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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalarico_de_Nesle" title="Amalarico de Nesle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amalarico de Nesle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="امالریک نسله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امالریک نسله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_de_Nesle" title="Amaury de Nesle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amaury de Nesle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coronation_of_Baldwin_IV.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Baldwin_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Coronation_of_Baldwin_IV.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_d%27Outre_Mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire d'Outre Mer">Histoire d'Outre Mer</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Amalric of Nesle</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Amaury</i>; died on 6 October 1180) was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> prelate who served as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin patriarch of Jerusalem</a> from late 1157 or early 1158 until his death. Amalric focused chiefly on managing church property; he showed very little political initiative and had no interest in military affairs. </p><p>Amalric was born in France. He arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin East">Latin East</a> in the 1130s or early 1140s and became the <a href="/wiki/Court_chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="Court chaplain">court chaplain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Melisende" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Melisende">Queen Melisende</a>. He rose to become <a href="/wiki/Prior_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Prior of the Holy Sepulchre">prior of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in 1151 probably because of the queen's patronage. In 1157 she selected him to become the next patriarch and, despite some clerical opposition, he was enthroned by early 1158. Melisende's sons, <a href="/wiki/King_Baldwin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Baldwin III">King Baldwin III</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Amalric" class="mw-redirect" title="King Amalric">King Amalric</a>, paid little attention to him. Amalric of Nesle was instrumental in separating King Amalric from his wife, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Courtenay" title="Agnes of Courtenay">Agnes of Courtenay</a>, at the insistence of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Jerusalem" title="High Court of Jerusalem">High Court</a>. For this reason King Amalric practically excluded him from government, but they worked together on establishing new <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishoprics</a> in the kingdom. </p><p>King Amalric died in 1174, and the patriarch had no part in the election of his son, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin IV">Baldwin IV</a>, as the next king. Baldwin IV's mother, Agnes, gained immense influence, and Amalric remained out of favor at court. From 1177 the kingdom was increasingly threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. Amalric was annoyed when the king allowed the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leontius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Leontius II of Jerusalem">Leontius</a>, to enter the kingdom as the representative of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, whose aid the king hoped to secure; Manuel recalled Leontius in order to maintain good relations with Amalric and, through him, with the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>. Amalric was too old to travel to Rome to seek Western military aid at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Lateran Council">Third Lateran Council</a> in 1179. He died the following year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise">Rise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amalric was born in <a href="/wiki/Nesle" title="Nesle">Nesle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. He arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Fulk" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fulk">King Fulk</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 1131–1143) and became the <a href="/wiki/Court_chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="Court chaplain">court chaplain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Melisende" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Melisende">Queen Melisende</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202029_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202029-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom and the other <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">crusader states</a> were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">French</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, but were surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200057–59_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200057–59-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados,_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro,_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/220px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/330px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/440px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>12th-century bell tower of the Holy Sepulchre</figcaption></figure> <p>Amalric became <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> by 1151, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Barcelona" title="Peter of Barcelona">Peter of Barcelona</a>, who had become <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Tyre">archbishop of Tyre</a>. He was the first prior not to come from the Holy Sepulcher's <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">cathedral chapter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202029_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202029-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Bernard Hamilton considers it likely that his appointment was arranged by Queen Melisende, who was then reigning with her son <a href="/wiki/King_Baldwin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Baldwin III">King Baldwin III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1099, when the Franks <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">captured</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, the resident patriarch of Jerusalem was <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> rather than Catholic. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> continued to appoint <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_patriarchs_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Jerusalem</a>, but they lived in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the Franks recognized only the Latin patriarch. Amalric therefore effectively had authority over both Catholic and Orthodox Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000114_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000114-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Fulcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Fulcher">Patriarch Fulcher</a> died in November 1157, three women of the royal family–Queen Melisende, her stepdaughter Countess <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibylla of Flanders">Sibylla of Flanders</a>, and sister Countess <a href="/wiki/Hodierna_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodierna of Tripoli">Hodierna of Tripoli</a>–chose Amalric to become the next patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Baldwin appears to have played no role in Amalric's selection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amalric was enthroned in late 1157 or early 1158.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For unknown reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202098_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202098-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his accession to the patriarchate was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Caesarea">archbishop of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernesius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernesius (page does not exist)">Ernesius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bethlehem" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Bethlehem">bishop of Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_(bishop_of_Bethlehem)" title="Ralph (bishop of Bethlehem)">Ralph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They complained to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hadrian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Hadrian IV">Pope Hadrian IV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Amalric sent the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Diocese_of_Acre" title="Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre">bishop of Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_de_la_Roche" title="Frederick de la Roche">Frederick de la Roche</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to secure the pope's support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadrian confirmed Amalric's election and sent him a <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Patriarchate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_and_royal_controversies">Papal and royal controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Papal and royal controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1159, two rival candidates <a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_1159" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election of 1159">were elected</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Victor_IV_(1159%E2%80%931164)" title="Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)">Victor IV</a>. King Baldwin III, the leading barons, the patriarch, and the bishops held a council in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> to deliberate on the matter. The bishops could not agree on which of the two they should recognize as pope. Baldwin was eager to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> in his kingdom and persuaded the council to remain neutral. Hamilton believes that Amalric's predecessor, Fulcher, would have never allowed the king to make such a decision for him, and concludes that Amalric "does not seem to have had a very forceful personality". Later that year the clergy agreed to recognize Alexander as pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnes_courtenay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Agnes_courtenay.jpg/220px-Agnes_courtenay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Agnes_courtenay.jpg/330px-Agnes_courtenay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Agnes_courtenay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>A late 13th-century depiction of the annulment of King Amalric's marriage</figcaption></figure> <p>King Baldwin III died childless on 10 February 1163.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361–362_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361–362-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Jerusalem" title="High Court of Jerusalem">High Court</a>, with Patriarch Amalric as the spokesman, refused to recognize Baldwin's brother, <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, as king unless he repudiated his wife, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Courtenay" title="Agnes of Courtenay">Agnes of Courtenay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin's brother had married Agnes in 1157 despite the objections of Patriarch Fulcher, who had declared that, as third cousins, they were <a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">too closely related</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200025_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200025-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand was accepted. Patriarch Amalric promptly <a href="/wiki/Annulled" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulled">annulled</a> the marriage on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a> and crowned his namesake on 18 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton believes that the official reason for the annulment "masked some more deep-seated animosity" of the lords towards Agnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023–24_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023–24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues the new king must have held the patriarch at least partly responsible for this humiliating condition because, even if he were just a mouthpiece for the barons, the patriarch had the final say in the matter according to <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 August 1167 the patriarch celebrated the king's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem">Maria</a>, a grandniece of Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusader_Cathedral_of_Tyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crusader Cathedral of Tyre (page does not exist)">Cathedral of Tyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952377_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952377-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_policy">Ecclesiastical policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patriarch Amalric suffered no retaliation from his namesake the king but found himself mostly ignored through most of his pontificate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only monarch to invite him to witness a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> was Queen Melisende, who had appointed him. Amalric spent most of his tenure as patriarch <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">conveyancing</a> church property and settling related lawsuits. He was not interested in military affairs: though the kingdom was almost constantly at war while he was patriarch, he never accompanied the royal army as the bearer of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. After the Christian defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harim" title="Battle of Harim">battle of Harim</a> in 1164 Amalric wrote an <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> offering <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> to those who would come to help the Catholics in the Levant; this remained his only contribution to the kingdom's political life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1169 Amalric offered to go to Europe to personally help recruit aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and the archbishop of Caesarea were carrying letters to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, Kings <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Navarre" title="Margaret of Navarre">Margaret of Sicily</a>, and Counts <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Flanders">Philip I of Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_V_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald V of Blois">Theobald V of Blois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I of Champagne">Henry I of Champagne</a>. Two days after the prelates set out, however, their ships ran into a severe storm that drove them back to <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952384_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952384-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he escaped unharmed, Amalric was replaced as the head of the embassy by Frederick de la Roche, now the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Tyre">archbishop of Tyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952384_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952384-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king and the patriarch worked together cordially on the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical organization">ecclesiastical organization</a> of the kingdom, setting up the new <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishoprics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Petra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Hebron">Hebron</a> in 1168.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They proposed the restoration of a bishop in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=See_of_Jaffa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="See of Jaffa (page does not exist)">see of Jaffa</a>, controlled by the canons of the Holy Sepulchre. The canons complained to the papacy that the restoration of a bishop in Jaffa would cause them financial hardship. Pope Alexander upheld the patriarch's right to restore the see but made it a condition that the canons should be compensated. The plan was then set aside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamilton believes that, despite his cooperation, the establishment of the new bishoprics was not to the patriarch's liking because it meant the transfer of revenue from him to the new bishops. Amalric received a confirmation from the pope that the other bishopless sees, namely <a href="/w/index.php?title=See_of_Jericho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="See of Jericho (page does not exist)">Jericho</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=See_of_Nablus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="See of Nablus (page does not exist)">Nablus</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=See_of_Darum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="See of Darum (page does not exist)">Darum</a>, would remain under the control of the patriarchate. Amalric tried to offset his losses by usurping some of the revenues of the Holy Sepulchre, causing the pope to reprimand him after the canons complained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Josaphat" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot of Josaphat">abbot of Josaphat</a> also lodged a complaint after the patriarch and the canons demanded <a href="/wiki/Room_and_board" title="Room and board">board</a> when they visited Josaphat, leading to a violent altercation with the Josaphat monks and even death. Alexander ruled in the abbot's favor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077–78_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077–78-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_age">Old age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg/220px-Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg/330px-Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Amaurydeath-BaldwinIVcrowned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>The death of King Amalric and the coronation of King Baldwin IV as depicted in a 13th-century manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>King Amalric died in 1174. Though he had left a young son, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin IV">Baldwin IV</a>, there was a debate about the succession because the boy had been exhibiting symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>. Unlike in 1163, Patriarch Amalric played no role in determining the new king. He had been excluded by King Amalric from any active role in the government, had grown old, and had never had the temperament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200035–36_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200035–36-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The High Court agreed that Baldwin IV was the best choice,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200041_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200041-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Amalric <a href="/wiki/Anointed" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointed">anointed</a> him and <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">crowned</a> him in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200042_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200042-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new king's mother, Agnes of Courtenay, became very influential. This must have been to the patriarch's detriment, argues Hamilton, as she must have resented him for having prevented her to become queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained out of favor at court and his place on public occasions was taken by Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_(bishop_of_Bethlehem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert (bishop of Bethlehem) (page does not exist)">Albert</a> of Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky2020102_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky2020102-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1177 saw the arrival of the Greek Orthodox archbishop of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Leontius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Leontius II of Jerusalem">Leontius</a>, as the representative of the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I Komnenos. Theodosius Goudelis, an acquaintance and biographer of Leontius, wrote that Amalric attempted to have Leontius assassinated, which Hamilton considers improbable. Amalric was, however, hostile to Leontius; and while King Baldwin was anxious that Leontius be treated well in order to win Byzantine protection, Amalric only acquiesced to royal demands so far as to allow Leontius to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the presence only of the Orthodox canons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor soon recalled Leontius to avoid a conflict with Amalric and, through Amalric, with Pope Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138–139_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138–139-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1177, the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> invaded the kingdom while the Frankish army was on campaign in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. The young king, though inexperienced and gravely ill, rode out to meet Saladin with the few knights who had remained in the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patriarch Amalric was left in charge of Jerusalem, but the city was stripped of troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133–134_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133–134-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franks, though severely outnumbered, decisively defeated Saladin at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">battle of Montgisard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000134_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000134-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ailing king's sister and <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibylla of Jerusalem">Sibylla</a>, unexpectedly married <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a>, a knight from <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>, in early 1178,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000156_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000156-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a dangerous rift appeared in the kingdom's nobility between those who supported Guy and those who opposed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000158_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000158-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Lateran Council">Third Lateran Council</a>, the most important council of the Catholic Church in decades, was held in March 1179.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Amalric and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin patriarch of Antioch">Latin patriarch of Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimery_of_Limoges" title="Aimery of Limoges">Aimery of Limoges</a>, were too old to embark on a long sea voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amalric was represented by the prior of the Holy Sepulchre, Peter. The delegates from the crusader states included the archbishop of Tyre, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William</a>; the archbishop of Caesarea, <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_of_Jerusalem" title="Heraclius of Jerusalem">Heraclius</a>; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishops_of_Sebastea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishops of Sebastea (page does not exist)">bishops of Sebastea</a>, Bethlehem, and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Mount_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot of Mount Zion">abbot of Mount Zion</a>. Their ranks were too low for their voices to be heard, and the interests of the crusader states went ignored. Hamilton believes that Western aid might have been secured if the two patriarchs had attended, as they would have taken precedence over all the prelates except the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amalric died on 6 October 1180.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days later, the archbishop of Caesarea, Heraclius, was chosen by Agnes to succeed him, spurning William of Tyre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202035_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202035-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202040-41_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202040-41-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heraclius was accused of many moral failings but took political initiative, which "must have been a welcome change" according to Hamilton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198079_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198079-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William of Tyre, who knew Amalric very well and whom Amalric had <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal consecration">consecrated as archbishop</a>, was not fond of Amalric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William described the patriarch as "reasonably well educated but bereft of intelligence and virtually useless".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton sees some merit in William's judgement, arguing that Amalric left little impression on the politics of the kingdom and lacked the leadership qualities that the kingdom needed, especially after its society divided into factions King Amalric's death, but concedes that being out of favor at court because of annulling King Amalric's marriage to Agnes may not have entirely been the patriarch's fault. Hamilton notes that Amalric performed no acts of piety that might have made him a reputable religious leader, that the only <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> he gave were for his own <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">requiem</a>, and that he instituted no special prayer for the kingdom in perilous moments such as Saladin's 1177 invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton concludes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No other Latin patriarch had ruled for so long: no other had made so little contribution to the life of the kingdom and of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202029-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202029_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202029_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonJotischky2020">Hamilton & Jotischky 2020</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200057–59-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200057–59_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202030_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonJotischky2020">Hamilton & Jotischky 2020</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000114-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000114_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, pp. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198076_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1980">Hamilton 1980</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202098-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202098_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonJotischky2020">Hamilton & Jotischky 2020</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1952">Runciman 1952</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361–362-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952361–362_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1952">Runciman 1952</a>, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200025-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200025_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023–24-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200023–24_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952377-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952377_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1952">Runciman 1952</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198078_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1980">Hamilton 1980</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952384-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952384_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1952384_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1952">Runciman 1952</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1980">Hamilton 1980</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077–78-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198077–78_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1980">Hamilton 1980</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200035–36-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200035–36_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200041-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200041_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200042-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200042_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky2020102-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky2020102_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonJotischky2020">Hamilton & Jotischky 2020</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138–139-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000138–139_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133–134-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000133–134_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000134-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000134_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000156-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000156_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000158-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000158_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2000144_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2000">Hamilton 2000</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202035-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202035_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonJotischky2020">Hamilton & Jotischky 2020</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202040-41-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonJotischky202040-41_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonJotischky2020">Hamilton & Jotischky 2020</a>, p. 40-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton198079-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton198079_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1980">Hamilton 1980</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonJotischky2020" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (2020). Derek Baker (ed.). <i>Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521836388" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521836388"><bdi>978-0521836388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+and+Greek+Monasticism+in+the+Crusader+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0521836388&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Jotischky%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmalric+of+Nesle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1980" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yp6oDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Amalric%2C+a+Frenchman+from+Nesle+in+the+diocese+of+Noyon%2C%22&pg=PT70"><i>The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church</i></a>. Variorum Publications. pp. 76–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88705-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88705-2"><bdi>978-1-351-88705-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Church+in+the+Crusader+States%3A+The+Secular+Church&rft.pages=76-79&rft.pub=Variorum+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-351-88705-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyp6oDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Amalric%252C%2Ba%2BFrenchman%2Bfrom%2BNesle%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bdiocese%2Bof%2BNoyon%252C%2522%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmalric+of+Nesle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard (2000). <i>The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521641876" title="Special:BookSources/9780521641876"><bdi>9780521641876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leper+King+and+his+Heirs%3A+Baldwin+IV+and+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521641876&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmalric+of+Nesle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade0002runc/@"><i>A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0241298768" title="Special:BookSources/0241298768"><bdi>0241298768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East%2C+1100%E2%80%931187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=0241298768&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcrusade0002runc%2F%40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmalric+of+Nesle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fulcher_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Fulcher of Angoulême">Fulcher of Angoulême</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> </b><br />1157/8–1180 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_of_Jerusalem" title="Heraclius of Jerusalem">Heraclius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&oldid=1260492598">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amalric_of_Nesle&oldid=1260492598</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Patriarchs_of_Jerusalem" title="Category:Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1180_deaths" title="Category:1180 deaths">1180 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_people_from_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Category:12th-century people from the Kingdom of Jerusalem">12th-century people from the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_French_people" title="Category:12th-century French people">12th-century French people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_Roman_Catholic_archbishops_in_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Category:12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem">12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown" title="Category:Year of birth unknown">Year of birth unknown</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 December 2024, at 01:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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