CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Henan University | College of Environment and Planning - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "departments", 'action': "show_works", 'controller_action': 'departments#show_works', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="xJjFkURNH8TP3k7esOjjpuXS2y7lMMrzCl3PQFj1FoIcuG9HvVn2qEzJdS4QtLMLWiPSNmOTwTz6VQmy8BGeGQ" /> <link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="Academia.edu is the platform to share, find, and explore 50 Million research papers. Join us to accelerate your research needs & academic interests." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'departments'; var $action_name = "show_works"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '65688b5f01769e4981f5a2be5e5aa7813b2e8d05'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14008,"monthly_visitors":"108 million","monthly_visitor_count":108476212,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":108,"user_count":283800116,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740599997000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740599997000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-3d6a0fc1a24347dfb16a9ce3dfdd96bbf39cc6e1d390f2e12e20fc6249a397ed.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-e3dc02fc8ca7230d51ed9d586e67606aa86cc41d5d96aec8224b0cfff74915da.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://henu.academia.edu/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents" /> </head>   <body class='c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-xs no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft u-fs24 u-tcGrayDarkest"><span class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fw700 u-mr5x u-pr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/"><span class="u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarkest">Henan University</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">College of Environment and Planning</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i>  All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents">51 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning">10 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7771655" data-work_id="7771655" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7771655/%E5%BD%A2%E5%8F%98%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8DCu_Ag%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%BF%9B%E5%B1%95">形变原位Cu-Ag复合材料的研究进展</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7771655" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4a5981190beb6acc5cbdf81ef9b11935" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34284280,"asset_id":7771655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34284280/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14293910" href="https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao">xing gao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14293910" type="text/json">{"id":14293910,"first_name":"xing","last_name":"gao","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"xinggao","display_name":"xing gao","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7771655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7771655"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7771655, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7771655", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7771655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7771655; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7771655"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7771655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7771655"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7771655; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7771655]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7771655").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7771655").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7771656" data-work_id="7771656" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7771656/Speculation_on_the_timing_and_nature_of_Late_Pleistocene_hunter_gatherer_colonization_of_the_Tibetan_Plateau">Speculation on the timing and nature of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer colonization of the Tibetan Plateau</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Hunter-gatherer populations in greater north-east Asia experienced dramatic range expansions during the early Upper Paleolithic (45—22 ka) and the late Upper Paleolithic (18—10 ka), both of which led to intensive occupations of cold... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7771656" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hunter-gatherer populations in greater north-east Asia experienced dramatic range expansions during the early Upper Paleolithic (45—22 ka) and the late Upper Paleolithic (18—10 ka), both of which led to intensive occupations of cold desert environments including the Mongolian Gobi and northwest China. Range contractions under the cold, arid extremes of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 22—18 ka) may have entailed widespread population extirpations. The high elevation Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is significantly more extreme in both climate and environment than either the Gobi or the Siberian taiga forests, and provides an ideal setting to test fundamental models of human biogeography in the context of regional population fluctuations. The area is presently occupied primarily by nomadic pastoralists, but it is clear that these complex middle Holocene (<6 ka) economic adaptations were not a necessary prerequisite for successful colonization of the high elevation Plateau. Exploratory field-work in 2000–2001 has established that Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers were present on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by at least 12 ka and possibly much earlier. A speculative model for the colonization process is developed and preliminary archaeological data in support of the model are presented.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7771656" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="273111dc03d29fc8dfa0d6ba34312649" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48346304,"asset_id":7771656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48346304/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14293910" href="https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao">xing gao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14293910" type="text/json">{"id":14293910,"first_name":"xing","last_name":"gao","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"xinggao","display_name":"xing gao","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7771656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7771656"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7771656, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7771656", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7771656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7771656; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7771656"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7771656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7771656"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7771656; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7771656]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7771656").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7771656").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7771656"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5470" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asia">East Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5470" type="text/json">{"id":5470,"name":"East Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asia","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30825" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Upper_Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30825" type="text/json">{"id":30825,"name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Upper_Paleolithic","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7771656]'), work: {"id":7771656,"title":"Speculation on the timing and nature of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer colonization of the Tibetan Plateau","created_at":"2014-07-24T13:14:55.419-07:00","owner_id":14293910,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/7771656/Speculation_on_the_timing_and_nature_of_Late_Pleistocene_hunter_gatherer_colonization_of_the_Tibetan_Plateau","slug":"Speculation_on_the_timing_and_nature_of_Late_Pleistocene_hunter_gatherer_colonization_of_the_Tibetan_Plateau","dom_id":"work_7771656","summary":"Hunter-gatherer populations in greater north-east Asia experienced dramatic range expansions during the early Upper Paleolithic (45—22 ka) and the late Upper Paleolithic (18—10 ka), both of which led to intensive occupations of cold desert environments including the Mongolian Gobi and northwest China. Range contractions under the cold, arid extremes of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 22—18 ka) may have entailed widespread population extirpations. The high elevation Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is significantly more extreme in both climate and environment than either the Gobi or the Siberian taiga forests, and provides an ideal setting to test fundamental models of human biogeography in the context of regional population fluctuations. The area is presently occupied primarily by nomadic pastoralists, but it is clear that these complex middle Holocene (\u003c6 ka) economic adaptations were not a necessary prerequisite for successful colonization of the high elevation Plateau. Exploratory field-work in 2000–2001 has established that Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers were present on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by at least 12 ka and possibly much earlier. A speculative model for the colonization process is developed and preliminary archaeological data in support of the model are presented.","publication":"Chinese Science Bulletin","publication_with_fallback":"Chinese Science Bulletin","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48346304,"asset_id":7771656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48346304/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48346304/Speculation_on_the_timing_and_nature_of_20160826-28169-jwob1u-libre.pdf?1472260644=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSpeculation_on_the_timing_and_nature_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603594\u0026Signature=PH6q3qEAbZsVmYaZ9rpskU0B5tOxOCzskgnRTqFwJKkFv6MpiLt3wmRDgko0NsLvd0BtF68t4tLJh~f~gqRe5v4QQnuDAREm7KMm9mn6MZcDam0WcxAR3t-moqH7m-vVZ59HK6iDAcYsTarA5uJU1QlMGSdmk3Iyh27VEHajbHJUvIIoARs598e9HKHWgcTdyIcpauvS4aqhy6T~rcq8BL9dGbsvw7V6hvPTP3SmV-U4iNPp7a82DFiWzYwBq9JkSCK2hqpsM75m3wKb155qPzg87J3ijdDUb8TgqTho26HcuEcF5koJKpNsOLi~bAjs0qQEwWZzaaFaRt7lTeYkVQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48346304/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48346304/mini_magick20190204-16147-15e3g5i.png?1549275353"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":48346304,"asset_id":7771656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48346304/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48346304/Speculation_on_the_timing_and_nature_of_20160826-28169-jwob1u-libre.pdf?1472260644=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSpeculation_on_the_timing_and_nature_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603594\u0026Signature=PH6q3qEAbZsVmYaZ9rpskU0B5tOxOCzskgnRTqFwJKkFv6MpiLt3wmRDgko0NsLvd0BtF68t4tLJh~f~gqRe5v4QQnuDAREm7KMm9mn6MZcDam0WcxAR3t-moqH7m-vVZ59HK6iDAcYsTarA5uJU1QlMGSdmk3Iyh27VEHajbHJUvIIoARs598e9HKHWgcTdyIcpauvS4aqhy6T~rcq8BL9dGbsvw7V6hvPTP3SmV-U4iNPp7a82DFiWzYwBq9JkSCK2hqpsM75m3wKb155qPzg87J3ijdDUb8TgqTho26HcuEcF5koJKpNsOLi~bAjs0qQEwWZzaaFaRt7lTeYkVQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48346304/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48346304/mini_magick20190204-16147-15e3g5i.png?1549275353"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":7,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14293910,"first_name":"xing","last_name":"gao","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"xinggao","display_name":"xing gao","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true},{"id":5470,"name":"East Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asia","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary","nofollow":true},{"id":30825,"name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Upper_Paleolithic","nofollow":true},{"id":64942,"name":"Range Expansion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Range_Expansion"},{"id":77508,"name":"Late Pleistocene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Pleistocene"},{"id":185526,"name":"Last Glacial Maximum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Last_Glacial_Maximum"},{"id":275179,"name":"Tibetan Plateau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Plateau"},{"id":562100,"name":"North East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_East"},{"id":1275811,"name":"Chinese Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Science"}],"publication_year":2003,"publication_year_with_fallback":2003,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":21,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7771657" data-work_id="7771657" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7771657/120_150_ka_human_tooth_and_ivory_engravings_from_Xinglongdong_Cave_Three_Gorges_Region_South_China">120–150 ka human tooth and ivory engravings from Xinglongdong Cave, Three Gorges Region, South China</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Rich paleoanthropological materials were unearthed in primary context from the Xinglongdong Cave in Fengjie County, Chongqing, South China, including a human tooth, numerous mammalian fossils, some stone artifacts and aStegodon tusk... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7771657" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rich paleoanthropological materials were unearthed in primary context from the Xinglongdong Cave in Fengjie County, Chongqing, South China, including a human tooth, numerous mammalian fossils, some stone artifacts and aStegodon tusk exhibiting intentional engravings. Based on biostratigraphic data and uranium series dating, the cave was utilized as a human shelter about 120000–150000 years ago. It is the first time that an archaicHomo sapiens fossil has been unearthed from the Three Gorges Region. Engravings on theStegodon tusk appear in groups, making up simple and abstract images. It is the earliest known engravings created by human beings; it exhibits great potential for the study of the origin of art and the development of ancient cultures in south China and bears important implications for the origin of modern humans in East Asia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7771657" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="63f9255b6981ec96678a161a510cb3c6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48346334,"asset_id":7771657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48346334/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14293910" href="https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao">xing gao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14293910" type="text/json">{"id":14293910,"first_name":"xing","last_name":"gao","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"xinggao","display_name":"xing gao","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7771657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7771657"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7771657, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7771657", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7771657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7771657; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7771657"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7771657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7771657"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7771657; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7771657]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7771657").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7771657").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7771657"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5470" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asia">East Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5470" type="text/json">{"id":5470,"name":"East Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asia","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="197674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_China">South China</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="197674" type="text/json">{"id":197674,"name":"South China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_China","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7771657]'), work: {"id":7771657,"title":"120–150 ka human tooth and ivory engravings from Xinglongdong Cave, Three Gorges Region, South China","created_at":"2014-07-24T13:14:55.568-07:00","owner_id":14293910,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/7771657/120_150_ka_human_tooth_and_ivory_engravings_from_Xinglongdong_Cave_Three_Gorges_Region_South_China","slug":"120_150_ka_human_tooth_and_ivory_engravings_from_Xinglongdong_Cave_Three_Gorges_Region_South_China","dom_id":"work_7771657","summary":"Rich paleoanthropological materials were unearthed in primary context from the Xinglongdong Cave in Fengjie County, Chongqing, South China, including a human tooth, numerous mammalian fossils, some stone artifacts and aStegodon tusk exhibiting intentional engravings. Based on biostratigraphic data and uranium series dating, the cave was utilized as a human shelter about 120000–150000 years ago. It is the first time that an archaicHomo sapiens fossil has been unearthed from the Three Gorges Region. Engravings on theStegodon tusk appear in groups, making up simple and abstract images. It is the earliest known engravings created by human beings; it exhibits great potential for the study of the origin of art and the development of ancient cultures in south China and bears important implications for the origin of modern humans in East Asia.","publication":"Chinese Science Bulletin","publication_with_fallback":"Chinese Science Bulletin","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48346334,"asset_id":7771657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48346334/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48346334/03wd021420160826-6191-t0puai-libre.pdf?1472260641=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D120_150_ka_human_tooth_and_ivory_engravi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740592531\u0026Signature=Z-WagXEnEQC3PV4fPSH8LBtc4Ixn5n97uqXtJR3UVjX~shOEuH3m9SWBLaaDe5ZzIleMa66BoiCfe2J0qKOPM2Th6XrUPy80B8LvT9eWYRwAnJTKNFxL-0lfynrV6H2tO-tRDhHDJ9k5O6K9RhG9FErFYoHfC0B5raWOhcC8p7lAxLWLY2YLy9yH3gXCT4gTHEAhwPTd9LXFDb9uFmzpbcpdIwfXjko~mynnAESkrV6bVNzCsXxCR9qIREqUlrHVt6f7O5~qq~INcMfwcn2lOu6Do1wYv4qlJ1YCdjyBI8meFo4L1a5J5aOYAcnnwUGtUMmT8Obh-AODo~NAtmzCfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48346334/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48346334/mini_magick20190204-16151-1pp6atp.png?1549275345"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":48346334,"asset_id":7771657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48346334/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48346334/03wd021420160826-6191-t0puai-libre.pdf?1472260641=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D120_150_ka_human_tooth_and_ivory_engravi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740592531\u0026Signature=Z-WagXEnEQC3PV4fPSH8LBtc4Ixn5n97uqXtJR3UVjX~shOEuH3m9SWBLaaDe5ZzIleMa66BoiCfe2J0qKOPM2Th6XrUPy80B8LvT9eWYRwAnJTKNFxL-0lfynrV6H2tO-tRDhHDJ9k5O6K9RhG9FErFYoHfC0B5raWOhcC8p7lAxLWLY2YLy9yH3gXCT4gTHEAhwPTd9LXFDb9uFmzpbcpdIwfXjko~mynnAESkrV6bVNzCsXxCR9qIREqUlrHVt6f7O5~qq~INcMfwcn2lOu6Do1wYv4qlJ1YCdjyBI8meFo4L1a5J5aOYAcnnwUGtUMmT8Obh-AODo~NAtmzCfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48346334/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48346334/mini_magick20190204-16151-1pp6atp.png?1549275345"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":14293910,"first_name":"xing","last_name":"gao","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"xinggao","display_name":"xing gao","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/xinggao","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5470,"name":"East Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asia","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary","nofollow":true},{"id":197674,"name":"South China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_China","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2004,"publication_year_with_fallback":2004,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":65,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27206478 coauthored" data-work_id="27206478" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27206478/Zooplankton_in_the_Gut_Content_of_Indian_Shad_Tenualosa_ilisha_Case_Study_at_the_Meghna_River_Estuary_Bangladesh">Zooplankton in the Gut Content of Indian Shad (Tenualosa ilisha): Case Study at the Meghna River Estuary, Bangladesh</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Indian Shad or Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) is the national fish of Bangladesh. The study was conducted to identify zooplankton species in the gut content of Hilsa, collected from the Meghna river estuary in two seasons: pre-monsoon... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27206478" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Indian Shad or Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) is the national fish of Bangladesh. The study was conducted to identify zooplankton species in the gut content of Hilsa, collected from the Meghna river estuary in two seasons: pre-monsoon (March) and monsoon (June) in 2014.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27206478" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e18eb8ea5236df9ebaff92177a2044ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47460307,"asset_id":27206478,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47460307/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-27206478">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-27206478"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/NanaKantankaII">Nana Kantanka II</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-27206478'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-27206478').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27206478 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27206478"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27206478, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27206478", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27206478 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27206478; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27206478"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27206478 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27206478"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27206478; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27206478]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27206478").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27206478").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28897463 coauthored" data-work_id="28897463" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28897463/Stakeholders_Participation_and_Sustainability_of_Corporate_Social_Responsibility_Programmes_in_Ghana_A_Study_of_AngloGold_Ashanti_Mine_in_Obuasi">Stakeholders Participation and Sustainability of Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes in Ghana: A Study of AngloGold Ashanti Mine in Obuasi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained tremendous attention in the policy implementation of some organizations. National governments and societies have developed keen interest in the operations of organizations under this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28897463" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained tremendous attention in the policy implementation of some organizations. National governments and societies have developed keen interest in the operations of organizations under this jurisdiction. Therefore, companies may not only be profit oriented but would seek to enhance the welfare of the people as they operate in a more sustainable way without harming the environment. It is on this premise that this article attempts to assess stakeholder participation and sustainability of corporate social responsibility programmes implemented by AngloGold Ashanti in Obuasi, Ghana. CSR programmes initiated by AGA-Obuasi are categorized into four main areas: Community Health and Malaria Control Programme, Social Infrastructure, Education and Sports as well as Art, Culture & Heritage programmes (AngloGold Ashanti, 2013). Activities of the mines affect Obuasi and their allocated unit areas environmentally, socially, economically and culturally and hence, the company is not only profit oriented but has assumed responsibility of developing the community through CSR and the reclamation bond or process. CSR programmes are undertaken voluntarily by the mine corporation to facilitate its operations. CSR policies, plans, program and projects are broad and hence, the study was conducted mainly to assess stakeholder participation and sustainability. The relevant stakeholders in various communities in the AGA-Obuasi operational area were involved in the formulation and implementation of CSR programmes through consultative committee meetings, community/public meetings in various allocated communities. Program were formulated and implemented based on request from host communities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28897463" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c35eb10f06273f14af0af3188794a934" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49331161,"asset_id":28897463,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49331161/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24567027" href="https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/NanaKantankaII">Nana Kantanka II</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24567027" type="text/json">{"id":24567027,"first_name":"Nana","last_name":"Kantanka II","domain_name":"centraluniversity-gh","page_name":"NanaKantankaII","display_name":"Nana Kantanka II","profile_url":"https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/NanaKantankaII","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24567027/6638630/31460951/s65_nana.kantanka_ii.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-28897463">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-28897463"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-28897463'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-28897463').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28897463 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28897463"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28897463, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28897463", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28897463 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28897463; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28897463"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28897463 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28897463"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28897463; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28897463]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28897463").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28897463").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28897463"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2312" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services">Ecosystem Services</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2312" type="text/json">{"id":2312,"name":"Ecosystem Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3470" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Engagement_and_Participation">Community Engagement & Participation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3470" type="text/json">{"id":3470,"name":"Community Engagement \u0026 Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Engagement_and_Participation","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7609" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Management">Environmental Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7609" type="text/json">{"id":7609,"name":"Environmental Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_Management">Natural Resource Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8801" type="text/json">{"id":8801,"name":"Natural Resource Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_Management","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28897463]'), work: {"id":28897463,"title":"Stakeholders Participation and Sustainability of Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes in Ghana: A Study of AngloGold Ashanti Mine in Obuasi","created_at":"2016-10-03T19:21:44.338-07:00","owner_id":24567027,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/28897463/Stakeholders_Participation_and_Sustainability_of_Corporate_Social_Responsibility_Programmes_in_Ghana_A_Study_of_AngloGold_Ashanti_Mine_in_Obuasi","slug":"Stakeholders_Participation_and_Sustainability_of_Corporate_Social_Responsibility_Programmes_in_Ghana_A_Study_of_AngloGold_Ashanti_Mine_in_Obuasi","dom_id":"work_28897463","summary":"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained tremendous attention in the policy implementation of some organizations. National governments and societies have developed keen interest in the operations of organizations under this jurisdiction. Therefore, companies may not only be profit oriented but would seek to enhance the welfare of the people as they operate in a more sustainable way without harming the environment. It is on this premise that this article attempts to assess stakeholder participation and sustainability of corporate social responsibility programmes implemented by AngloGold Ashanti in Obuasi, Ghana. CSR programmes initiated by AGA-Obuasi are categorized into four main areas: Community Health and Malaria Control Programme, Social Infrastructure, Education and Sports as well as Art, Culture \u0026 Heritage programmes (AngloGold Ashanti, 2013). Activities of the mines affect Obuasi and their allocated unit areas environmentally, socially, economically and culturally and hence, the company is not only profit oriented but has assumed responsibility of developing the community through CSR and the reclamation bond or process. CSR programmes are undertaken voluntarily by the mine corporation to facilitate its operations. CSR policies, plans, program and projects are broad and hence, the study was conducted mainly to assess stakeholder participation and sustainability. The relevant stakeholders in various communities in the AGA-Obuasi operational area were involved in the formulation and implementation of CSR programmes through consultative committee meetings, community/public meetings in various allocated communities. Program were formulated and implemented based on request from host communities.","publication":"Environment and Natural Resources Research-Canadian Center of Science and Education","publication_with_fallback":"Environment and Natural Resources Research-Canadian Center of Science and Education","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49331161,"asset_id":28897463,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49331161/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49331161/CSR_in_Ghana-libre.pdf?1475548250=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DStakeholders_Participation_and_Sustainab.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=OosKFjSH9Pd1mKpTp4kSZiwVT9kURDkwKE7aMjKzTiYhPnnDpCcYTRRWi3DblKzuQlP9bpstVFBhzi4i~sVrUjZbmKljJ-9alM4wZuCkMJVZOTbRr49~f5wRgltzeFdZHdbiOxgSY6IvdV8Ks0NO7HpeNeXGocyPEkrhIWK~dzZssOzTkfOZGh9ekeuWOByMzjvInZUSwOs~waNwSwrjYH9U-nxw6Uz48SWxwymrW~-8qmPGeMXP6V128VSescW4GDZsPhqfFBQxDwGfmeQDkPUfS5OxVlgsV5slogPcXJtr-Bi4uUmVyFUR5GD3aUPRoE4S47ruYWw2JW-MDrBMKA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49331161/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49331161/mini_magick20190131-6208-kff2z8.png?1548998916"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":49331161,"asset_id":28897463,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49331161/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49331161/CSR_in_Ghana-libre.pdf?1475548250=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DStakeholders_Participation_and_Sustainab.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=OosKFjSH9Pd1mKpTp4kSZiwVT9kURDkwKE7aMjKzTiYhPnnDpCcYTRRWi3DblKzuQlP9bpstVFBhzi4i~sVrUjZbmKljJ-9alM4wZuCkMJVZOTbRr49~f5wRgltzeFdZHdbiOxgSY6IvdV8Ks0NO7HpeNeXGocyPEkrhIWK~dzZssOzTkfOZGh9ekeuWOByMzjvInZUSwOs~waNwSwrjYH9U-nxw6Uz48SWxwymrW~-8qmPGeMXP6V128VSescW4GDZsPhqfFBQxDwGfmeQDkPUfS5OxVlgsV5slogPcXJtr-Bi4uUmVyFUR5GD3aUPRoE4S47ruYWw2JW-MDrBMKA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49331161/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49331161/mini_magick20190131-6208-kff2z8.png?1548998916"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":8,"ordered_authors":[{"id":24567027,"first_name":"Nana","last_name":"Kantanka II","domain_name":"centraluniversity-gh","page_name":"NanaKantankaII","display_name":"Nana Kantanka II","profile_url":"https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/NanaKantankaII","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24567027/6638630/31460951/s65_nana.kantanka_ii.jpg"},{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2312,"name":"Ecosystem Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services","nofollow":true},{"id":3470,"name":"Community Engagement \u0026 Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Engagement_and_Participation","nofollow":true},{"id":7609,"name":"Environmental Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":8801,"name":"Natural Resource Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":8880,"name":"Corporate Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Sustainability"},{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana"},{"id":18496,"name":"Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mining"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability"},{"id":892228,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility_CSR_"},{"id":1655262,"name":"ANGLOGOLD ASHANTI OBUASI GHANA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ANGLOGOLD_ASHANTI_OBUASI_GHANA"}],"publication_year":2016,"publication_year_with_fallback":2016,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":252,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38545246" data-work_id="38545246" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38545246/Assessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate_Disposal_of_Waste_A_Case_Study_of_the_Keta_Lagoon_in_the_Volta_Region_of_Ghana">Assessing the Effects of Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste: A Case Study of the Keta Lagoon in the Volta Region of Ghana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Over the years, the issue of waste generation and management have been a major issue of concern, stemming a number of countries around the world, thus, developing countries. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate into the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38545246" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Over the years, the issue of waste generation and management have been a major issue of concern, stemming a number of countries around the world, thus, developing countries. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate into the effects of indiscriminate disposal of waste in and around the Keta Lagoon in the Volta region of Ghana. The study highlighted quite a number of respondents, who had lived in the area for quite a lengthy period and had observed the changes with regards to rapid deteriorating conditions of sanitation in the area as well as the aesthetic nature of the lagoon per the value it served decades ago and now. It is for these reasons why the study sought to look at what had contributed to the diminishing state of the Keta Lagoon, which is a designated Ramsar site (Ramsar Convention, 1971), hence, its importance to Ghana as a nation. The absence of waste management services, ignorance and lack of law enforcement units were identified as key factors, playing a fundamental role to indiscriminate dumping of refuse in and around the Keta Lagoon. Based on key findings, recommendations on sensitising or educating the inhabitants as well as the general public on sanitation in basic schools would create some level of awareness. Strengthening and equipping the Municipal Assembly in the area by the government would help ensure frequent monitoring and regulate waste management in the area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38545246" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a4d95a90495ad551e7e4399115f68b40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58616488,"asset_id":38545246,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58616488/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38545246 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38545246"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38545246, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38545246", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38545246 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38545246; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38545246"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38545246 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38545246"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38545246; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38545246]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38545246").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38545246").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38545246"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9620" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana">Ghana</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9620" type="text/json">{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21963" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_Waste_Management">Solid Waste Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21963" type="text/json">{"id":21963,"name":"Solid Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_Waste_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="987308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volta_Region">Volta Region</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="987308" type="text/json">{"id":987308,"name":"Volta Region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volta_Region","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38545246]'), work: {"id":38545246,"title":"Assessing the Effects of Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste: A Case Study of the Keta Lagoon in the Volta Region of Ghana","created_at":"2019-03-13T11:27:42.413-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38545246/Assessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate_Disposal_of_Waste_A_Case_Study_of_the_Keta_Lagoon_in_the_Volta_Region_of_Ghana","slug":"Assessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate_Disposal_of_Waste_A_Case_Study_of_the_Keta_Lagoon_in_the_Volta_Region_of_Ghana","dom_id":"work_38545246","summary":"Over the years, the issue of waste generation and management have been a major issue of concern, stemming a number of countries around the world, thus, developing countries. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate into the effects of indiscriminate disposal of waste in and around the Keta Lagoon in the Volta region of Ghana. The study highlighted quite a number of respondents, who had lived in the area for quite a lengthy period and had observed the changes with regards to rapid deteriorating conditions of sanitation in the area as well as the aesthetic nature of the lagoon per the value it served decades ago and now. It is for these reasons why the study sought to look at what had contributed to the diminishing state of the Keta Lagoon, which is a designated Ramsar site (Ramsar Convention, 1971), hence, its importance to Ghana as a nation. The absence of waste management services, ignorance and lack of law enforcement units were identified as key factors, playing a fundamental role to indiscriminate dumping of refuse in and around the Keta Lagoon. Based on key findings, recommendations on sensitising or educating the inhabitants as well as the general public on sanitation in basic schools would create some level of awareness. Strengthening and equipping the Municipal Assembly in the area by the government would help ensure frequent monitoring and regulate waste management in the area.","publication":"Journal of Biodiversity \u0026 Endangered Species","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Biodiversity \u0026 Endangered Species","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58616488,"asset_id":38545246,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58616488/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58616488/Assessing-the-effects-ilovepdf-compressed-libre.pdf?1552507909=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=N426Jw6FDJgjeSvGR3HW7IUgKuJHe0rqVvNGAIsoP0~8tckzxCL9vkwE8HCZn-MoPzF8NMGFhulBOmvMfhJBL-YXWGcSiEIqz7GOHrbNkP-P76TZq27MlOxxDLDIjY9YPlba5JVFDIr1arfDtIfh1W739IYpVN35OV0wg19qdoIH2Gw9hfwnLrI4m~W34duA8x6OuKml6mY2V2tnijPZzr1JGarEDvE2hMZwSoEZzgc-wOa6IH~YSuFuRuHGX36IYsjnpZoMLzApYGGdXgjZHf7e6mgUGMUm1N2WXmoVguFXh74FduKq87Y6DItiA-iadJ4Llg6js4tqrPECcb2kkA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58616488/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58616488/mini_magick20190313-30658-2rhjps.png?1552507736"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58616488,"asset_id":38545246,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58616488/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58616488/Assessing-the-effects-ilovepdf-compressed-libre.pdf?1552507909=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=N426Jw6FDJgjeSvGR3HW7IUgKuJHe0rqVvNGAIsoP0~8tckzxCL9vkwE8HCZn-MoPzF8NMGFhulBOmvMfhJBL-YXWGcSiEIqz7GOHrbNkP-P76TZq27MlOxxDLDIjY9YPlba5JVFDIr1arfDtIfh1W739IYpVN35OV0wg19qdoIH2Gw9hfwnLrI4m~W34duA8x6OuKml6mY2V2tnijPZzr1JGarEDvE2hMZwSoEZzgc-wOa6IH~YSuFuRuHGX36IYsjnpZoMLzApYGGdXgjZHf7e6mgUGMUm1N2WXmoVguFXh74FduKq87Y6DItiA-iadJ4Llg6js4tqrPECcb2kkA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58616488/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58616488/mini_magick20190313-30658-2rhjps.png?1552507736"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":5,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true},{"id":21963,"name":"Solid Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_Waste_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":987308,"name":"Volta Region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volta_Region","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2016,"publication_year_with_fallback":2016,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":77,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38588966 coauthored" data-work_id="38588966" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38588966/Nature_Management_of_some_marine_ecosystems_in_Vietnam_compressed_ilovepdf_compressed">Nature Management of some marine ecosystems in Vietnam compressed ilovepdf compressed</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nha Trang is a city in Vietnam endowed with several sceneries which has attracted several tourists around the world over the past few decades. The city is highly characterized by coastal features as well as beautiful landscapes. Among... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38588966" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nha Trang is a city in Vietnam endowed with several sceneries which has attracted several tourists around the world over the past few decades. The city is highly characterized by coastal features as well as beautiful landscapes. Among these features are; beaches, caves with swift-let birds, resort centers, islands, traditional temples, forts and so on. The act of enhancing economic activities, coupled with some natural factors like; climate change as well as the increasing number of tourists’ over the years has led to the alteration of some of these ecosystems, that gives the city its value, hence, sense of attracting numerous tourists from all walks of life. The Hon Mun Islands are located to the south of Nha Trang Bay. Hon Mun MPA is situated in central - South Vietnam, offshore from the coastal resort city of Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Province. The name “Hon Mun” (means Black Island) comes from the high and rugged<br />cliffs forming up caves, particularly black rock here as ebony, very rarely seen elsewhere. Due to the island’s location adjacent to the hot sea-currents from the equator, suitable to the development conditions of corals and various types of tropical sea creatures, the sea bed of Hon Mun is home to an abundant and diverse group of marine species, an interesting and useful place for researchers, oceanographers and tourists to observe and explore more of the sea creatures’ life [1]. It is for these reasons why this study was conducted to delve into the nature, management and threats posed on the ecosystems at the Hon Mun Island at Nha Trang in Vietnam.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38588966" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4a4b7e4611f4c1cb41c91d9d9180b3ba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58662970,"asset_id":38588966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58662970/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38588966">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38588966"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TerneyPradeep">Terney Pradeep</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38588966'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38588966').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38588966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38588966"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38588966, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38588966", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38588966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38588966; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38588966"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38588966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38588966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38588966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38588966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38588966").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38588966").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38588966"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="943" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management">Tourism Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="943" type="text/json">{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4925" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Protected_Areas">Marine Protected Areas</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4925" type="text/json">{"id":4925,"name":"Marine Protected Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Protected_Areas","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coral_Reef_Ecosystems">Coral Reef Ecosystems</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7541" type="text/json">{"id":7541,"name":"Coral Reef Ecosystems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coral_Reef_Ecosystems","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38588966]'), work: {"id":38588966,"title":"Nature Management of some marine ecosystems in Vietnam compressed ilovepdf compressed","created_at":"2019-03-20T04:53:51.318-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38588966/Nature_Management_of_some_marine_ecosystems_in_Vietnam_compressed_ilovepdf_compressed","slug":"Nature_Management_of_some_marine_ecosystems_in_Vietnam_compressed_ilovepdf_compressed","dom_id":"work_38588966","summary":"Nha Trang is a city in Vietnam endowed with several sceneries which has attracted several tourists around the world over the past few decades. The city is highly characterized by coastal features as well as beautiful landscapes. Among these features are; beaches, caves with swift-let birds, resort centers, islands, traditional temples, forts and so on. The act of enhancing economic activities, coupled with some natural factors like; climate change as well as the increasing number of tourists’ over the years has led to the alteration of some of these ecosystems, that gives the city its value, hence, sense of attracting numerous tourists from all walks of life. The Hon Mun Islands are located to the south of Nha Trang Bay. Hon Mun MPA is situated in central - South Vietnam, offshore from the coastal resort city of Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Province. The name “Hon Mun” (means Black Island) comes from the high and rugged\ncliffs forming up caves, particularly black rock here as ebony, very rarely seen elsewhere. Due to the island’s location adjacent to the hot sea-currents from the equator, suitable to the development conditions of corals and various types of tropical sea creatures, the sea bed of Hon Mun is home to an abundant and diverse group of marine species, an interesting and useful place for researchers, oceanographers and tourists to observe and explore more of the sea creatures’ life [1]. It is for these reasons why this study was conducted to delve into the nature, management and threats posed on the ecosystems at the Hon Mun Island at Nha Trang in Vietnam.","publication":"Journal of Ecosystem \u0026 Ecography","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Ecosystem \u0026 Ecography","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58662970,"asset_id":38588966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58662970/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58662970/Nature___Management-of-some-marine-ecosystems-in-Vietnam.compressed-ilovepdf-compressed-libre.pdf?1553089911=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNature_Management_of_some_marine_ecosyst.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=J83mnfFeJAjpmn0FYKbiTrAn6Z0Sioz5qNVozgal443WGI2fRZ8HagRNlypohJzSxA0clHFbLpw8uanMa0t2zYZarfO0Q8yZh3OunnKES4lVydavXB9eNG-OanAiLJ0tqx1~qU4n6iaZB8bMlDBgKUfg0N9iS6DgBF08SAexze~Qd8WYzdwkM6gUzAWeyTp3wK-H9g3FMdlkgowuSweQdG49WkAvAu3guY51ECZOk7cxT392lYes-omU0Zmr8Ok7jLd4Mb0tkNaoGy3lMKXzzFKyrdiereCqBNFvm99BYLI50uNe6imhxzHfELvTegbEjTemCBOw4dCMDtrm7LFcrw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58662970/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58662970/mini_magick20190320-5915-1emxkt6.png?1553090925"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58662970,"asset_id":38588966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58662970/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58662970/Nature___Management-of-some-marine-ecosystems-in-Vietnam.compressed-ilovepdf-compressed-libre.pdf?1553089911=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNature_Management_of_some_marine_ecosyst.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=J83mnfFeJAjpmn0FYKbiTrAn6Z0Sioz5qNVozgal443WGI2fRZ8HagRNlypohJzSxA0clHFbLpw8uanMa0t2zYZarfO0Q8yZh3OunnKES4lVydavXB9eNG-OanAiLJ0tqx1~qU4n6iaZB8bMlDBgKUfg0N9iS6DgBF08SAexze~Qd8WYzdwkM6gUzAWeyTp3wK-H9g3FMdlkgowuSweQdG49WkAvAu3guY51ECZOk7cxT392lYes-omU0Zmr8Ok7jLd4Mb0tkNaoGy3lMKXzzFKyrdiereCqBNFvm99BYLI50uNe6imhxzHfELvTegbEjTemCBOw4dCMDtrm7LFcrw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58662970/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58662970/mini_magick20190320-5915-1emxkt6.png?1553090925"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"},{"id":108805103,"first_name":"Terney","last_name":"Pradeep","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TerneyPradeep","display_name":"Terney Pradeep","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TerneyPradeep","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development","nofollow":true},{"id":4925,"name":"Marine Protected Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Protected_Areas","nofollow":true},{"id":7541,"name":"Coral Reef Ecosystems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coral_Reef_Ecosystems","nofollow":true},{"id":7609,"name":"Environmental Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Management"},{"id":7807,"name":"Coral Reefs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coral_Reefs"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":48494,"name":"Biodiversity Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity_Conservation"},{"id":79742,"name":"Fishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishing"},{"id":149811,"name":"Coral reef restoration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coral_reef_restoration"},{"id":193293,"name":"Marine Ecosystems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Ecosystems"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem"},{"id":431115,"name":"Natural and anthropogenic climate change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_and_anthropogenic_climate_change"},{"id":1493339,"name":"Line transect applications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Line_transect_applications"},{"id":1850197,"name":"Nha trang","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nha_trang"},{"id":3111700,"name":"line transect method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/line_transect_method"}],"publication_year":2016,"publication_year_with_fallback":2016,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":154,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38589012" data-work_id="38589012" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38589012/Awareness_and_Vulnerability_to_Climate_Change_among_Coastal_Communities_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_of_the_Greater_Accra_Region">Awareness and Vulnerability to Climate Change among Coastal Communities in Ghana: The Case of Dansoman of the Greater Accra Region</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Policy-makers, development-practitioners, international organizations and academic scholars have over the years taken stern initiatives to tackle climate change issues. Climate adaptation along with various commitments and political will... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38589012" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Policy-makers, development-practitioners, international organizations and academic scholars have over the years taken stern initiatives to tackle climate change issues. Climate adaptation along with various commitments and political will have given much weight to a growing concern of treating this global phenomenon with urgency. This study sought to determine the level of awareness and vulnerability to climate change and knowledge among coastal households and officials in Dansoman, within the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The study adapted both qualitative and quantitative research strategies in data collection, analysis and presentation. Response from informants constituting officials from various institutions and vulnerable groups in the area were subjected to descriptive analytical statistics. Findings show high level of climate awareness among respondents but low level of knowledge on climate change issues. Results show that the majority of the respondents believe that climate change related issues and impacts are very serious and need Original Research Article Sarfo et al.; CJAST, 32(1): 1-14, 2019; Article no.CJAST.45659 2 urgent attention to avoid severe consequences on key economic sectors and food security. The researcher believes that the study will serve as a baseline exploratory study to inform decision on enhancing environmental education and campaign programs in the study area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38589012" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="254f5fdbe36ed3fe05628c1bbe99d925" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58663026,"asset_id":38589012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663026/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38589012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38589012"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38589012, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38589012", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38589012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38589012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38589012"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38589012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38589012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38589012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38589012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38589012").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38589012").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38589012"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3255" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation">Climate Change Adaptation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3255" type="text/json">{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7439" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability">Risk and Vulnerability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7439" type="text/json">{"id":7439,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9620" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana">Ghana</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9620" type="text/json">{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38589012]'), work: {"id":38589012,"title":"Awareness and Vulnerability to Climate Change among Coastal Communities in Ghana: The Case of Dansoman of the Greater Accra Region","created_at":"2019-03-20T05:02:12.087-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38589012/Awareness_and_Vulnerability_to_Climate_Change_among_Coastal_Communities_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_of_the_Greater_Accra_Region","slug":"Awareness_and_Vulnerability_to_Climate_Change_among_Coastal_Communities_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_of_the_Greater_Accra_Region","dom_id":"work_38589012","summary":"Policy-makers, development-practitioners, international organizations and academic scholars have over the years taken stern initiatives to tackle climate change issues. Climate adaptation along with various commitments and political will have given much weight to a growing concern of treating this global phenomenon with urgency. This study sought to determine the level of awareness and vulnerability to climate change and knowledge among coastal households and officials in Dansoman, within the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The study adapted both qualitative and quantitative research strategies in data collection, analysis and presentation. Response from informants constituting officials from various institutions and vulnerable groups in the area were subjected to descriptive analytical statistics. Findings show high level of climate awareness among respondents but low level of knowledge on climate change issues. Results show that the majority of the respondents believe that climate change related issues and impacts are very serious and need Original Research Article Sarfo et al.; CJAST, 32(1): 1-14, 2019; Article no.CJAST.45659 2 urgent attention to avoid severe consequences on key economic sectors and food security. The researcher believes that the study will serve as a baseline exploratory study to inform decision on enhancing environmental education and campaign programs in the study area.","publication":"Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology-Sciencedomain International","publication_with_fallback":"Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology-Sciencedomain International","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58663026,"asset_id":38589012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58663026/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58663026/Awareness_and_vulnerability_to_climate_change-libre.pdf?1553102402=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAwareness_and_Vulnerability_to_Climate_C.pdf\u0026Expires=1740570475\u0026Signature=Cc9BCZIZ5k04yhdlw~Flo9BEVDxAWng~3TJMOtbMnMDfiOwmmP9GT44CgzeCuzbLeKcscL2E3vXeGUyd82aPLiKuaoiiSHRWdN7SSZTfdUK5E41BghU0CvmDjeGzyoH85jJtcBJO51HifNHRgumcWhZ6P1YhWMMeGDj2c3vRPBGGILikawb41NBHF9~gaQUWcXvxTs~nt7gioFDWmnhEAz83z1cIsOO--Gsud3x4WQYx5zvqwBqwRmsGsxhy6MUnz8rGp56GZ0GETzX9EYz~9GF-DNNLhC9KrGJjRrcOR2YssBjHgqEDQgELSUYcmfHyJfggRT9x4Xn3b8wcrSSt5Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663026/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58663026/mini_magick20190320-20411-7qqag.png?1553090880"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58663026,"asset_id":38589012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58663026/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58663026/Awareness_and_vulnerability_to_climate_change-libre.pdf?1553102402=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAwareness_and_Vulnerability_to_Climate_C.pdf\u0026Expires=1740570475\u0026Signature=Cc9BCZIZ5k04yhdlw~Flo9BEVDxAWng~3TJMOtbMnMDfiOwmmP9GT44CgzeCuzbLeKcscL2E3vXeGUyd82aPLiKuaoiiSHRWdN7SSZTfdUK5E41BghU0CvmDjeGzyoH85jJtcBJO51HifNHRgumcWhZ6P1YhWMMeGDj2c3vRPBGGILikawb41NBHF9~gaQUWcXvxTs~nt7gioFDWmnhEAz83z1cIsOO--Gsud3x4WQYx5zvqwBqwRmsGsxhy6MUnz8rGp56GZ0GETzX9EYz~9GF-DNNLhC9KrGJjRrcOR2YssBjHgqEDQgELSUYcmfHyJfggRT9x4Xn3b8wcrSSt5Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663026/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58663026/mini_magick20190320-20411-7qqag.png?1553090880"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":14,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true},{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation","nofollow":true},{"id":7439,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability","nofollow":true},{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true},{"id":16823,"name":"Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability"},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study"},{"id":124784,"name":"Community adaptation with sea level rise – induced vulnerability and coping mechanism with storm surge inundation in the coastal area of Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_adaptation_with_sea_level_rise_induced_vulnerability_and_coping_mechanism_with_storm_s"},{"id":182989,"name":"Climate Change Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Communication"},{"id":197351,"name":"Awareness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Awareness"},{"id":295196,"name":"Coastal Communities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Communities"},{"id":1464487,"name":"Climate Information Dissemination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Information_Dissemination"},{"id":2230164,"name":"Greater Accra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greater_Accra"}],"publication_year":2018,"publication_year_with_fallback":2018,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":84,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38589106" data-work_id="38589106" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38589106/Concept_of_Climate_Vulnerability_Key_Determinants_Responses_and_Constraints_to_Climate_Change_Adaptation">Concept of Climate Vulnerability: Key Determinants, Responses and Constraints to Climate Change Adaptation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The paper is essentially a synthesis report highlighting key areas of climate vulnerability as a global discourse based on reports from international conventions held over the years. Theoretically, it draws country and sector based... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38589106" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper is essentially a synthesis report highlighting key areas of climate vulnerability as a global discourse based on reports from international conventions held over the years. Theoretically, it draws country and sector based scenarios on responses and constraints to climate adaptation. The literature is organized in phases, constituting a conceptual framework, evidence and trend of climate impacts, local ecosystem-based approach (EbA) to sustainable adaptation models, espoused across climate-sensitive sectors. The ultimate aim of this paper is to synthesize and develop a synthesis report on key determinants of climate vulnerability based on existing literature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38589106" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="30d0d7bbe98cc4e557119c99846e3d41" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58663139,"asset_id":38589106,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663139/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38589106 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38589106"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38589106, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38589106", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38589106 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38589106; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38589106"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38589106 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38589106"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38589106; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38589106]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38589106").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38589106").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38589106"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2312" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services">Ecosystem Services</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2312" type="text/json">{"id":2312,"name":"Ecosystem Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3255" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation">Climate Change Adaptation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3255" type="text/json">{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38589106]'), work: {"id":38589106,"title":"Concept of Climate Vulnerability: Key Determinants, Responses and Constraints to Climate Change Adaptation","created_at":"2019-03-20T05:16:38.192-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38589106/Concept_of_Climate_Vulnerability_Key_Determinants_Responses_and_Constraints_to_Climate_Change_Adaptation","slug":"Concept_of_Climate_Vulnerability_Key_Determinants_Responses_and_Constraints_to_Climate_Change_Adaptation","dom_id":"work_38589106","summary":"The paper is essentially a synthesis report highlighting key areas of climate vulnerability as a global discourse based on reports from international conventions held over the years. Theoretically, it draws country and sector based scenarios on responses and constraints to climate adaptation. The literature is organized in phases, constituting a conceptual framework, evidence and trend of climate impacts, local ecosystem-based approach (EbA) to sustainable adaptation models, espoused across climate-sensitive sectors. The ultimate aim of this paper is to synthesize and develop a synthesis report on key determinants of climate vulnerability based on existing literature.","publication":"Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal-Society for Science and Education","publication_with_fallback":"Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal-Society for Science and Education","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58663139,"asset_id":38589106,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58663139/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58663139/Concept_of_CC_Compressed-libre.pdf?1553095906=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConcept_of_Climate_Vulnerability_Key_Det.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=UBzmc2TmUAEkOsTXYUGgHLnGedTGErA9gBtD5BsAX6k3UA3zYFcSUHuKyXgwqmwm5jE3LhBpBNB7tMLcXWCkJ6ucZWZL4t5iGlQwFLtl7pg2uMJo16jGdBAc6SW7BzXM7da2uzLtftxFb24sPaXOCGHqYI7RiXXnpsc4qu4If9DS21uclZk8qE~g3Fl-4Gn1lRnK0jfOICytIY9sgunR8R9n1SAuKv63BoUaX3DTvvYT6Gh4~yIjcoc9TaDIKScIO8UHpxR3TMiR5u4u2jACZos25~BUbC0rrR8okowR~sp7Zz5F6AWqB6E0D078DXuJQO1Y05~iGSk63LxSf3ikdg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663139/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58663139/mini_magick20190320-20411-1iyifbn.png?1553090861"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58663139,"asset_id":38589106,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58663139/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58663139/Concept_of_CC_Compressed-libre.pdf?1553095906=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConcept_of_Climate_Vulnerability_Key_Det.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=UBzmc2TmUAEkOsTXYUGgHLnGedTGErA9gBtD5BsAX6k3UA3zYFcSUHuKyXgwqmwm5jE3LhBpBNB7tMLcXWCkJ6ucZWZL4t5iGlQwFLtl7pg2uMJo16jGdBAc6SW7BzXM7da2uzLtftxFb24sPaXOCGHqYI7RiXXnpsc4qu4If9DS21uclZk8qE~g3Fl-4Gn1lRnK0jfOICytIY9sgunR8R9n1SAuKv63BoUaX3DTvvYT6Gh4~yIjcoc9TaDIKScIO8UHpxR3TMiR5u4u2jACZos25~BUbC0rrR8okowR~sp7Zz5F6AWqB6E0D078DXuJQO1Y05~iGSk63LxSf3ikdg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663139/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58663139/mini_magick20190320-20411-1iyifbn.png?1553090861"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":22,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true},{"id":2312,"name":"Ecosystem Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services","nofollow":true},{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation","nofollow":true},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development","nofollow":true},{"id":5745,"name":"Social Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital"},{"id":7439,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability"},{"id":16723,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation_And_Mitigation_Strategies"},{"id":16823,"name":"Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability"},{"id":30145,"name":"Social vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_vulnerability"},{"id":35801,"name":"Climate Change Impacts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Impacts"},{"id":45405,"name":"Global Warming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Warming"},{"id":179875,"name":"IPCC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IPCC"},{"id":295196,"name":"Coastal Communities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Communities"},{"id":305303,"name":"Vulnerability assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability_assessment"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem"},{"id":422532,"name":"Constraints","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constraints"},{"id":1002367,"name":"Ecosystem based Managment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_based_Managment"},{"id":1573508,"name":"Constraint Faced in Using Adaptation Strategies of Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constraint_Faced_in_Using_Adaptation_Strategies_of_Climate_Change"}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":248,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38589353 coauthored" data-work_id="38589353" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38589353/Assessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate_Disposal_of_Waste_A_Case_Study_of_the_Keta_Lagoon_in_the_Volta_Region_of_Ghana">Assessing the Effects of Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste: A Case Study of the Keta Lagoon in the Volta Region of Ghana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Over the years, the issue of waste generation and management have been a major issue of concern, stemming a number of countries around the world, thus, developing countries. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate into the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38589353" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Over the years, the issue of waste generation and management have been a major issue of concern, stemming a number of countries around the world, thus, developing countries. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate into the effects of indiscriminate disposal of waste in and around the Keta Lagoon in the Volta region of Ghana. The study highlighted quite a number of respondents, who had lived in the area for quite a lengthy period and had observed the changes with regards to rapid deteriorating conditions of sanitation in the area as well as the aesthetic nature of the lagoon per the value it served decades ago and now. It is for these reasons why the study sought to look at what had contributed to the diminishing state of the Keta Lagoon, which is a designated Ramsar site (Ramsar Convention, 1971), hence, its importance to Ghana as a nation. The absence of waste management services, ignorance and lack of law enforcement units were identified as key factors, playing a fundamental role to indiscriminate dumping of refuse in and around the Keta Lagoon. Based on key findings, recommendations on sensitising or educating the inhabitants as well as the general public on sanitation in basic schools would create some level of awareness. Strengthening and equipping the Municipal Assembly in the area by the government would help ensure frequent monitoring and regulate waste management in the area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38589353" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="384ea49b5f067e3a29c9d5b6251bf238" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58663416,"asset_id":38589353,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663416/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24567027" href="https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/NanaKantankaII">Nana Kantanka II</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24567027" type="text/json">{"id":24567027,"first_name":"Nana","last_name":"Kantanka II","domain_name":"centraluniversity-gh","page_name":"NanaKantankaII","display_name":"Nana Kantanka II","profile_url":"https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/NanaKantankaII","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24567027/6638630/31460951/s65_nana.kantanka_ii.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38589353">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38589353"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38589353'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38589353').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38589353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38589353"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38589353, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38589353", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38589353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38589353; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38589353"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38589353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38589353"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38589353; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38589353]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38589353").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38589353").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38589353"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9620" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana">Ghana</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9620" type="text/json">{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14085" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management">Waste Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14085" type="text/json">{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21963" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_Waste_Management">Solid Waste Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21963" type="text/json">{"id":21963,"name":"Solid Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_Waste_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96047" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study">Case Study</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96047" type="text/json">{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38589353]'), work: {"id":38589353,"title":"Assessing the Effects of Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste: A Case Study of the Keta Lagoon in the Volta Region of Ghana","created_at":"2019-03-20T05:55:21.227-07:00","owner_id":24567027,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38589353/Assessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate_Disposal_of_Waste_A_Case_Study_of_the_Keta_Lagoon_in_the_Volta_Region_of_Ghana","slug":"Assessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate_Disposal_of_Waste_A_Case_Study_of_the_Keta_Lagoon_in_the_Volta_Region_of_Ghana","dom_id":"work_38589353","summary":"Over the years, the issue of waste generation and management have been a major issue of concern, stemming a number of countries around the world, thus, developing countries. The ultimate aim of this study was to investigate into the effects of indiscriminate disposal of waste in and around the Keta Lagoon in the Volta region of Ghana. The study highlighted quite a number of respondents, who had lived in the area for quite a lengthy period and had observed the changes with regards to rapid deteriorating conditions of sanitation in the area as well as the aesthetic nature of the lagoon per the value it served decades ago and now. It is for these reasons why the study sought to look at what had contributed to the diminishing state of the Keta Lagoon, which is a designated Ramsar site (Ramsar Convention, 1971), hence, its importance to Ghana as a nation. The absence of waste management services, ignorance and lack of law enforcement units were identified as key factors, playing a fundamental role to indiscriminate dumping of refuse in and around the Keta Lagoon. Based on key findings, recommendations on sensitising or educating the inhabitants as well as the general public on sanitation in basic schools would create some level of awareness. Strengthening and equipping the Municipal Assembly in the area by the government would help ensure frequent monitoring and regulate waste management in the area.","publication":"Journal of Biodiversity \u0026 Endangered Species","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Biodiversity \u0026 Endangered Species","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58663416,"asset_id":38589353,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58663416/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58663416/Assessing-the-effects-ilovepdf-compressed-libre.pdf?1553096617=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate.pdf\u0026Expires=1740462876\u0026Signature=Ddylz5NOSEwATECnBjOtNerfuWrm7QnjsJmQXSTQQJ0KiqmV80tL3dQ13cjaoXD-4yLmyVGtC0bKipLayzCopDl7Pk5CPK539v96E9~kKA5220HGyNIUHZ2PFiVpIRuH27-xAufjqw0XGxPVLZoEo-EIosQh4Ix~PGDv7st4NPdQsQLkcYOuB0UkSZzgsnMeQqHpF9AOtoFZRu6oMkMef6CaNfRYxD~KFMDSopbOG0i8tEmjFqG6kwM9y36VPNPXYa3bhSDLVWb6ZkJ3dA4OpYF9Zx9gQ3tLGexpinmfKVz3y3DIlvWmyb-f60Bi5ISxHlhhuUY9UCZrZGVGwzLUHA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663416/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58663416/mini_magick20190320-4507-1urghz0.png?1553096241"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58663416,"asset_id":38589353,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58663416/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58663416/Assessing-the-effects-ilovepdf-compressed-libre.pdf?1553096617=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Effects_of_Indiscriminate.pdf\u0026Expires=1740462876\u0026Signature=Ddylz5NOSEwATECnBjOtNerfuWrm7QnjsJmQXSTQQJ0KiqmV80tL3dQ13cjaoXD-4yLmyVGtC0bKipLayzCopDl7Pk5CPK539v96E9~kKA5220HGyNIUHZ2PFiVpIRuH27-xAufjqw0XGxPVLZoEo-EIosQh4Ix~PGDv7st4NPdQsQLkcYOuB0UkSZzgsnMeQqHpF9AOtoFZRu6oMkMef6CaNfRYxD~KFMDSopbOG0i8tEmjFqG6kwM9y36VPNPXYa3bhSDLVWb6ZkJ3dA4OpYF9Zx9gQ3tLGexpinmfKVz3y3DIlvWmyb-f60Bi5ISxHlhhuUY9UCZrZGVGwzLUHA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58663416/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58663416/mini_magick20190320-4507-1urghz0.png?1553096241"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":5,"ordered_authors":[{"id":24567027,"first_name":"Nana","last_name":"Kantanka II","domain_name":"centraluniversity-gh","page_name":"NanaKantankaII","display_name":"Nana Kantanka II","profile_url":"https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/NanaKantankaII","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24567027/6638630/31460951/s65_nana.kantanka_ii.jpg"},{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":21963,"name":"Solid Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_Waste_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study","nofollow":true},{"id":247023,"name":"Anthropogenic impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropogenic_impact"},{"id":297319,"name":"Coastal Lagoons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Lagoons"},{"id":1567067,"name":"Indiscriminate Waste Disposal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indiscriminate_Waste_Disposal"}],"publication_year":2016,"publication_year_with_fallback":2016,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":242,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39613131" data-work_id="39613131" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39613131/Effectiveness_of_Adaptation_Strategies_among_Coastal_Communities_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_in_the_Greater_Accra_Region">Effectiveness of Adaptation Strategies among Coastal Communities in Ghana: The Case of Dansoman in the Greater Accra Region</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Global climate action plans risk resulting to climate maladaptation and shocks when prudent measures are inapt. Adaptation strategies require multidisciplinary approach from all sectors with periodic monitoring and evaluation which are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39613131" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Global climate action plans risk resulting to climate maladaptation and shocks when prudent measures are inapt. Adaptation strategies require multidisciplinary approach from all sectors with periodic monitoring and evaluation which are carefully planned, locally adaptable and results-oriented. For decades, various governments, development practitioners and international organizations have made concerted efforts in tackling large scale climate events. These stern initiatives forms part of Millennium Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 13 meant to combat climate change. The increasing demand for frameworks that effectively monitor and examine the outcomes of these huge investments made by policy-makers across regions have enhanced the evaluation and monitoring of various climate change adaptation strategies. This study sought to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of initiated adaptation strategies. The study used descriptive statistics based on informants' knowledge and experience to assess the Original Research Article Sarfo et al.; CJAST, 35(6): 1-12, 2019; Article no.CJAST.45658 2 effectiveness of adaptation strategies in Dansoman and compare the results with the case of Nador-Berkane coastal community in north eastern part of Morocco where the "no-regret strategy" concept was adopted. Assessing the effectiveness of strategies is one of the key components of monitoring and evaluation process of climate change and is often overlooked, hence, the need for this study. Results from this study based on the informants' experience and assessment show that climate change adaptation strategies in the study area are not effective and sustainable. This study serves as a baseline information for relevant stakeholders on critical areas, which ought to be prioritized to reduce the locals' vulnerability to climate hazards. Assessing the effectiveness of adaptation strategies aid in ensuring efficiency and efficacy of planned and already initiated projects. Further research could be conducted on the cost of adaptation mechanisms and willingness to pay for sea defense systems in the area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39613131" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc155d911ef8ace4999426fd1e0a2501" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59769862,"asset_id":39613131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59769862/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39613131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39613131"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39613131, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39613131", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39613131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39613131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39613131"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39613131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39613131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39613131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39613131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39613131").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39613131").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39613131"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Management">Coastal Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1275" type="text/json">{"id":1275,"name":"Coastal Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Effectiveness">Effectiveness</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1821" type="text/json">{"id":1821,"name":"Effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Effectiveness","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39613131]'), work: {"id":39613131,"title":"Effectiveness of Adaptation Strategies among Coastal Communities in Ghana: The Case of Dansoman in the Greater Accra Region","created_at":"2019-06-17T10:48:21.114-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/39613131/Effectiveness_of_Adaptation_Strategies_among_Coastal_Communities_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_in_the_Greater_Accra_Region","slug":"Effectiveness_of_Adaptation_Strategies_among_Coastal_Communities_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_in_the_Greater_Accra_Region","dom_id":"work_39613131","summary":"Global climate action plans risk resulting to climate maladaptation and shocks when prudent measures are inapt. Adaptation strategies require multidisciplinary approach from all sectors with periodic monitoring and evaluation which are carefully planned, locally adaptable and results-oriented. For decades, various governments, development practitioners and international organizations have made concerted efforts in tackling large scale climate events. These stern initiatives forms part of Millennium Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 13 meant to combat climate change. The increasing demand for frameworks that effectively monitor and examine the outcomes of these huge investments made by policy-makers across regions have enhanced the evaluation and monitoring of various climate change adaptation strategies. This study sought to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of initiated adaptation strategies. The study used descriptive statistics based on informants' knowledge and experience to assess the Original Research Article Sarfo et al.; CJAST, 35(6): 1-12, 2019; Article no.CJAST.45658 2 effectiveness of adaptation strategies in Dansoman and compare the results with the case of Nador-Berkane coastal community in north eastern part of Morocco where the \"no-regret strategy\" concept was adopted. Assessing the effectiveness of strategies is one of the key components of monitoring and evaluation process of climate change and is often overlooked, hence, the need for this study. Results from this study based on the informants' experience and assessment show that climate change adaptation strategies in the study area are not effective and sustainable. This study serves as a baseline information for relevant stakeholders on critical areas, which ought to be prioritized to reduce the locals' vulnerability to climate hazards. Assessing the effectiveness of adaptation strategies aid in ensuring efficiency and efficacy of planned and already initiated projects. Further research could be conducted on the cost of adaptation mechanisms and willingness to pay for sea defense systems in the area.","publication":"Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology","publication_with_fallback":"Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59769862,"asset_id":39613131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59769862/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59769862/Effect_art_201920190617-67661-lm8yct-libre.pdf?1560794692=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffectiveness_of_Adaptation_Strategies_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=f0NnqdhMSK0q99UzpjNLte46MQqdeomCIF4etJz7S1j5HyEbBoXrrwOumr-5dmGU60XO9-KQaiOuRXK7vNuFQfDTZMyNNyBrY7YX96w3Ly~sARNTjiWA4vRouAyO6n7mquLZAB2yRVdTlKimFUQVIxriNgoc-s5N69l0Z2uCK-5vs9PqdJ7KXlsjSzx-WYF5CixeqqjhYo~wdFrsk22cknITkgaUmdqp~GqJJoBFAgnVsW6ahVZ~BX-sX2QqqAbz7Hy5SFyWDKbEI1l4E563LyEjJ3UkYMXGwxbc3tI20-N9AUxl6FWklEut7d54Te5dpC7hbuCSPvwvzas7nVAPdg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59769862/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/59769862/mini_magick20190617-19543-1pq5f4.png?1560794116"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":59769862,"asset_id":39613131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59769862/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59769862/Effect_art_201920190617-67661-lm8yct-libre.pdf?1560794692=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffectiveness_of_Adaptation_Strategies_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603595\u0026Signature=f0NnqdhMSK0q99UzpjNLte46MQqdeomCIF4etJz7S1j5HyEbBoXrrwOumr-5dmGU60XO9-KQaiOuRXK7vNuFQfDTZMyNNyBrY7YX96w3Ly~sARNTjiWA4vRouAyO6n7mquLZAB2yRVdTlKimFUQVIxriNgoc-s5N69l0Z2uCK-5vs9PqdJ7KXlsjSzx-WYF5CixeqqjhYo~wdFrsk22cknITkgaUmdqp~GqJJoBFAgnVsW6ahVZ~BX-sX2QqqAbz7Hy5SFyWDKbEI1l4E563LyEjJ3UkYMXGwxbc3tI20-N9AUxl6FWklEut7d54Te5dpC7hbuCSPvwvzas7nVAPdg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59769862/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/59769862/mini_magick20190617-19543-1pq5f4.png?1560794116"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":12,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":1275,"name":"Coastal Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true},{"id":1821,"name":"Effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Effectiveness","nofollow":true},{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation"},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development"},{"id":5107,"name":"Stakeholders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholders"},{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana"},{"id":10001,"name":"Fisheries Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Management"},{"id":16723,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation_And_Mitigation_Strategies"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability"},{"id":23981,"name":"Ecosystem management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_management"},{"id":29301,"name":"Climate Change and coastal zones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_and_coastal_zones"},{"id":63804,"name":"Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions"},{"id":168408,"name":"Participatory Rural Appraisal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Rural_Appraisal"},{"id":1278912,"name":"Nador","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nador"},{"id":1958655,"name":"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development_Goals_SDGs_"}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":223,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41326305" data-work_id="41326305" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41326305/Loss_of_wetland_resources_in_Uganda_The_case_of_lake_Wamala_in_Mityana_District">Loss of wetland resources in Uganda: The case of lake Wamala in Mityana District</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The coastal wetland zones of Lake Wamala are experiencing a noticeable shoreline retreat leading to loss of its resources and ecological services. This henceforth, calls for sustainable wetland resource management by clearly dissecting... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41326305" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The coastal wetland zones of Lake Wamala are experiencing a noticeable shoreline retreat leading to loss of its resources and ecological services. This henceforth, calls for sustainable wetland resource management by clearly dissecting and understanding the prime cause of such losses. The study employed community-based participatory approach to capture stakeholder perceptions and knowledge on wetland resources in six villages namely; Mityana Town, Naama, Nkonya, Buzibazi, Mpongo and Lusalira. The study sought to find out the causes of wetlands degradation, impacts and mitigation strategies, needed to avert loss of such resources. Temperature data from Mubende Meteorological Station were compared using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and the average change in temperature was determined using SAS JMP 10 Software. Variability in rainfall was determined using the coefficient of variation (CV) calculated as a ratio to the mean and expressed as a percentage. Findings attributed climate induced factors as key bottlenecks to wetland resource loss. Findings further highlight increase in human population among other human-induced factors as cause of destruction and alteration of resources in the area. Results prove the derailing nature of wetland resources around Lake Wamala significantly affected livelihoods. In order to avert this trend, prudent measures such as formulation of feasible policy framework to govern and regulate activities in the area, co-management through local community and government partnership, capacity-building programs among relevant stakeholders to enhance awareness about wetlands and its ecological benefits in our quest to improve human welfare in the face of the changing climate.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41326305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b56dac3e3300edeec5ed119c44cb7174" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61530336,"asset_id":41326305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61530336/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41326305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41326305"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41326305, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41326305", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41326305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41326305; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41326305"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41326305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41326305"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41326305; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41326305]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41326305").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41326305").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41326305"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="867" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception">Perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="867" type="text/json">{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2461" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands">Wetlands</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2461" type="text/json">{"id":2461,"name":"Wetlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3755" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meteorology">Meteorology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3755" type="text/json">{"id":3755,"name":"Meteorology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meteorology","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41326305]'), work: {"id":41326305,"title":"Loss of wetland resources in Uganda: The case of lake Wamala in Mityana District","created_at":"2019-12-16T07:40:03.623-08:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/41326305/Loss_of_wetland_resources_in_Uganda_The_case_of_lake_Wamala_in_Mityana_District","slug":"Loss_of_wetland_resources_in_Uganda_The_case_of_lake_Wamala_in_Mityana_District","dom_id":"work_41326305","summary":"The coastal wetland zones of Lake Wamala are experiencing a noticeable shoreline retreat leading to loss of its resources and ecological services. This henceforth, calls for sustainable wetland resource management by clearly dissecting and understanding the prime cause of such losses. The study employed community-based participatory approach to capture stakeholder perceptions and knowledge on wetland resources in six villages namely; Mityana Town, Naama, Nkonya, Buzibazi, Mpongo and Lusalira. The study sought to find out the causes of wetlands degradation, impacts and mitigation strategies, needed to avert loss of such resources. Temperature data from Mubende Meteorological Station were compared using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and the average change in temperature was determined using SAS JMP 10 Software. Variability in rainfall was determined using the coefficient of variation (CV) calculated as a ratio to the mean and expressed as a percentage. Findings attributed climate induced factors as key bottlenecks to wetland resource loss. Findings further highlight increase in human population among other human-induced factors as cause of destruction and alteration of resources in the area. Results prove the derailing nature of wetland resources around Lake Wamala significantly affected livelihoods. In order to avert this trend, prudent measures such as formulation of feasible policy framework to govern and regulate activities in the area, co-management through local community and government partnership, capacity-building programs among relevant stakeholders to enhance awareness about wetlands and its ecological benefits in our quest to improve human welfare in the face of the changing climate.","publication":"International Research Journal of Public and Environmental Health","publication_with_fallback":"International Research Journal of Public and Environmental Health","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61530336,"asset_id":41326305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61530336/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61530336/Baker-et-al-120191216-100375-1lq81pr-libre.pdf?1576519614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLoss_of_wetland_resources_in_Uganda_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603596\u0026Signature=RsNdzc1~zZDjGq5Hl4U86nmMgmH22xOPq~VzG22GJ6Rm~xF~ruqza-NKDdp0IcNZvZAkfoynYESBIhSLQdjLPTkoxH2ZzS8A4cg6vOkU8kT6M4Qi6rlFQ8vloD-jIc9JF339ScIf1~p7LxW4ZVBXeNVgeACTiwXMTnDian-BYNAe6YwiaCdpj-7Q~Zg3BwPJzS3IcPJGcQcC-~1CTugD2foEpwUDpzQ1j880WveFfEvFRwgohd1j3IkYhWYXbdl53FQhCR~7vUqAybqkZdxqJEvhjInLQkfYMYtAEV2C4PSBMcrSlEsqSvbIoeQdTg23UT62NQhpnxQo6hkBXeNGAg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61530336/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/61530336/mini_magick20191216-17889-1wcw6t8.png?1576513941"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":61530336,"asset_id":41326305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61530336/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61530336/Baker-et-al-120191216-100375-1lq81pr-libre.pdf?1576519614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLoss_of_wetland_resources_in_Uganda_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603596\u0026Signature=RsNdzc1~zZDjGq5Hl4U86nmMgmH22xOPq~VzG22GJ6Rm~xF~ruqza-NKDdp0IcNZvZAkfoynYESBIhSLQdjLPTkoxH2ZzS8A4cg6vOkU8kT6M4Qi6rlFQ8vloD-jIc9JF339ScIf1~p7LxW4ZVBXeNVgeACTiwXMTnDian-BYNAe6YwiaCdpj-7Q~Zg3BwPJzS3IcPJGcQcC-~1CTugD2foEpwUDpzQ1j880WveFfEvFRwgohd1j3IkYhWYXbdl53FQhCR~7vUqAybqkZdxqJEvhjInLQkfYMYtAEV2C4PSBMcrSlEsqSvbIoeQdTg23UT62NQhpnxQo6hkBXeNGAg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61530336/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/61530336/mini_magick20191216-17889-1wcw6t8.png?1576513941"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":21,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception","nofollow":true},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change","nofollow":true},{"id":2461,"name":"Wetlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands","nofollow":true},{"id":3755,"name":"Meteorology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meteorology","nofollow":true},{"id":8828,"name":"Uganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uganda"},{"id":8980,"name":"Drought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drought"},{"id":21068,"name":"Rainfall-Runoff modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rainfall-Runoff_modelling"},{"id":49648,"name":"Livelihood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Livelihood"},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature"},{"id":201438,"name":"Public Perceptions Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Perceptions_Climate_Change"},{"id":777795,"name":"Interdecadal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdecadal"},{"id":856942,"name":"Rainfall Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rainfall_Prediction"},{"id":2218114,"name":"Frequency of occurrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_of_occurrence"}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":178,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49036784" data-work_id="49036784" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49036784/Loss_of_wetland_resources_in_Uganda_The_case_of_lake_Wamala_in_Mityana_District">Loss of wetland resources in Uganda: The case of lake Wamala in Mityana District</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The coastal wetland zones of Lake Wamala are experiencing a noticeable shoreline retreat leading to loss of its resources and ecological services. This henceforth, calls for sustainable wetland resource management by clearly dissecting... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49036784" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The coastal wetland zones of Lake Wamala are experiencing a noticeable shoreline retreat leading to loss of its resources and ecological services. This henceforth, calls for sustainable wetland resource management by clearly dissecting  and  understanding  the  prime  cause  of  such  losses.  The  study employed community-based participatory approach to capture stakeholder perceptions  and  knowledge  on  wetland  resources  in  six  villages  namely; Mityana Town, Naama, Nkonya, Buzibazi, Mpongo and Lusalira. The study sought  to  find  out the  causes  of  wetlands  degradation,  impacts  and mitigation strategies, needed to avert loss of such resources. Temperature data from Mubende Meteorological Station were compared using Analysis of Covariance  (ANCOVA)  and  the  average  change  in  temperature  was determined  using  SAS  JMP  10  Software.  Variability  in  rainfall  was determined using the coefficient of variation (CV) calculated as a ratio to the mean and expressed as a percentage. Findings attributed climate induced factors  as  key  bottlenecks  to  wetland  resource  loss.  Findings  further highlight  increase  in  human  population  among  other  human-induced factors  as  cause  of  destruction  and  alteration  of  resources  in  the  area. Results  prove  the  derailing  nature  of  wetland  resources  around  Lake Wamala  significantly  affected  livelihoods.  In  order  to  avert  this  trend, prudent  measures  such  as  formulation  of  feasible  policy  framework  to govern  and  regulate  activities  in  the  area,  co-management  through  local community and government partnership, capacity-building programs among relevant  stakeholders  to  enhance  awareness  about  wetlands  and  its ecological benefits in our quest to improve human welfare in the face of the changing climate.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49036784" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="24b3c6f91124921a1ca3fdbdfbcf777a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67419900,"asset_id":49036784,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67419900/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49036784 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49036784"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49036784, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49036784", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49036784 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49036784; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49036784"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49036784 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49036784"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49036784; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49036784]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49036784").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49036784").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49037146" data-work_id="49037146" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49037146/Self_protective_Measures_against_Climate_Hazards_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_in_the_Greater_Accra_Region">Self-protective Measures against Climate Hazards in Ghana: The Case of Dansoman in the Greater Accra Region</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Self-mitigation and adaptation often require conceptual and feasible innovative mechanisms, locally designed with inputs from key stakeholders. Developing prudent adaptation measures for local communities are often time-consuming, and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49037146" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Self-mitigation and adaptation often require conceptual and feasible innovative mechanisms, locally designed with inputs from key stakeholders. Developing prudent adaptation measures for local communities are often time-consuming, and require in-depth analysis due to the complex nature of climate change, encompassing several sectors and external facilitators. In our quest to achieve Millennium Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 13), placing communities in acute and highly vulnerable locations at the center are essential in determining critical and actual areas stemming these communities, hence, employing bottom-up approach in realizing global goals of regulating deteriorating climatic conditions. The ultimate aim of the study was to find-out self-protective measures, initiated by key proponents in the area. The study employed an action-based, descriptive and inferential statistics in the collection and analysis of data. Response from informants constituting officials from various institutions and vulnerable groups in the area were subjected to content analysis to avoid misjudgments. Results show majority of self-protective measures, initiated by proponents in the area are short-term (reactive) measures which does not have the efficacy and capacity to deal with large scale climate events of greater magnitude and intensity. The study would inform the decision of policy-makers and interested stakeholders towards achieving SDG 13 as well as critical areas to prioritize, both in the short and long term. Further research could be conducted on the extent to which enhancing socioeconomic parameters in the area can amplify residents' susceptibility to climate hazards in the long run.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49037146" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="060739756dcc5183b99b82489ca99c26" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67420253,"asset_id":49037146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67420253/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49037146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49037146"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49037146, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49037146", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49037146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49037146; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49037146"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49037146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49037146"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49037146; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49037146]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49037146").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49037146").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49037146"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4702" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research">Case Study Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4702" type="text/json">{"id":4702,"name":"Case Study Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9620" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana">Ghana</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9620" type="text/json">{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16723" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation_And_Mitigation_Strategies">Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16723" type="text/json">{"id":16723,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation_And_Mitigation_Strategies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Impacts">Climate Change Impacts</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35801" type="text/json">{"id":35801,"name":"Climate Change Impacts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Impacts","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49037146]'), work: {"id":49037146,"title":"Self-protective Measures against Climate Hazards in Ghana: The Case of Dansoman in the Greater Accra Region","created_at":"2021-05-24T11:50:42.371-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/49037146/Self_protective_Measures_against_Climate_Hazards_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_in_the_Greater_Accra_Region","slug":"Self_protective_Measures_against_Climate_Hazards_in_Ghana_The_Case_of_Dansoman_in_the_Greater_Accra_Region","dom_id":"work_49037146","summary":"Self-mitigation and adaptation often require conceptual and feasible innovative mechanisms, locally designed with inputs from key stakeholders. Developing prudent adaptation measures for local communities are often time-consuming, and require in-depth analysis due to the complex nature of climate change, encompassing several sectors and external facilitators. In our quest to achieve Millennium Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 13), placing communities in acute and highly vulnerable locations at the center are essential in determining critical and actual areas stemming these communities, hence, employing bottom-up approach in realizing global goals of regulating deteriorating climatic conditions. The ultimate aim of the study was to find-out self-protective measures, initiated by key proponents in the area. The study employed an action-based, descriptive and inferential statistics in the collection and analysis of data. Response from informants constituting officials from various institutions and vulnerable groups in the area were subjected to content analysis to avoid misjudgments. Results show majority of self-protective measures, initiated by proponents in the area are short-term (reactive) measures which does not have the efficacy and capacity to deal with large scale climate events of greater magnitude and intensity. The study would inform the decision of policy-makers and interested stakeholders towards achieving SDG 13 as well as critical areas to prioritize, both in the short and long term. Further research could be conducted on the extent to which enhancing socioeconomic parameters in the area can amplify residents' susceptibility to climate hazards in the long run.","publication":"Sciencedomain International","publication_with_fallback":"Sciencedomain International","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67420253,"asset_id":49037146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67420253/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67420253/Sarfo_2019_BP_2797D-libre.pdf?1621886403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSelf_protective_Measures_against_Climate.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603596\u0026Signature=Bte05w3PO9WU4s8vX7lhrkPjPF~2TcVAWscC6lwmzleX~agM9TyJ2VNsrLGxKkTmB5o9eRcePuUvqJU-~FTPLX06PavN5NXGh7kl5lwlToLzdRY~75eLCReRy0uAjw~g-beFz9mb1KKR3STjkYJcAV5QPqIRCra6x94gFWrKGXvccAis1pOdsPg6p4Pu~x335r3tMjcyslvsAvf10lWblg3fIrjx5kv7QZn6sDgR~L~D38GtIaGRclmm99CkxmN~2BlL~rEsabUJWtkE15UB4Lilf4G7dU8UaMtvA87qCYlal0Uk1kpNzjtw-CbokXRytsEOFHZCcE0tV81sbAbIJQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67420253/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/67420253/mini_magick20210524-14463-120yw2a.png?1621882294"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":67420253,"asset_id":49037146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67420253/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67420253/Sarfo_2019_BP_2797D-libre.pdf?1621886403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSelf_protective_Measures_against_Climate.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603596\u0026Signature=Bte05w3PO9WU4s8vX7lhrkPjPF~2TcVAWscC6lwmzleX~agM9TyJ2VNsrLGxKkTmB5o9eRcePuUvqJU-~FTPLX06PavN5NXGh7kl5lwlToLzdRY~75eLCReRy0uAjw~g-beFz9mb1KKR3STjkYJcAV5QPqIRCra6x94gFWrKGXvccAis1pOdsPg6p4Pu~x335r3tMjcyslvsAvf10lWblg3fIrjx5kv7QZn6sDgR~L~D38GtIaGRclmm99CkxmN~2BlL~rEsabUJWtkE15UB4Lilf4G7dU8UaMtvA87qCYlal0Uk1kpNzjtw-CbokXRytsEOFHZCcE0tV81sbAbIJQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67420253/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/67420253/mini_magick20210524-14463-120yw2a.png?1621882294"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":19,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4702,"name":"Case Study Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study_Research","nofollow":true},{"id":9620,"name":"Ghana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghana","nofollow":true},{"id":16723,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation_And_Mitigation_Strategies","nofollow":true},{"id":35801,"name":"Climate Change Impacts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Impacts","nofollow":true},{"id":62141,"name":"Community Based Adaptation to climate change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Based_Adaptation_to_climate_change"},{"id":962701,"name":"Devolpment of Adaptation Strategies to Reduce the Impact of Climate Change on Crops and Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Devolpment_of_Adaptation_Strategies_to_Reduce_the_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_Crops_and_Soil"}],"publication_year":2020,"publication_year_with_fallback":2020,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":19,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50659165 coauthored" data-work_id="50659165" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50659165/GIS_Based_Emergency_Fire_Response_for_Minimization_of_Fire_Outbreaks_in_the_Greater_Accra_Metropolis_Ghana">GIS-Based Emergency Fire Response for Minimization of Fire Outbreaks in the Greater Accra Metropolis, Ghana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The study report assessed the geographic distribution of existing fire stations in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA). It further sought to evaluate the spatial coverage for each fire station under predefined sustainable response times.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50659165" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The study report assessed the geographic distribution of existing fire stations in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA). It further sought to evaluate the spatial coverage for each fire station under predefined sustainable response times. Information on fire stations and incidents, access to Original Research Article</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50659165" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f1e2e8c9eb86cb1e7565b9ca1a07f0d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68556704,"asset_id":50659165,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68556704/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="100509348" href="https://globenuist.academia.edu/EmmanuelYeboah">Emmanuel Yeboah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="100509348" type="text/json">{"id":100509348,"first_name":"Emmanuel","last_name":"Yeboah","domain_name":"globenuist","page_name":"EmmanuelYeboah","display_name":"Emmanuel Yeboah","profile_url":"https://globenuist.academia.edu/EmmanuelYeboah","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100509348/33616187/94276225/s65_emmanuel.yeboah.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-50659165">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-50659165"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/EdwardNunoo">Edward K Nunoo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-50659165'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-50659165').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50659165 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50659165"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50659165, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50659165", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50659165 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50659165; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50659165"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50659165 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50659165"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50659165; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50659165]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50659165").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50659165").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50659165"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10472" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Applications">Web Applications</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10472" type="text/json">{"id":10472,"name":"Web Applications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Applications","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23056" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geo-spatial_analysis_with_GIS_and_GPS">Geo-spatial analysis with GIS and GPS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23056" type="text/json">{"id":23056,"name":"Geo-spatial analysis with GIS and GPS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geo-spatial_analysis_with_GIS_and_GPS","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1009312" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geographic_Information_Systems_GIS_">Geographic Information Systems (GIS)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1009312" type="text/json">{"id":1009312,"name":"Geographic Information Systems (GIS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geographic_Information_Systems_GIS_","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50659165]'), work: {"id":50659165,"title":"GIS-Based Emergency Fire Response for Minimization of Fire Outbreaks in the Greater Accra Metropolis, Ghana","created_at":"2021-08-03T08:57:38.320-07:00","owner_id":100509348,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/50659165/GIS_Based_Emergency_Fire_Response_for_Minimization_of_Fire_Outbreaks_in_the_Greater_Accra_Metropolis_Ghana","slug":"GIS_Based_Emergency_Fire_Response_for_Minimization_of_Fire_Outbreaks_in_the_Greater_Accra_Metropolis_Ghana","dom_id":"work_50659165","summary":"The study report assessed the geographic distribution of existing fire stations in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA). It further sought to evaluate the spatial coverage for each fire station under predefined sustainable response times. Information on fire stations and incidents, access to Original Research Article","publication":"GIS-Based Emergency Fire Response for Minimization of Fire Outbreaks in the Greater Accra Metropolis, Ghana","publication_with_fallback":"GIS-Based Emergency Fire Response for Minimization of Fire Outbreaks in the Greater Accra Metropolis, Ghana","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68556704,"asset_id":50659165,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68556704/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68556704/GIS_for_Fire_Eme.pdf?1738420255=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGIS_Based_Emergency_Fire_Response_for_Mi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740223549\u0026Signature=RrB0T8MvnBg3vb~3NO4eBZ8VuF2GMJd~X5DsiCOS74-xbhrMK4k1uUbxrJ~jfjR5tyUc8UiQf31GCKh8-FHRU5iHb4Uw6hkDNHdkBeIDn0nBO7GQxEce3uoZzL9gS4Mf73fG0CTnkq6dFUT7oCM1RDFri-aI16t-1QdYLvele45MYjMPt8COrf~9PDB34vmo2L6QHWYr1ecDzQhJwsd4c98m-da9U2dcAMf-n7KfeUWko7qMl6A~5UrUE90~p3A2broQM9HwBKXsI0ymSxjfapFF6pJxL4lui6B8~O9BGaDl9Vq~x-O30ukNbg1Bqk6U3EtCslNAfbMDH3hZbu0yuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68556704/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/68556704/mini_magick20210803-3351-102tqmf.png?1628006931"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":68556704,"asset_id":50659165,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68556704/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68556704/GIS_for_Fire_Eme.pdf?1738420255=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGIS_Based_Emergency_Fire_Response_for_Mi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740223550\u0026Signature=Picjzt~xkjC7lr6f3u9RCm2b88qo8sy~BEGrspk5OgdhEkQVZqgGAaaE83qqN7b94GqC0PwdlTTJmvHWCrUeP-hS6oEjzqcOkxdFs4dWu6ZGcBxJDytT~QNqLDKRNkKq8XxIuzCo9Q6AYn7nlcNjkuZutqWjEcDGqUuwuhljtva~vM1cIKK-ZdgwcFcFCTaW0-kPcSlYrFq6XI1smSlR27YDAUgYMDJD8FT9JeToRFEdi~FcfK3jaCYvSzvL-TpKKN-7NWhJwoZ2bLsEhkDrA29xi~sCrdXe~74FmWeR~cBiF3DBPjLWsnMM9RxuLtuO25~K~9KbuwzbWEPJbk6qQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68556704/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/68556704/mini_magick20210803-3351-102tqmf.png?1628006931"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":16,"ordered_authors":[{"id":100509348,"first_name":"Emmanuel","last_name":"Yeboah","domain_name":"globenuist","page_name":"EmmanuelYeboah","display_name":"Emmanuel Yeboah","profile_url":"https://globenuist.academia.edu/EmmanuelYeboah","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100509348/33616187/94276225/s65_emmanuel.yeboah.jpg"},{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"},{"id":6507865,"first_name":"Edward","last_name":"Nunoo","domain_name":"centraluniversity-gh","page_name":"EdwardNunoo","display_name":"Edward K Nunoo","profile_url":"https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/EdwardNunoo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6507865/2618905/19323943/s65_edward.nunoo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10472,"name":"Web Applications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Applications","nofollow":true},{"id":23056,"name":"Geo-spatial analysis with GIS and GPS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geo-spatial_analysis_with_GIS_and_GPS","nofollow":true},{"id":1009312,"name":"Geographic Information Systems (GIS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geographic_Information_Systems_GIS_","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2021,"publication_year_with_fallback":2021,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":63,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57568598 coauthored" data-work_id="57568598" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57568598/Assessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Vegetation_in_South_Western_Niger_Delta_Nigeria">Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57568598" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods and other key parameters. The study employed geospatial techniques and a secondary source of data to achieve the objectives set out in this study. The Global Moran I statistical tool was used to determine the spatial autocorrelation based on feature locations and attribute values. We observed built-up areas, bare land, and less dense vegetation had an overall increment of 1975.98 km2, 1370 km2 and 23805 km2, respectively. Dense vegetation had declension of 22058.33 km2 over the past five decades. Findings depict a declining trend in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, attributed to oil spillage as the key contributory factor. Occasioned by anthropogenic activities, the driving forces were traced to attacks on oil pipelines during conflicts and illegal means of creating leakages to siphon crude oil for sale. To achieve sustainability in oil spill management in the Delta, the study recommends further research to ascertain the cost of losses incurred apply geospatial techniques to monitor and predict environmental changes that inform decisions of key actors.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57568598" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86f70a77efbef186f4b5643d40edb80f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72406277,"asset_id":57568598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72406277/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-57568598">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-57568598"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://globenuist.academia.edu/CollinsOduro">Collins K W A M E Oduro</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/EdwardNunoo">Edward K Nunoo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-57568598'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-57568598').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57568598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57568598"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57568598, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57568598", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57568598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57568598; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57568598"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57568598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57568598"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57568598; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57568598]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57568598").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57568598").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57568598"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3407" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies">Environmental Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3407" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17331" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17331" type="text/json">{"id":17331,"name":"Oil and gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18845" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability">Environmental Sustainability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18845" type="text/json">{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57568598]'), work: {"id":57568598,"title":"Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria","created_at":"2021-10-13T09:34:36.499-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/57568598/Assessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Vegetation_in_South_Western_Niger_Delta_Nigeria","slug":"Assessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Vegetation_in_South_Western_Niger_Delta_Nigeria","dom_id":"work_57568598","summary":"The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods and other key parameters. The study employed geospatial techniques and a secondary source of data to achieve the objectives set out in this study. The Global Moran I statistical tool was used to determine the spatial autocorrelation based on feature locations and attribute values. We observed built-up areas, bare land, and less dense vegetation had an overall increment of 1975.98 km2, 1370 km2 and 23805 km2, respectively. Dense vegetation had declension of 22058.33 km2 over the past five decades. Findings depict a declining trend in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, attributed to oil spillage as the key contributory factor. Occasioned by anthropogenic activities, the driving forces were traced to attacks on oil pipelines during conflicts and illegal means of creating leakages to siphon crude oil for sale. To achieve sustainability in oil spill management in the Delta, the study recommends further research to ascertain the cost of losses incurred apply geospatial techniques to monitor and predict environmental changes that inform decisions of key actors.","publication":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72406277,"asset_id":57568598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72406277/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/72406277/Oil_spillage_56794_2_10_20211005-libre.pdf?1634143569=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Veg.pdf\u0026Expires=1740466672\u0026Signature=G8iLtXNnpVoJ0fbdI5QmyTE0-dcKd~W8WNs1imAHg-shbD7ZL7Aogk0DszHnlB8TWnamqM3e1mMS7nfnrVQxRsM0mqBG7cxtmYdyR5mBCmP3NTfHCOMrT-0vyPoOKElReygpPM4sDg~DWrFrC5tUqOUcfCAWiHBelz9Tb-VNgVkSpVQ~GfaIq6PhyotoixLtU3ZY~K46KBWKJdsfjaZclAXkxi9-r4IZGGXh7t9GMhQTs76SerAuQMoN4yHG0XUPXTcAwtZZomJr0DVu9yIKQFW4rUtZ1qjG2jM-830GO69FMPQr3aTrqHrF5aFweyjN0LGAmdJukaKfnOb969Bfwg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72406277/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72406277/mini_magick20211013-11879-1b4utm2.png?1634145079"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":72406277,"asset_id":57568598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72406277/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/72406277/Oil_spillage_56794_2_10_20211005-libre.pdf?1634143569=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Veg.pdf\u0026Expires=1740466672\u0026Signature=G8iLtXNnpVoJ0fbdI5QmyTE0-dcKd~W8WNs1imAHg-shbD7ZL7Aogk0DszHnlB8TWnamqM3e1mMS7nfnrVQxRsM0mqBG7cxtmYdyR5mBCmP3NTfHCOMrT-0vyPoOKElReygpPM4sDg~DWrFrC5tUqOUcfCAWiHBelz9Tb-VNgVkSpVQ~GfaIq6PhyotoixLtU3ZY~K46KBWKJdsfjaZclAXkxi9-r4IZGGXh7t9GMhQTs76SerAuQMoN4yHG0XUPXTcAwtZZomJr0DVu9yIKQFW4rUtZ1qjG2jM-830GO69FMPQr3aTrqHrF5aFweyjN0LGAmdJukaKfnOb969Bfwg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72406277/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72406277/mini_magick20211013-11879-1b4utm2.png?1634145079"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":15,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"},{"id":6218086,"first_name":"Collins","last_name":"Oduro","domain_name":"globenuist","page_name":"CollinsOduro","display_name":"Collins K W A M E Oduro","profile_url":"https://globenuist.academia.edu/CollinsOduro","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6218086/2569726/104250776/s65_collins.oduro.jpg"},{"id":6507865,"first_name":"Edward","last_name":"Nunoo","domain_name":"centraluniversity-gh","page_name":"EdwardNunoo","display_name":"Edward K Nunoo","profile_url":"https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/EdwardNunoo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6507865/2618905/19323943/s65_edward.nunoo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health","nofollow":true},{"id":17331,"name":"Oil and gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas","nofollow":true},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability","nofollow":true},{"id":21318,"name":"Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria"},{"id":224636,"name":"Vegetation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vegetation"},{"id":253393,"name":"Niger Delta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niger_Delta"},{"id":296128,"name":"Geospatial Information Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geospatial_Information_Science"},{"id":556769,"name":"Impact of Oil Spillage on the Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact_of_Oil_Spillage_on_the_Environment"},{"id":870062,"name":"HotSpot","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HotSpot"},{"id":1138840,"name":"NDVI Spatial Temporal Vegetation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NDVI_Spatial_Temporal_Vegetation"}],"publication_year":2021,"publication_year_with_fallback":2021,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":15,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57569972" data-work_id="57569972" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57569972/Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of_Environmental_Problems_in_Greater_Accra_Metropolitan_Area_GAMA_of_Ghana">Review on Connecting the Complex Dots of Environmental Problems in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) of Ghana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">For years, Accra has been facing huge environmental challenges. Efficient policy frameworks coupled with prudent urban management are deemed as reasonable balance to environmental benefits. Research reveals urban areas in Ghana are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57569972" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">For years, Accra has been facing huge environmental challenges. Efficient policy frameworks coupled with prudent urban management are deemed as reasonable balance to environmental benefits. Research reveals urban areas in Ghana are confronted with the rapid loss of natural resources as urbanization increases. This synthesis report examines the ramifications of major issues faced by the Greater Accra region based on existing literature by (i) highlighting contemporary environmental problems in Accra (ii) probing into human-induced and natural factors that alterate environmental harmony in the study area (iii) discussing measures on safeguarding the environment through a sustainable approach in Accra, and (iv) presenting policy implications of environmental problems in Accra. Findings indicated urbanization, poverty and inappropriate urban planning systems influence environmental degradation in the study domain. Anthropogenic activities such as pollution and natural hazards like: flooding, drought and windstorms events have altered the physical properties of Accra. This paper reveals the assumption and execution of values to safeguard environmental resources in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57569972" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c4317dcc87a69e6f031b2891ddbf17a5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72407125,"asset_id":57569972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72407125/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51284456" href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51284456" type="text/json">{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57569972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57569972"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57569972, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57569972", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57569972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57569972; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57569972"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57569972 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57569972"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57569972; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57569972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57569972").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57569972").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57569972"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3407" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies">Environmental Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3407" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning">Urban Planning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4808" type="text/json">{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57569972]'), work: {"id":57569972,"title":"Review on Connecting the Complex Dots of Environmental Problems in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) of Ghana","created_at":"2021-10-13T09:42:27.504-07:00","owner_id":51284456,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/57569972/Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of_Environmental_Problems_in_Greater_Accra_Metropolitan_Area_GAMA_of_Ghana","slug":"Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of_Environmental_Problems_in_Greater_Accra_Metropolitan_Area_GAMA_of_Ghana","dom_id":"work_57569972","summary":"For years, Accra has been facing huge environmental challenges. Efficient policy frameworks coupled with prudent urban management are deemed as reasonable balance to environmental benefits. Research reveals urban areas in Ghana are confronted with the rapid loss of natural resources as urbanization increases. This synthesis report examines the ramifications of major issues faced by the Greater Accra region based on existing literature by (i) highlighting contemporary environmental problems in Accra (ii) probing into human-induced and natural factors that alterate environmental harmony in the study area (iii) discussing measures on safeguarding the environment through a sustainable approach in Accra, and (iv) presenting policy implications of environmental problems in Accra. Findings indicated urbanization, poverty and inappropriate urban planning systems influence environmental degradation in the study domain. Anthropogenic activities such as pollution and natural hazards like: flooding, drought and windstorms events have altered the physical properties of Accra. This paper reveals the assumption and execution of values to safeguard environmental resources in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.","publication":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72407125,"asset_id":57569972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72407125/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/72407125/Reviewing_Comp_Dot-libre.pdf?1634167462=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReview_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603596\u0026Signature=EQFWWn3asiplwZbyGs7mj3wiVcbKs~4wjGLClS6sSfmpxPqy-JY7xqgW8J0FUCdFaL7QyaDxrwuYbhgEADk68F-p0FhxJZspcXuISL3C3YvbPGc3augsMC193ruR09vZUt83~Chs20FYyZNrhyR0ULK6Y35V-vgx-ylfQ-1dqCvN68JspDWLrJ5rMd3YQun5ZB80kTlPlpw49qklgdQzZRjDf2C5DVihoXV68MWZvPiY2e2Df-rol~2GblmzuFDJel4SK61BG9GeUnVYvTG5wWXNE8-OHWJHiYt9qBFuE3uVh4drGnpRiJC~1Hj5W67FEgaoSs9RgkhnWSNOVIP81Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72407125/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72407125/mini_magick20211013-32030-1os8sw6.png?1634144051"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":72407125,"asset_id":57569972,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72407125/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/72407125/Reviewing_Comp_Dot-libre.pdf?1634167462=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReview_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603596\u0026Signature=EQFWWn3asiplwZbyGs7mj3wiVcbKs~4wjGLClS6sSfmpxPqy-JY7xqgW8J0FUCdFaL7QyaDxrwuYbhgEADk68F-p0FhxJZspcXuISL3C3YvbPGc3augsMC193ruR09vZUt83~Chs20FYyZNrhyR0ULK6Y35V-vgx-ylfQ-1dqCvN68JspDWLrJ5rMd3YQun5ZB80kTlPlpw49qklgdQzZRjDf2C5DVihoXV68MWZvPiY2e2Df-rol~2GblmzuFDJel4SK61BG9GeUnVYvTG5wWXNE8-OHWJHiYt9qBFuE3uVh4drGnpRiJC~1Hj5W67FEgaoSs9RgkhnWSNOVIP81Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72407125/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72407125/mini_magick20211013-32030-1os8sw6.png?1634144051"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":18,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty","nofollow":true},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development","nofollow":true},{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true},{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization"},{"id":21963,"name":"Solid Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_Waste_Management"},{"id":57140,"name":"Slums Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slums_Studies"},{"id":64336,"name":"Population","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population"},{"id":77442,"name":"Flooding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flooding"},{"id":273759,"name":"Accra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accra"}],"publication_year":2021,"publication_year_with_fallback":2021,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":51,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57723542 coauthored" data-work_id="57723542" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57723542/Assessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Vegetation_in_South_Western_Niger_Delta_Nigeria">Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57723542" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods and other key parameters. The study employed geospatial Original Research Article</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57723542" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb4d2d0faa783ad9b01029e4a3ac6a26" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72483274,"asset_id":57723542,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72483274/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="100509348" href="https://globenuist.academia.edu/EmmanuelYeboah">Emmanuel Yeboah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="100509348" type="text/json">{"id":100509348,"first_name":"Emmanuel","last_name":"Yeboah","domain_name":"globenuist","page_name":"EmmanuelYeboah","display_name":"Emmanuel Yeboah","profile_url":"https://globenuist.academia.edu/EmmanuelYeboah","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100509348/33616187/94276225/s65_emmanuel.yeboah.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-57723542">+4</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-57723542"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/EdwardNunoo">Edward K Nunoo</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://universityfordevelopmentstudies.academia.edu/fosteraddai">foster addai</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/EMMANUELLAABOAGYEAPPEA">EMMANUELLA ABOAGYE APPEA</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-57723542'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-57723542').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57723542 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57723542"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57723542, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57723542", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57723542 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57723542; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57723542"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57723542 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57723542"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57723542; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57723542]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57723542").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57723542").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57723542"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19522" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_sensing_and_GIS_applications_in_Landscape_Research">Remote sensing and GIS applications in Landscape Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19522" type="text/json">{"id":19522,"name":"Remote sensing and GIS applications in Landscape Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_sensing_and_GIS_applications_in_Landscape_Research","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23408" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_sensing_and_GIS">Remote sensing and GIS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23408" type="text/json">{"id":23408,"name":"Remote sensing and GIS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_sensing_and_GIS","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Surface_Temperature">Land Surface Temperature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133294" type="text/json">{"id":133294,"name":"Land Surface Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Surface_Temperature","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="726461" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indices">Indices</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="726461" type="text/json">{"id":726461,"name":"Indices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indices","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57723542]'), work: {"id":57723542,"title":"Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria","created_at":"2021-10-14T00:50:19.288-07:00","owner_id":100509348,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/57723542/Assessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Vegetation_in_South_Western_Niger_Delta_Nigeria","slug":"Assessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Vegetation_in_South_Western_Niger_Delta_Nigeria","dom_id":"work_57723542","summary":"The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods and other key parameters. The study employed geospatial Original Research Article","publication":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72483274,"asset_id":57723542,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72483274/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/72483274/Oil_paper-libre.pdf?1634271234=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Veg.pdf\u0026Expires=1740593934\u0026Signature=c4MwpF8HjTzf-cIn13XN4Qf8Z-ehqfI8RzJ2kq3CvQy0R3WXtkI49Eextuk9KIcUN2qPpuFuBBkCGvS7WX5~Euh0zfK1Lwnyzaj3UBB3aY~3NwVlWAG9PJL1wAAB2DcD2MQLvpGLojYGezpeFLvT44xqTcPmuPc6vEFSjlbK0HVRaqBnX8NNnydIe50Ey4y-PT46QTtRTBUJUPfE8yCom42VLIDw-y1QsUivFBrKNZp6Iy~W7kcWAC-3gI9YpLnm7XHteZo~SiYvyWRZv9r2DkB58ecXKkV~i~tHvsiDZUomB8ds22LtxiUf9Rh9hblQ69TYlI6H2rxbZczL8E0Quw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72483274/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72483274/mini_magick20211014-1785-ialwth.png?1634199192"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":72483274,"asset_id":57723542,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72483274/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/72483274/Oil_paper-libre.pdf?1634271234=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessment_of_Oil_Spillage_Impact_on_Veg.pdf\u0026Expires=1740593934\u0026Signature=c4MwpF8HjTzf-cIn13XN4Qf8Z-ehqfI8RzJ2kq3CvQy0R3WXtkI49Eextuk9KIcUN2qPpuFuBBkCGvS7WX5~Euh0zfK1Lwnyzaj3UBB3aY~3NwVlWAG9PJL1wAAB2DcD2MQLvpGLojYGezpeFLvT44xqTcPmuPc6vEFSjlbK0HVRaqBnX8NNnydIe50Ey4y-PT46QTtRTBUJUPfE8yCom42VLIDw-y1QsUivFBrKNZp6Iy~W7kcWAC-3gI9YpLnm7XHteZo~SiYvyWRZv9r2DkB58ecXKkV~i~tHvsiDZUomB8ds22LtxiUf9Rh9hblQ69TYlI6H2rxbZczL8E0Quw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72483274/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72483274/mini_magick20211014-1785-ialwth.png?1634199192"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":15,"ordered_authors":[{"id":100509348,"first_name":"Emmanuel","last_name":"Yeboah","domain_name":"globenuist","page_name":"EmmanuelYeboah","display_name":"Emmanuel Yeboah","profile_url":"https://globenuist.academia.edu/EmmanuelYeboah","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100509348/33616187/94276225/s65_emmanuel.yeboah.jpg"},{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"},{"id":6507865,"first_name":"Edward","last_name":"Nunoo","domain_name":"centraluniversity-gh","page_name":"EdwardNunoo","display_name":"Edward K Nunoo","profile_url":"https://centraluniversity-gh.academia.edu/EdwardNunoo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6507865/2618905/19323943/s65_edward.nunoo.jpg"},{"id":17696061,"first_name":"foster","last_name":"addai","domain_name":"universityfordevelopmentstudies","page_name":"fosteraddai","display_name":"foster addai","profile_url":"https://universityfordevelopmentstudies.academia.edu/fosteraddai","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17696061/5896144/6695385/s65_foster.addai.jpg"},{"id":161225819,"first_name":"EMMANUELLA ABOAGYE","last_name":"APPEA","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EMMANUELLAABOAGYEAPPEA","display_name":"EMMANUELLA ABOAGYE APPEA","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EMMANUELLAABOAGYEAPPEA","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":19522,"name":"Remote sensing and GIS applications in Landscape Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_sensing_and_GIS_applications_in_Landscape_Research","nofollow":true},{"id":23408,"name":"Remote sensing and GIS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_sensing_and_GIS","nofollow":true},{"id":133294,"name":"Land Surface Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Surface_Temperature","nofollow":true},{"id":726461,"name":"Indices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indices","nofollow":true},{"id":1192779,"name":"Landuse Landcover Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landuse_Landcover_Change"}],"publication_year":2021,"publication_year_with_fallback":2021,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":9,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58959902 coauthored" data-work_id="58959902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58959902/Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of_Environmental_Problems_in_Greater_Accra_Metropolitan_Area_GAMA_of_Ghana">Review on Connecting the Complex Dots of Environmental Problems in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) of Ghana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">For years, Accra has been facing huge environmental challenges. Efficient policy frameworks coupled with prudent urban management are deemed as reasonable balance to environmental benefits. Research reveals urban areas in Ghana are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_58959902" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">For years, Accra has been facing huge environmental challenges. Efficient policy frameworks coupled with prudent urban management are deemed as reasonable balance to environmental benefits. Research reveals urban areas in Ghana are confronted with the rapid loss of natural resources as urbanization increases. This synthesis report examines the ramifications of major issues faced by the Greater Accra region based on existing literature by (i) highlighting contemporary environmental problems in Accra (ii) probing into human-induced and natural factors that alterate environmental harmony in the study area (iii) discussing measures on safeguarding the environment through a sustainable approach in Accra, and (iv) presenting policy implications of environmental problems in Accra. Findings indicated urbanization, poverty and inappropriate urban planning systems influence environmental degradation in the study domain. Anthropogenic activities such as pollution and natural hazards like: flooding, drought and windstorms events have altered the physical properties of Accra. This paper reveals the assumption and execution of values to safeguard environmental resources in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58959902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="614c409caafc2550f541e7780c25172b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73117567,"asset_id":58959902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73117567/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6218086" href="https://globenuist.academia.edu/CollinsOduro">Collins K W A M E Oduro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6218086" type="text/json">{"id":6218086,"first_name":"Collins","last_name":"Oduro","domain_name":"globenuist","page_name":"CollinsOduro","display_name":"Collins K W A M E Oduro","profile_url":"https://globenuist.academia.edu/CollinsOduro","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6218086/2569726/104250776/s65_collins.oduro.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-58959902">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-58959902"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-58959902'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-58959902').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_58959902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58959902"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58959902, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58959902", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_58959902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58959902; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_58959902"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_58959902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58959902"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58959902; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58959902]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58959902").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58959902").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58959902"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning">Urban Planning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4808" type="text/json">{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization">Urbanization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21310" type="text/json">{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="121723" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Water_Policy">Urban Water Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="121723" type="text/json">{"id":121723,"name":"Urban Water Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Water_Policy","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="879352" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-Economic_Impact_of_Rural-Urban_Migration">Socio-Economic Impact of Rural-Urban Migration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="879352" type="text/json">{"id":879352,"name":"Socio-Economic Impact of Rural-Urban Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-Economic_Impact_of_Rural-Urban_Migration","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58959902]'), work: {"id":58959902,"title":"Review on Connecting the Complex Dots of Environmental Problems in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) of Ghana","created_at":"2021-10-18T23:16:31.771-07:00","owner_id":6218086,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/58959902/Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of_Environmental_Problems_in_Greater_Accra_Metropolitan_Area_GAMA_of_Ghana","slug":"Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of_Environmental_Problems_in_Greater_Accra_Metropolitan_Area_GAMA_of_Ghana","dom_id":"work_58959902","summary":"For years, Accra has been facing huge environmental challenges. Efficient policy frameworks coupled with prudent urban management are deemed as reasonable balance to environmental benefits. Research reveals urban areas in Ghana are confronted with the rapid loss of natural resources as urbanization increases. This synthesis report examines the ramifications of major issues faced by the Greater Accra region based on existing literature by (i) highlighting contemporary environmental problems in Accra (ii) probing into human-induced and natural factors that alterate environmental harmony in the study area (iii) discussing measures on safeguarding the environment through a sustainable approach in Accra, and (iv) presenting policy implications of environmental problems in Accra. Findings indicated urbanization, poverty and inappropriate urban planning systems influence environmental degradation in the study domain. Anthropogenic activities such as pollution and natural hazards like: flooding, drought and windstorms events have altered the physical properties of Accra. This paper reveals the assumption and execution of values to safeguard environmental resources in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.","publication":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73117567,"asset_id":58959902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73117567/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/73117567/Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of-libre.pdf?1634736286=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReview_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603596\u0026Signature=fzBcFFPUFhWkRUJB7LNue-nYlbYZ4-7-QPG0VRlCghPg5vJccQsOGfqjKg2ivgm5ViswjnbzuunKFG6Y5N~S5eeO02SQ8d25TQaEPE7l~k108LGA0~K3yixp5VgozNL9VSVP59zb-xLZ14rsKFy5folyqP8e9~ufwZkPkNv1FfEhjxxmDy7bPlw4coeJpHMGz3cFhVdKlwwNoLgX9uvG4fuMEjbhVXM3T-fnJNTWH1H0UaBRyf9wlePV7D6S4hiiwGAekOsJlNDNKiZaWo0pI-42S8gm~GDeZUiQv5VlR3g0ZwY32iJwWNrkaf63nl~wA3LVEvMnFZF6etNfus25aA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73117567/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/73117567/mini_magick20211018-6510-8logaj.png?1634624229"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":73117567,"asset_id":58959902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73117567/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/73117567/Review_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of-libre.pdf?1634736286=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReview_on_Connecting_the_Complex_Dots_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740603597\u0026Signature=fdmB5GbDv~U17s-vVsd8jOI-vbCe22XUkn7YMrE9z8Lvn28KjeBdCfDyZDXyp7SI1QfBESAxvQHGG~jgEJdkPEboB5y1GTMNWiHoKEeiYuAzALCEAMOpz4FLKuTa6wkRUWLp4vcC-MohxmZxy0c-68~jZteemSzWAkjRFpb7V2hRQwjAF8RSnvbsTlXIfKewC9uzVA4CNx6jqI~PseywVjCHp-djbQLiuG7aTsir40s29JOEQND8VTqlmi6WxoHLRVbUjCz4NbCGT7udR29E4dhvWI1tkm~We-Nx0FI5-SKzFLEDYx8BZOIiGY3q8z64bgmR7OwDYm7-GeT3MISrug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73117567/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/73117567/mini_magick20211018-6510-8logaj.png?1634624229"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":18,"ordered_authors":[{"id":6218086,"first_name":"Collins","last_name":"Oduro","domain_name":"globenuist","page_name":"CollinsOduro","display_name":"Collins K W A M E Oduro","profile_url":"https://globenuist.academia.edu/CollinsOduro","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6218086/2569726/104250776/s65_collins.oduro.jpg"},{"id":51284456,"first_name":"Isaac","last_name":"Sarfo","domain_name":"henu","page_name":"IsaacSarfo","display_name":"Isaac Sarfo","profile_url":"https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51284456/13585402/115545933/s65_isaac.sarfo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true},{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization","nofollow":true},{"id":121723,"name":"Urban Water Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Water_Policy","nofollow":true},{"id":879352,"name":"Socio-Economic Impact of Rural-Urban Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-Economic_Impact_of_Rural-Urban_Migration","nofollow":true},{"id":1499057,"name":"Water and sanitation in Urban Informal settlements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_and_sanitation_in_Urban_Informal_settlements"}],"publication_year":2021,"publication_year_with_fallback":2021,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":15,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68092090 coauthored" data-work_id="68092090" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68092090/COVID_19_Contact_Tracing_Ghana_s_Efforts_in_the_Application_of_Geospatial_Technology_in_Minimizing_the_Impact_of_the_Pandemic">COVID-19 Contact Tracing: Ghana’s Efforts in the Application of Geospatial Technology in Minimizing the Impact of the Pandemic</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">COVID-19 has presented unusual challenges for individuals, governments and societies across the globe. Several non-medical and non-pharmaceutical interventions have demonstrated to be critical in addressing the resultant impacts. One... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68092090" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">COVID-19 has presented unusual challenges for individuals, governments and societies across the globe. Several non-medical and non-pharmaceutical interventions have demonstrated to be critical in addressing the resultant impacts. One notable tool among these interventions is the application of technology in identifying infected persons or individuals coming into contact with those infected. Policy think-tanks have invested in geospatial technology and information systems to help resolve contact tracing inefficiencies to curtail the fast spread of the disease. This study highlights the extent of the application of geospatial technology in COVID-19 contact tracing in Ghana. Here, it was demonstrated that majority of young adults that form the greater part of Ghana’s population have access to digital devices which serve as primary catalysts in facilitating effective and efficient contact tracing. Case count of the pandemic continues to surge sharply from one month to the other since th...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68092090" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f20fccc2e8163f29bf9bc5492bf90897" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78692141,"asset_id":68092090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78692141/download_file?st=MTc0MDU5OTk5Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17696061" href="https://universityfordevelopmentstudies.academia.edu/fosteraddai">foster addai</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17696061" type="text/json">{"id":17696061,"first_name":"foster","last_name":"addai","domain_name":"universityfordevelopmentstudies","page_name":"fosteraddai","display_name":"foster addai","profile_url":"https://universityfordevelopmentstudies.academia.edu/fosteraddai","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17696061/5896144/6695385/s65_foster.addai.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-68092090">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-68092090"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://globenuist.academia.edu/EmmanuelYeboah">Emmanuel Yeboah</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://henu.academia.edu/IsaacSarfo">Isaac Sarfo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-68092090'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-68092090').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68092090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68092090"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68092090, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68092090", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68092090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68092090; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68092090"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68092090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68092090"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68092090; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68092090]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68092090").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68092090").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination "> <li class="page active"> <a href="/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents">1</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents?page=2">2</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a href="/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents?page=3">3</a> </li> <li class="next_page"> <a rel="next" href="/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents?page=2">Next &rsaquo;</a> </li> <li class="last next"> <a href="/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents?page=3">Last »</a> </li> </ul> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "fb9f5a1bd72fab37ad2c48322e4039ec3f40f58e94803dabf269e62d9ec231df", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="AfSIdZMbksCEiyKH9DUzLSTHhjMn8TOAj__8mzPnv1HZ1CKjag97rAecGXdUaWOAmzaPK6FSOE9_9zppmwM3yg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://henu.academia.edu/Departments/College_of_Environment_and_Planning/Documents" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="nqfrG1gSXmAVA8ypj1EoRvdUVbeknlmFJJoYNd4ScNFGh0HNoQa3DJYU91kvDXjrSKVcryI9UkrUkt7Hdvb4Sg" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style=""><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style=""><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>