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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Zhang Hongbao<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">張宏堡</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhanghongbao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zhanghongbao.jpg/120px-Zhanghongbao.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zhanghongbao.jpg/180px-Zhanghongbao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zhanghongbao.jpg/240px-Zhanghongbao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zhang Hongbao</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1954<sup id="cite_ref-PSB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 2006<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, USA</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Businessman, <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual leader">spiritual leader</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Gong" title="Zhong Gong">Zhong Gong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zhang Hongbao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">张宏堡</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">張宏堡</span>) (5 January 1954, in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, Heilongjiang, China<sup id="cite_ref-PSB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 31 July 2006, in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, USA) was the founder and spiritual leader of <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Gong" title="Zhong Gong">Zhong Gong</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a>-based <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>. He was also a wealthy businessman and a self-proclaimed leader of the Chinese democracy movement. </p><p>In 1999, Zhong Gong was officially classified as a <a href="/wiki/Xiejiao" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiejiao">cult</a> and banned by the Chinese government, leading Zhang to seek <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> in the United States. Following his relocation to America, several former Zhong Gong members would accuse Zhang of raping them under the pretext of "<a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">spiritual healing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-PSB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sina_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhang died in a motor vehicle accident in Arizona in July 2006. No notable Zhong Gong activity has been reported since his death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hongbao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhang was born in 1954 in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, where his family trade was coal-mining. Zhang spent ten years during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in a state farm in <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, during which time he started practicing Qigong. In 1977, he was admitted to the Harbin School of Metallurgy. On leaving, he joined the Communist Party and became a physics teacher in a mining region. Zhang gained entrance into the Beijing University of Science and Technology in 1985 where he studied Economic management.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer.fever-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmer, citing Ji Yi, said Zhang obtained only mediocre grades as a student, but he was interested in a diverse range of modules from Law to Chinese and Western Medicine. He also signed on at the Chinese Qigong Further Education Academy. During this time he developed a style of <i>Qigong</i> which was based on <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, physics, <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bionics" title="Bionics">bionics</a>, and with distinctive use of mechanical engineering jargon. After graduation, he became a paid qigong researcher at a university, where he was to give his first public demonstration of the "Extraordinary Powers" he had acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer.fever-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zhong_Gong">Zhong Gong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hongbao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zhong Gong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Gong" title="Zhong Gong">Zhong Gong</a></div> <p>Zhang founded Zhong Gong in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launching it on the <a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Chinese culture">auspicious date</a> of 8 August.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer.fever-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmer, citing Ji Yi's 10-million-selling hagiography <i>The Great Qigong Master Comes Down From the Mountains</i> (1990), says that Zhang gave two-week-long Qigong workshops which received national coverage in the <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. Among the over a thousand people who participated were prominent academics such as the President of Beijing University, who were reportedly able to capture and emit Qi. Having won over the academic community, Zhang also gained acceptance within the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, and other sections of the scientific community. Furthermore, he became a media celebrity after one workshop was featured in a three-minute news segment on <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a>. He also gained credibility within the media and political elites.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer.fever-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement claimed 34 million followers, 120,000 employees, 30 life cultivation bases, and 100,000 "branches" at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-blogspot_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogspot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Perry, in the early 1990s, Zhang and his followers withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Qingchengshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingchengshan">Qingchengshan</a>, deep in Sichuan, where Zhang would reorganise his activities into commercial enterprises, the flagship of which was the Qilin Group, based in Qilin City.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cunningham states the group was made up of some 60 companies headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>. The group reportedly employed 100,000 workers, mostly in qigong-related education, publication and health-product ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_allegations_and_exile">Criminal allegations and exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hongbao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criminal allegations and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>, who disavowed political ambition, Zhang Hongbao positively embraced it.<sup id="cite_ref-csn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a close disciple defected from the group and wrote a scathing exposé alleging that Zhang was a fraud and had illicit sex with followers. Independent Chinese skeptic <a href="/wiki/Sima_Nan" title="Sima Nan">Sima Nan</a> alleged that Zhang was a rapist and may even have been responsible for the murders of some former followers.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese Government issued a warrant for his arrest on 7 June 2000, and a statement calling for his return to face four counts of rape between 1990 and 1991, and two counts of using forged travel documents between 1993 and 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-PSB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese authorities allege Zhang was in possession of a bogus identity card in the name of Wang Xingxiang, a Han male born on 8 August 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-PSB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhang reportedly left China from <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport</a> on 17 June 1994, traveling across <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> before moving to America in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-sina_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_the_United_States">Life in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hongbao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhang disappeared from public view in 1995 in light of increased criticism of Zhong Gong. Zhang together with his associate and companion, Yan Qingxin, arrived in the American protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> in February 2000 without a visa, and applied for political asylum in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While awaiting transfer to the US, Zhang went on hunger strike to press for his release from detention in Guam; several overseas Chinese dissident organizations—including the <a href="/wiki/Free_China_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free China Movement">Free China Movement</a>, the Chinese Democracy Party and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Conference_of_Chinese_Overseas_Democracy_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Conference of Chinese Overseas Democracy Movement (page does not exist)">Joint Conference of Chinese Overseas Democracy Movement</a>—organizing a press conference to support his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang was denied asylum by the United States, but was granted wrongful withholding, which prevented repatriation to China. After 13 months in detention in Guam, he secured the services of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Shapiro_(lawyer)" title="Robert Shapiro (lawyer)">Robert Shapiro</a>, who <a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case#Defense_attorneys" class="mw-redirect" title="O. J. Simpson murder case">defended O.J. Simpson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapiro claims credit for gaining the support of <a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a> for Zhang's application.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang was granted protection residence by the U.S. Board of Immigration Appeal in June 2001, reversing a previous ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April, the China Federation Foundation (CFF) was founded with money from Zhang, and led by a dissident named Peng Ming. This group wanted to form an alternative government for China through the violent overthrow of the Communist government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Not supported by the source provided. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Zhang claimed that he planned this for many years, not for creating conditions for formal political asylum to avoid being expelled if convicted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In what may have been a power struggle within the Chinese dissident movement, Zhang subsequently fell out with other dissidents, including Yan Qingxin, his domestic partner for 12 years. Until September 2001, Yan was Zhong Gong's first lieutenant and "helped build the organization into a powerful entity that made billions of dollars". Yan filed a lawsuit on 26 June in Pasadena Superior Court accusing Zhang of assault, battery and false imprisonment,<sup id="cite_ref-starnews_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starnews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and asked for damages of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>23 million.<sup id="cite_ref-blogspot_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogspot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yan's sister, Qi Zhang, also a Chinese dissident, filed a suit in Pasadena in July 2003, accusing Zhang of crimes including racketeering and slander.<sup id="cite_ref-starnews_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starnews-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, from 2003 to 2005, Zhang was hit by an avalanche of 20–40 civil lawsuits with accusations from other plaintiffs. The arrest of Zhang led to division in the dissident movement.<sup id="cite_ref-csn_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhang was arrested in March 2003 at his Pasadena mansion in connection with allegations made by his housekeeper, He Nanfang. Zhang was charged with four felonies, including kidnapping assault and false imprisonment with a deadly weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If convicted, Zhang would have lost his protection status and been expelled from the United States. In the end, the <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> charges in the He Nanfang case were reduced to one charge of battery, a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a>, to which Zhang pleaded <a href="/wiki/Nolo_contendere" title="Nolo contendere">no contest</a> on 22 April 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-csn_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 February 2006, Zhang won a criminal case, and soon other lawsuits against him were lost or were successively withdrawn. Only one civil case and a labor compensation case remained.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hongbao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhang was killed in a car accident in Arizona on 31 July 2006, though the official Zhong Gong website would only announce his death one month later.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-csn_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hongbao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PSB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeijing_Public_Security_Bureau2000" class="citation web cs1">Beijing Public Security Bureau (25 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/sggg/sgxw/t34848.htm">"Zhang Hongbao Is a Criminal Suspect in China"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zhang+Hongbao+Is+a+Criminal+Suspect+in+China&rft.date=2000-07-25&rft.au=Beijing+Public+Security+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-embassy.org%2Feng%2Fsgxx%2Fsggg%2Fsgxw%2Ft34848.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hongbao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sina-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sina_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sina_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sina.com.cn/china/2000-09-15/127493.html"><bdi lang="zh">我国官员表示张宏堡涉嫌刑事犯罪证据确凿</bdi></a>. <i>news.sina.com.cn</i> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Sina_Corporation" title="Sina Corporation">Sina</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sina.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%98%E5%91%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%8F%E5%A0%A1%E6%B6%89%E5%AB%8C%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE%E7%A1%AE%E5%87%BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2000-09-15%2F127493.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hongbao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer.fever-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer.fever_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, David A. (2007). <i>The Rise of Zhang Hongbao</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXeuibmD2dsC&pg=PA146">146</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXeuibmD2dsC&pg=PA150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231511704" title="Special:BookSources/9780231511704"><bdi>9780231511704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Zhang+Hongbao&rft.pages=146-150&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780231511704&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hongbao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Chinoy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/east/08/24/china.dissident/index.html">Chinese sect leader waits for word on asylum in U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122111734/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/east/08/24/china.dissident/index.html">Archived</a> 22 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, 25 August 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogspot-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blogspot_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogspot_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinamatters.blogspot.com/2006_07_01_archive.html">World of Shadows</a>, <i>China Matters</i>, 26 July 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton,_Patricia_M." class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Patricia M. "The new cybersects". In Elizabeth J. Perry, Mark Selden (ed.). <i>Chinese society: change, conflict and resistance</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+new+cybersects&rft.btitle=Chinese+society%3A+change%2C+conflict+and+resistance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Patricia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hongbao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Japan_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Cunningham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?eo20001230a1.htm">Falling victim to U.S.-Chinese diplomacy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>, 30 December 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csn_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csn_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csn_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csn_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Kusumi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinasupport.net/buzz09100601.htm">Zhang Hongbao, qi gong master, Chinese dissident, and lightning rod for controversy dies at age 52</a>, <i>China Support Network</i>, 10 September 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig S. Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/asia/073100china-leader.html">Asylum Plea by Chinese Sect's Leader Perplexes the U.S.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 31 July 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Newswire2000" class="citation news cs1">U.S. Newswire (19 December 2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Campaign to Free Master Zhang Hongbao' to Hold Press Conference Dec. 20".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Campaign+to+Free+Master+Zhang+Hongbao%27+to+Hold+Press+Conference+Dec.+20&rft.date=2000-12-19&rft.au=U.S.+Newswire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hongbao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shapiro-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shapiro_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shapiro_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Interviews With Robert Shapiro, Ben Kingsley, Robert Wuhl and Warren Chistopher". <i>Larry King Weekend</i>. 2 June 2001. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0106/02/lklw.00.html">Transcript</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Larry+King+Weekend&rft.date=2001-06-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hongbao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apologeticsindex.org/news1/an010615-08.html">U.S. Grants Asylum to Banned China Sect Leader</a>, <i>Apologetics Index</i>, 15 June 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starnews-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-starnews_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-starnews_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionnewsblog.com/3896/lawsuit-added-against-zhang">Experts say suits may hinder democracy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Star-News" title="Pasadena Star-News">Pasadena Star-News</a></i>, 1 August 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionnewsblog.com/3207/exiled-leader-of-chinese-spiritual-movement-charged-in-beating">Exiled leader of Chinese spiritual movement charged in beating</a>, <i>Religion News Blog</i>, 5 May 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_J_O'Brien2008" class="citation book cs1">Kevin J O'Brien (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPcJ0WLSUhUC"><i>Popular Protest in China</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674030619" title="Special:BookSources/9780674030619"><bdi>9780674030619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Protest+in+China&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780674030619&rft.au=Kevin+J+O%27Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPcJ0WLSUhUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Hongbao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Hongbao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412023049/http://www.tianhuaculture.net/eng/b1.html">Tian Hua Culture (Official Zhong Gong website)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre331" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">Household responsibility system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">April 26 Editorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Hunger Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Mao_portrait_vandalism_incident" title="1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident">Mao portrait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist<br />Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Elders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Regional leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Protesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Leading figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Zheng" title="Fang Zheng">Fang Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xianbin" title="Liu Xianbin">Liu Xianbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Baiqiao" title="Tang Baiqiao">Tang Baiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dongyue" title="Yu Dongyue">Yu Dongyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Changqing" title="Zhao Changqing">Zhao Changqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun_incident" title="Zhou Yongjun incident">Zhou Yongjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lianxiu" title="Li Lianxiu">Li Lianxiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Army units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army (People's Republic of China)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Army (People's Republic of China)">20th</a></li> <li>24th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Army (People's Republic of China)">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Army (People's Republic of China)">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Army (People's Republic of China)">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Army (People's Republic of China)">40th</a></li> <li>54th</li> <li>63rd</li> <li>64th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a></li> <li>67th</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almost_a_Revolution" title="Almost a Revolution">Almost a Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tiananmen_Journal" title="A Tiananmen Journal">A Tiananmen Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_China" title="Escape from China">Escape from China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Execution_(painting)" title="Execution (painting)">Execution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Heart_for_Freedom" title="A Heart for Freedom">A Heart for Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt (advertisement)">Leica advert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State">Prisoner of the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quelling_the_People" title="Quelling the People">Quelling the People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Over_Tiananmen_Square" title="Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square">Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Exiles" title="Tiananmen Exiles">Tiananmen Exiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(play)" title="Chimerica (play)">Chimerica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(TV_series)" title="Chimerica (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Human rights<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China Support Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Anniversaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">21st (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="24th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">24th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="25th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">25th (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">30th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">31st (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">32nd (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" title="Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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