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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Étymologie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Étymologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dans_les_langues_celtiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_les_langues_celtiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dans les langues celtiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dans_les_langues_celtiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dans_les_langues_germaniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_les_langues_germaniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dans les langues germaniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dans_les_langues_germaniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Généralités" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Généralités"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Généralités</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Généralités-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origine_des_runes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine_des_runes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origine des runes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origine_des_runes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Origine des runes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origine_des_runes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origine_mythique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine_mythique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origine mythique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine_mythique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_différents_fuþark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_différents_fuþark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Les différents <i>fuþark</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Les_différents_fuþark-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Les différents <i>fuþark</i></span> </button> <ul id="toc-Les_différents_fuþark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Système_originel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Système_originel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Système originel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Système_originel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systèmes_ultérieurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systèmes_ultérieurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Systèmes ultérieurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systèmes_ultérieurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilisation_des_runes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilisation_des_runes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Utilisation des runes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilisation_des_runes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Utilisation des runes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utilisation_des_runes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Magie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_contemporain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_contemporain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Usage contemporain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_contemporain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Usage contemporain</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_contemporain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Runes_et_littérature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runes_et_littérature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Runes et littérature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runes_et_littérature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runes_et_nazisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runes_et_nazisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Runes et nazisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runes_et_nazisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runes_et_divination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runes_et_divination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Runes et divination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runes_et_divination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codage_informatique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codage_informatique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Codage informatique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codage_informatique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-En_français" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_français"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>En français</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_français-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_autres_langues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_autres_langues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>En autres langues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_autres_langues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rune</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 83 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune-alfabet" title="Rune-alfabet – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rune-alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark" title="Futhark – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Futhark" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%BEorc" title="Fuþorc – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fuþorc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية رونية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية رونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_r%C3%BAnicu" title="Alfabetu rúnicu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu rúnicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Run əlifbası – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Run əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рун яҙмаһы – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рун яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo%C3%B9" title="Runoù – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Runoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic" title="Alfabet rúnic – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet rúnic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Рунăсем – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рунăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runealfabet" title="Runealfabet – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Runealfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Runki" title="Alfabey Runki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Runki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ρούνοι – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes" title="Runes – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Runes" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaj_alfabetoj" title="Runaj alfabetoj – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Runaj alfabetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunid" title="Ruunid – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruunid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_erruniko" title="Alfabeto erruniko – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabeto erruniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خط رونی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط رونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riimukirjoitus" title="Riimukirjoitus – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riimukirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunen" title="Ruunen – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 – gotique" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Roonagh" title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אלפבית רוני – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית רוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="रूनी लिपि – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूनी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAna%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Rúnaírás – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rúnaírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Rune" title="Alfabet Rune – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo-skribajo" title="Runo-skribajo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Runo-skribajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_runico" title="Alfabeto runico – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto runico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ルーン文字 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუნები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Руналық жазу – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руналық жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="룬 문자 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룬 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runae" title="Runae – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Runae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runos" title="Runos – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Runos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABnu_raksts" title="Rūnu raksts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūnu raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_ronika" title="Abidy ronika – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy ronika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рунска азбука – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рунска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes_(skrift)" title="Runes (skrift) – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Runes (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_runic" title="Alfabet runic – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet runic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="رونی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رونی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run%C4%83" title="Rună – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Руналар – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Руналар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes" title="Runes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Runes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy_(germ%C3%A1nske_p%C3%ADsmo)" title="Runy (germánske písmo) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Runy (germánske písmo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_runik" title="Alfabeti runik – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti runik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Руне – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runor" title="Runor – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Runor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรรูน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรรูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yaz%C4%B1" title="Runik yazı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Runik yazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="رونی حروف تہجی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رونی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yozuv" title="Runik yozuv – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Runik yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Rune" title="Chữ Rune – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Rune" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_(abakadahan)" title="Rune (abakadahan) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rune (abakadahan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%8F%E5%8C%BF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="虏匿字母 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虏匿字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote bandeau-unicode"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Unicode" title="Aide:Unicode"><img alt="Page d’aide sur la police de caractères Unicode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cette page contient des caractères spéciaux ou non latins. S’ils s’affichent mal (<span style="font-style: normal;">▯, ?</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>), consultez la <a href="/wiki/Aide:Unicode" title="Aide:Unicode">page d’aide Unicode</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Rune_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rune (homonymie)">Rune (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;color:black;">Runique </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Rune_letters_sample.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Rune" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rune_letters_sample.svg/langfr-330px-Rune_letters_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rune_letters_sample.svg/langfr-420px-Rune_letters_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rune_letters_sample.svg/langfr-560px-Rune_letters_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Caractéristiques</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Type </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Langue<small>(s)</small> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Langues_germaniques" title="Langues germaniques">Langues germaniques</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Historique</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Époque </th> <td>À partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Système<small>(s)</small> parent<small>(s)</small> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_lin%C3%A9aire" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet linéaire">Protocananéen</a><br /> <p> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien">Phénicien</a><br />   <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_%C3%A9trusque" title="Alphabet étrusque">Étrusque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">grec</a><br />    Runique </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Codage</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a> </th> <td><code>Runr</code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #AAAAAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>L’<b>alphabet runique</b>, également appelé <b>futhark</b> ou <b>fuþark</b> — terme formé à partir du nom de ses six premières <a href="/wiki/Lettre_(alphabet)" title="Lettre (alphabet)">lettres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">ᚠ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAruz" title="Ūruz">ᚢ</a> <a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz">ᚦ</a> <a href="/wiki/Ansuz" title="Ansuz">ᚨ</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid%C5%8D" title="Raidō">ᚱ</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">ᚲ</a> — est un <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> qui fut utilisé pour l'écriture de <a href="/wiki/Langues_germaniques" title="Langues germaniques">langues proto-germaniques</a> par des peuples parlant ces langues, tels les <a href="/wiki/Scandinavie" title="Scandinavie">Scandinaves</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Frisons" title="Frisons">Frisons</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, etc. </p><p>Par analogie, on parle aussi de <a href="/wiki/Runes_hongroises" title="Runes hongroises">runes hongroises</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Alphabet de l'Orkhon">runes turques</a>, deux systèmes indépendants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Étymologie"><span id=".C3.89tymologie"></span>Étymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Étymologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Étymologie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'étymologie exacte du mot « rune » est obscure. Il n’existe apparemment aucune racine en langue indo-européenne pour ce terme. Seuls deux groupes de langues indo-européennes possèdent ce mot : les <a href="/wiki/Langues_celtiques" title="Langues celtiques">langues celtiques</a> et <a href="/wiki/Langues_germaniques" title="Langues germaniques">germaniques</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dans_les_langues_celtiques">Dans les langues celtiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Dans les langues celtiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans les langues celtiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Proto-celtique" title="Proto-celtique">proto-celtique</a> <i>*rūno-</i> signifie « secret, mystère, incantation », on trouve cette racine tout d'abord dans les anciennes <a href="/wiki/Langues_celtiques_continentales" title="Langues celtiques continentales">langues celtiques continentales</a> (éteintes) sous forme de composés, d’<a href="/wiki/Anthroponymie" title="Anthroponymie">anthroponymes</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9onymie" title="Théonymie">théonymes</a> : <i>Sacruna, Runa, Runelos, Runatis, Trebaruna</i>, etc. et qui se poursuit dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_celtiques_insulaires" title="Langues celtiques insulaires">langues celtiques insulaires</a> : <a href="/wiki/Vieil_irlandais" title="Vieil irlandais">vieil irlandais</a> <i>rún</i> « id. », le <a href="/wiki/Gallois" title="Gallois">gallois</a> <i>rhin</i> « mystère, secret, charme », le moyen breton <i>rin</i> « secret, sagesse ». Le terme <i>rune</i> signifie « avec secret », les runes constituent un système initiatique lié à la parole, d'où le composé <a href="/wiki/Gaulois_(langue)" title="Gaulois (langue)">gaulois</a> <i>comrunos, cobrunos</i> « confident, initié (dans le secret) » parent du gallois <i>cyfrin</i> « qui est dans le secret, confident », du moyen breton <i>queffrin</i> « mystère, secret », et du vieil irlandais <i>comrún</i> « secret commun »<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dans_les_langues_germaniques">Dans les langues germaniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Dans les langues germaniques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans les langues germaniques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Proto-germanique" title="Proto-germanique">proto-germanique</a> devait avoir le même aspect que dans les langues celtiques, c’est-à-dire <i>*rūno-</i> qui signifie « secret, connaissance secrète, savoir secret, magie »<sup id="cite_ref-NordicNames_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordicNames-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ce thème est bien attesté dans les langues descendant du germanique commun, comme : le <a href="/wiki/Vieux_norrois" title="Vieux norrois">vieux norrois</a> <i>rún</i> (pluriel <i>rúnar</i>, <i>rúnir</i>) « secret, savoir secret, murmure » qui a donné l’<a href="/wiki/Islandais" title="Islandais">islandais</a> <i>rúni</i>, le <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9dois" title="Suédois">suédois</a> <i>runa</i> ou le <a href="/wiki/Danois" title="Danois">danois</a> <i>rune</i> par exemple. Dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales" title="Langues germaniques occidentales">langues germaniques occidentales</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Vieux_saxon" title="Vieux saxon">vieux saxon</a> avait <i>rūna</i> « secret, magie, murmure », le <a href="/wiki/Vieil_anglais" title="Vieil anglais">vieil anglais</a> <i>rūn</i> « mystère, lettre runique, confidence secrète » et le <a href="/wiki/Vieux_haut_allemand" title="Vieux haut allemand">vieux haut allemand</a> <i>rūna</i> « mystère, confidence, conseil secret, magie »<sup id="cite_ref-NordicNames_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordicNames-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_germaniques_orientales" title="Langues germaniques orientales">langues germaniques orientales</a>, la forme <a href="/wiki/Gotique" title="Gotique">gotique</a> était <i>rūna</i> « secret »<sup id="cite_ref-NordicNames_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordicNames-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Généralités"><span id="G.C3.A9n.C3.A9ralit.C3.A9s"></span>Généralités</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Généralités" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Généralités"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Saleby_kyrkklocka,_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Saleby_kyrkklocka%2C_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png/250px-Saleby_kyrkklocka%2C_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Saleby_kyrkklocka%2C_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Cloche de l'église de Saleby, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, Suède, portant des inscriptions en futhark datant de 1228.</figcaption></figure> <p>L’alphabet runique, appelé <i>fuþark</i> d’après le nom de ses six premières lettres, possédait initialement <span class="nowrap">24 signes</span><sup id="cite_ref-Higounet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higounet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il en a existé plusieurs types qui ont évolué en fonction du temps, mais aussi du peuple qui les employait. Dans les pays scandinaves, où les runes ont connu l’utilisation la plus développée, leur nombre s’est réduit à partir du <a href="/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> pour finir avec un système à <span class="nowrap">16 runes</span><sup id="cite_ref-Higounet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higounet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les plus anciennes inscriptions attestées se trouvent au Danemark et datent du <a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inscriptions_de_Vimose" title="Inscriptions de Vimose">inscriptions de Vimose</a>). Peut-être en existait-il de plus anciennes, mais elles n’ont pas survécu car elles avaient dû être gravées dans le bois, comme l'attestent de nombreuses sagas. On les trouve chez les Germains nordiques au <a href="/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, mais seulement au <a href="/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> chez les autres Germains, y compris les Anglo-Saxons qui vont conserver, après leur conversion à l’alphabet latin, l’usage d’un signe runique, à savoir <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ">Þ</a></i>, <i>þ</i> (nommée <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eurisaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Þurisaz">þorn</a></i>, <i>thorn</i>). Cependant, le nombre d’inscriptions relatives à ces peuples est très limité (plus d’une cinquantaine chez les Anglo-Saxons), alors que chez les Scandinaves, elles se comptent par milliers. L’usage de cet alphabet a perduré en Suède jusqu’au <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> dans un endroit reculé de <a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%A9carlie" title="Dalécarlie">Dalécarlie</a>, alors qu’au Danemark il n’est pas utilisé au-delà du <a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Les spécialistes situent l’apogée de ce système d'écriture entre le <a href="/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> et le <a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, à la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_des_Vikings" title="Âge des Vikings">âge des Vikings</a>. Il s’agit surtout d’inscriptions funéraires, notamment abondantes en Suède. En revanche l’Islande pourtant colonisée par les Vikings n’a pas connu l’expansion de l'écriture runique à laquelle on a assisté sur le continent : on y trouve une cinquantaine d’inscriptions tout au plus, et elles sont tardives. Les sagas sont écrites en caractères latins et le <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ">Þ</a></i>, <i>þ</i> y est un emprunt aux manuscrits en <a href="/wiki/Vieil_anglais" title="Vieil anglais">vieil anglais</a>. L’inscription la plus septentrionale est celle de <a href="/wiki/Pierre_runique_de_Kingigtorssuaq" title="Pierre runique de Kingigtorssuaq">Kingigtorssuak</a> au <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> ; elle comporte des runes secrètes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine_des_runes">Origine des runes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Origine des runes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origine des runes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <i>fuþark</i> fut créé par les locuteurs d’un dialecte germanique afin de transcrire leur langue. Quelques érudits prétendent que les runes seraient entièrement issues de l’<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">alphabet grec</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ou <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">latin</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mais la plupart des experts considèrent que le <i>futhark</i> est un mélange aux origines diverses. Dans son ouvrage <i>Greeks and Goths: A study on the Runes</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1879), <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Taylor" title="Isaac Taylor">Isaac Taylor</a> émet l’idée que les runes dérivent d’un <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_grecs_archa%C3%AFques" title="Alphabets grecs archaïques">alphabet grec archaïque</a> qu’utilisaient les <a href="/wiki/Colonies_grecques" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies grecques">colonies grecques</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a> et que le <a href="/wiki/Route_de_l%27ambre" title="Route de l'ambre">commerce de l'ambre</a> fit pénétrer dans les régions bordant la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Baltique" title="Mer Baltique">Baltique</a>. La théorie de Taylor a été rejetée par l’ensemble des <a href="/wiki/Runologie" title="Runologie">runologues</a>, l’alphabet grec archaïque ayant été remplacé par l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">alphabet grec</a> standard vers <span class="nowrap">400 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></span>, soit quatre siècles avant l’apparition des premières runes. </p><p>Seebold<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Krause<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Jensen<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Coulmas<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et Stifter<sup id="cite_ref-Stifter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stifter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pensent que les runes sont issues d’un mélange d’alphabets alpins-italiques, surtout les alphabets rhétiques et <a href="/wiki/Langue_camunienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue camunienne">camunien</a> de <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sanzeno" title="Sanzeno">Sanzeno</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, dont cinq runes seulement n’ont pas d’équivalent. Les alphabets alpins auraient alors été complétés par des lettres latines. Quelques lettres ont une origine latine évidente, par exemple les runes pour /f/ (ᚠ) et /r/ (ᚱ), d’autres qui rappellent — au moins au niveau du format — les alphabets alpins : par exemple la rune /h/ (ᚺ) avec correspondant rhétique, la rune /p/ (ᛈ) en face de l’<a href="/wiki/Langue_camunienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue camunienne">alphabet camunien</a> ; et la rune /d/ (ᛞ), visiblement tirée du <i>san</i> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pontique" title="Lépontique">lépontique</a> (transcrit <i>ś</i>) de l’alphabet de Lugano<sup id="cite_ref-Stifter_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stifter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Certaines lettres peuvent être aussi bien rhétiques que latines, par exemple la rune /i/ (ᛁ). </p><p>Bernal <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pense qu’il y avait aussi des substrats d’alphabet ; Miller<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, quant à lui, prétend que les origines de l’alphabet runique sont le méditerranéen archaïque. Dans le même texte, Miller écrit aussi que les paramètres phonétiques sur lesquels est établi l’alphabet runique sont, en fin de compte, clairement sémitiques, et liés aux scénarios de <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ougarit" title="Ougarit">Ougarit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ougaritique" title="Alphabet ougaritique">alphabet ougaritique</a>) de même que l’<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien">alphabet phénicien</a>. Cette théorie n’est plus du tout suivie de nos jours. </p><p>La difficulté soulevée par toutes ces hypothèses, aussi sérieuses soient-elles, est qu’aucune n’est capable de fournir une explication complète sur l’origine des <i>fuþark</i>, en raison d’un problème soit de datation, soit de contact entre les Germains et les systèmes d'écriture de leurs « voisins ». </p><p>Les runes les plus anciennes qui nous sont parvenues dateraient du <a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. L’inscription considérée comme la plus ancienne est <a href="/wiki/Inscriptions_de_Vimose" title="Inscriptions de Vimose">celle trouvée à Vimose</a>, au <a href="/wiki/Danemark" title="Danemark">Danemark</a> ; elle daterait de <a href="/wiki/150" title="150">150 apr. J.-C.</a> : le mot <i>Harja</i> gravé sur un peigne<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Une possible inscription du <a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle</a> (qui n’est pas attestée par tous les spécialistes) est la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibule_de_Meldorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibule de Meldorf (page inexistante)">fibule de Meldorf</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldorf_fibula" class="extiw" title="en:Meldorf fibula"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Meldorf fibula »">(en)</span></a>., qui peut être lue soit comme en écriture latine <i>nidi</i>, soit en latin et runique <i>irih, hiri</i>, ou finalement en runique <i>iwih</i>, <i>iþih</i> ou <i>hiþi</i>. Il est généralement accepté qu’elles ne furent pas inventées avant le <a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Ces runes primitives, jusqu’aux environs de l’an <a href="/wiki/650" title="650">650</a>, semblent toutes utiliser le même <i>fuþark</i> de <span class="nowrap">24 runes</span> (mise à part l’inversion occasionnelles de 2 paires de runes). La plupart de ces inscriptions sont très courtes et difficilement compréhensibles. La plupart des runes préservées sont gravées sur pierre, mais quelques fragments existent sur bois, écorce et os, et quelques-uns sur <a href="/wiki/Parchemin" title="Parchemin">parchemin</a>, le plus fameux étant le <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Runicus" title="Codex Runicus">Codex Runicus</a></i>. </p><p>Il a été avancé — de façon ésotérique<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et sans fondement scientifique — que le <i>fuþark</i> ancien pourrait avoir des origines bien plus anciennes et être en lien non pas avec les écritures méditerranéennes, mais avec les <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9troglyphe" title="Pétroglyphe">pétroglyphes</a> découverts en <a href="/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Norvège">Norvège</a>. Même si l’on occulte les corrélations évidentes avec les autres alphabets, et si quelques signes peuvent évoquer des rapprochements avec certaines lettres runiques, aucune étude sérieuse ne cautionne l’affiliation entre runes et ces pétroglyphes, qui peut au mieux prétendre au statut de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9masiographie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sémasiographie">proto-écriture</a>. </p><p>Tableau de correspondances du <a href="/wiki/Vieux_futhark" title="Vieux futhark">vieux <i>fuþark</i></a> avec les <a href="/wiki/Graph%C3%A8me" title="Graphème">graphèmes</a> phonétiquement proches (et éventuellement, entre parenthèses, les lettres graphiquement similaires) des <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a> méditerranéens et alpins antérieurs<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <center> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><abbr class="abbr" title="Numéro">N<sup>o</sup></abbr>  </th> <th scope="col">Rune </th> <th scope="col">Caractère<br /><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Translitt%C3%A9ration" class="mw-redirect" title="Translittération">Translitt.</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">API</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin#Alphabet_antique" title="Alphabet latin">Latin</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin#Alphabet_antique" title="Alphabet latin">archaïque</a> </p> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_%C3%A9trusque" title="Alphabet étrusque">Étrusque</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pontique" title="Lépontique">Lépontique</a> <p><small>(italo-celtique)</small> </p> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9tique" title="Rhétique">Rhétique</a> <p><small>(italo-alpin étrusque)</small> </p> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Langue_camunienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue camunienne">Camunien</a> <p><small>(italo-alpin non IE)</small> </p> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">Grec</a> classique <p>et <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_grecs_archa%C3%AFques" title="Alphabets grecs archaïques">archaïque</a> </p> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien">Phénicien</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_fehu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="f"><img alt="f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/20px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚠ">ᚠ</a> </td> <td><b>f</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_f" class="mw-redirect" title="API f"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">f</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/20px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/40px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> F </td> <td>𐌚, 𐌘 <small>/ɸ/</small> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>Φ φ ? </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_uruz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u"><img alt="u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚢ">ᚢ</a> </td> <td><b>u</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_u" class="mw-redirect" title="API u"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">u</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">(ː)/</span> </td> <td>V </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanV-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/EtruscanV-01.png/14px-EtruscanV-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/EtruscanV-01.png/21px-EtruscanV-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/EtruscanV-01.png/28px-EtruscanV-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>𐌖 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 𐌖 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Υ</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/14px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/21px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/28px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><small>/w/</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="th, þ"><img alt="th, þ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚦ">ᚦ</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ">þ</a></b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_%CE%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="API θ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">θ</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span>, <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API ð"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ð</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>𐌈 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-th1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%AAta" title="Thêta">Θ</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/20px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/40px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ansuz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="a"><img alt="a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/4px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/7px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚨ">ᚨ</a> </td> <td><b>a</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_a" class="mw-redirect" title="API a"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">a</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">(ː)/</span> </td> <td>A </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A"><img alt="A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/11px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/16px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/22px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/20px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/40px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Certh_9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Certh_9.svg/14px-Certh_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Certh_9.svg/21px-Certh_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Certh_9.svg/28px-Certh_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/14px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/21px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/27px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Certh_52.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Certh_52.svg/20px-Certh_52.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Certh_52.svg/26px-Certh_52.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-a.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/20px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/40px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-a1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alfabeto_camuno-a1.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-a1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alfabeto_camuno-a1.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-a1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Α</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:PhoenicianA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/15px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/23px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span>, (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:PhoenicianI-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PhoenicianI-01.png/20px-PhoenicianI-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PhoenicianI-01.png/40px-PhoenicianI-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> ? <small>/j/</small>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_raido.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r"><img alt="r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/20px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚱ">ᚱ</a> </td> <td><b>r</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_r" class="mw-redirect" title="API r"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">r</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Rho_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/15px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/22px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/29px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanR-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EtruscanR-01.png/14px-EtruscanR-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EtruscanR-01.png/21px-EtruscanR-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/EtruscanR-01.png/28px-EtruscanR-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-r1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-r.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Alfabeto_camuno-r.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-r.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Alfabeto_camuno-r.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-r.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4" title="Rhô">Ρ</a>, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/20px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/40px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="k"><img alt="k" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/20px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚲ">ᚲ</a> </td> <td><b>k</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_k" class="mw-redirect" title="API k"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">k</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/20px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanK-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EtruscanK-01.png/20px-EtruscanK-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EtruscanK-01.png/40px-EtruscanK-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:PhoenicianG-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PhoenicianG-01.png/14px-PhoenicianG-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PhoenicianG-01.png/21px-PhoenicianG-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PhoenicianG-01.png/28px-PhoenicianG-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanC-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EtruscanC-01.png/20px-EtruscanC-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EtruscanC-01.png/40px-EtruscanC-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanK-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EtruscanK-01.png/20px-EtruscanK-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EtruscanK-01.png/40px-EtruscanK-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-k.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alfabeto_camuno-k.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-k.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alfabeto_camuno-k.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-k.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/14px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/21px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/27px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/20px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/40px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>?<small>/kʰ/</small> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanK-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EtruscanK-01.png/20px-EtruscanK-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EtruscanK-01.png/40px-EtruscanK-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Κ</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/15px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/23px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/30px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_gebo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="g"><img alt="g" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/8px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/12px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/16px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚷ">ᚷ</a> </td> <td><b>g</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_g" class="mw-redirect" title="API g"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">g</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>- (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/20px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanX-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/EtruscanX-01.png/20px-EtruscanX-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/EtruscanX-01.png/40px-EtruscanX-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small>/gz/</small> </td> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span>?, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-g1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alfabeto_camuno-g1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-g1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alfabeto_camuno-g1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-g1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Γ</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Chi#Alphabets_archaïques" title="Chi">χ</a> ?<small>/kʰ/</small>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/14px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/21px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/28px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_wunjo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="w"><img alt="w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/5px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/8px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/10px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚹ">ᚹ</a> </td> <td><b>w</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_w" class="mw-redirect" title="API w"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">w</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>V ? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanF-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EtruscanF-01.png/14px-EtruscanF-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EtruscanF-01.png/21px-EtruscanF-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EtruscanF-01.png/28px-EtruscanF-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-a2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfabeto_camuno-a2.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-a2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfabeto_camuno-a2.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-a2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-uw1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Ϝ</a> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/20px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/40px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/14px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/21px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/28px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_haglaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/10px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/20px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/40px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚺ">ᚺ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚻ">ᚻ</a> </td> <td><b>h</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_h" class="mw-redirect" title="API h"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">h</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>H </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanH-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EtruscanH-01.png/20px-EtruscanH-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EtruscanH-01.png/40px-EtruscanH-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/20px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/40px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Eta_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Greek_Eta_10.svg/14px-Greek_Eta_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Greek_Eta_10.svg/21px-Greek_Eta_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Greek_Eta_10.svg/27px-Greek_Eta_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-h1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alfabeto_camuno-h1.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-h1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alfabeto_camuno-h1.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-h1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-b1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Alfabeto_camuno-b1.svg/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-b1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Alfabeto_camuno-b1.svg/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-b1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Alfabeto_camuno-b1.svg/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-b1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ata" title="Êta">Η</a>,<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/20px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/40px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/20px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/40px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/14px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/21px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/28px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_naudiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="n"><img alt="n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚾ">ᚾ</a> </td> <td><b>n</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_n" class="mw-redirect" title="API n"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">n</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Nu_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greek_Nu_02.svg/20px-Greek_Nu_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Greek_Nu_02.svg/40px-Greek_Nu_02.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanN-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EtruscanN-01.png/14px-EtruscanN-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EtruscanN-01.png/21px-EtruscanN-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EtruscanN-01.png/28px-EtruscanN-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Certh_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Certh_25.svg/14px-Certh_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Certh_25.svg/21px-Certh_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Certh_25.svg/28px-Certh_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Certh_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Certh_25.svg/14px-Certh_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Certh_25.svg/21px-Certh_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Certh_25.svg/28px-Certh_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-n.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alfabeto_camuno-n.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-n.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-n1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Alfabeto_camuno-n1.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-n1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Alfabeto_camuno-n1.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-n1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nu_(lettre_grecque)" title="Nu (lettre grecque)">Ν</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/14px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/21px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/28px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_isaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="i"><img alt="i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/1px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/2px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛁ">ᛁ</a> </td> <td><b>i</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_i" class="mw-redirect" title="API i"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">i</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">(ː)/</span> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-i.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-i1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alfabeto_camuno-i1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-i1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alfabeto_camuno-i1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-i1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Ι</a> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/14px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/21px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/27px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="j"><img alt="j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/20px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛃ">ᛃ</a> </td> <td><b>j</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_j" class="mw-redirect" title="API j"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">j</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-g.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span>?, 𐌝 ? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-h.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>- , (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/14px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/21px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/27px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/20px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/40px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><small>/i/</small><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_iwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ï, ei"><img alt="ï, ei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛇ">ᛇ</a> </td> <td><b>ï</b>, <b>æ</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="API æ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">æ</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ː/</span> (?) </td> <td>- (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanI-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/20px-EtruscanI-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/40px-EtruscanI-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><small>/i/</small>) </td> <td>- (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanI-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/20px-EtruscanI-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/40px-EtruscanI-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><small>/i/</small>) </td> <td>- (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanI-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/20px-EtruscanI-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/40px-EtruscanI-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><small>/i/</small>) </td> <td>- (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanI-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/20px-EtruscanI-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EtruscanI-01.png/40px-EtruscanI-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><small>/i/</small>) </td> <td>- </td> <td>- , (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/14px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/21px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg/27px-Greek_Iota_Sigma-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/20px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/40px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><small>/i/</small>) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_pertho.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p"><img alt="p" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/6px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/10px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/13px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛈ">ᛈ</a> </td> <td><b>p</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_p" class="mw-redirect" title="API p"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">p</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/20px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/40px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanP-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EtruscanP-01.png/20px-EtruscanP-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EtruscanP-01.png/40px-EtruscanP-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanP-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EtruscanP-01.png/20px-EtruscanP-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EtruscanP-01.png/40px-EtruscanP-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Rune-Lagu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rune-Lagu.png/7px-Rune-Lagu.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rune-Lagu.png/10px-Rune-Lagu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Rune-Lagu.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-p1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alfabeto_camuno-p1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-p1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alfabeto_camuno-p1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-p1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alfabeto_camuno-p1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-p1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(lettre_grecque)" title="Pi (lettre grecque)">Π</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:PhoenicianP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PhoenicianP-01.svg/14px-PhoenicianP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PhoenicianP-01.svg/21px-PhoenicianP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PhoenicianP-01.svg/28px-PhoenicianP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_algiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="z"><img alt="z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/40px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛉ">ᛉ</a> </td> <td><b>z</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_z" class="mw-redirect" title="API z"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">z</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanZ-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/EtruscanZ-01.png/14px-EtruscanZ-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/EtruscanZ-01.png/21px-EtruscanZ-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/EtruscanZ-01.png/28px-EtruscanZ-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, (𐌙 <small>/kʰ/</small>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_Z.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lepontic_Z.png/40px-Lepontic_Z.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lepontic_Z.png/60px-Lepontic_Z.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Lepontic_Z.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_Z.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lepontic_Z.png/40px-Lepontic_Z.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lepontic_Z.png/60px-Lepontic_Z.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Lepontic_Z.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-z.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alfabeto_camuno-z.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-z.PNG" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alfabeto_camuno-z.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-z.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/15px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/23px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/30px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><small>/s/</small>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%AAta" title="Zêta">Ζ</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Psi_(lettre_grecque)" title="Psi (lettre grecque)">Ψ</a> <small>/kʰ/<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>), <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-z1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/15px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/23px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/20px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/6px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/9px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛊ">ᛊ</a> </td> <td><b>s</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_s" class="mw-redirect" title="API s"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">s</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>ϟ ϛ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanS-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/EtruscanS-01.png/15px-EtruscanS-01.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/EtruscanS-01.png/23px-EtruscanS-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/EtruscanS-01.png/30px-EtruscanS-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, (<a href="/wiki/San_(lettre_grecque)" title="San (lettre grecque)">𐌑</a> <small>/ʃ/</small>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_S.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lepontic_S.png/40px-Lepontic_S.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lepontic_S.png/47px-Lepontic_S.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Lepontic_S.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="34" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_%C5%9A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lepontic_%C5%9A.png/60px-Lepontic_%C5%9A.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lepontic_%C5%9A.png/65px-Lepontic_%C5%9A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Lepontic_%C5%9A.png 2x" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/20px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Italic_s_1_rtl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Italic_s_1_rtl.png/20px-Italic_s_1_rtl.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="52" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-ss1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Alfabeto_camuno-ss1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Alfabeto_camuno-ss1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Alfabeto_camuno-ss1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-ss2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Σ</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_(lettre_grecque)" title="San (lettre grecque)">Ϻ</a>, (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Sigma_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/20px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/40px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/San_(lettre_grecque)" title="San (lettre grecque)">/ts/</a></small>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/20px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/40px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/14px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/21px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/28px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_sade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/14px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/21px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/28px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="t"><img alt="t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/10px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛏ">ᛏ</a> </td> <td><b>t</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_t" class="mw-redirect" title="API t"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">t</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>T </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanT-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/EtruscanT-01.png/20px-EtruscanT-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/EtruscanT-01.png/40px-EtruscanT-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Long-branch_Ar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Long-branch_Ar.png/20px-Long-branch_Ar.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Long-branch_Ar.png/21px-Long-branch_Ar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Long-branch_Ar.png/28px-Long-branch_Ar.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_T.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lepontic_T.png/30px-Lepontic_T.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lepontic_T.png/45px-Lepontic_T.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Lepontic_T.png 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Long-branch_Ar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Long-branch_Ar.png/20px-Long-branch_Ar.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Long-branch_Ar.png/23px-Long-branch_Ar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Long-branch_Ar.png/30px-Long-branch_Ar.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="48" /></a></span>X </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-t.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alfabeto_camuno-t.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-t.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alfabeto_camuno-t.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-t.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-t1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Alfabeto_camuno-t1.svg/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-t1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Alfabeto_camuno-t1.svg/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-t1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-t2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alfabeto_camuno-t2.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-t2.PNG" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alfabeto_camuno-t2.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-t2.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Τ</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/20px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/40px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="b"><img alt="b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/6px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/10px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/13px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛒ">ᛒ</a> </td> <td><b>b</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_b" class="mw-redirect" title="API b"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">b</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:RomanB-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RomanB-01.png/14px-RomanB-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RomanB-01.png/21px-RomanB-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RomanB-01.png/28px-RomanB-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanB-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EtruscanB-01.png/14px-EtruscanB-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EtruscanB-01.png/21px-EtruscanB-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EtruscanB-01.png/28px-EtruscanB-01.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-b1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alfabeto_camuno-b1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-b1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alfabeto_camuno-b1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-b1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-b.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alfabeto_camuno-b.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-b.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alfabeto_camuno-b.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-b.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alfabeto_camuno-b.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-b.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta" title="Bêta">Β</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:PhoenicianB-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PhoenicianB-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianB-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PhoenicianB-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianB-01.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/40px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛖ">ᛖ</a> </td> <td><b>e</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_e" class="mw-redirect" title="API e"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">e</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">(ː)/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Epsilon_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/20px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/40px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> I I </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/11px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/16px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/22px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_E.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lepontic_E.png/40px-Lepontic_E.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lepontic_E.png/51px-Lepontic_E.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Lepontic_E.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_E.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lepontic_E.png/40px-Lepontic_E.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lepontic_E.png/51px-Lepontic_E.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Lepontic_E.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-e.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Alfabeto_camuno-e.png/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-e.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Alfabeto_camuno-e.png/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-e.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-e1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alfabeto_camuno-e1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-e1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alfabeto_camuno-e1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-e1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Ε</a> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Epsilon_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/20px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/40px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>- (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/15px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/23px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/30px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><small>/h/</small>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_mannaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="m"><img alt="m" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/10px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛗ">ᛗ</a> </td> <td><b>m</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_m" class="mw-redirect" title="API m"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">m</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Mu_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/20px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Greek_Mu_classical.svg/40px-Greek_Mu_classical.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanM-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EtruscanM-01.png/20px-EtruscanM-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EtruscanM-01.png/40px-EtruscanM-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_M.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lepontic_M.png/44px-Lepontic_M.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lepontic_M.png/66px-Lepontic_M.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Lepontic_M.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-m.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-m1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alfabeto_camuno-m1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-m1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alfabeto_camuno-m1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-m1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alfabeto_camuno-m1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-m1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mu_(lettre_grecque)" title="Mu (lettre grecque)">Μ</a>, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/20px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/40px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/20px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/40px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_laukaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="l"><img alt="l" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/6px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛚ">ᛚ</a> </td> <td><b>l</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_l" class="mw-redirect" title="API l"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">l</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/20px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/40px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanL-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EtruscanL-01.png/20px-EtruscanL-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EtruscanL-01.png/40px-EtruscanL-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanL-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EtruscanL-01.png/20px-EtruscanL-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EtruscanL-01.png/40px-EtruscanL-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanL-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EtruscanL-01.png/20px-EtruscanL-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/EtruscanL-01.png/40px-EtruscanL-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg/14px-Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg/21px-Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg/27px-Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-l.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Alfabeto_camuno-l.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-l.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Alfabeto_camuno-l.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-l.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-l1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alfabeto_camuno-l1.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-l1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alfabeto_camuno-l1.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-l1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alfabeto_camuno-l1.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-l1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Λ</a>, <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Lambda_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/20px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/40px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg/14px-Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg/21px-Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg/27px-Greek_Lambda_Gamma-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/20px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/40px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg/20px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg/40px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/20px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/40px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛜ">ᛜ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛝ">ᛝ</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ŋ</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Chi_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" title="Ingwaz">Ingwaz</a>) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_dagaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="d"><img alt="d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/40px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a> </td> <td><b>d</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_d" class="mw-redirect" title="API d"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">d</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Delta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/20px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/40px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanD-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/EtruscanD-01.png/20px-EtruscanD-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/EtruscanD-01.png/40px-EtruscanD-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, (<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Rune-D%C3%A6g.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rune-D%C3%A6g.png/20px-Rune-D%C3%A6g.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Rune-D%C3%A6g.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>/ts/</small>) </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alfabeto_camuno-d.svg/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alfabeto_camuno-d.svg/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alfabeto_camuno-d.svg/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span>(<span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-ts.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alfabeto_camuno-ts.PNG/14px-Alfabeto_camuno-ts.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alfabeto_camuno-ts.PNG/21px-Alfabeto_camuno-ts.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alfabeto_camuno-ts.PNG/28px-Alfabeto_camuno-ts.PNG 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-ts1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alfabeto_camuno-ts1.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-ts1.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alfabeto_camuno-ts1.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-ts1.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <small>/ts/</small>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta" title="Delta">Δ</a> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/20px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/40px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/20px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/40px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td style="background-color:#FDF5E6;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_othalan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o"><img alt="o" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/20px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/40px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="57" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛟ">ᛟ</a> </td> <td><b>o</b> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">/</span><a href="/wiki/API_o" class="mw-redirect" title="API o"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">o</span></a><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">(ː)/</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:RomanO-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/RomanO-01.png/20px-RomanO-01.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/RomanO-01.png/40px-RomanO-01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> 〈〉౧ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:EtruscanO-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/EtruscanO-01.svg/20px-EtruscanO-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/EtruscanO-01.svg/40px-EtruscanO-01.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lepontic_O.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepontic_O.png/40px-Lepontic_O.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lepontic_O.png/60px-Lepontic_O.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Lepontic_O.png 2x" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> </td> <td><small><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Italic_o_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Italic_o_3.png/20px-Italic_o_3.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Italic_o_3.png/40px-Italic_o_3.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="52" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alfabeto_camuno-o.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Alfabeto_camuno-o.PNG/20px-Alfabeto_camuno-o.PNG" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Alfabeto_camuno-o.PNG/40px-Alfabeto_camuno-o.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Ο</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span>? </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origine_mythique">Origine mythique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Origine mythique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origine mythique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans le <i>Rúnatal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Edda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edda">Edda</a> poétique), une section du poème <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i>, la découverte des runes est attribuée à <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Ce dernier a été suspendu à l’Arbre du Monde, l'<a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, après avoir été transpercé par sa propre lance, <a href="/wiki/Gungnir" title="Gungnir">Gungnir</a>, durant neuf jours et neuf nuits, afin d’acquérir la sagesse nécessaire à l’exercice du pouvoir dans les neuf mondes, ainsi que la connaissance des choses cachées - dont les runes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Les_différents_fuþark"><span id="Les_diff.C3.A9rents_fu.C3.BEark"></span>Les différents <i>fuþark</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Les différents fuþark" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les différents fuþark"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note : les translittérations suivent le modèle <a href="/wiki/Transcription_des_langues_germaniques" title="Transcription des langues germaniques">traditionnel</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Système_originel"><span id="Syst.C3.A8me_originel"></span>Système originel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Système originel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Système originel"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Vieux_futhark" title="Vieux futhark">Vieux futhark</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/220px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/330px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/440px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Vieux fuþark.</figcaption></figure> <p>L’alphabet original des runes nordiques, le <i>futhark</i> à 24 lettres ou <i>vieux futhark</i>, était organisé en trois groupes de 8 runes chacun dénommés <i><span class="lang-is" lang="is">ættir</span></i> (familles) : les <i><span class="lang-is" lang="is">ættir</span></i> de *<a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">Fehu</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Hagalaz" title="Hagalaz">Hagalaz</a> et *<a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABwaz" title="Tīwaz">Tīwaz</a> respectivement, la première rune de chaque groupe donnant son nom au groupe. </p><p>Les noms <a href="/wiki/Proto-germanique" title="Proto-germanique">proto-germaniques</a> des runes du vieux futhark sont : *<a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">Fehu</a>, *<a href="/wiki/%C5%AAruz" title="Ūruz">Ūruz</a> ou (*Ūrq), *<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eurisaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Þurisaz">Þurisaz</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Ansuz" title="Ansuz">Ansuz</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Raid%C5%8D" title="Raidō">Raidō</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">Kaunan</a> ou (*Kenaz), *<a href="/wiki/Geb%C5%8D" title="Gebō">Gebō</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Wunj%C5%8D" title="Wunjō">Wunjō</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Hagalaz" title="Hagalaz">Hagalaz</a> (ou *Haglaz), *<a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz">Nauđiz</a>, *<a href="/wiki/%C4%AAsaz" title="Īsaz">Īsaz</a> (ou *Īsą ou *Īsan), *<a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jēra">Jēra</a> (ou *Jēran ou *Jēraz), *<a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">Ihwaz</a> ou (*Eihwaz), *<a href="/wiki/Per%C3%BE%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Perþō">Perþō</a> ou (*Perþaz), *<a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">Algiz</a>, *<a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dwil%C5%8D" title="Sōwilō">Sōwilō</a> ou (*Sæwelō), *<a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABwaz" title="Tīwaz">Tīwaz</a> (*ou *Teiwaz), *<a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">Berkanan</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">Ehwaz</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz">Mannaz</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz">Laguz</a> (ou *Laukaz), *<a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" title="Ingwaz">Ingwaz</a> ou (*Inguz), *<a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz">Dagaz</a> et *<a href="/wiki/%C5%8C%C3%BEalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōþalan">Ōþalan</a>. </p><p>Voici les <span class="nowrap">24 runes</span> originelles<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <center> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_fehu.png" class="mw-file-description" title="f"><img alt="f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Runic_letter_fehu.png/40px-Runic_letter_fehu.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Runic_letter_fehu.png/60px-Runic_letter_fehu.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> f</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_uruz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="u"><img alt="u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Runic_letter_uruz.png/40px-Runic_letter_uruz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Runic_letter_uruz.png/60px-Runic_letter_uruz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> u</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_thurisaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="th, þ"><img alt="th, þ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Runic_letter_thurisaz.png/24px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Runic_letter_thurisaz.png/36px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Runic_letter_thurisaz.png/48px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> þ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ansuz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="a"><img alt="a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_ansuz.png/40px-Runic_letter_ansuz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_ansuz.png/60px-Runic_letter_ansuz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> a</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_raido.png" class="mw-file-description" title="r"><img alt="r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Runic_letter_raido.png/40px-Runic_letter_raido.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Runic_letter_raido.png/60px-Runic_letter_raido.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> r</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_kauna.png" class="mw-file-description" title="k"><img alt="k" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Runic_letter_kauna.png/24px-Runic_letter_kauna.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Runic_letter_kauna.png/36px-Runic_letter_kauna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Runic_letter_kauna.png/48px-Runic_letter_kauna.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> k</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_gebo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="g"><img alt="g" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Runic_letter_gebo.png/40px-Runic_letter_gebo.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Runic_letter_gebo.png/60px-Runic_letter_gebo.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> g</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_wunjo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="w"><img alt="w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_wunjo.png/40px-Runic_letter_wunjo.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_wunjo.png/60px-Runic_letter_wunjo.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> w </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_haglaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Runic_letter_haglaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_haglaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Runic_letter_haglaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_haglaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> h</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_naudiz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="n"><img alt="n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Runic_letter_naudiz.png/24px-Runic_letter_naudiz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Runic_letter_naudiz.png/36px-Runic_letter_naudiz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Runic_letter_naudiz.png/48px-Runic_letter_naudiz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> n</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_isaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="i"><img alt="i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Runic_letter_isaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_isaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Runic_letter_isaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_isaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> i</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_jeran.png" class="mw-file-description" title="j"><img alt="j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_jeran.png/40px-Runic_letter_jeran.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_jeran.png/60px-Runic_letter_jeran.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> j</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_iwaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ï, ei"><img alt="ï, ei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Runic_letter_iwaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_iwaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Runic_letter_iwaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_iwaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> ï</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_pertho.png" class="mw-file-description" title="p"><img alt="p" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Runic_letter_pertho.png/24px-Runic_letter_pertho.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Runic_letter_pertho.png/36px-Runic_letter_pertho.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Runic_letter_pertho.png/48px-Runic_letter_pertho.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> p</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_algiz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="z"><img alt="z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Runic_letter_algiz.png/40px-Runic_letter_algiz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Runic_letter_algiz.png/60px-Runic_letter_algiz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> z</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_sowilo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Runic_letter_sowilo.png/40px-Runic_letter_sowilo.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Runic_letter_sowilo.png/60px-Runic_letter_sowilo.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_tiwaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="t"><img alt="t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Runic_letter_tiwaz.png/24px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Runic_letter_tiwaz.png/36px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Runic_letter_tiwaz.png/48px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> t</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_berkanan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="b"><img alt="b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Runic_letter_berkanan.png/40px-Runic_letter_berkanan.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Runic_letter_berkanan.png/60px-Runic_letter_berkanan.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> b</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ehwaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Runic_letter_ehwaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Runic_letter_ehwaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> e</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_mannaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="m"><img alt="m" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Runic_letter_mannaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_mannaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Runic_letter_mannaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_mannaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> m</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_laukaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="l"><img alt="l" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Runic_letter_laukaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_laukaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Runic_letter_laukaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_laukaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> l</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_ingwaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Runic_letter_ingwaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Runic_letter_ingwaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> ŋ</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_dagaz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="d"><img alt="d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Runic_letter_dagaz.png/40px-Runic_letter_dagaz.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Runic_letter_dagaz.png/60px-Runic_letter_dagaz.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> d</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runic_letter_othalan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="o"><img alt="o" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Runic_letter_othalan.png/24px-Runic_letter_othalan.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Runic_letter_othalan.png/36px-Runic_letter_othalan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Runic_letter_othalan.png/48px-Runic_letter_othalan.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> o </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <p>Le nom de ces <span class="nowrap">24 runes</span> est une reconstitution linguistique (d’où l’"*"), car on ne connaît pas le nom des runes du vieux <i>Fuþark</i>. Les seuls acrophones qui nous sont connus sont ceux des runes des <i>Fuþark</i> plus récents (<i>Fuþark</i> anglo-saxon, <i>Fuþark</i> récents, etc.) </p><p>La raison de l’ordre particulier des runes, complètement différent de ceux des alphabets latin, étrusque ou grec, est aujourd’hui inconnue. On sait en revanche que cet ordre a été établi assez tôt et n’a subi depuis que des variations mineures et occasionnelles : les premières suites alphabétiques retrouvées (<a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Kylver" title="Pierre de Kylver">pierre de Kylver</a>, début du <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle) en font déjà état<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Les diverses hypothèses soulevées pour expliquer cet ordre, généralement fondées sur des considérations religieuses et mystiques, sont loin de faire l’unanimité et ne reposent sur aucun fait concret. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systèmes_ultérieurs"><span id="Syst.C3.A8mes_ult.C3.A9rieurs"></span>Systèmes ultérieurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Systèmes ultérieurs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Systèmes ultérieurs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Runes_anglo-saxonnes" title="Runes anglo-saxonnes">Runes anglo-saxonnes</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/250px-02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/330px-02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/500px-02_Runes_of_the_Younger_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_j%C3%BCngeren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2599" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Futhark récent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <i>Fuþark</i> initial comprenant <span class="nowrap">24 runes</span>, les <i>Fuþark</i> dits récents furent ultérieurement raccourcis à environ <span class="nowrap">16 runes</span> autour du <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. Ils furent utilisés principalement en Suède, en Norvège, au Danemark puis en Islande et au Groenland. Cette réduction du nombre de runes est très certainement lié au fait que la langue de ces régions, le <a href="/wiki/Vieux_norrois" title="Vieux norrois">vieux norrois</a>, comportait beaucoup plus de phonèmes que le proto-germanique. Plutôt que d’ajouter de nombreuses runes, les « maîtres des runes » décidèrent de simplifier l'alphabet, en ne retenant que les 16 lettres suivantes : </p> <center> <p>f u þ ą r k<br /> h n i a s<br /> t b m l ʀ </p> </center> <p>Les <i>Fuþark</i> récents ont, bien sûr, évolué avec le temps et selon les régions, en oscillant entre 15 et <span class="nowrap">25 runes</span> (voire plus dans les alphabets médiévaux des <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles). </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a>, dès le <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, le futhark passe tout d’abord à <span class="nowrap">28 runes</span> dans sa variante Frison, puis à <span class="nowrap">33 runes</span> pour la version dite anglo-saxonne. </p><p>Ceci est la variante norvégienne / suédoise, aussi appelée rune à brindille courte. La variante danoise est très similaire. On trouve un exemple de runes danoises dans l’inscription de la <a href="/wiki/Grosse_pierre_de_Jelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosse pierre de Jelling">Grosse pierre de Jelling</a>. </p> <div style="text-align:center; font-style:italic;"> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Futhark_vicking_16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Futhark_vicking_16.png" decoding="async" width="536" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="166" /></a></span> <br />Le plus récent <i>fuþark</i> nordique à <span class="nowrap">16 runes</span> : </p> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr" title="Première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> ligne, la variante <a href="/wiki/Danemark" title="Danemark">danoise</a> à brindilles normales</li> <li><abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> ligne, la variante <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8de" title="Suède">suédoise</a>-<a href="/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Norvège">norvégienne</a> à brindilles courtes.</li></ul> </div> <p>Les autres <i>fuþarks</i> nordiques comprennent une forme sans branche (probablement pour une sculpture plus rapide), et le <i>fuþark</i> antique (lequel inclut des runes représentant l'alphabet latin complet). </p> <div style="text-align:center; font-style:italic;"> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Futhark_H%C3%A4lsingland_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Futhark_H%C3%A4lsingland_15.png" decoding="async" width="427" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="105" /></a></span> <br />Variante de <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8de" title="Suède">Suède</a>, sans brindille </p> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-style:italic;"> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Futhark_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val_27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Futhark_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val_27.png" decoding="async" width="798" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="163" /></a></span> <br />Variante <a href="/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Moyen Âge">médiévale</a> incluant l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> </p> </div> <p>Les runes <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ">thorn</a> (ᚦ) et <a href="/wiki/Wynn" class="mw-redirect" title="Wynn">wynn</a> (ᚹ) ont été adoptées dans l’alphabet du <a href="/wiki/Vieil_anglais" title="Vieil anglais">vieil anglais</a> (sous les formes <i>þ</i> et <i>ƿ</i>). <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ">Thorn</a> est encore utilisé dans l’alphabet <a href="/wiki/Islandais" title="Islandais">islandais</a>. </p><p>Les runes semblent être tombées en désuétude autour de l'an mil, sauf en Scandinavie où elles continuèrent à être utilisées pendant quelques siècles. Les habitants des régions scandinaves les plus isolées ont continué à les utiliser jusqu’à l’époque moderne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilisation_des_runes">Utilisation des runes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Utilisation des runes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Utilisation des runes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Alphabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Alphabet"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les runes étaient ordinairement utilisées pour des inscriptions dans le bois, le métal, le cuir et surtout la pierre. C'étaient principalement des marques verticales et obliques, et dans une moindre mesure des marques horizontales ou courbes (certaines variantes n’en ont pas). Ce dessin aidait à leur sculpture sur des matériaux durs. Les runes anciennes n’ont pas été utilisées pour des travaux d'écriture longs, mais plutôt pour des inscriptions courtes. Des inscriptions longues existent, comme le <i><b>Codex Runicus</b></i>, un ouvrage législatif danois, mais il a été rédigé en runes médiévales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magie">Magie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Magie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Magie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Runomancie" title="Runomancie">Runomancie</a>.</div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Boyer" title="Régis Boyer">Régis Boyer</a> écrit dans <i>les Vikings</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <blockquote><div>« Reste à évoquer l’agaçant problème de leur valeur prétendument magique par définition. […] Mais je dis que ce sont là affabulations complaisantes, certainement imitées de modèles bibliques ou classiques. Je me range résolument à l’opinion de <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Musset" title="Lucien Musset">L. Musset</a>, lui-même disciple sur ce point d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anders_B%C3%A6ksted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anders Bæksted (page inexistante)">A. Bæksted</a> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_B%C3%A6ksted" class="extiw" title="sv:Anders Bæksted"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en suédois : « Anders Bæksted »">(sv)</span></a>. À savoir : les runes sont une écriture comme une autre, capables de convoyer des opérations magiques, mais certainement pas conçues dans ce sens. […] Les inscriptions runiques s’appliquent à tous les domaines possibles de l’activité humaine. »</div></blockquote><p style="margin: -0.7em 0 0.3em 6em">— <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Boyer" title="Régis Boyer">Régis Boyer</a>, <cite><i>les Vikings</i></cite></p> <p>Un certain usage divinatoire, peut-être des runes en tant que signes semble être attesté par <a href="/wiki/Tacite" title="Tacite">Tacite</a> <i>(cf. infra)</i> mais rien n’est moins sûr car Tacite ne s'est jamais rendu en Germanie. Ses sources sont donc basées sur des témoignages, et comme pour les Celtes, souvent à charge et avec de nombreuses confusions de peuples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_contemporain">Usage contemporain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Usage contemporain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Usage contemporain"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runes_et_littérature"><span id="Runes_et_litt.C3.A9rature"></span>Runes et littérature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Runes et littérature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Runes et littérature"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cirth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cirth.png/220px-Cirth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cirth.png/330px-Cirth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cirth.png/440px-Cirth.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Table des <a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">cirth</a>, l'alphabet runique inventé par J.R.R. Tolkien.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:%E1%9A%B9%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81%E1%9A%BE%E1%9A%BA%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E1%9A%B9%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81%E1%9A%BE%E1%9A%BA%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81.jpg/250px-%E1%9A%B9%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81%E1%9A%BE%E1%9A%BA%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E1%9A%B9%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81%E1%9A%BE%E1%9A%BA%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81.jpg/375px-%E1%9A%B9%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81%E1%9A%BE%E1%9A%BA%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/%E1%9A%B9%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81%E1%9A%BE%E1%9A%BA%E1%9A%A8%E1%9A%B1%E1%9B%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>L'écriture runique "ᚹᚨᚱᛁᚾᚺᚨᚱᛁ" signifie Warinhari.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les runes ont été utilisées, dans la littérature, pour créer un effet « d’authenticité », et donner des indications « historiques » dans l’ouvrage. Voici cinq exemples : <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_L%27Homme" title="Erik L'Homme">Erik L'Homme</a> et <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>. </p><p>Les runes ont été abondamment utilisées par J.R.R. Tolkien, notamment dans <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Hobbit" title="Le Hobbit">Le Hobbit</a></i> (pour la carte réalisée lors des « Aventures de Bilbo »), mais aussi dans <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Seigneur_des_anneaux" title="Le Seigneur des anneaux">Le Seigneur des anneaux</a></i> (la tombe de Balin dans la Moria), et bénéficient d’une explication détaillée dans les appendices du roman. J.R.R. Tolkien utilise les runes, mais la langue est l’anglais. </p><p>Les runes sont également très présentes chez Jules Verne. Dans <i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_au_centre_de_la_Terre" title="Voyage au centre de la Terre">Voyage au centre de la Terre</a></i> dont le point de départ de l’ouvrage est Hambourg (Allemagne), la découverte d’un vieux manuscrit runique révèle un message secret qui conduira ultérieurement à la découverte de mystérieux passages en Islande. Verne utilise aussi l’alphabet runique, mais cette fois la langue utilisée est le latin. </p><p>Chez Tolkien comme chez Verne, l’alphabet runique est identique, mais les langues différentes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hermione_Granger" title="Hermione Granger">Hermione Granger</a>, un des personnages principaux de la série des <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>, étudie les runes à partir de sa <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_et_le_Prisonnier_d%27Azkaban" title="Harry Potter et le Prisonnier d'Azkaban">troisième année</a> à <a href="/wiki/Poudlard" title="Poudlard">Poudlard</a> ; il est seulement précisé que c’est une matière difficile. Dans le <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_et_les_Reliques_de_la_Mort" title="Harry Potter et les Reliques de la Mort">septième tome</a>, Dumbledore lui lègue un exemplaire en runes des <i>Contes de Beedle le Barde</i> contenant le « Conte des Trois Frères » sur les <i>reliques de la mort</i> (qui donnent leur titre à ce volume de la série) ; cela aidera les protagonistes à reconstituer une partie de l’intrigue car grâce à ses quatre ans de cours optionnels d'étude des runes, Hermione s’avère capable de les déchiffrer et de les traduire, contrairement à Harry, dont il est précisé qu'« il n’avait jamais appris à les lire »<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'écrivain <a href="/wiki/Erik_L%27Homme" title="Erik L'Homme">Erik L'Homme</a> emploie les runes, appelées « graphèmes », dans sa trilogie <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_des_%C3%A9toiles" title="Le Livre des étoiles">Le Livre des étoiles</a></i> ainsi que dans <i><a href="/wiki/A_comme_Association" title="A comme Association">A comme Association</a></i> en leur attribuant des pouvoirs magiques. </p><p>La liste des auteurs qui font appel aux runes est longue ; citons entre autres <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paolini" title="Christopher Paolini">Christopher Paolini</a> pour <i><a href="/wiki/L%27H%C3%A9ritage_(cycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Héritage (cycle)">L'Héritage</a></i> et toute l'équipe de production de la bande dessinée <i><a href="/wiki/Thorgal" title="Thorgal">Thorgal</a></i> et <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mondes_de_Thorgal" title="Les Mondes de Thorgal">Les Mondes de Thorgal</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runes_et_nazisme">Runes et nazisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Runes et nazisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Runes et nazisme"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En tant que symboles germaniques, les runes furent utilisées par les <a href="/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme">nazis</a>. Quelques symboles comme <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cthalan" title="Ōthalan">Ōthalan</a> sont utilisés sur les drapeaux <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9onazisme" title="Néonazisme">néonazis</a> à la place de la <a href="/wiki/Svastika" title="Svastika">svastika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runes_et_divination">Runes et divination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Runes et divination" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Runes et divination"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Divination_des_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Divination des runes">Divination des runes</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_(vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/250px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/330px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/340px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> se sacrifiant lui-même sur l’if du monde, <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, afin d’obtenir la sagesse et le secret des runes.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> « trouva les runes après qu’il fut resté pendu durant neuf nuits initiatiques à l’arbre cosmique des Neuf Mondes, le frêne <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, transpercé par sa lance en un sacrifice à lui-même, le plus grand des dieux<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ». </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tacite" title="Tacite">Tacite</a>, dans <i><a href="/wiki/La_Germanie" title="La Germanie">La Germanie</a></i>, décrit un usage divinatoire des Germains : « Leur manière de tirer au sort est toujours la même. Ils coupent une branche de noisetier et la découpent en lamelles. Ils inscrivent un signe sur chaque lamelle et les lancent au hasard sur un linge blanc. Ensuite le célébrant officiel, s’il s’agit d’une consultation publique, ou le père de famille s’il s’agit d’une consultation privée, adresse une prière aux Divinités. En regardant en l’air, il tire trois lamelles au hasard et lit la signification de son tirage d’après les signes gravés sur ces lamelles. Si le résultat interdit l’action au sujet de laquelle le tirage a eu lieu, il n’en est plus question ce jour-là. Si cette action est autorisée, une confirmation par les auspices est requise ». </p><p>L’usage divinatoire des runes est contesté par la majeure partie des runologues. Tacite ne précise pas la nature des signes ; de plus, <i>La Germanie</i>, a été écrit aux alentours de l’an 98, c’est-à-dire des décennies avant que l’invention des runes en tant qu’alphabet ne soit attestée. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codage_informatique">Codage informatique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Codage informatique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Codage informatique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La norme <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> possède un bloc de caractères nommé <i><a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U16A0" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U16A0">Runes</a></i> qui contient <span class="nowrap">81 caractères</span> depuis la <span class="nowrap">version 3.0.0</span> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-09" data-sort-value="1999-09">septembre 1999</time>), y compris 3 signes de ponctuation et 3 symboles des « nombres d’or » 17 à 19. Quelques autres caractères y ont été ajoutés dans la version 7.0 pour 3 lettres runiques supplémentaires du tolkienien (dont l'alphabet cirth) et 5 lettres runiques supplémentaires du <a href="/wiki/Coffret_d%27Auzon" title="Coffret d'Auzon">coffret d’Auzon</a>. </p> <table class="UniTable lang-non lang-non-Runr script-Runr" lang="non-Runr" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r223740376">.mw-parser-output .UniTable{margin:2px 0;table-layout:fixed;border:1px solid #AAA;border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFF;color:#222;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .UniTop,.mw-parser-output .UniCol,.mw-parser-output .UniRow{font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1.2;padding:2px;height:40px;background:#EEE;color:#222;direction:ltr}.mw-parser-output .UniTop{font-size:11px}.mw-parser-output .UniCol,.mw-parser-output .UniRow{font-size:13px}.mw-parser-output .UniTop,.mw-parser-output .UniRow{width:74px}.mw-parser-output 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.UniCtrlForm,.mw-parser-output .script-Hans .Uni,.mw-parser-output .script-Hans .UniComb,.mw-parser-output .script-Hans .UniCombDouble,.mw-parser-output .script-Hans .UniCtrlForm{font-family:"Noto Serif CJK SC","Noto Serif CJK TC","Noto Serif CJK JP","Noto Serif CJK KR","Noto Serif","Noto Serif Disp",serif,"Noto Sans CJK SC","Noto Sans CJK TC","Noto Sans CJK JP","Noto Sans CJK KR","Noto Sans","Noto Sans Display","Sans Serif Collection",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .script-Brai .Uni,.mw-parser-output .script-Brai .UniComb,.mw-parser-output .script-Brai .UniCombDouble,.mw-parser-output .script-Brai .UniCtrlForm{font-family:"Noto Serif","Noto Serif Disp",serif,"Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Sans Symbols 2","Noto Sans","Noto Sans Display","Sans Serif Collection",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .script-Zsye .Uni,.mw-parser-output .script-Zsye .UniComb,.mw-parser-output .script-Zsye .UniCombDouble,.mw-parser-output .script-Zsye .UniCtrlForm{font-family:"Noto Serif","Noto Serif Disp",serif,"Noto Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Noto Sans Symbols","Noto Sans Symbols 2","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Sans","Noto Sans Display","Sans Serif Collection",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .script-Zmth .Uni,.mw-parser-output .script-Zmth .UniComb,.mw-parser-output .script-Zmth .UniCombDouble,.mw-parser-output .script-Zmth .UniCtrlForm{font-family:"Noto Sans Math","Cambria Math","Noto Serif","Noto Serif Disp",serif,"Noto Sans Symbols","Noto Sans Symbols 2","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Sans","Noto Sans Display","Sans Serif Collection",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .script-Zsym .Uni,.mw-parser-output .script-Zsym .UniComb,.mw-parser-output .script-Zsym .UniCombDouble,.mw-parser-output .script-Zsym .UniCtrlForm{font-family:"Noto Music","Noto Sans Symbols","Noto Sans Symbols 2","Noto Sans Mono","Noto Sans Math","Cambria Math","Noto Sans","Noto Sans Display","Sans Serif Collection","Noto Serif","Noto Serif Disp",serif,"Segoe UI Symbol",sans-serif}</style> <tbody><tr lang="fr" class="lang-fr script-Latn"> <th scope="row" lang="fr" class="UniRow lang-fr script-Latn" title="Code d’écriture : Runr. Code de langue : non."><small style="font-size:80%;line-height:normal"> <span class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U16A0" title="Modèle:Table des caractères Unicode/U16A0"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_mod%C3%A8le:Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U16A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussion modèle:Table des caractères Unicode/U16A0 (page inexistante)"><abbr class="abbr" title="Discussion sur ce modèle.">d</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U16A0&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></span> <br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf"><abbr title="Document normatif en anglais">en</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/charts/fr/PDF/U16A0.pdf"><abbr title="Traduction informative en français">fr</abbr></a></small> </th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">0</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">1</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">2</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">3</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">4</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">5</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">6</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">7</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">8</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">9</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">A</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">B</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">C</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">D</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">E</th><th scope="col" class="UniCol">F</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="fr" class="UniRow lang-fr script-Latn">U+16A0 </th> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A0 lettre runique féhu féoh fé f">ᚠ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A1 lettre runique v">ᚡ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A2 lettre runique uruz ur ou">ᚢ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A3 lettre runique yr">ᚣ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A4 lettre runique y">ᚤ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A5 lettre runique w">ᚥ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A6 lettre runique thurisaz thorn thurs th">ᚦ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A7 lettre runique eth">ᚧ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A8 lettre runique ansuz a">ᚨ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16A9 lettre runique os o">ᚩ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16AA lettre runique ac a">ᚪ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16AB lettre runique æsc">ᚫ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16AC lettre runique oss-à-branche-longue o">ᚬ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16AD lettre runique oss-à-ramille o">ᚭ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16AE lettre runique o">ᚮ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16AF lettre runique oe">ᚯ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="fr" class="UniRow lang-fr script-Latn">U+16B0 </th> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B0 lettre runique on">ᚰ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B1 lettre runique raido rad reid r">ᚱ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B2 lettre runique kauna">ᚲ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B3 lettre runique cen">ᚳ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B4 lettre runique kaun k">ᚴ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B5 lettre runique g">ᚵ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B6 lettre runique eng">ᚶ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B7 lettre runique gebo geofu g">ᚷ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B8 lettre runique gar">ᚸ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16B9 lettre runique wunjo wynn w">ᚹ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16BA lettre runique haglaz h">ᚺ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16BB lettre runique hægl h">ᚻ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16BC lettre runique hagall-à-longuebranche h">ᚼ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16BD lettre runique hagall-à-ramille h">ᚽ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16BE lettre runique naudiz nyd naud n">ᚾ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16BF lettre runique naud-à-ramille n">ᚿ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="fr" class="UniRow lang-fr script-Latn">U+16C0 </th> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C0 lettre runique n-pointé">ᛀ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C1 lettre runique isa is iss i">ᛁ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C2 lettre runique e">ᛂ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C3 lettre runique jeran j">ᛃ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C4 lettre runique ger">ᛄ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C5 lettre runique ar-à-longue-branche æ">ᛅ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C6 lettre runique ar a">ᛆ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C7 lettre runique iwaz eoh">ᛇ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C8 lettre runique perthro peorth p">ᛈ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16C9 lettre runique algiz eolhx">ᛉ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16CA lettre runique sowilo s">ᛊ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16CB lettre runique sigel sol-à-longuebranche s">ᛋ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16CC lettre runique sol-à-ramille s">ᛌ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16CD lettre runique c">ᛍ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16CE lettre runique z">ᛎ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16CF lettre runique tiwaz tir tyr t">ᛏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="fr" class="UniRow lang-fr script-Latn">U+16D0 </th> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D0 lettre runique tyr-à-ramille t">ᛐ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D1 lettre runique d">ᛑ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D2 lettre runique berkanan beorc biarkan b">ᛒ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D3 lettre runique biarkan-à-ramille b">ᛓ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D4 lettre runique p-pointé">ᛔ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D5 lettre runique p-ouvert">ᛕ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D6 lettre runique ehwaz eh e">ᛖ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D7 lettre runique mannaz man m">ᛗ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D8 lettre runique madr-à-longuebranche m">ᛘ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16D9 lettre runique madr-à-ramille m">ᛙ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16DA lettre runique laukaz lagu logr l">ᛚ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16DB lettre runique l-pointé">ᛛ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16DC lettre runique ingwaz">ᛜ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16DD lettre runique ing">ᛝ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16DE lettre runique dagaz dæg d">ᛞ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16DF lettre runique othalan ethel o">ᛟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="fr" class="UniRow lang-fr script-Latn">U+16E0 </th> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E0 lettre runique ear">ᛠ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E1 lettre runique ior">ᛡ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E2 lettre runique cweorth">ᛢ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E3 lettre runique calc">ᛣ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E4 lettre runique cealc">ᛤ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E5 lettre runique stan">ᛥ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E6 lettre runique yr-à-longue-branche">ᛦ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E7 lettre runique yr-à-ramille">ᛧ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E8 lettre runique yr-islandais">ᛨ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16E9 lettre runique q">ᛩ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16EA lettre runique x">ᛪ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16EB ponctuation runique simple">᛫</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16EC ponctuation runique multiple">᛬</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16ED ponctuation runique en croix">᛭</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16EE symbole runique arlaug (nombre d’or 17)">ᛮ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16EF symbole runique tvimadur (nombre d’or 18)">ᛯ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" lang="fr" class="UniRow lang-fr script-Latn">U+16F0 </th> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F0 symbole runique belgthor (nombre d’or 19)">ᛰ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F1 lettre runique k (tolkienien)">ᛱ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F2 lettre runique sh (tolkienien)">ᛲ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F3 lettre runique oo (tolkienien)">ᛳ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F4 lettre runique du coffret d’Auzon os">ᛴ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F5 lettre runique du coffret d’Auzon is">ᛵ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F6 lettre runique du coffret d’Auzon eh">ᛶ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F7 lettre runique du coffret d’Auzon ac">ᛷ</span> </td> <td><span class="Uni" title="U+16F8 lettre runique du coffret d’Auzon æsc">ᛸ</span> </td> <td colspan="7" bgcolor="#CCC">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un petit nombre de polices d’écriture admettent ces caractères surtout les polices médiévistes comme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardo_(police_de_caract%C3%A8re)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardo (police de caractère) (page inexistante)">Cardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junicode" title="Junicode">Junicode</a>. </p><p>Le langage Go décide de nommer par simplification <i>runes</i> ce qui se nommait auparavant <i>code points</i> : pour explorer une chaîne de caractères Unicode, on y avance rune par rune et non octet par octet, le mot <i>caractère</i> étant trop ambigu<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le logo du <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth#Logo_et_nom" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> est inspiré de l'alphabet Futhark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Delamarre2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xavier_Delamarre2003">Xavier <span class="petites_capitales" style="font-variant: small-caps;">Delamarre</span>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental</cite>, Errance, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « des Hespérides », <time>2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-87772-237-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-87772-237-6"><span class="nowrap">2-87772-237-6</span></a>)</small>, pages 122-123, 262<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise&rft.pub=Errance&rft.stitle=une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.au=Xavier+%3Cspan+class%3D%22petites_capitales%22+style%3D%22font-variant%3A+small-caps%3B%22%3EDelamarre%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pages+122-123%2C+262&rft.isbn=2-87772-237-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NordicNames-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NordicNames_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NordicNames_2-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-NordicNames_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordicnames.de/wiki/RUN"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Nordic Names : element RUN</cite></a> »</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higounet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higounet_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Higounet_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Higounet2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Higounet2003">Charles <span class="nom_auteur">Higounet</span>, <cite class="italique">L'Écriture</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Que sais-je ? », <time>2003</time>, 128 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-053647-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-053647-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-053647-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/l-ecriture--9782130536475-page-39.htm">lire en ligne</a> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Inscription nécessaire pour accéder au document"><img alt="Inscription nécessaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>)</small>, « Les écritures alphabétiques », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">67–68</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89criture&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9critures+alphab%C3%A9tiques&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Higounet&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=67%E2%80%9368&rft.tpages=128&rft.isbn=978-2-13-053647-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Morris in <a href="#Odenstedt1990">Odenstedt 1990</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Odenstedt1990">Odenstedt 1990</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greeksgothsstudy00tayluoft/page/n4/mode/1up">lire en ligne</a>, sur <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seebold1991">Seebold 1991</a> Elmar Seebold, Bammesberger, 1991, Die Stellung der englischen Runen im Rahmen der Überlieferung des älteren Fuþark.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Krause1970">Krause 1970</a><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[Où ?]</a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jensen1958">Jensen 1958</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coulmas1996">Coulmas 1996</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 444 et suiv..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stifter-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stifter_11-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Stifter_11-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">David Stifter, « Lepontische Studien : Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen », dans <i>Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009</i>, sous la dir. de Karin Stüber, Vienne, 2010, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">361–76</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Bernard Mees, « The North Etruscan Thesis of the Origin of the Runes », dans <i>Arkiv for nordisk fililogi</i>, 2000, t. 115, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">33–82</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bernal1990">Bernal 1990</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Miller1994">Miller 1994</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stoklund2003">Stoklund 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Il suffit de consulter le Web pour voir le caractère des pages mentionnant cette théorie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le parallèle entre les divers alphabets est donné à titre indicatif et ne justifie pas de liens entre eux. Les références proviennent de Wikipédia : outre les articles des alphabets cités, v. aussi <a href="/wiki/Ancien_alphabet_italique" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien alphabet italique">Ancien alphabet italique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_eub%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet eubéen">alphabet eubéen</a> (grec occidental), <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_grecs_archa%C3%AFques" title="Alphabets grecs archaïques">Alphabets grecs archaïques</a>, et liens sur les lettres mentionnées. Tableau d’après l’article <a href="/wiki/Vieux_futhark#Lettres" title="Vieux futhark">Vieux futhark</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G_(lettre)#Histoire" title="G (lettre)">G</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets#Summary_table" class="extiw" title="en:Archaic Greek alphabets">Tableau des alphabets grecs archaïques</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Par <a href="/wiki/Conjecture" title="Conjecture">conjecture</a>, il y a peut-être amalgame entre les caractères <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/20px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/40px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>et I qui peut donner un <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Rune-Eoh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rune-Eoh.png/9px-Rune-Eoh.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rune-Eoh.png/14px-Rune-Eoh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Rune-Eoh.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>/j/.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">selon les alphabets grecs de type « rouge » ou « bleu-foncé ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_eub%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet eubéen">alphabet eubéen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Selon l’alphabet <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A8te" title="Vénète">vénète</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Page2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._I._Page2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R. I. <span class="nom_auteur">Page</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Runes</cite>, Londres, The British Museum Press, <time>2005</time>, 64 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7141-8065-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7141-8065-3"><span class="nowrap">0-7141-8065-3</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 8, 15, 16<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=R.+I.&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=8%2C+15%2C+16&rft.tpages=64&rft.isbn=0-7141-8065-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Musset1965">Musset 1965</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Boyer"><span class="ouvrage" id="Régis_Boyer"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Boyer" title="Régis Boyer">Régis Boyer</a>, <cite class="italique">Les Vikings</cite>, Tempus, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">60-62</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Vikings&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft.pages=60-62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rowling2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._K._Rowling2007"><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>, <cite class="italique">Harry Potter et les Reliques de la mort</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Gallimard</a>, <time>2007</time>, broché, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 139<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Potter+et+les+Reliques+de+la+mort&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.aulast=Rowling&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Carolyne Larrington (trad.), <i>The Poetic Edda</i>, Oxford World's Classics, 1999, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-19-283946-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-19-283946-2"><span class="nowrap">0-19-283946-2</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Strings are built from bytes so indexing them yields bytes, not characters. A string might not even hold characters. In fact, the definition of "character" is ambiguous and it would be a mistake to try to resolve the ambiguity by defining that strings are made of characters</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blog.golang.org/strings">https://blog.golang.org/strings</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:R%C3%B6kstenen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/R%C3%B6kstenen_2.jpg/250px-R%C3%B6kstenen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/R%C3%B6kstenen_2.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6kstenen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/R%C3%B6kstenen_2.jpg/500px-R%C3%B6kstenen_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_R%C3%B6k" title="Pierre de Rök">pierre de Rök</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="En_français"><span id="En_fran.C3.A7ais"></span>En français</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifier la section : En français" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : En français"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Musset1965"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lucien_Musset1965"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Musset" title="Lucien Musset">Lucien <span class="nom_auteur">Musset</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Introduction à la runologie</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Aubier-Montaigne" title="Éditions Aubier-Montaigne">Aubier-Montaigne</a>, <time>1965</time>, 468 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7007-0279-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7007-0279-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7007-0279-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+%C3%A0+la+runologie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Aubier-Montaigne&rft.aulast=Musset&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft.date=1965&rft.tpages=468&rft.isbn=978-2-7007-0279-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dillmann1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="François-Xavier_Dillmann1992"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Dillmann" title="François-Xavier Dillmann">François-Xavier <span class="nom_auteur">Dillmann</span></a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Les Runes, écriture des vikings</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Dossiers_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Dossiers d'archéologie">Les Dossiers d'archéologie</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 170,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1992-04" data-sort-value="1992-04">avril 1992</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1141-7137">1141-7137</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Les+Runes%2C+%C3%A9criture+des+vikings&rft.jtitle=Les+Dossiers+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.issue=170&rft.aulast=Dillmann&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier&rft.date=1992-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Marez" title="Alain Marez">Alain Marez</a>, <i>Anthologie runique</i>, Paris, Les Belles lettres, 2007.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Jara2021">Jara, <cite class="italique">Histoire de la runologie</cite>, éditions du Monolithe, <time>2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-491760-07-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-491760-07-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-491760-07-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+runologie&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+du+Monolithe&rft.au=Jara&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-2-491760-07-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="En_autres_langues">En autres langues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifier la section : En autres langues" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : En autres langues"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernal1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_Bernal1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Martin <span class="nom_auteur">Bernal</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Cadmean letters</cite>, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, <time>1990</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cadmean+letters&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.aulast=Bernal&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Coulmas1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Florian_Coulmas1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Florian <span class="nom_auteur">Coulmas</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</cite>, Oxford, Blackwell, <time>1996</time>, 603 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-631-21481-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-631-21481-X"><span class="nowrap">0-631-21481-X</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=603&rft.isbn=0-631-21481-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Jensen1958"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hans_Jensen1958"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Jensen">Hans <span class="nom_auteur">Jensen</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart</cite>, VEB <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Verlag_der_Wissenschaften" title="Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften">Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften</a>, <time>1958</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Schrift+in+Vergangenheit+und+Gegenwart&rft.pub=Deutscher+Verlag+der+Wissenschaften&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.date=1958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>. <ul><li>Traduction revue par l’auteur : <span class="ouvrage" id="1970"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Sign Symbol and Script</cite>, Londres, George Allen & Unwin, <time>1970</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign+Symbol+and+Script&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Krause1970"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wolfgang_Krause1970"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Krause_(linguiste)" title="Wolfgang Krause (linguiste)">Wolfgang <span class="nom_auteur">Krause</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Runen</cite>, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <time>1970</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>. <ul><li>Traduction : <span class="ouvrage" id="1995"><cite class="italique">Les Runes</cite>, Paris, Éditions du Porte-Glaive, <time>1995</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Runes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Porte-Glaive&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Miller1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="D_Gary_Miller1994"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D Gary <span class="nom_auteur">Miller</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Ancient scripts and phonological knowledge</cite>, Amsterdam/Philadelphie, John Benjamins, <time>1994</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+scripts+and+phonological+knowledge&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphie&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=D+Gary&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Odenstedt1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bengt_Odenstedt1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bengt <span class="nom_auteur">Odenstedt</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">On the origin and early history of the runic script : Typology and graphic variation in the older futhark</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 59, Uppsala, Gustav Adolfs akademien, <time>1990</time>, 181 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/91-85352-20-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/91-85352-20-9"><span class="nowrap">91-85352-20-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+origin+and+early+history+of+the+runic+script&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Gustav+Adolfs+akademien&rft.stitle=Typology+and+graphic+variation+in+the+older+futhark&rft.aulast=Odenstedt&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=59&rft.tpages=181&rft.isbn=91-85352-20-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Page1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="RI_Page1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> RI <span class="nom_auteur">Page</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Reading the past</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4 : <span class="lang-en italique" lang="en">Runes</span>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <time>1993</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> British Museum Publications, 1987)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+past&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=RI&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Seebold1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="Elmar_Seebold1991"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Elmar <span class="nom_auteur">Seebold</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Bammesberger</cite>, <time>1991</time><span class="lang-de" lang="de">, « Die Stellung der englischen Runen im Rahmen der Überlieferung des älteren Fuþark »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">439-569</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bammesberger&rft.atitle=Die+Stellung+der+englischen+Runen+im+Rahmen+der+%C3%9Cberlieferung+des+%C3%A4lteren+Fu%C3%BEark&rft.aulast=Seebold&rft.aufirst=Elmar&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=439-569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : latin">(la)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Tacite" title="Tacite">Tacite</a>, <i>Germania</i></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Stoklund2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._Stoklund2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> M. <span class="nom_auteur">Stoklund</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Spoils of Victory – the North in the Shadow of the Roman Empire</cite>, Nationalmuseet, <time>2003</time><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « The first runes – the literary language of the Germani »</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spoils+of+Victory+%E2%80%93+the+North+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.atitle=The+first+runes+%E2%80%93+the+literary+language+of+the+Germani&rft.pub=Nationalmuseet&rft.aulast=Stoklund&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARune"></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=23" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vieux_futhark" title="Vieux futhark">Vieux futhark</a> (24 caractères)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes_scandinaves" title="Runes scandinaves">Runes scandinaves</a> (futhark récent, 16 caractères, uniquement en Scandinavie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_runique" title="Pierre runique">Pierre runique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_de_pierres_runiques" title="Liste de pierres runiques">liste de pierres runiques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_runiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Styles runiques (page inexistante)">Styles runiques</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runestone_styles" class="extiw" title="en:Runestone styles"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Runestone styles »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscriptions_runiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscriptions runiques (page inexistante)">Inscriptions runiques</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" class="extiw" title="en:Runic inscriptions"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Runic inscriptions »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscription_runique_de_Bergakker" title="Inscription runique de Bergakker">Inscription runique Pays-Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptions_de_Bryggen" title="Inscriptions de Bryggen">Inscriptions de Bryggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierres_de_Jelling" title="Pierres de Jelling">Pierres de Jelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_R%C3%B6k" title="Pierre de Rök">Pierre de Rök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffret_d%27Auzon" title="Coffret d'Auzon">Coffret d'Auzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth#Logo_et_nom" title="Bluetooth">logo et nom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runomancie" title="Runomancie">Runomancie</a> (divination par les runes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_gotique" title="Alphabet gotique">Alphabet gotique</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rune&action=edit&section=24" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Runic_writing?uselang=fr">Rune</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/rune" class="extiw" title="wikt:rune">rune</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ascp/a12.htm">The Rune Poem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angerthas.de">Angerthas.de - Les apparitions des runes dans les travaux de Tolkien / Rune fonts / Futhark</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Runes" title="Modèle:Palette Runes"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Runes&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runes</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vieux_futhark" title="Vieux futhark">Vieux fuþark</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="font-size:150%;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">ᚠ</a> <small><small>f</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AAruz" title="Ūruz">ᚢ</a> <small><small>u</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz">ᚦ</a> <small><small>þ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuz" title="Ansuz">ᚨ</a> <small><small>a</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid%C5%8D" title="Raidō">ᚱ</a> <small><small>r</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">ᚲ</a> <small><small>k</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb%C5%8D" title="Gebō">ᚷ</a> <small><small>g</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wunj%C5%8D" title="Wunjō">ᚹ</a> <small><small>w</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagalaz" title="Hagalaz">ᚺ</a> <small><small>h</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz">ᚾ</a> <small><small>n</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAsaz" title="Īsaz">ᛁ</a> <small><small>i</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran">ᛃ</a> <small><small>j</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">ᛇ</a> <small><small>ï</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth%C5%8D" title="Perthō">ᛈ</a> <small><small>p</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">ᛉ</a> <small><small>z</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dwil%C5%8D" title="Sōwilō">ᛊ</a> <small><small>s</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABwaz" title="Tīwaz">ᛏ</a> <small><small>t</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">ᛒ</a> <small><small>b</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">ᛖ</a> <small><small>e</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz">ᛗ</a> <small><small>m</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz">ᛚ</a> <small><small>l</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" title="Ingwaz">ᛜ</a> <small><small>ŋ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz">ᛞ</a> <small><small>d</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cthalan" title="Ōthalan">ᛟ</a> <small><small>o</small></small></li></ul> </div></td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg/120px-Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg/250px-Runen_Schlagstempel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Runes_anglo-saxonnes" title="Runes anglo-saxonnes">Fuþorc</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="font-size:150%;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">ᚠ</a> <small><small>f</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AAruz" title="Ūruz">ᚢ</a> <small><small>u</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz">ᚦ</a> <small><small>þ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuz" title="Ansuz">ᚩ</a> <small><small>o</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid%C5%8D" title="Raidō">ᚱ</a> <small><small>r</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">ᚳ</a> <small><small>c</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb%C5%8D" title="Gebō">ᚷ</a> <small><small>Ȝ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wunj%C5%8D" title="Wunjō">ᚹ</a> <small><small>Ƿ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagalaz" title="Hagalaz">ᚻ</a> <small><small>h</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz">ᚾ</a> <small><small>n</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAsaz" title="Īsaz">ᛁ</a> <small><small>i</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran">ᛄ</a> <small><small>j</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">ᛇ</a> <small><small>eo</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth%C5%8D" title="Perthō">ᛈ</a> <small><small>p</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">ᛉ</a> <small><small>x</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dwil%C5%8D" title="Sōwilō">ᛋ</a> <small><small>s</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABwaz" title="Tīwaz">ᛏ</a> <small><small>t</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">ᛒ</a> <small><small>b</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">ᛖ</a> <small><small>e</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz">ᛗ</a> <small><small>m</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz">ᛚ</a> <small><small>l</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" title="Ingwaz">ᛝ</a> <small><small>ŋ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz">ᛞ</a> <small><small>d</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cthalan" title="Ōthalan">ᛟ</a> <small><small>œ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuz" title="Ansuz">ᚪ</a> <small><small>a</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuz" title="Ansuz">ᚫ</a> <small><small>æ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AAruz" title="Ūruz">ᚣ</a> <small><small>y</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_(rune)" title="Ear (rune)">ᛠ</a> <small><small>ea</small></small></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Runes_scandinaves" title="Runes scandinaves">Fuþark récent</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="font-size:150%;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">ᚠ</a> <small><small>f</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AAruz" title="Ūruz">ᚢ</a> <small><small>u</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz">ᚦ</a> <small><small>þ</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuz" title="Ansuz">ᚬ</a> <small><small>a</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid%C5%8D" title="Raidō">ᚱ</a> <small><small>r</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">ᚴ</a> <small><small>k</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagalaz" title="Hagalaz">ᚼ</a> <small><small>h</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz">ᚾ</a> <small><small>n</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAsaz" title="Īsaz">ᛁ</a> <small><small>i</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran">ᛅ</a> <small><small>a</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dwil%C5%8D" title="Sōwilō">ᛋ</a> <small><small>s</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABwaz" title="Tīwaz">ᛏ</a> <small><small>t</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">ᛒ</a> <small><small>b</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz">ᛘ</a> <small><small>m</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz">ᛚ</a> <small><small>l</small></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">ᛦ</a> <small><small>ʀ</small></small></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="3"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8mes_runiques" title="Poèmes runiques">Poèmes runiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_runique" title="Pierre runique">Pierres runiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runologie" title="Runologie">Runologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runomancie" title="Runomancie">Divination des runes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%82ge_des_Vikings" title="Modèle:Palette Âge des Vikings"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%82ge_des_Vikings&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_des_Vikings" title="Âge des Vikings">Âge des Vikings</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normands" title="Normands">Normands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Var%C3%A8gues" title="Varègues">Varègues</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Religion</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_nordique_ancienne" title="Religion nordique ancienne">Religion nordique ancienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologie_nordique" title="Mythologie nordique">Mythologie nordique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_de_la_mythologie_nordique" title="Panthéon de la mythologie nordique">Panthéon de la mythologie nordique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun%C3%A9railles_vikings" title="Funérailles vikings">Funérailles vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_des_peuples_scandinaves" title="Christianisation des peuples scandinaves">Christianisation des peuples scandinaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_de_l%27Islande" title="Christianisation de l'Islande">Christianisation de l'Islande</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Diaspora</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Colonisation</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/21px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/28px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_de_l%27Islande" title="Colonisation de l'Islande">Colonisation de l'Islande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_vikings_en_Am%C3%A9rique" title="Colonies vikings en Amérique">Colonies vikings en Amérique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Raids</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_des_invasions_vikings" title="Chronologie des invasions vikings">Chronologie des invasions vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_dans_les_%C3%AEles_Britanniques" title="Vikings dans les îles Britanniques">Dans les îles Britanniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_vikings_en_France" title="Raids vikings en France">En France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_vikings_en_Poitou_et_dans_la_vall%C3%A9e_de_la_Charente" title="Raids vikings en Poitou et dans la vallée de la Charente">En Poitou et dans la vallée de la Charente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incursions_vikings_dans_le_sud_de_l%27Europe" title="Incursions vikings dans le sud de l'Europe">Dans le sud de l'Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_en_Galice" title="Vikings en Galice">En Galice</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Installations</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_de_Kiev" title="Rus' de Kiev">Rus' de Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royaume_viking_d%27York" title="Royaume viking d'York">Royaume viking d'York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Man_et_des_%C3%8Eles" title="Royaume de Man et des Îles">Royaume de Man et des Îles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Dublin" title="Royaume de Dublin">Royaume de Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_des_Orcades" title="Comte des Orcades">Comte des Orcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Normandie" title="Duché de Normandie">Duché de Normandie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Sicile" title="Comté de Sicile">Comté de Sicile</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Commerce</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Route_commerciale_de_la_Volga" title="Route commerciale de la Volga">Route commerciale de la Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_commerciale_des_Var%C3%A8gues_aux_Grecs" title="Route commerciale des Varègues aux Grecs">Route commerciale des Varègues aux Grecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_des_esclaves_en_Su%C3%A8de" title="Commerce des esclaves en Suède">Commerce des esclaves en Suède</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Militaire</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bateau_viking" title="Bateau viking">Bateau viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garde_varangienne" title="Garde varangienne">Garde varangienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e_(Vikings)" title="Grande Armée (Vikings)">Grande Armée (Vikings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteresse_circulaire_viking" title="Forteresse circulaire viking">Forteresse circulaire viking</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Arts</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A9sie_scaldique" title="Poésie scaldique">Poésie scaldique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalde" title="Scalde">Scalde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes_scandinaves" title="Runes scandinaves">Runes scandinaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_runique" title="Pierre runique">Pierre runique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierres_runiques_vikings" title="Pierres runiques vikings">Pierres runiques vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateau_d%27Oseberg" title="Bateau d'Oseberg">Bateau d'Oseberg</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Scandinavie" title="Histoire de la Scandinavie">Histoire de la Scandinavie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut_Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Haut Moyen Âge">Haut Moyen Âge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux_norrois" title="Vieux norrois">Vieux norrois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#D2E6FA"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Mythologie_nordique" title="Modèle:Palette Mythologie nordique"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Mythologie_nordique&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Mythologie_nordique" title="Mythologie nordique">Mythologie nordique</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:75px;background:#D2E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_de_la_mythologie_nordique" title="Panthéon de la mythologie nordique">Panthéon</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;; background:#F7F8FF"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:75px;background:#D2E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Divinit%C3%A9_nordique" title="Catégorie:Divinité nordique">Divinités</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";background:white; text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ases" title="Ases">Ases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanes" title="Vanes">Vanes</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:75px;background:#D2E6FA">Autres</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";background:#F7F8FF; text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfe" title="Elfe">Alfes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain_(mythologie_nordique)" title="Nain (mythologie nordique)">Nains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nornes" title="Nornes">Nornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cr%C3%A9ature_fantastique_de_la_mythologie_nordique" title="Catégorie:Créature fantastique de la mythologie nordique">Créatures fantastiques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Thor%27s_hammer,_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marteau de Thor"><img alt="Marteau de Thor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/60px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/120px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:75px;background:#D2E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Lieu_de_la_mythologie_nordique" title="Catégorie:Lieu de la mythologie nordique">Lieux</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;; background:white"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheim" title="Álfheim">Álfheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgard_(mythologie)" title="Asgard (mythologie)">Ásgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(lieu_mythologique)" title="Hel (lieu mythologique)">Helheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheim" title="Jötunheim">Jötunheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muspellheim" title="Muspellheim">Muspellheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidavellir" title="Nidavellir">Nidavellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svartalfheim" title="Svartalfheim">Svartalfheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheim" title="Vanaheim">Vanaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:75px;background:#D2E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Source_de_la_mythologie_nordique" title="Catégorie:Source de la mythologie nordique">Sources</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;; background:#F7F8FF"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A9sie_scaldique" title="Poésie scaldique">Poésie scaldique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda_po%C3%A9tique" title="Edda poétique">Edda poétique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda_de_Snorri" title="Edda de Snorri">Edda de Snorri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saga_des_Ynglingar" title="Saga des Ynglingar">Saga des Ynglingar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geste_des_Danois" title="Geste des Danois">Geste des Danois</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:75px;background:#D2E6FA">Peuples</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;; background:white"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Peuple_germanique" title="Catégorie:Peuple germanique">Peuples germaniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:75px;background:#D2E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89v%C3%A9nement_de_la_mythologie_nordique" title="Catégorie:Événement de la mythologie nordique">Événements</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;; background:#F7F8FF"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulvetr" title="Fimbulvetr">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Modèle:Palette Système d'écriture"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture">Systèmes d’écriture</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_adlam" title="Alphabet adlam">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_albanien" title="Alphabet albanien">Albanien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Alphabet arménien">Arménien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrien" title="Bactrien">Bactrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_bassa" title="Alphabet bassa">Bassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_bamoun" title="Écriture bamoun">Bamoun (ou bamoum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_borama" title="Alphabet borama">Borama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carien#L'alphabet_carien" title="Carien">Carien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_copte" title="Alphabet copte">Copte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique" title="Alphabet cyrillique">Cyrillique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Elbasan (écriture)">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_%C3%A9trusque" title="Alphabet étrusque">Étrusque (ou ancien italique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(alphabet)" title="Garay (alphabet)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_g%C3%A9orgien" title="Alphabet géorgien">Géorgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_glagolitique" title="Alphabet glagolitique">Glagolitique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">Grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_gotique" title="Alphabet gotique">Gotique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_gupta" title="Écriture gupta">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul">Hangeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieil_italique" title="Vieil italique">Italiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">Latin</a> (et <a href="/wiki/Lettres_suppl%C3%A9mentaires_de_l%27alphabet_latin" title="Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin">extensions</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_mandchou" title="Alphabet mandchou">Mandchou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_mand%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet mandéen">Mandéen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_bitchig" title="Mongol bitchig">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27ko_(%C3%A9criture)" title="N'ko (écriture)">N’ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todo_bitchig" title="Todo bitchig">Oïrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Alphabet de l'Orkhon">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya" title="Osmanya">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_cun%C3%A9iforme_persane_ancienne" title="Écriture cunéiforme persane ancienne">Persan cunéiforme</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes_hongroises" title="Runes hongroises">Runes hongroises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_santali" title="Alphabet santali">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_y%C3%A9zidi" title="Alphabet yézidi">Yézidi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_consonantique" title="Alphabet consonantique">Alphabets consonantiques (ou abjads)</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">Arabe</a> (et <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Adaptations de l'alphabet arabe">adaptations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_aram%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet araméen">Araméen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89gyptien_d%C3%A9motique" title="Égyptien démotique">Démotique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_h%C3%A9breu" title="Alphabet hébreu">Hébreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_manich%C3%A9en" title="Abjad manichéen">Manichéen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_nabat%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet nabatéen">Nabatéen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ou%C3%AFghour" title="Alphabet ouïghour">Ouïghour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ougaritique" title="Alphabet ougaritique">Ougaritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_pehlevi" title="Écriture pehlevi">Pehlevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien">Phénicien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique" title="Alphabet protosinaïtique">Protosinaïtique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_punique" title="Alphabet punique">Punique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_safa%C3%AFtique" title="Écriture safaïtique">Safaïtique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_samaritain" title="Alphabet samaritain">Samaritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_sogdien" title="Alphabet sogdien">Sogdien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_sudarabique" title="Alphabet sudarabique">Sudarabique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_syriaque" title="Alphabet syriaque">Syriaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire" title="Alphasyllabaire">Alphasyllabaires (ou abugidas)</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_%C3%A2hom" title="Alphasyllabaire âhom">Âhom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_balinaise" title="Écriture balinaise">Balinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_batak" title="Écriture batak">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin (ou tagalog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_bengali" title="Alphasyllabaire bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_birmane" title="Écriture birmane">Birman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" title="Brahmi">Brahmî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_singhalais" title="Alphasyllabaire singhalais">Cingalais (ou singhalais)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Dévanâgarî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_gu%C3%A8ze" title="Alphasyllabaire guèze">Éthiopien (ou guèze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_gujarati" title="Alphasyllabaire gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_hanifi" title="Alphabet hanifi">Hanifi (rohinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_inuktitut" title="Syllabaire inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_javanaise" title="Écriture javanaise">Javanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%AFthi" title="Kaïthi">Kaïthî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_kannada" title="Écriture kannada">Kannara (ou kannada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi#Écriture_kawie" title="Kawi">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_kharoshthi" title="Alphabet kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_khmer" title="Alphasyllabaire khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_lao" title="Alphasyllabaire lao">Lao (ou laotien)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekwaikaw" title="Lekwaikaw">Lekwaikaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_lepcha" title="Alphasyllabaire lepcha">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_lontara" title="Écriture lontara">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_malayalam" title="Alphasyllabaire malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_mayek" title="Meitei mayek">Meitei mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_m%C3%A9ro%C3%AFtique" title="Alphabet méroïtique">Méroïtique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_miao" title="Écriture miao">Miao (ou Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_modi" title="Alphasyllabaire modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwangwego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwangwego (page inexistante)">Mwangwego</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwangwego_script" class="extiw" title="en:Mwangwego script"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mwangwego script »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_n%C3%A9war" title="Alphasyllabaire néwar">Néwar (ou nepalbasha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U1980" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U1980">Nouveau taï-lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojhapath" title="Ojhapath">Ojhapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_odia" title="Alphasyllabaire odia">Odia (ou oriya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_pallava" title="Écriture pallava">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_phagpa" title="Écriture phagpa">Phags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana" title="Ranjana">Ranjana (ou kutila, lantsa, wartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_redjang" title="Écriture redjang">Redjang (ou rejang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_rencong" title="Écriture rencong">Rencong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_sharda" title="Alphasyllabaire sharda">Sharda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_siddham" title="Alphasyllabaire siddham">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_soyombo" title="Écriture soyombo">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U1760" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U1760">Tagbanoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF-le" title="Taï-le">Taï-le</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C3%AF-no%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taï-noï (page inexistante)">Taï-noï</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" class="extiw" title="en:Tai Noi script"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Tai Noi script »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U1A20" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U1A20">Taï tham (ou lanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ta%C3%AF_vi%C3%AAt" title="Alphabet taï viêt">Taï viêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tamoul" title="Alphasyllabaire tamoul">Tamoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_t%C3%A9lougou" title="Alphasyllabaire télougou">Télougou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tha%C3%AF" title="Alphasyllabaire thaï">Thaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tib%C3%A9tain" title="Alphasyllabaire tibétain">Tibétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta" title="Tirhuta">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanabazar_quadratique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanabazar quadratique (page inexistante)">Zanabazar quadratique</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" class="extiw" title="en:Zanabazar square script"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Zanabazar square script »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire" title="Syllabaire">Syllabaires</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka" title="Afaka">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_b%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Écriture bété">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_cherokee" title="Syllabaire cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_chypro-minoen" title="Syllabaire chypro-minoen">Chypro-minoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_inuktitut" title="Syllabaire inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_kpelle" title="Syllabaire kpelle">Kpèllé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin%C3%A9aire_A" title="Linéaire A">Linéaire A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin%C3%A9aire_B" title="Linéaire B">Linéaire B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe" title="Mandombe">Mandombé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaba_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Masaba (écriture)">Masaba (ou bambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikakui" title="Kikakui">Mendé kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_autochtone_canadien" title="Syllabaire autochtone canadien">Syllabaires autochtones canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_va%C3%AF" title="Syllabaire vaï">Vaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_yi" title="Syllabaire yi">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Logogramme" title="Logogramme">Écritures logographiques ou apparentées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symboles_Adinkra" title="Symboles Adinkra">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_azt%C3%A8que" title="Écriture aztèque">Aztèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun%C3%A9iforme" title="Cunéiforme">Cunéiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_daba" title="Écriture daba">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_dongba" title="Écriture dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9ratique" title="Écriture hiératique">Hiératique égyptienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">Hiéroglyphes égyptiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphes_hittites" title="Hiéroglyphes hittites">Hiéroglyphes hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphe_lin%C3%A9aire" title="Hiéroglyphe linéaire">Hiéroglyphes linéaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_maya" title="Écriture maya">Hiéroglyphes mayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphes_micmacs" title="Hiéroglyphes micmacs">Hiéroglyphes micmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphes_olm%C3%A8ques" title="Hiéroglyphes olmèques">Hiéroglyphes olmèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_oss%C3%A9caille" title="Écriture ossécaille">Ossécaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishu" title="Shuishu">Shuishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">Sinogrammes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_tangoute" title="Écriture tangoute">Tangoute</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ductus" title="Ductus">Ductus</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texte_bidirectionnel" title="Texte bidirectionnel">Bidirectionnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boustroph%C3%A9don" title="Boustrophédon">Boustrophédon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sure_(typographie)" title="Césure (typographie)">Césure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse_(typographie)" title="Chasse (typographie)">Chasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_cursive" title="Écriture cursive">Cursif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graisse_(typographie)" title="Graisse (typographie)">Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italique_(typographie)" title="Italique (typographie)">Italique (incliné)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(typographie)" title="Justification (typographie)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponctuation" title="Ponctuation">Ponctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_sp%C3%A9culaire" title="Écriture spéculaire">Spéculaire (en miroir)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Norme_et_standard_techniques" title="Norme et standard techniques">Normes et standards techniques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tiquette_d%27identification_de_langues_IETF" title="Étiquette d'identification de langues IETF">BCP 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/CEI_10646" title="ISO/CEI 10646">ISO/CEI 10646</a> et <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> et <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale">Voir aussi : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphie" title="Calligraphie">Calligraphie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture" title="Écriture">Écriture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">Linguistique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notation_musicale" title="Notation musicale">Notation musicale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_de_caract%C3%A8res" title="Police de caractères">Police de caractères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9nographie" title="Sténographie">Sténographie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_num%C3%A9ration" title="Système de numération">Système de numération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typographie" title="Typographie">Typographie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89criture" title="Portail de l’écriture"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portal_Writing_icon.svg/40px-Portal_Writing_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portal_Writing_icon.svg/60px-Portal_Writing_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89criture" title="Portail:Écriture">Portail de l’écriture</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%82ge_des_Vikings" title="Portail de l'Âge des Vikings"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikingshipshortened.png/48px-Vikingshipshortened.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikingshipshortened.png/72px-Vikingshipshortened.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikingshipshortened.png/96px-Vikingshipshortened.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%82ge_des_Vikings" title="Portail:Âge des Vikings">Portail de l'Âge des Vikings</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rune&oldid=224517400">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rune&oldid=224517400</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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