index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_toxic_dose" title="Median toxic dose">Median toxic dose</a> (TD50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowest_published_lethal_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowest published lethal dose">Lowest published lethal dose</a> (LDLo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC<sub>50</sub></a> (half maximal effective concentration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC<sub>50</sub></a> (half maximal inhibitory concentration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draize_test" title="Draize test">Draize test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicative_limit_value" title="Indicative limit value">Indicative limit value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-observed-adverse-effect_level" title="No-observed-adverse-effect level">No-observed-adverse-effect level</a> (NOAEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowest-observed-adverse-effect_level" title="Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level">Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level</a> (LOAEL)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_measures">Related measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Related measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCID50" class="mw-redirect" title="TCID50">TCID<sub>50</sub></a> Tissue Culture Infective Dosage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaque_forming_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque forming units">Plaque forming units</a> (pfu)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701134347/https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00025.html">"Absolute lethal dose (LD100)"</a>. <i>IUPAC Gold Book</i>. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00025.html">the original</a> on 2019-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPAC+Gold+Book&rft.atitle=Absolute+lethal+dose+%28LD100%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2Fhtml%2FA%2FA00025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_1957_pp._273–288-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_1957_pp._273–288_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbm.1957.0019">"John William Trevan, 1887-1956"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">273–</span>288. 1957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1957.0019">10.1098/rsbm.1957.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328170611/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbm.1957.0019">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=John+William+Trevan%2C+1887-1956&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1957.0019&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1957.0019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html">"What is a LD50 and LC50?"</a>. <i>OSH Answers Fact Sheets</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSH+Answers+Fact+Sheets&rft.atitle=What+is+a+LD50+and+LC50%3F&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccohs.ca%2Foshanswers%2Fchemicals%2Fld50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110626185759/http://agn.client.shareholder.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=587234">"Allergan Receives FDA Approval for First-of-Its-Kind, Fully in vitro, Cell-Based Assay for BOTOX and BOTOX Cosmetic (onabotulinumtoxinA)"</a>. Allergan Web site. 24 June 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extoxnet&rft.atitle=Demeton-s-methyl&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpmep.cce.cornell.edu%2Fprofiles%2Fextoxnet%2Fcarbaryl-dicrotophos%2Fdemeton-s-methyl-ext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiyatkinSharma2009" class="citation book cs1">Kiyatkin EA, Sharma HS (2009). "Acute Methamphetamine Intoxication". <i>New Concepts of Psychostimulant Induced Neurotoxicity</i>. International Review of Neurobiology. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chlorotoxin%3A+A+Helpful+Natural+Scorpion+Peptide+to+Diagnose+Glioma+and+Fight+Tumor+Invasion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffile.PostFileLoader.html%3Fid%3D55280ed4cf57d70b0a8b45af%26assetKey%3DAS%253A273754658148357%25401442279604492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226150416/http://msds.orica.com/pdf/shess-en-cds-010-000032505901.pdf">"Safety (MSDS) data for hydrogen cyanide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>orica.com</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labchem.com/tools/msds/msds/LC16590.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LabChem&rft.atitle=Mercuric+Chloride+Safety+Data+Sheet&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labchem.com%2Ftools%2Fmsds%2Fmsds%2FLC16590.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisterSine2013" class="citation book cs1">Meister RT, Sine C (2013). <i>Crop Protection Handbook</i>. Vol. 99. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Pub Co. p. 664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1892829269" title="Special:BookSources/978-1892829269"><bdi>978-1892829269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crop+Protection+Handbook&rft.place=Willoughby%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=664&rft.pub=Meister+Pub+Co&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1892829269&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=RT&rft.au=Sine%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811121705/http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/AF/aflatoxin_B1.html">"Safety (MSDS) data for aflatoxin B1"</a>. <i>ox.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/AF/aflatoxin_B1">the original</a> on 2010-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Safety+%28MSDS%29+data+for+aflatoxin+B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsds.chem.ox.ac.uk%2FAF%2Faflatoxin_B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoelzBuican2000" class="citation journal cs1">Voelz GL, Buican IG (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818013.pdf">"Plutonium and Health — How great is the risk?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Science" title="Los Alamos Science">Los Alamos Science</a></i> (26): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118020351/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.atitle=Plutonium+and+Health+%26mdash%3B+How+great+is+the+risk%3F&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Voelz&rft.aufirst=GL&rft.au=Buican%2C+IG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Fpubs%2F00818013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/464-81-3">"Bufotoxin"</a>. <i>ChemIDplus</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brodifacoum+%28PDS%29&rft.pub=Inchem.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpims%2Fchemical%2Fpim077.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskalev1961" class="citation book cs1">Moskalev YI (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4wPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA220">"Biological Effects of Cesium-137"</a>. In Lebedinskiĭ AV, Moskalev YI (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4wPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Distribution, Biological Effects, and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes</i></a>. Translation Series. United States Atomic Energy Commission (published April 1974). p. 220. AEC-tr-7512.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+Effects+of+Cesium-137&rft.btitle=Distribution%2C+Biological+Effects%2C+and+Migration+of+Radioactive+Isotopes&rft.series=Translation+Series&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=United+States+Atomic+Energy+Commission&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Moskalev&rft.aufirst=YI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4wPAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span> [(21.5 μCi/g) × (1000 g/kg) × (0.0114 μg/μCi) = 245 μg/kg]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisterSince2013" class="citation book cs1">Meister R, Since C (2013). <i>Crop Protection Handbook 2013</i>. 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"Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD<sub>50</sub>, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-c">10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7896233">7896233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Chemical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+up-and-down%2C+conventional+LD%3Csub%3E50%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+and+fixed-dose+acute+toxicity+procedures&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-c&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7896233&rft.aulast=Lipnick&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Cotruvo%2C+JA&rft.au=Hill%2C+RN&rft.au=Bruce%2C+RD&rft.au=Stitzel%2C+KA&rft.au=Walker%2C+AP&rft.au=Chu%2C+I&rft.au=Goddard%2C+M&rft.au=Segal%2C+L&rft.au=Springer%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lichtman AH (August 1998). "The up-and-down method substantially reduces the number of animals required to determine antinociceptive ED50 values". <i>Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1056-8719%2898%2900041-0">10.1016/s1056-8719(98)00041-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10100496">10100496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmacological+and+Toxicological+Methods&rft.atitle=The+up-and-down+method+substantially+reduces+the+number+of+animals+required+to+determine+antinociceptive+ED50+values&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1056-8719%2898%2900041-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10100496&rft.aulast=Lichtman&rft.aufirst=AH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipnickCotruvoHillBruce1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lipnick RL, Cotruvo JA, Hill RN, Bruce RD, Stitzel KA, Walker AP, et al. (March 1995). "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-C">10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-C</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7896233">7896233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Chemical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+up-and-down%2C+conventional+LD50%2C+and+fixed-dose+acute+toxicity+procedures&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7896233&rft.aulast=Lipnick&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Cotruvo%2C+JA&rft.au=Hill%2C+RN&rft.au=Bruce%2C+RD&rft.au=Stitzel%2C+KA&rft.au=Walker%2C+AP&rft.au=Chu%2C+I&rft.au=Goddard%2C+M&rft.au=Segal%2C+L&rft.au=Springer%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedian+lethal+dose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median_lethal_dose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626013647/http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ld50.html">Archived</a> 2015-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacology105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacology" title="Template:Pharmacology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacology" title="Template talk:Pharmacology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacology105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand (biochemistry)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Excitatory10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Excitatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_agonist" title="Endogenous agonist">Endogenous agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_agonist" title="Irreversible agonist">Irreversible agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superagonist" title="Superagonist">Superagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological agonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inhibitory10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Inhibitory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">Competitive antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_antagonist" title="Irreversible antagonist">Irreversible antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agonist-antagonist" title="Agonist-antagonist">Agonist-antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacophore" title="Pharmacophore">Pharmacophore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Activity_at_receptor20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Activity at receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">Mechanism of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_action" title="Mode of action">Mode of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_binding" title="Molecular binding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor (biochemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(medicine)" title="Desensitization (medicine)">Desensitization (medicine)</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_effects_of_ligand23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other effects of ligand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Selectivity (<a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">Binding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">Functional</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy_(drugs)" title="Pleiotropy (drugs)">Pleiotropy (drugs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines" title="Non-specific effect of vaccines">Non-specific effect of vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Analysis8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">Dose–response relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_equation_(biochemistry)" title="Hill equation (biochemistry)">Hill equation (biochemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schild_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Schild plot">Schild plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Castillo_Katz_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Castillo Katz model">Del Castillo Katz model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Prussoff_Equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng-Prussoff Equation">Cheng-Prussoff Equation</a></li> <li>Methods (<a href="/wiki/Organ_bath" title="Organ bath">Organ bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligand_binding_assay" title="Ligand binding assay">Ligand binding assay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">Patch clamp</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficacy#Pharmacology" title="Efficacy">Efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">Intrinsic activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">Potency</a> (<a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a>, <a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">ED50</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">LD50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_toxic_dose" title="Median toxic dose">TD50</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">Therapeutic index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant#Protein-ligand_binding" title="Dissociation constant">Affinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loading_dose" title="Loading dose">Loading dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">Volume of distribution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Initial_volume_of_distribution" title="Initial volume of distribution">Initial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_infusion" title="Rate of infusion">Rate of infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Biological half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Plasma protein binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="LADME5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">LADME</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADME" title="ADME">(L)ADME</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Liberation_(pharmacology)" title="Liberation (pharmacology)">Liberation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(pharmacology)" title="Distribution (pharmacology)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">Clearance</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Compartment (pharmacokinetics)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioequivalence" title="Bioequivalence">Bioequivalence</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related<br /> fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neuroscience_and_psychology35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology" title="Neuropsychopharmacology">Neuropsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medicine12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacology" title="Clinical pharmacology">Clinical pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiology" title="Pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Biochemistry_and_genetics33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoinformatics" title="Pharmacoinformatics">Pharmacoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Toxicology14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacotoxicology" title="Pharmacotoxicology">Pharmacotoxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxicology">Neurotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Drug_discovery18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_pharmacology" title="Classical pharmacology">Classical pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_pharmacology" title="Reverse pharmacology">Reverse pharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photopharmacology" title="Photopharmacology">Photopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunopharmacology">Immunopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinduction_(anesthetics)" title="Coinduction (anesthetics)">Coinduction (anesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analog_(chemistry)" title="Functional analog (chemistry)">Functional analog (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypharmacology" title="Polypharmacology">Polypharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_drugs" title="Lists of drugs">Lists of drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_list_of_essential_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO list of essential medicines">WHO list of essential medicines</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tolerance_and_resistance24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tolerance and resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Drug tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyphylaxis" title="Tachyphylaxis">Tachyphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">Antibiotic resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance" title="Multiple drug resistance">Multiple drug resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antimicrobial_pharmacology26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Antimicrobial pharmacology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_pharmacodynamics" title="Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics">Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" title="Minimum inhibitory concentration">Minimum inhibitory concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriostatic_agent" title="Bacteriostatic agent">Bacteriostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_bactericidal_concentration" title="Minimum bactericidal concentration">Minimum bactericidal concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactericide" 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