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(тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joual" title="Joual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joual" title="Joual – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joual" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_joual" title="Dialetto joual – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto joual" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joual" title="Joual – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joual" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жуаль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жуаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E8%8F%AF%E5%8B%92%E8%A9%B1" title="朱華勒話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朱華勒話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><i><b>Joual</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒwal]</a></span>) is an accepted name for the linguistic features of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a> that are associated with the French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> which has become a symbol of national identity for some. <i>Joual</i> has historically been <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatized</a> by some, and celebrated by others.<sup id="cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>Joual</i> is often considered a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> of the Québécois working class,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many feel that perception is outdated, with <i>Joual</i> becoming increasingly present in the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speakers of Quebec French from outside Montreal usually have other names to identify their speech, such as <a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaouin">Chaouin</a> south of Trois-Rivières. Linguists tend to eschew this term, but historically some have reserved the term <i>Joual</i> for the variant of Quebec French spoken in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the upward socio-economic mobility among the Québécois, and a cultural renaissance around <i>Joual</i> connected to the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> in the Montreal East-End have resulted in <i>Joual</i> being spoken by people across the educational and economic spectrum. Today, many <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> who were raised in Quebec during the 20th century (command of English notwithstanding) can understand and speak at least some <i>Joual. Joual</i> is also commonly spoken in a few Francophone communities in Ontario, such as <a href="/wiki/Hearst,_Ontario" title="Hearst, Ontario">Hearst</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_French" title="History of Quebec French">History of Quebec French</a></div> <p>The creation of <i>Joual</i> can be traced back to the "era of silence", the period from the 1840s to the 1960s and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "era of silence" was marked with stark stigmatization of the common working man. Written documents were not shared with the typical working class man, and the very strict form of French that was used by elites excluded a majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Prins_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quiet Revolution during the 1960s was a time of awakening, in which the Quebec working class demanded more respect in society, including wider use of <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Québécois French">Québécois</a> in literature and the performing arts. <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tremblay" title="Michel Tremblay">Michel Tremblay</a> is an example of a writer who deliberately used <i>Joual</i> and Québécois to represent the working class populations of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-Dargnat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dargnat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Joual</i>, a language of the working class, quickly became associated with slang and vulgar language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite its continued use in Canada, there are still ideologies present which place a negative connotation on the use of <i>Joual</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although coinage of the name <i>joual</i> is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French-Canadian</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Laurendeau" title="André Laurendeau">André Laurendeau</a>, who in October 1959 wrote an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i> criticizing the quality of the French language spoken by French Canadian students, the usage of this term throughout French-speaking Canada likely predates this text.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual word <i>Joual</i> is the representation of how the word <i>cheval</i> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃəval]</a></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">horse</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is pronounced by those who speak <i>Joual</i>. ("Horse" is used in a variation of the phrase <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">parler français comme une vache</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to speak French like a cow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, i.e. to speak French terribly; hence, a put-down of the Québécois dialect.) The weak <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> disappeared. Then the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> was <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span>, thereby creating <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒval]</span>. Next, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> at the beginning of a syllable in some regional dialects of French or even in very rapid speech in general weakened to become the <a href="/wiki/Semi-vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vowel">semi-vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> written <span class="nowrap">⟨ou⟩</span>. The end result is the word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒwal]</span> transcribed as <i>Joual</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="there is no evidence of this (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Most_notable_or_stereotypical_linguistic_features">Most notable or stereotypical linguistic features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Most notable or stereotypical linguistic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</a> are normally present where <a href="/wiki/Long_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowels">long vowels</a> would be present in standard French. There is also the usage of <i>sontaient, sonté</i> (<i>ils étaient, ils ont été</i>). </p><p>Although <i>moé</i> and <i>toé</i> are today considered substandard slang pronunciations of <i>moi</i> and <i>toi</i>, these were the original pronunciations of <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a></i> French used in all provinces of Northern France, by the royalty, aristocracy, and common people. After the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the standard pronunciation in France changed to that of a previously-stigmatized form in the speech of Paris, but Quebec French continued to evolve from the historically older dialects, having become isolated from France following the 1760 <a href="/wiki/Quebec#New_France_(1608–1763)" title="Quebec">British conquest of New France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Joual</i> shares many features with modern <a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">Oïl languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitevin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin (language)">Poitevin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Saintongeais">Saintongeais</a> though its affinities are greatest with the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of these <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">languages of France</a> predominated among settlers to <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. </p><p>It could be argued that at least some aspects of more modern <i>Joual</i> are further <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">linguistic contractions</a> of standard French. <i>D'la</i> (<i>de la</i>) is an example where the word <i>de</i> has nearly fallen out of usage over time and has become contracted. This argument does apply to other words, and this phenomenon has become widespread throughout contemporary French language. </p><p>A defining characteristic of the sociolect is the deliberate use of the pronoun <i>tu</i> to indicate a question. The pronoun maintains its traditional usage, that of representing the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">second person</a> singular, but is also used in conjunction with a verb, to indicate a question.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tu</i> is used, for this purpose, regardless of the technically relevant grammatical person. This is because <i>tu</i>, in this <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">use-case</a>, is a contraction of the antiquated <i>t-il</i> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> originating from 13th century France,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was used to indicate a question.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in metropolitan french, a question may be asked as simply <i>"Veut-il manger?"</i> whereas in Joual, it may be asked as <i>"Il veux-tu manger?"</i> </p><p>Another significant characteristic of <i>Joual</i> is the liberal use of profanities called <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_profanity" title="Quebec French profanity">sacre</a></i> in everyday speech.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_of_English_origin">Words of English origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Words of English origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_English_origin" title="List of French words of English origin">List of French words of English origin</a></div> <p>There are a number of English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in <i>Joual</i>, although they have been stigmatized since the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead favoring alternative terms promoted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office québécois de la langue française">Office québécois de la langue française</a></i>. The commonality of English loanwords in <i>Joual</i> is attributed to the unilingually anglophone nature of the factory owners, business higher-ups, and industrial supervisors which employed the majority of French-speaking blue-collar workers throughout 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This need to use English in workplace environments, when referring to technical elements of the worker's labour, caused the gradual integration of English loanwords into French.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words would eventually come to be conjugated and integrated as though they were traditionally French words (such as "Check" becoming the verb "Chequer"). The usage of <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> anglicisms varies both regionally and historically. In the table below are a few common <i>Joual</i> words of English origin. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Joual word </th> <th>Pronunciation (approximation) </th> <th>Standard French word (approximation) </th> <th>English meaning </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bécosse (f) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bekɔs]</span> </td> <td>toilette extérieure (f) </td> <td>outdoor toilet (from "back house") </td> <td><i>le boss des bécosses</i> (someone who behaves as though they are the boss) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bécik (m) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[besɪk]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɛsɪk]</span> </td> <td>bicyclette (f), vélo (m) </td> <td>bicycle </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bike (m) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɑik]</span> </td> <td>motocyclette (f) </td> <td>motorbike </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bines (f) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪn]</span> </td> <td>fèves (f) </td> <td>beans </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Braker </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bʁeike]</a> </td> <td>freiner </td> <td>to brake (verb) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Breakeur (m) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bʁeikɚ]</a> </td> <td>disjoncteur (m) </td> <td>circuit breaker </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bum (m) </td> <td>[bʌm] </td> <td>clochard (m) </td> <td>bum, vagrant </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chequer </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃɛke]</span> </td> <td>vérifier </td> <td>to check something out (verb) </td> <td><i>check ben ça</i> ("check this out") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chum (m, sometimes f) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʃɔm]</a> </td> <td>copain (m), ami (m), amie (f) </td> <td>boyfriend or male friend, occasionally female friend </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Domper </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[dõpe]</a> </td> <td>jeter, rompre avec </td> <td>to throw out (rubbish) or to break up with someone (verb) </td> <td><i>domper la puck</i> (in hockey-"dumping the puck") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flat (m) </td> <td>[flat] </td> <td>crevaison (f), plongeon sur le ventre (m) </td> <td>flat tyre or belly flop (in the pool) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frencher </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[fʁɛntʃe]</a> </td> <td>embrasser (avec langue) </td> <td>to French kiss (verb) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Froque (f) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fʁʌk]</span> </td> <td>manteau (m) </td> <td>jacket </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hood (m) </td> <td>like in English or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊd]</span> </td> <td>capot (m) </td> <td>hood of a car </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lift (m) </td> <td>[lɪft] </td> <td> </td> <td>lift (as in giving someone a lift in a vehicle) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pinotte (f) </td> <td>like in English, but with a shorter i </td> <td>arachide (f) </td> <td>peanut, also street slang for "amphetamines" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>States (les) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[steːts]</span> </td> <td>États-Unis (les) </td> <td>the United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tank (m) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tẽːk]</a> </td> <td>réservoir (m) </td> <td>container, <i>tank à gaz</i>: "fuel tank" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Toaster (m) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tostɚ]</a> </td> <td>grille-pain (m) </td> <td>toaster </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tough </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tɔf]</a> </td> <td>dur, difficile </td> <td>tough </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Truck (m) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʁɔk]</a> </td> <td>camion (m) </td> <td>truck </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skidoo (m) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[skidu]</span> </td> <td>motoneige (f) </td> <td>snowmobile (from <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Recreational_Products" title="Bombardier Recreational Products">Bombardier</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ski-Doo" title="Ski-Doo">Ski-Doo</a>") </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Screen (m) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[skɻiːŋ]</span> </td> <td>moustiquaire (f) </td> <td>screen of a window </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windshield </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɪnʃiːl]</span> </td> <td>pare-brise (m) </td> <td>windshield </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some words were also previously thought to be of English origin, although modern research has shown them to be from regional French dialects: </p> <ul><li>Pitoune (log, cute girl, loose girl): previously thought to come from "happy town" although the word <i>pitchoune</i> exists in dialects from southern France (possibly coming from the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> word <i>pichona</i>, "little girl"), now used to mean "cute girl".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">Poutine</a>: was thought to come from "pudding", but some have drawn a parallel with the Occitan language (also called Provençal or Languedoc) term <i>podinga</i>, a stew made of scraps, which was the previous use of the term in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glossary">Glossary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glossary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Joual </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Quebec French-language text"><i lang="fr-CA">toé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">toi</i></span> (from classic French pronunciation of toi) </td> <td>you (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Quebec French-language text"><i lang="fr-CA">moé</i></span> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">moi</i></span> (from classic French pronunciation of moi) </td> <td>me </td></tr> <tr> <td>pis, pis quoi </td> <td>et puis, puis quoi </td> <td>and, So what </td></tr> <tr> <td>moé j'vo [ʒvɔ] or j'va <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʒvʌ]</a> </td> <td>moi je vais au/a la </td> <td>I will, I am going </td></tr> <tr> <td>Çé </td> <td>c'est </td> <td>It is </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lé </td> <td>Les </td> <td>The (plural) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ço [sɔ] </td> <td>Ça </td> <td>That </td></tr> <tr> <td>Po [pɔ] </td> <td>Pas </td> <td>Not </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lo [ʟɔ] </td> <td>Là </td> <td>There </td></tr> <tr> <td>j'fa, j'fasse, je fasse </td> <td>je fais </td> <td>I am doing </td></tr> <tr> <td>D'la </td> <td>De la </td> <td>Of the (feminine), from the (feminine), some (feminine), a quantity of (feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>té, t'es </td> <td>tu es </td> <td>you are </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yé </td> <td>Il est </td> <td>He is, it is </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsé (tsé là), t'sais </td> <td>tu sais </td> <td>you know </td></tr> <tr> <td>je s'ré </td> <td>je serai </td> <td>I will be </td></tr> <tr> <td>j'cres, j'cré </td> <td>je crois </td> <td>I believe </td></tr> <tr> <td>pantoute </td> <td>pas du tout (de <i>pas en tout</i>) </td> <td>not at all </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td>il </td> <td>he </td></tr> <tr> <td>a, a'l'o </td> <td>elle, elle a </td> <td>she, she has </td></tr> <tr> <td>ouais or ouin </td> <td>oui </td> <td>yeah, yep </td></tr> <tr> <td>y'o [jɔ] </td> <td>il y a, il a </td> <td>there is, he has </td></tr> <tr> <td>toul', tou'l' </td> <td>tout le </td> <td>all of the </td></tr> <tr> <td>icitte </td> <td>ici </td> <td>here </td></tr> <tr> <td>ben </td> <td>bien </td> <td>well / very / many (contextual) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tu d'ben </td> <td>peut-être </td> <td>maybe </td></tr> <tr> <td>bengadon, ben r'gardon, ben gardon </td> <td>bien regarde-donc </td> <td>well look at </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ga don ço, gadon ço, r'gardon ço </td> <td>Regarde donc ça </td> <td>Look at that </td></tr> <tr> <td>su, d'su, de su </td> <td>sur, dessus </td> <td>on, over top of </td></tr> <tr> <td>su la, s'a </td> <td>sur la </td> <td>on the (feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>su'l </td> <td>sur le </td> <td>on the (masculine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>anyway, en tout co [ã tu̥ kɔ], entouco, entéco, ent'lé co, entouka </td> <td>en tout cas, en tous les cas </td> <td>in any case, however, anyway (from English "anyway" addition of this word is non-ubiquitous, but en tout co has broad usage) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aweille!, Enweille! </td> <td>Envoye! Bouge! Allez! </td> <td>Send! Move! Go on! (contextual) </td></tr> <tr> <td>enweille don, àweille don </td> <td>envoie donc, allez </td> <td>come on </td></tr> <tr> <td>faite, fette </td> <td>saoul </td> <td>drunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>fette, faite, té faite </td> <td>fini, tu es fini </td> <td>finished, you are finished </td></tr> <tr> <td>nuitte </td> <td>nuit </td> <td>night </td></tr> <tr> <td>ti / 'tite, p'tite / p'tit </td> <td>petit / petite </td> <td>small (masculine / feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>déhor, d'wor, dewor, dowor </td> <td>dehors </td> <td>outside, get out (contextual) </td></tr> <tr> <td>boutte (masculine) </td> <td>bout </td> <td>end, tip, bit (un ti boutte = un petit bout = a little bit or a little while) </td></tr> <tr> <td>toutte </td> <td>tout </td> <td>everything, all, the whole </td></tr> <tr> <td>litte </td> <td>lit </td> <td>bed </td></tr> <tr> <td>tusuite, tudsuite, tud'suite, tu'd'suite, toud'suite </td> <td>tout de suite </td> <td>right now </td></tr> <tr> <td>astheure, asteur<br />(from "à cette heure") </td> <td>maintenant, couramment </td> <td>now, currently, from now on </td></tr> <tr> <td>han? </td> <td>hein? </td> <td>eh? huh? or what? </td></tr> <tr> <td>heille </td> <td>hé </td> <td>hey </td></tr> <tr> <td>frette </td> <td>froid </td> <td>cold </td></tr> <tr> <td>fà </td> <td>fait </td> <td>make/do </td></tr> <tr> <td>s'fèque, s'fà que, sfàk </td> <td>donc (ça fait que) </td> <td>so, therefore </td></tr> <tr> <td>mèk, mainque, main que </td> <td>lorsque (from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">old French</a> « mais que ») </td> <td>as soon as, upon </td></tr> <tr> <td>dins, dan lé </td> <td>dans les </td> <td>in the (plural) </td></tr> <tr> <td>cé </td> <td>c'est, ceci est </td> <td>this is </td></tr> <tr> <td>c'pos, cé po, s'po[spɔ] </td> <td>ce n'est pas </td> <td>it's not </td></tr> <tr> <td>end'ssour, end'ssou </td> <td>en dessous </td> <td>under </td></tr> <tr> <td>s'assir, s'assoère </td> <td>s'asseoir </td> <td>to sit down </td></tr> <tr> <td>ak, ac, a'ec, èk, èque </td> <td>avec </td> <td>with </td></tr> <tr> <td>boète [bwaɪ̯t] </td> <td>boîte </td> <td>box </td></tr> <tr> <td>à soère, à swère </td> <td>ce soir </td> <td>tonight </td></tr> <tr> <td>àmandonné, aman'né </td> <td>à un moment donné </td> <td>at some point, at any given time </td></tr> <tr> <td>bouette </td> <td>boue </td> <td>mud </td></tr> <tr> <td>c't'un, cé t'un, s't'un </td> <td>c'est un </td> <td>it's a </td></tr> <tr> <td>j'suis, chuis </td> <td>je suis (un) </td> <td>I am </td></tr> <tr> <td>garah, gararh </td> <td>garage </td> <td>garage (non-ubiquitous usage) </td></tr> <tr> <td>char </td> <td>voiture </td> <td>car, short for chariot </td></tr> <tr> <td>tarla, con, nono </td> <td>stupide </td> <td>dumb </td></tr> <tr> <td>kétaine, quétaine </td> <td>de mauvais goût, ringard (France) </td> <td>tasteless, cheesy (fashion) </td></tr> <tr> <td>fif, fifi </td> <td>éfféminé </td> <td>sissy, feminine male (can also mean queer, derogatory) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tapette (une) </td> <td>pédé (un) </td> <td>queer, feminine male, male homosexual or pre sex change male (all usage is derogatory) </td></tr> <tr> <td>grand slack </td> <td>grand et mince </td> <td>tall and skinny (from English "slack") </td></tr> <tr> <td>smatte (té), smartte (té) </td> <td>sympatique, gentil </td> <td>friendly, kind </td></tr> <tr> <td>plotte </td> <td>chatte, vagin </td> <td>cunt, whore, pussy, vagina (contextually derogatory) </td></tr> <tr> <td>graine, grène </td> <td>pénis </td> <td>Cock, penis (graine is the literal translation of the word seed, contextually derogatory) </td></tr> <tr> <td>botare </td> <td>bâtard </td> <td>bastard </td></tr> <tr> <td>eulle </td> <td>l' le </td> <td>the </td></tr> <tr> <td>étchoeuré </td> <td>écœuré </td> <td>tired (annoyed) </td></tr> <tr> <td>t'su, d'su </td> <td>mettre sur </td> <td>put on </td></tr> <tr> <td>vert (té) </td> <td>inexpérimenté (tu es) </td> <td>(you are) inexperienced (being new, "green", to something, vert is the literal translation of the word green) </td></tr> <tr> <td>troud'cu, trou'd'cu, trou d'cul </td> <td>enfoiré, trou de cul </td> <td>ass hole (contextually derogatory) </td></tr> <tr> <td>panel (un) </td> <td>camionnette, fourgon </td> <td>van (panel van, cargo van, non-ubiquitous usage) </td></tr> <tr> <td>jarret, hârret </td> <td>mollet </td> <td>calf </td></tr> <tr> <td>lulu </td> <td>mèche (deux) </td> <td>twintails (non-ubiquitous usage) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drette lo </td> <td>Ici même (droit là) </td> <td>Right there </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ç'à d'l'air à ço, Ç'à d'l'air de'd ço </td> <td>Ça ressemble à ça </td> <td>It looks like that </td></tr> <tr> <td>J'te dis </td> <td>Je te dis </td> <td>I tell you </td></tr> <tr> <td>J'toute fourré, j's'tout fourré, schtout fourré </td> <td>Je suis confus </td> <td>I'm so confused, I'm all fucked up </td></tr> <tr> <td>J'cogne des clous </td> <td>Je suis épuisé </td> <td>I'm so tired </td></tr> <tr> <td>Checke-moé le don, </td> <td>Regarde le (donc) lui </td> <td>Look at him </td></tr> <tr> <td>Checke Fern, Checke checke </td> <td>Regarde ça/lui/elle, Regarde </td> <td>Look at him/her/that or simply look (gender neutral form, contextual, non-ubiquitous usage, circa 1980s but still holds meaning) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'Stacoze de'd, stacoze de, C't-à-cause de, </td> <td>c'est à cause de </td> <td>it is because of </td></tr> <tr> <td>'Stacé </td> <td>C'est assez </td> <td>That's enough </td></tr> <tr> <td>Viarge </td> <td>Putain ! </td> <td>Damn ! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grouille (toé) </td> <td>Dépêche-toi </td> <td>Hurry up </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta yeul!, la yeul!, ferme ta boète!, la ferme!, la farme! </td> <td>tais-toi! ferme ta gueule! </td> <td>shut up!, shut your animal mouth! (derogatory), shut your box! (derogatory) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y pue d'la yeul (referring to a human male, Y means Il singular third person male whereas A (pronounced à) means Elle singular third person female) </td> <td>Ça pue de la gueule (animal), Il a la mauvaise haleine (human male) </td> <td>He has a stinky animal mouth, He has bad breath, He stinks from the mouth (gueule directly translates to animal mouth, hence the sentence is derogatory if relating to a human male. Pue is the literal translation of a conjugation of the verb to stink) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chus dan marde </td> <td>Je suis dans le pétrin (Je suis dans la merde) </td> <td>I'm in big trouble (I'm in shit) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two-act play <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Belles-s%C5%93urs" title="Les Belles-sœurs">Les Belles-sœurs</a></i> by Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tremblay" title="Michel Tremblay">Michel Tremblay</a> premiered in 1968 at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Rideau_Vert" title="Théâtre du Rideau Vert">Théâtre du Rideau Vert</a> in Montreal. Many consider it to have had a profound impact on Canadian culture, as it was one of the first times <i>Joual</i> was seen on a national stage. The play follows a working-class woman named Germaine in Montréal. After winning a million <a href="/wiki/Trading_stamp" title="Trading stamp">trading stamps</a>, she invites her friends over to help paste them into booklets to redeem them. But Germaine is unsuspecting of her jealous friends who are envious of her winnings.<sup id="cite_ref-Les_Belles-soeurs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Les_Belles-soeurs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the play was originally written in <i>Joual</i> is very important to the socio-linguistic aspect of the women. The characters all come from the working class and for the most part, speak in <i>Joual</i>, which at the time was not seen on the main stage. The play was cited at the time as a "radical element among Quebec critics as the dawn of a new era of liberation, both political and aesthetic".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <i>Les Belles-sœurs</i> premiered in Paris, France in 1973 as it was originally written, in <i>Joual</i>, it was met with some initial criticism. One critic described it as difficult to understand as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tremblay responded, "a culture should always start with speak to herself. The ancient Greeks spoke to each other".<sup id="cite_ref-Les_Belles-soeurs_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Les_Belles-soeurs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The quotation near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source to ensure that it actually exists, is accurate, and is not taken out of context. (August 2021)">verify</span></a></i>]</sup> The popularity of the play has since caused it to be translated into multiple languages,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> raising controversies in the translation community over retaining the authenticity of <i>Les Belles-sœurs</i> even when not performed in the original dialect of <i>Joual</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in <i>Joual</i> gave Tremblay an opportunity to resist cultural and linguistic "imperialism" of France, while signifying the secularization of Québec culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunnett_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunnett-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicism" title="Anglicism">Anglicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise_de_linguistique" title="Association québécoise de linguistique">Association québécoise de linguistique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">Basilect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">Bilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadien_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canadien (disambiguation)">Canadien (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaouin">Chaouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Quebec" title="Demographics of Quebec">Demographics of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French language in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">Language planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Linguistic description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockney" title="Mockney">Mockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum" title="Post-creole continuum">Post-creole continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quebec (disambiguation)">Quebec (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_lexicon" title="Quebec French lexicon">Quebec French lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec French phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_profanity" title="Quebec French profanity">Quebec French profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebecer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Quebecer (disambiguation)">Quebecer (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/le-joual">"Joual | l'Encyclopédie Canadienne"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Joual+%7C+l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fle-joual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1min30.com/dictionnaire-du-web/joual">"L'essentiel à connaître sur le Joual"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27essentiel+%C3%A0+conna%C3%AEtre+sur+le+Joual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1min30.com%2Fdictionnaire-du-web%2Fjoual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Lefebvre, «Faut-il miser sur le joual?» <i>Le Devoir</i> 1965, 30 octobre; «L'étude de la culture: la linguistique.» <i>Recherche sociographiques</i> 3:1–2.233–249, 1962; Henri Wittmann, 1973. «Le joual, c'est-tu un créole?» La Linguistique 1973, 9:2.83–93.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1973a-joual.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prins_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prins_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrins2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Prins, M. (2012). <i>The </i>Joual<i> Effect: A Reflection of Quebec's Urban Working-Class in Michel Tremblay's </i>Les Belles-soeurs<i> and </i>Hosanna<i><span></span></i> (MA thesis). Arizona State University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2286%2FR.I.14644">2286/R.I.14644</a></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1010987064">1010987064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Joual+Effect%3A+A+Reflection+of+Quebec%27s+Urban+Working-Class+in+Michel+Tremblay%27s+Les+Belles-soeurs+and+Hosanna&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=Arizona+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2286%2FR.I.14644&rft.aulast=Prins&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dargnat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dargnat_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDargnat2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dargnat, Mathilde (2002). <i>Michel Tremblay: le "joual" dans Les belles-sœurs</i> (in French). L'Harmattan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michel+Tremblay%3A+le+%22joual%22+dans+Les+belles-s%C5%93urs&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dargnat&rft.aufirst=Mathilde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaurendeau1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laurendeau, Paul (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/qf/1987-n67-qf1219140/45320ac/">"Trésor de la langue française au Québec (XXII)"</a>. <i>Québec français</i> (in French) (67): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0316-2052">0316-2052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qu%C3%A9bec+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.atitle=Tr%C3%A9sor+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28XXII%29&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0316-2052&rft.aulast=Laurendeau&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fqf%2F1987-n67-qf1219140%2F45320ac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Picard, "La diphtongue /wa/ et ses équivalents en français du Canada." <i>Cahiers de linguistique de l'Université du Québec</i> 1974, 4.147–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Wittmann, "Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques." <i>Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists</i> 16.0416 (Paris, 20–25 juillet 1997). Oxford: Pergamon (CD edition). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1998a-fpparis.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.je-parle-quebecois.com/lexique/definition/tu.html">"Tu - Definition"</a>. <i>Je Parle Quebecois</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Je+Parle+Quebecois&rft.atitle=Tu+-+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.je-parle-quebecois.com%2Flexique%2Fdefinition%2Ftu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanguay" class="citation web cs1">Tanguay, Felix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://correspo.ccdmd.qc.ca/document/dou-vient-le-tu-interrogatif-et-cest-tu-pertinent-de-lenseigner/">"D'où vient le "-tu" interrogatif, et "c'est-tu" pertinent de l'enseigner?"</a>. <i>Correspondance</i>. Centre collégial de développement de matériel didactique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Correspondance&rft.atitle=D%27o%C3%B9+vient+le+%22-tu%22+interrogatif%2C+et+%22c%27est-tu%22+pertinent+de+l%27enseigner%3F&rft.aulast=Tanguay&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorrespo.ccdmd.qc.ca%2Fdocument%2Fdou-vient-le-tu-interrogatif-et-cest-tu-pertinent-de-lenseigner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNadeau" class="citation web cs1">Nadeau, Jean-Benoit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lactualite.com/societe/est-ce-francais-de-dire-tu-veux-tu/">"Est-ce français de dire " tu veux-tu " ?"</a>. <i>L'actualité</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27actualit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Est-ce+fran%C3%A7ais+de+dire+%22+tu+veux-tu+%22+%3F&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Benoit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flactualite.com%2Fsociete%2Fest-ce-francais-de-dire-tu-veux-tu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Charest, <i>Le livre des sacres et blasphèmes québécois.</i> Montréal: L"Aurore, 1974; Jean-Pierre Pichette, <i>Le guide raisonné des jurons.</i> Montréal: Les Quinze, 1980; Diane Vincent, <i>Pressions et impressions sur les sacres au Québec.</i> Québec: Office de la langue française, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The standard reference to this subject is Gilles Colpron, <i>Les anglicismes au Québec: Répertoire classifié. Montréal: Beauchemin</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Lafrenière, <i>Le Joual et les mutations du Québec. La question de la langue dans la définition de l’identité québécoise</i>,mémoire de maîtrise (sociologie), Université Laval, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/le-joual">"Joual | l'Encyclopédie Canadienne"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Joual+%7C+l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fle-joual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=pitoune&oldid=31069702">"pitoune"</a>, <i>Wiktionnaire</i> (in French), 2022-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiktionnaire&rft.atitle=pitoune&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dpitoune%26oldid%3D31069702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=poutine&oldid=31068145">"poutine"</a>, <i>Wiktionnaire</i> (in French), 2022-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiktionnaire&rft.atitle=poutine&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dpoutine%26oldid%3D31068145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Les_Belles-soeurs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Les_Belles-soeurs_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Les_Belles-soeurs_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Les%20belles-soeurs">"Les Belles-soeurs"</a>. <i>Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Theatre+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Les+Belles-soeurs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiantheatre.com%2Fdict.pl%3Fterm%3DLes%2520belles-soeurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUsmiani1982" class="citation book cs1">Usmiani, Renate (1982). <i>Michel Tremblay</i>. Studies in Canadian Literature, 15. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michel+Tremblay&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.series=Studies+in+Canadian+Literature%2C+15&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Usmiani&rft.aufirst=Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcEwan1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McEwan, Barbara (1986). "Au-delà de l'exotisme: le théâtre québécois devant la critique parisienne, 1955–1985". <i>Theatre History in Canada / Histoire du théâtre Canada</i> (in French). <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">134–</span>148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+History+in+Canada+%2F+Histoire+du+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+Canada&rft.atitle=Au-del%C3%A0+de+l%27exotisme%3A+le+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+devant+la+critique+parisienne%2C+1955%E2%80%931985&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=McEwan&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalone2003" class="citation journal cs1">Malone, Paul (2003-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/TRIC/article/view/7065">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Good Sisters" and "Darling Sisters": Translating and Transplanting the Joual in Micheal Tremblay's Les Belles-Soeurs"</a>. <i>Theatre Research in Canada / Recherches théâtrales au Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1913-9101">1913-9101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Research+in+Canada+%2F+Recherches+th%C3%A9%C3%A2trales+au+Canada&rft.atitle=%22Good+Sisters%22+and+%22Darling+Sisters%22%3A+Translating+and+Transplanting+the+Joual+in+Micheal+Tremblay%27s+Les+Belles-Soeurs&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.issn=1913-9101&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FTRIC%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunnett-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunnett_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnett2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dunnett, Jane (2006). "Postcolonial Constructions in Québécois Theatre of the 1970s: The Example of <i>Mistero buffo</i>". <i>Romance Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174581506x120082">10.1179/174581506x120082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143556398">143556398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Studies&rft.atitle=Postcolonial+Constructions+in+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+Theatre+of+the+1970s%3A+The+Example+of+Mistero+buffo&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174581506x120082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143556398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunnett&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joual&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Joual">Article on <i>Joual</i> at Canadian theatre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1973a-joual.pdf">Article on <i>Joual</i> in <i>La Linguistique</i> journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/pq/lexique/lejoual.html">A few excerpts of texts in <i>Joual</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.yorku.ca/paull/articles/1990h.html">http://www.yorku.ca/paull/articles/1990h.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.yorku.ca/paull/articles/1992.html">http://www.yorku.ca/paull/articles/1992.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.yorku.ca/paull/articles/2004b.html">http://www.yorku.ca/paull/articles/2004b.html</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_dialects_by_continent" title="Template:French dialects by continent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_dialects_by_continent" title="Template talk:French dialects by continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_dialects_by_continent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French dialects by continent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Varieties_of_the_French_language181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_French" title="Varieties of French">Varieties of the French language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="French language in Maghreb">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_French" title="European French">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law <small>(England, Wales and Ireland)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_French" title="American French">North American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario French">Ontario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Français signé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate 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