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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_of_4_October_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_of_4_October_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Speech of 4 October 1943</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speech_of_4_October_1943-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speech of 4 October 1943 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speech_of_4_October_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Addressees,_reason_and_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addressees,_reason_and_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Addressees, reason and purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addressees,_reason_and_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_course_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_course_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>On the course of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_course_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe,_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe,_Soviet_prisoners_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Eastern Europe, Soviet prisoners of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe,_Soviet_prisoners_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Extermination_of_the_Jewish_people"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Extermination_of_the_Jewish_people""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>"Extermination of the Jewish people"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Extermination_of_the_Jewish_people"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_of_6_October_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_of_6_October_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Speech of 6 October 1943</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speech_of_6_October_1943-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speech of 6 October 1943 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speech_of_6_October_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Beginning of the speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_"Jewish_question"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_"Jewish_question""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>On the "Jewish question"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_"Jewish_question"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further speeches</span> 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id="toc-Artistic_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Artistic references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Posen speeches</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="خطابات بوزن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطابات بوزن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discurs_de_Posen" title="Discurs de Posen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Discurs de Posen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%88sk%C3%BD_projev" title="Poznaňský projev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poznaňský projev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen-talen" title="Posen-talen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Posen-talen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posener_Reden" title="Posener Reden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Posener Reden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discursos_de_Posen" title="Discursos de Posen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Discursos de Posen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="سخنرانی‌های پوزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سخنرانی‌های پوزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discours_de_Posen" title="Discours de Posen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Discours de Posen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%A0%A0_%EC%97%B0%EC%84%A4" title="포젠 연설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포젠 연설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discorsi_di_Posen" title="Discorsi di Posen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Discorsi di Posen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" title="נאומי פוזן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאומי פוזן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84toespraken" title="Poznańtoespraken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poznańtoespraken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen-talen" title="Posen-talen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Posen-talen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przem%C3%B3wienia_pozna%C5%84skie" title="Przemówienia poznańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemówienia poznańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discurso_de_Posen" title="Discurso de Posen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Discurso de Posen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posentalen" title="Posentalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Posentalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_konu%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1" title="Posen konuşmaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Posen konuşmaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q570589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="/wiki/File:Page_of_Himmler_Posen_Speech,_Oct_4,_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Page_of_Himmler_Posen_Speech%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.jpg/220px-Page_of_Himmler_Posen_Speech%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Page_of_Himmler_Posen_Speech%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.jpg/330px-Page_of_Himmler_Posen_Speech%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Page_of_Himmler_Posen_Speech%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Authorised by <a href="/wiki/Himmler" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmler">Himmler</a> himself, this original page of the final edition of his speech made on 4 October 1943 bears the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a>'</i>s statements to his audience that the extermination of the Jews, a policy of the Nazi state, is being carried out.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Posen speeches</b> were two speeches made by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, on 4 and 6 October 1943 in the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">town hall of Posen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>), in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)#German-occupied_Poland" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a>. The recordings are the first known documents in which a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Cabinet">Hitler Cabinet</a> spoke of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">extermination</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>. They demonstrate that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">German government</a> wanted, planned, and carried out <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Posen speeches of October 1943 are eight of 132 speeches obtained in various forms which the head of the SS, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, conducted before officials of the Nazi party.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first speech was given before 92 SS officers, the second before <a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter" title="Reichsleiter">Reichsleiters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiters</a>, as well as other government representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They constitute some of the most important of Himmler's speeches during the war, as they demonstrate Himmler's role as "Architect of the Final Solution" and a visionary of an elite race to be henceforth supported by the SS state.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the genocide of the Jews was not the central topic in either of them, both carry historical significance in reference to it. Himmler dispensed with the usual euphemisms<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spoke explicitly of the extermination of the Jews via mass murder, which he depicted as a historical mission of the Nazis. This connection became clear in five further speeches made between December 1943 and June 1944 to commanders of the Wehrmacht.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the literature, only the first speech was known as the "Posen Speech" until 1970. The second speech, uncovered at that time, is often mistaken as the first or equated with it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himmler gave the speeches at a time when German military setbacks were mounting and the Nazi political and military leadership were privately expressing alarm. At the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> in January, 1943, the Allies had decided that the only acceptable outcome of the war was Germany's unconditional surrender. The Soviet victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> on 2 February 1943 was a turning point in the war. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the prosecution of those mainly responsible for war and genocide on 12 February,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which the US Congress agreed to on 18 March. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Husky_order_of_battle" title="Operation Husky order of battle">Allied troops</a> <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">landed</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> on 7 July 1943 and <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">successfully invaded the Italian mainland on the 3 September</a>, and after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_armistice" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian armistice">Italian armistice</a> on 8 September, gradually advanced northward. On 1 October, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> was freed from German occupation. </p><p>German hopes of regaining the military initiative on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern front</a> were dashed by the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> in early July, and the resultant massive Soviet counter offensive ushered in permanent German retreats for the remainder of the war. In the week 27 July – 3 August 1943, Allied air raids attacked Hamburg in <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Operation Gomorrah</a>, and the armament centre of <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> was heavily damaged by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hydra_(1943)" title="Operation Hydra (1943)">Operation Hydra</a> on the night of 17–18 August, critically disrupting <a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a> development. At the same time resistance against German forces in the Western occupied territories grew, and a state of emergency was declared in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (17 August) and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (29 August). German dissidents planned Germany's reorganisation (the <a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a>) and assassination attempts on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy was brought in on 4 September for retreats on the Eastern Front, and martial law against those in the armed forces who refused to follow orders, initially introduced by the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> on 2 October.<sup id="cite_ref-wf_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same period, the destruction of the Jews became the most important goal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1943, <a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a> was in full operation, the exhumation and incineration of those murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> across the whole Eastern Front, whose death toll had so far reached 1.8 million Jews. Himmler ordered the liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland on 11 June, and all Soviet ones on 21 June. As of 25 June, four new crematoria and <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a> installations were completed in Auschwitz-II Birkenau at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>. On 1 July all Jews in the Reich were placed under police law. On 24 August 1943 Himmler was appointed as Minister of the Interior, and thus all police forces in the Reich and occupied territories were subordinated to him. By 19 October, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> was to be terminated and the affiliated extermination camps dismantled. </p><p>Nonetheless, acts of resistance against the destruction of the Jews occurred. There were prisoner rebellions in <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a> (2 August 1943) and <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a> (14 October 1943). Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> ghetto mounted <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Białystok Ghetto Uprising">an insurrection</a> against their liquidation (16–23 August), and the Danes <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">helped most of the Danish Jews</a> planned for arrest to escape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speech_of_4_October_1943">Speech of 4 October 1943</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speech of 4 October 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himmler did not prepare most of his speeches beforehand, but used terse handwritten notes instead. Since the end of 1942 his verbal lectures were no longer documented in shorthand, but recorded via <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> onto <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">wax master plates</a>. These recordings were then typed up by SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a></i> Werner Alfred Wenn, who corrected obvious grammatical errors and supplemented missing words. Himmler then added his own handwritten corrections, and the thus authorised version was copied up via typewriter in large characters and then filed away.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of Himmler's three-hour speech of 4 October 1943, 115 pages of the final typewritten edition (one page was lost) were discovered among SS files and submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> as document 1919-PS.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On day 23 of the hearing, a passage (which however did not concern the Holocaust) was read out.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A live recording of this speech survives, allowing for the differences between the spoken and the copyedited version to be examined. They are minor, and in no case distortionary.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addressees,_reason_and_purpose"><span id="Addressees.2C_reason_and_purpose"></span>Addressees, reason and purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Addressees, reason and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg/220px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg/330px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg/440px-Stary_Rynek_w_Poznaniu_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Posen's town hall</a>, where the conference took place (heavily damaged during WWII)</figcaption></figure> <p>Himmler gave the first speech in the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">town hall of Posen</a>, and not in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">imperial palace</a> as is often erroneously assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the SS's leadership cadre, 33 <i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i>, 51 <i><a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a></i> and eight <i><a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a></i> from the whole of the Reich were present. Many of these came from areas of occupied eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large parts of the speech therefore concerned the increasingly precarious situation on the Eastern Front, while attempting to explain Soviet military successes as being due to a claimed combination of Communist ruthlessness and the weaknesses of Germany's allies. </p><p>Only about two minutes of the speech concerns the destruction of the Jews. Himmler assumes that his audience is experienced with mass shootings, ghetto liquidations and extermination camps, and accordingly, already possesses knowledge of them. The speech is to justify the crimes already perpetrated, and to commit its listeners to the "higher purpose" bestowed upon them. Around 50 officers not present were sent a copy of the speech and had to confirm their acknowledgment of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_course_of_war">On the course of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: On the course of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a tribute to the war dead, Himmler gave his view of the war so far. The tough Soviet resistance could be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a>, the German Invasion of the Soviet Union was a <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strike">preemptive strike</a> and due to failure by Germany's allies, a chance for victory in 1942 was wasted. Himmler speculated over the Soviet army's potential, spoke disparagingly of the "<a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov" title="Andrey Vlasov">Vlasov</a> <a href="/wiki/Charivari" title="Charivari">shivaree</a>" (<i>der Wlassow-Rummel</i>), expatiated on the inferiority of the Slavic race, and included thoughts as to how a German minority can prevail over it.<sup id="cite_ref-wf_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later passages, Himmler claimed Italy's army had been contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and was sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Western_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western allies">Western allies</a>. He also touches upon the situation in the Balkans and other occupied territories, whose acts of resistance he disregards as irritating pinpricks. The war in the air and sea is also mentioned, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Home_front" title="Home front">domestic front</a> (<i>die innere Front</i>) and factors from it such as <a href="/wiki/Feindsender" title="Feindsender">enemy radio broadcasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">defeatism</a> stemming from air raids. </p><p>Subsequently, Himmler turns to the situation on the enemy's side, speculating over the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and their resilience and readiness for war. He goes into extensive detail about variances in the SS, individual divisions, police organisations, and outlines his duties regarding economic operations of the SS and being a minister of the Reich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe,_Soviet_prisoners_of_war"><span id="Eastern_Europe.2C_Soviet_prisoners_of_war"></span>Eastern Europe, Soviet prisoners of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe, Soviet prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Soviet Union">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>In his outline of the course of the war in the east, Himmler comments on the deaths of millions of Soviet prisoners of war and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labourers</a>. Like in pre-war speeches, and in accordance with Hitler's remarks in <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>, he speaks of how the eradication of the Slavic <i>Untermensch</i> is a historical and natural necessity. There is to be no place for sentiment:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One basic principle must be the absolute rule for the SS men: We must be honest, decent, loyal and comradely to <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">members of our own blood</a> and to nobody else. What happens to a Russian, to a Czech, does not interest me in the slightest. What other nations can offer in the way of good blood of our type, we will <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">take</a>, if necessary, by <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_for_forced_Germanization_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany">kidnapping their children and raising them here with us</a>. Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death interests me only so far as we need them as slaves for our culture; otherwise, it is of no interest to me. Whether 10,000 Russian females fall down from exhaustion while digging an antitank ditch interests me only insofar as the anti-tank ditch for Germany is finished.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Extermination_of_the_Jewish_people""><span id=".22Extermination_of_the_Jewish_people.22"></span>"Extermination of the Jewish people"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Extermination of the Jewish people""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler_Posen_Speech_-_Extermination_of_the_Jews_excerpt,_Oct_4,_1943.ogg" title="File:Himmler Posen Speech - Extermination of the Jews excerpt, Oct 4, 1943.ogg">"<i>Die Ausrottung des jüdischen Volkes</i>"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="328" data-mwtitle="Himmler_Posen_Speech_-_Extermination_of_the_Jews_excerpt,_Oct_4,_1943.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Himmler_Posen_Speech_-_Extermination_of_the_Jews_excerpt%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Himmler_Posen_Speech_-_Extermination_of_the_Jews_excerpt%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.ogg/Himmler_Posen_Speech_-_Extermination_of_the_Jews_excerpt%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimmler_Posen_Speech_-_Extermination_of_the_Jews_excerpt%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimmler_Posen_Speech_-_Extermination_of_the_Jews_excerpt%2C_Oct_4%2C_1943.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An excerpt of this speech where Himmler discusses the ongoing extermination of the Jews.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Himmler explicitly speaks of the genocide of the Jews, framing it as a legitimate war measure, something which had not been previously done by a representative of the Nazi party up until this point:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish people. It's one of those things that is easily said: 'The Jewish people are being exterminated', says every party member, 'this is very obvious, it's in our program, elimination of the Jews, extermination, we're doing it, hah, a small matter.' And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person — with exceptions due to human weaknesses — has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and 17 [...]</p></blockquote> <p>Himmler then praises the mindset of the SS man, devoting approximately 30 of the 116 pages to their virtues as well as their duty of becoming Europe's ruling class in 20 to 30 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speech_of_6_October_1943">Speech of 6 October 1943</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Speech of 6 October 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the second Posen speech, Himmler's terse notes are available, as well as a version recorded via shorthand then typed up and corrected in detail, and the final version as authorised by Himmler himself. The speech in each of these stages resided in the files of the Personal Staff of the Reichsführer (<i>Persönlichen Stabes Reichsführer-SS</i>), which were seized in their entirety by U.S. authorities in 1945. The text of the speech was recorded into microfilm by the U.S. and released to the <a href="/wiki/Bundesarchiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesarchiv">Bundesarchiv</a>. Analysis of these previously unavailable documents by historian Erich Goldhagen in 1970 in Koblenz revealed a speech hitherto unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was printed in its entirety for the first time in 1974 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradley_F._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradley F. Smith (page does not exist)">Bradley Smith</a>'s and Agnes Peterson's book of selected Himmler speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of September 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">party chancellery</a> invited all Reichsleiters and Gauleiters, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a> and Reich ministers <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> to a conference. The conference began on 6 October at 9 o'clock in the morning with Speer's reports, his speakers, and four big industries for armament production. Talks from <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a> followed. Himmler held his speech from 17:30 to 19:00.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second speech is shorter than the first, but contains a slightly longer and more explicit passage regarding the genocide of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_the_speech">Beginning of the speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beginning of the speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himmler begins by discussing partisans in Russia and support from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a>, Vlasov's collaborationist forces. The widespread idea that there would be a 300-kilometre wide belt dominated by partisans behind the German front is considered false. Frequently expressed is the view that Russia can only be conquered by Russians. This view is considered to be dangerous and wrong. Slavs are to be considered unreliable on a matter of principle, and for that reason, Russian <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwis</a> may only be employed as combatants in mixed units. </p><p>The danger of infiltrated parachutists, fugitive <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> and forced labourers is considered marginal, since the German population is in an impeccable way and grants the opponent no shelter, and the police have such dangers under control. A request by Gauleiters for a special force against the insurgency in the country is considered to be unnecessary and unacceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_"Jewish_question""><span id="On_the_.22Jewish_question.22"></span>On the "Jewish question"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: On the "Jewish question""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Himmler then reveals to "this most secret circle" his thoughts on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>, which he describes as "the most difficult decision of my life".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.jpg/330px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.jpg/440px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a> original caption: "Forcibly pulled out of dug-outs". Captured Jews are led by German troops to the assembly point for deportation after the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>, 1943</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I ask of you that that which I say to you in this circle be really only heard and not ever discussed. We were faced with the question: what about the women and children? – I decided to find a clear solution to this problem too. I did not consider myself justified to exterminate the men – in other words, to kill them or have them killed and allow the avengers of our sons and grandsons in the form of their children to grow up. The difficult decision had to be made to have this people disappear from the earth. For the organisation which had to execute this task, it was the most difficult which we had ever had. [...] I felt obliged to you, as the most superior dignitary, as the most superior dignitary of the party, this political order, this political instrument of the Führer, to also speak about this question quite openly and to say how it has been. The Jewish question in the countries that we occupy will be solved by the end of this year. Only remainders of odd Jews that managed to find hiding places will be left over.</p></blockquote> <p>Himmler then discusses the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> (19 April – 16 May 1943) and the heavy battles during it:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This entire ghetto was producing fur coats, dresses, and the like. Whenever we tried to get at it in the past we were told: Stop! Armaments factory! Of course, this has nothing to do with Party Comrade Speer. It wasn't your doing. It is this portion of alleged armaments factories that Party Comrade Speer and I intend to clear out in the next few weeks.</p></blockquote> <p>This last sentence seems to refer to the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a> where the remaining Jewish forced laborers in the <a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin District</a> of <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Poland" title="German-occupied Poland">German-occupied Poland</a> were liquidated. 43,000 Jews were murdered in this operation on 3-4 November 1943. </p><p>Himmler discusses <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">the July 1943 ouster</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, which is to have<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> led to defeatism. A few death sentences imposed on the basis of making corrosive remarks are to serve as dissuasive warnings for thousands of others; party members must display exemplary behaviour. Himmler then discusses his newly acquired duties as Reich Minister of the Interior. (Hitler appointed him to this position on 24 August 1943, replacing <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a>.) By Hitler's orders, party organisation and administrative organisation are henceforth two separate pillars. Decentralized decisions are considered important, but centralised arrangements take precedence in the strained war situation. As a result, Himmler makes broad criticism of the personal politics of Gauleiters. In the last part of his speech, he goes into the benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>. Himmler closes by discussing how the German national boundary will be pushed 500 km eastwards, with 120 million people being relocated, and ends with the appeal:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-026-22,_Adolf_Hitler_verleiht_Albert_Speer_Fritz-Todt-Ring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-026-22%2C_Adolf_Hitler_verleiht_Albert_Speer_Fritz-Todt-Ring.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-026-22%2C_Adolf_Hitler_verleiht_Albert_Speer_Fritz-Todt-Ring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-026-22%2C_Adolf_Hitler_verleiht_Albert_Speer_Fritz-Todt-Ring.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-026-22%2C_Adolf_Hitler_verleiht_Albert_Speer_Fritz-Todt-Ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-026-22%2C_Adolf_Hitler_verleiht_Albert_Speer_Fritz-Todt-Ring.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-026-22%2C_Adolf_Hitler_verleiht_Albert_Speer_Fritz-Todt-Ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> awarded an <i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i> ring by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> – May 1943</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When we see this then we will never lose our belief, never will we become disloyal, never will we be cowardly, never in bad spirits, but we will strive to be worthy to have lived under Adolf Hitler and been allowed to fight with him.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, Reich minister for arms and munition since 1942, was, since 2 September 1943 as Reich minister for armament and wartime economy, responsible for all German armament production. This used Jewish forced labourers who were partly exempted from being deported to their extermination until 1943. After 1945, Speer always maintained that he left the conference before Himmler made his speech and knew nothing of the Holocaust. Historians cite Himmler's direct <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">second-person</a> reference to Speer as proof of his presence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_speeches">Further speeches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further speeches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A handwritten memo from Himmler's speech on 26 January 1944 in Posen to Generals of fighting troops reads:<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Peterson_p._201_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Peterson_p._201-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Largest stabilisation in the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">G.G.</a> since the solution to the Jewish question. – <a href="/wiki/Race_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Race war">Race war</a>. Total solution. Not allowing avengers to rise against our children.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:1944_-_Himmler%27s_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg" title="File:1944 - Himmler's Posen Speeches excerpt III.ogg">5 May 1944 - Himmler's Posen Speeches excerpt</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="1944_-_Himmler's_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/1944_-_Himmler%27s_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/1944_-_Himmler%27s_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg/1944_-_Himmler%27s_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1944_-_Himmler%27s_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1944_-_Himmler%27s_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1944_-_Himmler%27s_Posen_Speeches_excerpt_III.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>On 5 May 1944 Himmler explained to Generals in <a href="/wiki/Ordensburg_Sonthofen" title="Ordensburg Sonthofen">Sonthofen</a> that perseverance in the bombing war has only been possible because the Jews in Germany have been discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Jewish question has been solved within Germany itself and in general within the countries occupied by Germany. [...] You can understand how difficult it was for me to carry out this military order which I was given and which I implemented out of a sense of obedience and absolute conviction. If you say: 'we can understand as far as the men are concerned but not about the children', then I must remind you of what I said at the beginning. [...] In my view, we as Germans, however deeply we may feel in our hearts, are not entitled to allow a generation of avengers filled with hatred to grow up with whom our children and grandchildren will have to deal because we, too weak and cowardly, left it to them.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:1944-05-25_-_Heinrich_Himmler_-_Rede_vor_Vertretern_der_deutschen_Justiz_in_Kochem_1h_44m.ogg" title="File:1944-05-25 - Heinrich Himmler - Rede vor Vertretern der deutschen Justiz in Kochem 1h 44m.ogg">1944-05-25 - Heinrich Himmler - Rede vor Vertretern der deutschen Justiz in Kochem 1h 44m</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6262" data-mwtitle="1944-05-25_-_Heinrich_Himmler_-_Rede_vor_Vertretern_der_deutschen_Justiz_in_Kochem_1h_44m.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/1944-05-25_-_Heinrich_Himmler_-_Rede_vor_Vertretern_der_deutschen_Justiz_in_Kochem_1h_44m.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/1944-05-25_-_Heinrich_Himmler_-_Rede_vor_Vertretern_der_deutschen_Justiz_in_Kochem_1h_44m.ogg/1944-05-25_-_Heinrich_Himmler_-_Rede_vor_Vertretern_der_deutschen_Justiz_in_Kochem_1h_44m.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Applause can be heard on a recording of another speech given to Generals in Sonthofen on 24 May 1944, when Himmler says:<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Peterson_p._203_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Peterson_p._203-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Another question which was decisive for the inner security of the Reich and Europe, was the Jewish question. It was uncompromisingly solved after orders and rational recognition. I believe, gentlemen, that you know me well enough to know that I am not a bloodthirsty person; I am not a man who takes pleasure or joy when something rough must be done. However on the other hand, I have such good nerves and such a developed sense of duty – I can say that much for myself – that when I recognise something as necessary I can implement it without compromise. I have not considered myself entitled – this concerns especially the Jewish women and children – to allow the children to grow into the avengers who will then murder our children and our grandchildren. That would have been cowardly. Consequently the question was uncompromisingly resolved.</p></blockquote> <p>On 21 June 1944 Himmler spoke to Generals educated in the Nazi world view<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Sonthofen, mentioning the Jewish question again:<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Peterson_p._203_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Peterson_p._203-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was the most terrible task and the most terrible order which could have been given to an organisation: the order to solve the Jewish question. In this circle, I may say it frankly with a few sentences. It is good that we had the severity to exterminate the Jews in our domain.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reception">Historical reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destruction of the Jews was to be kept secret from those outside the Nazi regime, but could only be organised and carried out with the participation of all relevant state and party executives. The Posen speeches offer a retrospective look at the mass killings already carried out, and show how these and further killings were ideologically justified by the Party. The extermination of the "internal enemy" (<i>innerer Feind</i>), the Jewish race, had become an objective of the war, and success in this field was to compensate for other defeats accrued in the course of the war. </p><p>Saul Friedländer highlights Himmler's self-image as an unconditionally obedient executor of Hitler's plans for the Germanic "<a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> in the east".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Reichsführer frequently describes the extermination of the Jews as a heavy responsibility assigned by the Führer. There is thus no debate: this task calls for unremitting devotion and a spirit of continual self-sacrifice of him and his men.</p></blockquote> <p>Konrad Kwiet comments on Himmler's association of the "heaviest task" the SS ever had to perform with the <i>Anständigkeit</i> (decency) that had been preserved of it:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is precisely this monstrous combination of murder and morality, of crime and decency at the core of the perpetrator's mentality. In the scope of the Nazi ethic, an entirely new concept of decency was created and made as a duty. <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem#Banality_of_evil" title="Eichmann in Jerusalem">banality of evil</a>", other authors emphasize the "normality of crime". Almost all perpetrators were characterized by their ability to return to the routine of every day life, and to lead a "normal" life after perpetrating murder. Most reacted with surprise, confusion and anger when they were prosecuted and reminded of the past. Ignorance and innocence were stressed before the court. The murderers were – with exceptions – spared from the traumatic experiences that survivors were left with.</p></blockquote> <p>Hans Buchheim comments that the accused perpetrators very probably lacked a <i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i> ("guilty mind"). Himmler's revaluation of soldierly virtues was not a total negation of moral norms, but a suspension of them for the exceptional situation of the extermination of the Jews, which had been passed off as a historical necessity. Therefore, Himmler endorsed the murder of the Jews not by instruction, but via the "correct" ideological motives, while letting similar murders committed out of sadism or selfishness be prosecutable.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Pohl" title="Dieter Pohl">Dieter Pohl</a> states:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Traditional institutions of the Nazi state secretly began the search for a defence strategy for the post-war period in 1943: one had not been informed, and the SS was exclusively to blame.</p></blockquote> <p>The unsparing portrayal of the genocide in Himmler's speech is thus interpreted as a means to formally render senior SS and Nazi functionaries as co-conspirators and accomplices in the perpetration of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> alludes to this view in his diary entry of 2 March 1943:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As always in the circles of the party, it is the duty of the Führer's closest friends to gather around him in such times of need [...] Above all with the Jewish question, we are so fixed on it that there is no longer any escape. And that's good. A movement and a people that have broken the bridges behind them fight from experience much more unreservedly than those that still have the possibility to retreat.</p></blockquote> <p>In an entry dated 9 October 1943, Goebbels commented on Himmler's second speech, at which he was present:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Regarding the Jewish question, he [Himmler] gives a very unadorned and frank picture. He is of the conviction that the Jewish question can be solved by the end of this year. He advocates the most radical and most severe solution, namely to exterminate Jewry, bag and baggage. Of course, if brutal, this is a consistent solution. Because we must take on the responsibility of entirely solving this question in our time. Subsequent generations will doubtlessly no longer dare address this problem with the courage and obsession as we are able to do today.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocaust_denial">Holocaust denial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Holocaust denial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust#Other_Nazi_leaders" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility for the Holocaust § Other Nazi leaders</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust deniers</a> have frequently attempted to negate Himmler's speeches as proof of the Holocaust. In particular, where Himmler – in his speech of 4 October 1943 – refers to the "<i>Ausrottung des jüdischen Volkes</i>" (extermination of the Jewish people), they will read the verb <i>ausrotten</i> (literally to "root out", aus = out; rott = root) and its related noun <i>Ausrottung</i> to offer a much more benign interpretation, i.e., Himmler was merely referring to the deportation of Jews and a desire to "root them out", as opposed to their mass destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ausrotten</i> can mean "to stamp out/to root out", but only figuratively, e.g., in contexts of concepts or ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of living things (such as a people or race), <i>ausrotten</i> accordingly means destroying something so that it cannot return.<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a> considers the usage of the word "Ausrotten" vitally important and also agrees that the term was referring to eradication. He confirms this in an interview from 2007 when he compares its usage with <a href="/wiki/Goebbels" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels">Goebbels</a> half-word "Ausrott..." during the <a href="/wiki/Sportpalast_speech" title="Sportpalast speech">Sportpalast speech</a> from February 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent paragraph, Himmler compares his disdain for individuals gaining personally (e.g. stealing) from Jewish victims, and the necessity to prevent this personal gain, to becoming sick and dying "from the same bacillus that we have exterminated" (<i>weil wir den Bazillus ausrotten, an dem Bazillus krank werden und sterben</i>). This use of <i>ausrotten</i> can be read as killing or extermination in the context of living things, because arguing for the deportation of bacteria would make no sense.<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reference to a bacillus in this statement is figurative, however, in line with Nazi rhetoric that encouraged dehumanizing concepts of Jews as a pathogen or malignant presence, rather than people. </p><p>In the "Ausrottung des jüdischen Volkes" paragraph, Himmler says: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Original </th> <th>Translated </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>... wir hatten die Pflicht unserem Volk gegenüber das zu tun, dieses Volk, das uns umbringen wollte, umzubringen.</i></p></blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... we had the duty to our people to do it, to kill this people who wanted to kill us.</p></blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Himmler thus confirms that the context is explicitly physical extermination, since <i>umbringen</i> simply has no meaning other than "to kill".<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, critics explain that Holocaust deniers will arbitrarily select words from the dictionary that have nothing to do with the given context, such as cherry-picking the definition for <i>Unkraut</i> (weeds) and erroneously applying it to <i>Volk</i> (people).<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second speech in Posen, critics point to the fact that he defines the meaning of <i>ausrotten</i>, where the operative word is <i>umbringen</i>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Original </th> <th>Translated </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Es trat an uns die Frage heran: Wie ist es mit den Frauen und Kindern? Ich habe mich entschlossen, auch hier eine ganz klare Lösung zu finden. Ich hielt mich nämlich nicht für berechtigt, <b>die Männer auszurotten – sprich also, umzubringen oder umbringen zu lassen</b> – und die Rächer in Gestalt der Kinder für unsere Söhne und Enkel groß werden zu lassen. Es mußte der schwere Entschluß gefaßt werden, dieses Volk von der Erde verschwinden zu lassen.</i></p></blockquote> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We came to the question: How is it with the women and children? I decided to find a clear solution here as well. I did not consider myself justified <b>to exterminate the men – in other words, to kill them or have them killed</b> – and allow the avengers of our sons and grandsons in the form of their children to grow up. The difficult decision had to be taken to make this people disappear from the earth.</p></blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Holocaust deniers will also offer erroneous translations of <i>ausrotten</i> by analysing the word's compounds, on the basis that "<i>aus</i>" and "<i>rotten</i>" are cognate with the English "out" and "root". To native German speakers, this is simply wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics compare this attempted etymological explanation to an attempt to cite the Latin origins of "ex" (out of) and "terminus" (borders) and on that basis, claim that "exterminate" means deportation, which would be equally nonsensical to native English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics point out that German Holocaust deniers do not dare suggest a translation to a German audience where <i>ausrotten</i> does not mean physical extermination,<sup id="cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing instances of German deniers dismissing failed etymological analysis by English speakers by responding to confirm that <i>ausrotten</i> means complete destruction, and material written by German deniers where, in the context of people, <i>ausrotten</i> and <i>vernichten</i> are used synonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-THHPDE_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THHPDE-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Germar_Rudolf" title="Germar Rudolf">Germar Rudolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udo_Walendy" title="Udo Walendy">Udo Walendy</a> have claimed that the recording of the first speech is a forgery: Himmler's voice was actually that of a 1945 Allied voice imitator.<sup id="cite_ref-h-ref_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-ref-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the discovery of the second Posen speech in the Koblenz <a href="/wiki/Bundesarchiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesarchiv">Bundesarchiv</a> rendered allegations of falsification completely irrelevant. Himmler's explicit statements, such as making the decision to make the Jews "disappear from the earth", leave no room for alternative interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_references">Artistic references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Artistic references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Romuald Karmakar's 2000 film <i>The Himmler Project</i>, the actor <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Zapatka" title="Manfred Zapatka">Manfred Zapatka</a> reads the entire speech of 4 October 1943 word for word according to the recording, including all the nuances and incidents also recorded and the repetitions where Himmler loses his place while reading from a prepared manuscript. During the film, Zapatka wears no uniform and simply stands in front of a grey wall.<sup id="cite_ref-3sat_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3sat-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heinrich Breloers multipart television film <i><a href="/wiki/Speer_und_Er" title="Speer und Er">Speer und Er</a></i> contains a debate as to whether Albert Speer was present during Himmler's speech on 6 October 1943. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Littell" title="Jonathan Littell">Jonathan Littell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kindly_Ones_(Littell_novel)" title="The Kindly Ones (Littell novel)">The Kindly Ones</a></i>, the first-person narrator, Maximilian Aue, cannot remember whether Speer was present or not, but does cite Speer's remark that he (Speer) remembered many officers being terribly drunk. As Speer arrived in the morning for his speech, this would actually mean Speer was still present during the evening's dinner, after <a href="/wiki/Himmler" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmler">Himmler</a>'s second Posen speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order (Nazism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Holocaust#Primary_sources" title="Bibliography of the Holocaust">Bibliography of the Holocaust § Primary Sources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler Geheimreden</i>, Speech index, pp. 268–277 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Breitman" title="Richard Breitman">Richard Breitman</a>: <i>Heinrich Himmler. Der Architekt der "Endlösung".</i> Pendo Verlag, Zürich et al 2000, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85842-378-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-85842-378-5">3-85842-378-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Fest, Einführung zu Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler Geheimreden</i>, p. 15 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raul Hilberg: <i>Die Quellen des Holocaust</i>, Frankfurt/Main 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-10-033626-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-10-033626-7">3-10-033626-7</a>, Kapitel <i>Drastische und verschleiernde Sprache</i> p. 123ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original transcript – see literature</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wf-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wf_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wf_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilli_Frischauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Willi Frischauer (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ygXAgAAQBAJ&q=Himmler+%2B+Posen"><i>Himmler: The Evil Genius of the Third Reich</i></a>. Unmaterial Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783012541" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783012541"><bdi>978-1783012541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%3A+The+Evil+Genius+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Unmaterial+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1783012541&rft.au=Willi+Frischauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ygXAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DHimmler%2B%252B%2BPosen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span> Also in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_S._PacyAlan_Wertheimer1995" class="citation book cs1">James S. Pacy; Alan Wertheimer (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRxnAAAAMAAJ&q=Himmler+%2B+Posen+%2B+recording"><i>Perspectives on the Holocaust: essays in honor of Raul Hilberg</i></a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813320348" title="Special:BookSources/0813320348"><bdi>0813320348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+Holocaust%3A+essays+in+honor+of+Raul+Hilberg&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0813320348&rft.au=James+S.+Pacy&rft.au=Alan+Wertheimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRxnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHimmler%2B%252B%2BPosen%2B%252B%2Brecording&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Longerich: Der ungeschriebene Befehl, Munich 2001, pp. 175–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i>, p. 251 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMT Volume 29, p. 110-173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMT: Band 4 (Verhandlungsniederschriften, December 1945), p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212053624/http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/speech-text.shtml">"Text of Himmler's Speech, 4 October 1943"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_History_Project" title="The Holocaust History Project">The Holocaust History Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/speech-text.shtml">the original</a> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+Himmler%27s+Speech%2C+4+October+1943&rft.pub=The+Holocaust+History+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fhimmler-poznan%2Fspeech-text.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Schwendemann, Wolfgang Dietsche: <i>Hitlers Schloß. Die 'Führerresidenz' in Posen</i>, Berlin 2003, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201536/http://www.3sat.de/3sat.php?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3sat.de%2Fspecials%2F24688%2Findex.html">"Anwesende SS-Generäle bei der "Posener Rede"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a>. 2 November 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/3sat.php?http://www.3sat.de/specials/24688/index.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anwesende+SS-Gener%C3%A4le+bei+der+%22Posener+Rede%22&rft.pub=3sat&rft.date=2001-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3sat.de%2F3sat.php%3Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.3sat.de%2Fspecials%2F24688%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMT: Volume 29 (Urkunden und anderes Beweismaterial), p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMT: Volume 29, p. 145f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Krebs, Werner Tschacher: <i>Speer und Er. Und Wir? Deutsche Geschichte in gebrochener Erinnerung.</i> In: <i>Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht</i>, Book 3, 58 (2007), p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler Geheimreden</i> p. 267 (Edition notes), p. 273 (Nr. 85) and p. 300, Note 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gitta Sereny: <i>Albert Speer: Sein Ringen mit der Wahrheit.</i> Munich 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-442-15141-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-442-15141-4">3-442-15141-4</a>, p. 468ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i> pp. 162–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i> p. 169 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i> p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i> p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krebs, Tschacher: <i>Speer und Er</i> pp. 163–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Peterson_p._201-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Peterson_p._201_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i> p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i> p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Peterson_p._203-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Peterson_p._203_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Peterson_p._203_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i> p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Longerich: <i>Der ungeschriebene Befehl</i> p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saul Friedländer: Das Dritte Reich und die Juden 2. Band: Die Jahre der Vernichtung 1939–1945, C.H. Beck, Munich 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-54966-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-54966-7">3-406-54966-7</a>, p. 570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konrad Kwiet: <i>Rassenpolitik und Völkermord</i>, in: <i>Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus</i>, dtv, 2nd edition, Munich 1998, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Buchheim: <i>Anatomie des SS-Staates</i> Volume 1: <i>Die SS – das Herrschaftsinstrument. Befehl und Gehorsam.</i> dtv (1. edition 1967) 2. edition Munich 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-02915-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-423-02915-3">3-423-02915-3</a>, pp. 247–253 and p. 266f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bajohr" title="Frank Bajohr">Frank Bajohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Pohl" title="Dieter Pohl">Dieter Pohl</a>: <i>Der Holocaust als offenes Geheimnis.</i> Munich 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-54978-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-54978-0">3-406-54978-0</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Longerich: <i>Heinrich Himmler – Biographie.</i> Munich 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-859-5">978-3-88680-859-5</a>, p. 710 / q. v. Gitta Sereny: <i>Albert Speer…</i>, p. 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Goebbels. Tagebücher, Band 5: 1943–1945, Piper Verlag, Munich 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-492-21415-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-492-21415-0">3-492-21415-0</a>, p. 1905.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited according to Saul Friedländer: <i>Das Dritte Reich und die Juden</i> Volume 2: <i>Die Jahre der Vernichtung 1939–1945</i>, I.c. p. 572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THHPTranslation-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THHPTranslation_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702075036/http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/ausrotten.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ausrotten' in Translation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_History_Project" title="The Holocaust History Project">The Holocaust History Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/ausrotten.shtml">the original</a> on 2 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Ausrotten%27+in+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fhimmler-poznan%2Fausrotten.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving" class="citation web cs1">Irving, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFIU-n9X5Po&NR=1">"David Irving Interview Part Two"</a>. Alan Heath<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Irving+Interview+Part+Two&rft.pub=Alan+Heath&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRFIU-n9X5Po%26NR%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THHPDE-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THHPDE_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090526222919/http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/ausrotten-native.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ausrotten', to Native German Speakers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_History_Project" title="The Holocaust History Project">The Holocaust History Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/ausrotten-native.shtml">the original</a> on 26 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Ausrotten%27%2C+to+Native+German+Speakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fhimmler-poznan%2Fausrotten-native.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h-ref-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h-ref_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-ref.de/personen/himmler-heinrich/himmler-in-posen.php">"Heinrich Himmler in Posen"</a> (in German). www.h-ref.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler+in+Posen&rft.pub=www.h-ref.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-ref.de%2Fpersonen%2Fhimmler-heinrich%2Fhimmler-in-posen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peterson: <i>Heinrich Himmler</i>…, p. 301 and footnote 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3sat-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3sat_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/dynamic/sitegen/bin/sitegen.php?tab=2&source=/film/news/23045/index.html">"Das Himmler-Projekt"</a> (in German). www.3sat.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Himmler-Projekt&rft.pub=www.3sat.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3sat.de%2Fdynamic%2Fsitegen%2Fbin%2Fsitegen.php%3Ftab%3D2%26source%3D%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2F23045%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosen+speeches" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Internationaler Militärgerichtshof Nürnberg (IMT): <i>Der Nürnberger Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher.</i> Delphin Verlag, Nachdruck München 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7735-2523-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7735-2523-0">3-7735-2523-0</a>, Band 29: <i>Urkunden und anderes Beweismaterial</i></li> <li>Bradley F. Smith, Agnes F. Peterson (Hrsg.): <i>Heinrich Himmler. Geheimreden 1933–1945</i>, Propyläen Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin/Wien 1974, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-07305-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-549-07305-4">3-549-07305-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Peter Longerich</a>: <i>Der ungeschriebene Befehl</i>, Munich 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-492-04295-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-492-04295-3">3-492-04295-3</a></li> <li>Richard Breitman: <i>Himmler und die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden.</i> Schöningh, Sammlung zur Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-506-77497-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-506-77497-2">3-506-77497-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posen_speeches&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Posen_speeches" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yi9hT8ES2g"><span class="plainlinks">Clip of the Posen Speech with side by side translation (Standard YouTube License)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c=dokument_de&dokument=0008_pos&object=translation&st=REDE%20DES%20REICHSF%C3%BCHRGRS%20SS&l=de">Full text of Himmler's speech (in German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212053624/http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/speech-text.shtml">Holocaust History Project: <i>Text of the Quick Time excerpt of Poznan Speech in German and English</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514003119/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/h/himmler-heinrich/posen/oct-04-43/index.html">Nizkor: <i>Himmler's October 4, 1943 Posen Speech, 5 minute excerpt</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template talk:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heinrich_Himmler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow nowrap" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></li> <li>Chief of <a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Police forces of Nazi Germany">German Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Minister of the Interior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideology of the SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freundeskreis_der_Wirtschaft" title="Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft">Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS</a> ("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> (successor as Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> (Chief of Personal Staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brandt" title="Rudolf Brandt">Rudolf Brandt</a> (Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gauch" title="Hermann Gauch">Hermann Gauch</a> (adjutant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Grothmann" title="Werner Grothmann">Werner Grothmann</a> (aide-de-camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Macher" title="Heinz Macher">Heinz Macher</a> (second personal assistant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> (personal aide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a> (occultist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Responsibility for<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Crimes against Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Crimes against Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Anti-Masonry">Suppression of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">Persecution of black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)" title="Hegewald (colony)">Hegewald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmler-Kersten_Agreement" title="Himmler-Kersten Agreement">Himmler-Kersten Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig</a> (older brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst</a> (younger brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Katrin Himmler</a> (great-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kokott" title="Heinz Kokott">Heinz Kokott</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wendler" title="Richard Wendler">Richard Wendler</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Operation Nordwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Failed assassins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Mor%C3%A1vek" title="Václav Morávek">Václav Morávek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sneum" title="Thomas Sneum">Thomas Sneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> (predecessor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> (successor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falk_Zipperer" title="Falk Zipperer">Falk Zipperer</a> (closest friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a> (personal physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Kersten" title="Felix Kersten">Felix Kersten</a> (personal masseur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a> (dentist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Excell" title="Sidney Excell">Sidney Excell</a> (man who arrested Himmler)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poznań" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pozna%C5%84" title="Template:Poznań"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pozna%C5%84" title="Template talk:Poznań"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pozna%C5%84" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poznań"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poznań" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Administrative division of Poznań">Administrative division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">Dzielnicas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stare_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Stare Miasto, Poznań">Stare Miasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowe_Miasto,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Nowe Miasto, Poznań">Nowe Miasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BCyce,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Jeżyce, Poznań">Jeżyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunwald,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grunwald, Poznań">Grunwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilda,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Wilda, Poznań">Wilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Osiedle" title="Osiedle">Osiedles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" title="Poznań Old Town">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winogrady" title="Winogrady">Winogrady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%85tkowo,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Piątkowo, Poznań">Piątkowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morasko" title="Morasko">Morasko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolany,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Podolany, Poznań">Podolany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzeszyn,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Strzeszyn, Poznań">Strzeszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiekrz,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Kiekrz, Poznań">Kiekrz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Ostrów Tumski, Poznań">Ostrów Tumski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dka,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Śródka, Poznań">Śródka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rataje,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Rataje, Poznań">Rataje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plewiska" title="Plewiska">Plewiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99biec,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Dębiec, Poznań">Dębiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awierczewo,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Świerczewo, Poznań">Świerczewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Starołęka">Starołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81awica,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Ławica, Poznań">Ławica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań"><img alt="Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/59px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/89px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg/118px-POL_Pozna%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Poznania_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań"><img alt="Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Logo_Poznania_2024.svg/59px-Logo_Poznania_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Logo_Poznania_2024.svg/89px-Logo_Poznania_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Logo_Poznania_2024.svg/118px-Logo_Poznania_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Royal Castle, Poznań">Royal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Castle,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Imperial Castle, Poznań">Imperial Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Cytadela" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Cytadela">Cytadela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fortress" title="Poznań Fortress">Poznań Fortress</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_Winiary" title="Fort Winiary">Fort Winiary</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Poznań Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem_outside_the_walls" title="Church of Saint John of Jerusalem outside the walls">St. John's Church</a></li> <li>Poznań Synagogue</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Malta" title="Lake Malta">Lake Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Rusa%C5%82ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Rusałka">Lake Rusałka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiekrz,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Kiekrz, Poznań">Kiekrz Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="List of museums in Poznań">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armored_Weaponry_Museum,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Armored Weaponry Museum, Poznań">Armored Weaponry Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Croissant_Museum" title="Poznań Croissant Museum">Poznań Croissant Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Pozna%C5%84" title="National Museum, Poznań">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Historical_Costume_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Museum of Historical Costume in Poznań">Museum of Historical Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielkopolska_Museum_of_Independence" title="Wielkopolska Museum of Independence">Wielkopolska Museum of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andersia_Tower" title="Andersia Tower">Andersia Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Old Town Hall</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Goats" title="Poznań Goats">Poznań Goats</a>, Poznań Trumpet Call)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raczy%C5%84ski_Library" title="Raczyński Library">Raczyński Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Marcin" title="Święty Marcin">Święty Marcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Royal-Imperial_Route" title="Poznań Royal-Imperial Route">Royal-Imperial Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%85tkowo_transmitter" title="Piątkowo transmitter">Piątkowo transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stary_Browar" title="Stary Browar">Stary Browar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morasko_Meteorite_Nature_Reserve" title="Morasko Meteorite Nature Reserve">Morasko meteorite reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Zoo_(Pozna%C5%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Zoo (Poznań)">Old Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Fair,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Saint John's Fair, Poznań">Saint John's Fair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in Poznań">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickiewicz University">Adam Mickiewicz University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">Poznań University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poznan_University_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznan University of Medical Sciences">Poznan University of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Life_Sciences_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="University of Life Sciences in Poznań">University of Life Sciences in Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań University of Economics">Poznań University of Economics</a></li> <li>Poznań University School of Physical Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts in Poznań">Academy of Fine Arts in Poznań</a></li> <li>Academy of Music in Poznań</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SWPS_University_of_Social_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities">SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Da_Vinci" title="Collegium Da Vinci">Collegium Da Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSB_Merito_Universities" title="WSB Merito Universities">WSB Merito Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Franco-Polonaise" title="École Franco-Polonaise">École Franco-Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academy" title="Lubrański Academy">Lubrański Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_High_School_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz High School in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_High_School_(Pozna%C5%84)" title="Dąbrówka High School (Poznań)">Dąbrówka High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_High_School,_Pozna%C5%84,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Cantius High School, Poznań, Poland">St. John Cantius High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Magdalene_High_School_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Saint Mary Magdalene High School in Poznań">St. Mary Magdalene High School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luisenschule_(Posen)" title="Luisenschule (Posen)">Luisenschule (Posen)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Society_of_Friends_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences">Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Institute" title="Western Institute">Western Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Society_for_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań">Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Philharmonic" title="Poznań Philharmonic">Poznań Philharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Nightingales" title="Poznań Nightingales">Poznań Nightingales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski_Violin_Competition" title="Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition">Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Pozna%C5%84" title="Grand Theatre, Poznań">Grand Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatr_Biuro_Podr%C3%B3%C5%BCy" title="Teatr Biuro Podróży">Teatr Biuro Podróży</a></li> <li>Polish Theatre</li> <li>Theatre of the Eighth Day</li> <li>Musical Theatre</li> <li>New Theatre</li> <li>My Theatre</li> <li>Animation Theatre</li> <li>Theatrical Studio Blum</li> <li>Cinema Theatre Apollo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_theatre_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta theatre festival">Malta theatre festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rozbrat" title="Rozbrat">Rozbrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hala_Arena" title="Hala Arena">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Poznań">Stadion Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Tenisowy_Olimpia" title="Park Tenisowy Olimpia">Park Tenisowy Olimpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Warty_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Warty Poznań">Stadion Warty Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_im._Edmunda_Szyca" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion im. Edmunda Szyca">Stadion im. Edmunda Szyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Pozna%C5%84" title="Tor Poznań">Tor Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocztowiec_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocztowiec Poznań">Pocztowiec Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZS_AWF_Pozna%C5%84" title="AZS AWF Poznań">AZS AWF Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warta_Pozna%C5%84" title="Warta Poznań">Warta Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunwald_Pozna%C5%84_(sports_club)" title="Grunwald Poznań (sports club)">Grunwald Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posnania_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Posnania Poznań">Posnania Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_Pozna%C5%84" title="Polonia Poznań">Polonia Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKS_Wiara_Lecha" class="mw-redirect" title="KKS Wiara Lecha">KKS Wiara Lecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Pozna%C5%84" title="Lech Poznań">Lech Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odlew_Pozna%C5%84" title="Odlew Poznań">Odlew Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZS_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="AZS Poznań">AZS Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Pozna%C5%84" title="Olimpia Poznań">Olimpia Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS%C5%BB_Pozna%C5%84" title="PSŻ Poznań">PSŻ Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/1990_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="1990 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships" title="2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships">2010</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship" title="UEFA European Under-19 Championship">UEFA European Under-19 Championship</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/2006_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship" title="2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship">2006</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Cup" title="World Rowing Cup">World Rowing Cup</a> <small>(2004 Stage 1, <a href="/wiki/2006_World_Rowing_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 World Rowing Cup">2006 Stage 2</a>, 2008 Stage 3, 2016 Stage 3, 2017 Stage 2, 2019 Stage 2)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBasket</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/2009_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 EuroBasket">2009</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/2009_World_Rowing_Championships" title="2009 World Rowing Championships">2009 World Rowing Championships</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Open" title="Poznań Open">Poznań Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Euro">UEFA Euro</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">2012</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Trams in Poznań">Trams</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fast_Tram" title="Poznań Fast Tram">Poznań Fast Tram</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Railway_Maltanka" title="Park Railway Maltanka">Park Railway Maltanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Central Station">Central Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84-%C5%81awica_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań-Ławica Airport">Ławica Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84%E2%80%93Kobylnica_Airport" title="Poznań–Kobylnica Airport">Kobylnica Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84-Krzesiny_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań-Krzesiny Airport">Krzesiny Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporations_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="List of corporations in Poznań">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_International_Fair" title="Poznań International Fair">Poznań International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_(website)" title="Allegro (website)">Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enea_SA" title="Enea SA">Enea SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Cegielski_%E2%80%93_Pozna%C5%84" title="H. Cegielski – Poznań">H. Cegielski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulczyk_Investments" title="Kulczyk Investments">Kulczyk Investments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netguru" title="Netguru">Netguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Bus_%26_Coach" title="Solaris Bus & Coach">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kompania_Piwowarska" title="Kompania Piwowarska">Kompania Piwowarska</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lech_Browary_Wielkopolski" title="Lech Browary Wielkopolski">Lech Brewery</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="History of Poznań">History of Poznań</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Timeline of Poznań">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_population_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Historical population of Poznań">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Christianization of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Duchy of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(14th_century_to_1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)">Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozna%C5%84_(1945)" title="Battle of Poznań (1945)">Battle of Poznań (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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