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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpr%C3%A1v%C3%AD" title="Bezpráví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezpráví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecht" title="Unrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="نادرست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نادرست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%ADcito" title="Ilícito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ilícito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekeliruan" title="Kekeliruan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekeliruan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ತಪ್ಪುನಡತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಪ್ಪುನಡತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniuria" title="Iniuria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iniuria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato_il%C3%ADcito" title="Ato ilícito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ato ilícito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неправовой закон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неправовой закон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keqb%C3%ABrja" title="Keqbërja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Keqbërja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wrongdoing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Кривично дело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кривично дело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamalian" title="Kamalian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kamalian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuka_ayk%C4%B1r%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Hukuka aykırılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hukuka aykırılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Неправо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неправо" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Act that is illegal or immoral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wrongdoers" redirects here. For the Norma Jean album, see <a href="/wiki/Wrongdoers_(album)" title="Wrongdoers (album)"><i>Wrongdoers</i> (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wrong" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wrong_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wrong (disambiguation)">Wrong (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>wrong</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Wrength" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrength">wrength</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wrang</i></span> – 'crooked')<sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an act that is illegal or <a href="/wiki/Immoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Immoral">immoral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxdic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxdic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Legal wrongs</b> are usually quite clearly defined in the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> of a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. They can be divided into <a href="/wiki/Civil_wrong" title="Civil wrong">civil wrongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a> (or <i>criminal offenses</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Common_law_(legal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law (legal system)">common law</a> countries,<sup id="cite_ref-oxdic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxdic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries tend to have some additional categories, such as <a href="/wiki/Contraventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraventions">contraventions</a>. </p><p><b>Moral wrong</b> is an underlying concept for legal wrong. Some <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> wrongs are punishable by law, for example, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxdic_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxdic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other moral wrongs have nothing to do with law but are related to unethical behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some legal wrongs, such as many types of parking offences, could hardly be classified as moral wrongs.<sup id="cite_ref-oxdic_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxdic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_wrong">Legal wrong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrongdoing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal wrong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>violation of law</b> is any act (or, less commonly, failure to act) that fails to abide by existing <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>. Violations generally include both <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_wrong" title="Civil wrong">civil wrongs</a>. Some acts, such as <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, can violate civil and criminal laws. In law, a wrong can be a <a href="/wiki/Legal_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal injury">legal injury</a>, which is any damage resulting from a violation of a <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">legal right</a>. A legal wrong can also imply being contrary to the principles of justice or law. It means that something is contrary to conscience or morality and results in treating others unjustly. If the loss caused by a wrong is minor enough, there is no compensation, which principle is known as <i><a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">de minimis non curat lex</a></i>. Otherwise, damages apply. </p><p>The law of England recognised the concept of a "wrong" before it recognised the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Civil_wrong" title="Civil wrong">civil wrongs</a> (governed by <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a> (defined by <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>), which distinction was developed during the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil law violations usually lead to <a href="/wiki/Civil_penalty" title="Civil penalty">civil penalties</a> like <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a>, criminal offenses to more severe <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishments</a>. </p><p>The severity of the punishment should reflect the severity of the violation (<a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">retributive justice</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In realistic situations and for minor violations, however, <a href="/wiki/Altruistic_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Altruistic punishment">altruistic punishment</a> was shown not 'to fit the crime'.<sup id="cite_ref-Balafoutas_Nikiforakis_Rockenbach_2016_p._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balafoutas_Nikiforakis_Rockenbach_2016_p.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subdivision is similar to the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanour" class="mw-redirect" title="Misdemeanour">misdemeanours</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Felonies">felonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of violations of the law include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraction">Infraction</a>, in United States law, minor or <a href="/wiki/Petty_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty offense">petty offenses</a> that do not require <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trial</a>. In common usage, "violations" are treated as synonymous with infractions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a>, in U.S. law, an act with intentional disregard for a regulation, statute, and policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infringement_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Infringement (disambiguation)">Infringement</a>, various violations of laws or rights, usually used in the context of intellectual property <ul><li>e.g. <a href="/wiki/Copyright_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright violation">copyright violation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">Breach of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Probation violation">Probation violation</a></li> <li>against <a href="/wiki/Traffic_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic rules">traffic rules</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moving_violation" title="Moving violation">Moving violation</a>, any violation of law committed by a driver while the vehicle is in motion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_violation" title="Parking violation">Parking violation</a>, parking a motor vehicle in a restricted place or an unauthorized manner</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrongdoing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wrongs" class="extiw" title="q:Wrongs">Wrongs</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error" title="Error">Error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness and value theory">Goodness and value theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">Guilt (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrongdoing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"crime". <i>Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=crime&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Second+Edition+on+CD-ROM&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWrongdoing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxdic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxdic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxdic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxdic_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxdic_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_A._Martin2003" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth A. Martin (2003). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Law</i> (7 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198607563" title="Special:BookSources/0198607563"><bdi>0198607563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0198607563&rft.au=Elizabeth+A.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWrongdoing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrystallisLocatelli2022" class="citation journal cs1">Krystallis, Ilias; Locatelli, Giorgio (2022-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29ME.1943-5479.0001079">"Normalizing White-Collar Wrongdoing in Professional Service Firms"</a>. <i>Journal of Management in Engineering</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 04022049. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29ME.1943-5479.0001079">10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001079</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1228318">11311/1228318</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-5479">1943-5479</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250326876">250326876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+in+Engineering&rft.atitle=Normalizing+White-Collar+Wrongdoing+in+Professional+Service+Firms&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=04022049&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F1228318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250326876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1943-5479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29ME.1943-5479.0001079&rft.aulast=Krystallis&rft.aufirst=Ilias&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascelibrary.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1061%2F%2528ASCE%2529ME.1943-5479.0001079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWrongdoing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hood_Phillips" title="Owen Hood Phillips">O. Hood Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_First_Book_of_English_Law" title="A First Book of English Law">A First Book of English Law</a>, Sweet and Maxwell, 4th ed., 1960, pp. 207, 208, 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.island.is/en/education_and_society/citizens_and_democracy/violation_of_the_law_and_punishment/">"Violation of the Law and Punishment | Ísland.is"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violation+of+the+Law+and+Punishment+%26%23124%3B+%C3%8Dsland.is&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.island.is%2Fen%2Feducation_and_society%2Fcitizens_and_democracy%2Fviolation_of_the_law_and_punishment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWrongdoing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balafoutas_Nikiforakis_Rockenbach_2016_p.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balafoutas_Nikiforakis_Rockenbach_2016_p._6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalafoutasNikiforakisRockenbach2016" class="citation journal cs1">Balafoutas, Loukas; Nikiforakis, Nikos; Rockenbach, Bettina (2016-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097122">"Altruistic punishment does not increase with the severity of norm violations in the field"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 13327. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713327B">2016NatCo...713327B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms13327">10.1038/ncomms13327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5097122">5097122</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27802261">27802261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Altruistic+punishment+does+not+increase+with+the+severity+of+norm+violations+in+the+field&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=13327&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5097122%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...713327B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27802261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms13327&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Balafoutas&rft.aufirst=Loukas&rft.au=Nikiforakis%2C+Nikos&rft.au=Rockenbach%2C+Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5097122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWrongdoing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/crime-law/Classification-of-crimes#ref500371">"Crime - Classification of crimes"</a>. 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+-+Classification+of+crimes&rft.date=2024-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcrime-law%2FClassification-of-crimes%23ref500371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWrongdoing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrongdoing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Willis, Hugh. <i>Principles of the Law of Damages</i>. The Keefe-Davidson Co.: St. Paul, 1910.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrongdoing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wrongdoing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:wrongdoing">wrongdoing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/violation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:violation">violation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097304697">.mw-parser-output .dmbox{display:flex;align-items:center;clear:both;margin:0.9em 1em;border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding:0.25em 0.35em;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .dmbox>*{flex-shrink:0;margin:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output .dmbox-body{flex-grow:1;flex-shrink:1;padding:0.1em 0}.mw-parser-output .dmbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}</style> <div role="note" id="setindexbox" class="metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-setindex"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Disambiguation icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DAB_list_gray.svg/30px-DAB_list_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DAB_list_gray.svg/45px-DAB_list_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DAB_list_gray.svg/60px-DAB_list_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><div class="dmbox-body"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Index of articles associated with the same name</div> This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Set_index_articles" title="Wikipedia:Set index articles">set index article</a> includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). <br /> <span style="font-size: 88%;">If an <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Wrongdoing&namespace=0">internal link</a> incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.</span></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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