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<span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alphabets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyrillic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyrillic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cyrillic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyrillic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1992 Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1925_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1925_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1925 Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1925_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Arabic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Comparison chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noun classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classed_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classed_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Classed adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classed_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chechen language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjnies" title="Tsjetsjnies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjetsjnies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ачечен бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ачечен бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الشيشانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الشيشانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Չեչէներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չեչէներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chechenu" title="Idioma chechenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chechenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Чачан мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Чачан мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7en_dili" title="Çeçen dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çeçen dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چچن دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چچن دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চেচেন ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেচেন ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya-g%C3%AD" title="Chechnya-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chechnya-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Чечен теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чечен теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чачэнская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чачэнская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чачэнская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чачэнская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чеченски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чеченски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denski_jezik" title="Čečenski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čečenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchetcheneg" title="Tchetcheneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchetcheneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txetx%C3%A8" title="Txetxè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txetxè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чечен чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечен чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Den%C5%A1tina" title="Čečenština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čečenština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsietsnieg" title="Tsietsnieg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsietsnieg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjetjensk" title="Tjetjensk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tjetjensk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschetschenische_Sprache" title="Tschetschenische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschetschenische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eeni_keel" title="Tšetšeeni keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšetšeeni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_checheno" title="Idioma checheno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma checheno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%89ena_lingvo" title="Ĉeĉena lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĉena lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txetxenera" title="Txetxenera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txetxenera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان چچنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چچنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_bhasa" title="Chechen bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chechen bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8ne" title="Tchétchène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchétchène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chechena" title="Lingua chechena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua chechena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Нохчий мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нохчий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen-ng%C3%AE" title="Chechen-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chechen-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%B2%B8%EC%96%B4" title="체첸어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체첸어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Cecen" title="Harshen Cecen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Cecen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չեչեներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեչեներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Den%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Čečenšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čečenšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denski_jezik" title="Čečenski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čečenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Chechnya" title="Bahasa Chechnya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%86%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Цæцæйнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæцæйнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9t%C3%A9nska" title="Téténska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Téténska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cecena" title="Lingua cecena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cecena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="צ'צ'נית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'צ'נית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩეჩნური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეჩნური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Шешен тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шешен тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiceceni" title="Igiceceni – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igiceceni" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichechen" title="Kichechen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichechen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Чечен кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чечен кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7e%C3%A7en%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çeçenî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çeçenî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чечен тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чечен тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Мичихичнал маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мичихичнал маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tsetsenica" title="Lingua Tsetsenica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tsetsenica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denu_valoda" title="Čečenu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čečenu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Чечен чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чечен чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8D%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalba" title="Čečėnų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čečėnų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txetxen_(lingua)" title="Txetxen (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txetxen (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csecsen_nyelv" title="Csecsen nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csecsen nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чеченски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чеченски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചെചെൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെചെൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चेचन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेचन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩეჩენური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეჩენური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه شيشانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه شيشانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="چچنی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چچنی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Chechen" title="Bahasa Chechen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Chechen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯆꯦꯆꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯦꯆꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Chechen-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chechen-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjeens" title="Tsjetsjeens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjetsjeens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="チェチェン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェチェン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Нохчийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нохчийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschetscheensk_spriak" title="Tschetscheensk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschetscheensk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjensk" title="Tsjetsjensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjetsjensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjensk" title="Tsjetsjensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjetsjensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chech%C3%A8n" title="Chechèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chechèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Чечен йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чечен йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_tili" title="Chechen tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chechen tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چیچن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیچن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%90%DA%86%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چېچنيايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چېچنيايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Чечен кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Чечен кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Chechen" title="Lenga Chechen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Chechen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_czecze%C5%84ski" title="Język czeczeński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język czeczeński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chechena" title="Língua chechena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chechena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_cecen%C4%83" title="Limba cecenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba cecenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чеченьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чеченьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чеченский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чеченский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чэчиэн тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чэчиэн тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_leid" title="Chechen leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chechen leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_%C3%A7e%C3%A7ene" title="Gjuha çeçene – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha çeçene" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chechen language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Den%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Čečenščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čečenščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czecze%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Czeczeńskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czeczeńskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی چیچانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی چیچانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чеченски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чеченски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denski_jezik" title="Čečenski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čečenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eenin_kieli" title="Tšetšeenin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšetšeenin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjetjenska" title="Tjetjenska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjetjenska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="செச்சன மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செச்சன மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Чечен теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чечен теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเชเชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเชเชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7ence" title="Çeçence – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çeçence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Чечен кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чечен кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чеченська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чеченська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیچن زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیچن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Chechen" title="Tiếng Chechen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Chechen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchetchene" title="Tchetchene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchetchene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E8%87%A3%E8%AF%AD" title="车臣语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="车臣语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3%E6%96%87" title="車臣文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="車臣文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enki" title="Çeçenki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çeçenki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="車臣語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="車臣語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Chechen" title="Bahasa Chechen – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Chechen" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33350#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northeast Caucasian language of Chechnya, Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Chechen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;"><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">Нохчийн мотт</span></span><br /><span title="Chechen-language text"><i lang="ce-Latn">Noxçiyn mott</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː<span class="wrap"> </span>muɔt]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.8 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Chechen–Ingush</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chechen</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Ploskost</li> <li>Kistin</li> <li>Cheberloi</li> <li>Melkhin</li> <li>Itumkala</li> <li>Akkin<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> <small>(present, official)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> <small>(historically)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> <small>(historically)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian script</a> <small>(historically)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ce">ce</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=81">che</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/che" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:che">che</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chec1245">chec1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottopedia" title="Glottopedia">Glottopedia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Tschetschenisch">Tschetschenisch</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/320px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/480px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/640px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CEDF88; color:black;"> </span> Chechen</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Chechen is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Chechen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHETCH</span>-en</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">chə-<span style="font-size:90%">CHEN</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">Нохчийн мотт</span></span>, <span title="Chechen-language text"><i lang="ce-Latn">Noxçiyn mott</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː<span class="wrap"> </span>muɔt]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian language</a> spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">members of the Chechen diaspora</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Russian conquest</a>, most writings in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. The Chechen literary language was created after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> was adopted in 1938. Almost the entire library of Chechen medieval writing in Arabic and Georgian script about the land of Chechnya and its people was destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944, leaving the modern Chechens and modern historians with a destroyed and no longer existent historical treasury of writings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chechen diaspora in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system. The Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries, and thus for Jordan and Syria, they most use the Arabic alphabet, while in Turkey they use the Latin alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chechen is the most-spoken <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian language</a>. Together with the closely related <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>, with which there exists a large degree of mutual intelligibility and shared vocabulary, it forms the <a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh branch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of Chechen dialects: <a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a>, Chebarloish, Malkhish, Nokhchmakhkakhoish, Orstkhoish, Sharoish, Shuotoish, Terloish, Itum-Qalish and Himoish. </p><p>Dialects of Chechen can be classified by their geographic position within the Chechen Republic. The dialects of the northern lowlands are often referred to as "<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Oharoy muott</i></span>" (literally "lowlander's language") and the dialect of the southern mountain tribes is known as "<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Laamaroy muott</i></span>" (lit. "mountainer's language"). <span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Oharoy muott</i></span> forms the basis for much of the standard and literary Chechen language, which can largely be traced to the regional dialects of Urus-Martan and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. Laamaroy dialects include Chebarloish, Sharoish, Itum-Qalish, Kisti, and Himoish. Until recently, however, Himoy was undocumented and was considered a branch of Sharoish, as many dialects are also used as the basis of intertribal (teip) communication within a larger Chechen "<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">tukkhum</i></span>". Laamaroy dialects such as Sharoish, Himoish and Chebarloish are more conservative and retain many features from Proto-Chechen. For instance, many of these dialects lack a number of vowels found in the standard language which were a result of <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">long-distance assimilation</a> between vowel sounds. Additionally, the Himoy dialect preserves word-final, post-tonic vowels as a schwa [ə]. </p><p>Literary Chechen is based on Plains Chechen, spoken around <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urus-Martan" title="Urus-Martan">Urus-Martan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2020)">Russian Census of 2020</a>, 1,490,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chechen is an official language of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chechens_in_Jordan" title="Chechens in Jordan">Chechens in Jordan</a></div> <p>Chechens in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> have good relations with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and are able to practice their own culture and language. Chechen language usage is strong among the Chechen community in Jordan. Jordanian Chechens are bilingual in both Chechen and Arabic, but do not speak Arabic among themselves, only speaking Chechen to other Chechens. Some Jordanians are literate in Chechen as well, having managed to read and write to people visiting Jordan from Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some phonological characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a> of North America, as well as a large vowel system resembling those of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chechen language has, like most indigenous <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a>, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>: about 40 to 60 (depending on the <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> and the analysis), far more than most <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>. Typical of the region, a four-way distinction between <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortis_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis (phonetics)">fortis</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> is found.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, all variants except the ejective are subject to phonemic pharyngealization. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal consonant">Epiglottal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small> plain </small> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">phar.</a> </small> </th> <th><small> plain </small> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">phar.</a> </small> </th> <th><small> plain </small> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">phar.</a> </small> </th> <th><small> plain </small> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">phar.</a> </small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">mˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">nˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a> </small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʔˤ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">fortis</a> </small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">pː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">pːˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">tː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">tːˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">kː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">qː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">bˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a> </small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tsˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tʃˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">fortis</a> </small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">tsː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">tsːˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">tʃːˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dzˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dʒˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʃˤ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʒˤ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">rˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">wˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">lˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nearly any consonant may be <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> because of focus gemination, but only the ones above are found in <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>. The consonants of the <i>t</i> cell and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar">denti-alveolar</a>; the others of that column are <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> is a back <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>, but not quite <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>. The lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> may be <a href="/wiki/Dark_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark L">velarized</a>, unless it is followed by a front vowel. The trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> is usually articulated with a single contact, and therefore sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>. Except in the literary <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a>, and even then only for some speakers, the voiced <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span> have merged into the <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span>. A voiceless labial fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> is found only in European <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> appears both in diphthongs and as a consonant; as a consonant, it has an allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> before front vowels. </p><p>Approximately twenty <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> consonants (marked with superscript <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ˤ</a></span>) also appear in the table above. <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> consonants may be pharyngealized, except for <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a>. </p><p>Except when following a consonant, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a>/</span> is <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetically</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʔˤ</a>]</span>, and can be argued to be a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> before a "<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngealized">pharyngealized</a>" (actually epiglottalized) vowel. However, it does not have the distribution constraints characteristic of the anterior <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized (epiglottalized) consonants</a>. Although these may be analyzed as an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterior" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:anterior">anterior</a> consonant plus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a>/</span> (they surface for example as [dʢ] when <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰʜ</a>]</span> when <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>), <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Nichols</a> argues that given the severe constraints against <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> in Chechen, it is more useful to analyze them as single consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, Chechen has an extensive inventory of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sounds, putting its range higher than most languages of Europe (most vowels being the product of environmentally conditioned allophonic variation, which varies by both dialect and method of analysis). Many of the vowels are due to <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>, which is highly productive in the standard dialect. None of the spelling systems used so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a>~<br /><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel"><small>unrounded</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel"><small>rounded</small></a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞ː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>) (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">je</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ie</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥø</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yø</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wo</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uo</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All vowels may be <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a>. Nasalization is imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, and for some speakers the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>. Nasalization is not strong, but it is audible even in final vowels, which are devoiced. </p><p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> have significant <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophony</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɥø/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥø],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɥe],<span class="wrap"> </span>[we]</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yø/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yø],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ye]</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uo/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[woː],<span class="wrap"> </span>[uə]</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> become short in most dialects (not <a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kisti</a>), but are often still distinct from short vowels (shortened <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̈]</span> vs. short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>, for example), although which ones remain distinct depends on the dialect. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/æː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/eː/</span> are in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> occurs after <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> consonants, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> does not and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span>—identical with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> for most speakers—occurs in closed syllables, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> does not) but speakers strongly feel that they are distinct sounds. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a> appears to be a feature of the consonants, though some analyses treat it as a feature of the vowels. However, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Nichols</a> argues that this does not capture the situation in Chechen well, whereas it is more clearly a feature of the vowel in <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>: Chechen <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʜaʔ]</span> "one", Ingush <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsaʔˤ]</span>, which she analyzes as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsˤaʔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsaˤʔ/</span>. Vowels have a delayed <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> onset after pharyngealized voiced consonants and a noisy <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> onset after pharyngealized voiceless consonants. The high vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/y/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/u/</span> are diphthongized, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əi],<span class="wrap"> </span>[əy],<span class="wrap"> </span>[əu]</span>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/wo/</span> undergo <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ej],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ow]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chechen permits syllable-initial clusters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/st<span class="wrap"> </span>px<span class="wrap"> </span>tx/</span> and non-initially also allows <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x<span class="wrap"> </span>r<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span> plus any consonant, and any obstruent plus a uvular of the same <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>. The only cluster of three consonants permitted is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rst/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabets">Alphabets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen alphabets (page does not exist)">Chechen alphabets</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Chechen_language" title="Talk:Chechen language">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(May 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_1862_%D1%88%D0%BE._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_1862_%D1%88%D0%BE._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.png/220px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_1862_%D1%88%D0%BE._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_1862_%D1%88%D0%BE._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.png/330px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_1862_%D1%88%D0%BE._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_1862_%D1%88%D0%BE._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.png/440px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_1862_%D1%88%D0%BE._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Uslar and Kedi's 1862 alphabet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chechen_alphabet_by_Uslar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chechen_alphabet_by_Uslar.JPG/220px-Chechen_alphabet_by_Uslar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chechen_alphabet_by_Uslar.JPG/330px-Chechen_alphabet_by_Uslar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chechen_alphabet_by_Uslar.JPG/440px-Chechen_alphabet_by_Uslar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Uslar's 1888 alphabet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chechen_Uslar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chechen_Uslar.jpg/220px-Chechen_Uslar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chechen_Uslar.jpg/330px-Chechen_Uslar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chechen_Uslar.jpg/440px-Chechen_Uslar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>Uslar's 1911 Chechen alphabet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chechen_alphabet-1925.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chechen_alphabet-1925.png/300px-Chechen_alphabet-1925.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chechen_alphabet-1925.png/450px-Chechen_alphabet-1925.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chechen_alphabet-1925.png/600px-Chechen_alphabet-1925.png 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Chechen language Arabic script alphabet from 1925 ABC book</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banknote_north_caucasian_emirate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Banknote_north_caucasian_emirate.jpg/200px-Banknote_north_caucasian_emirate.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Banknote_north_caucasian_emirate.jpg/300px-Banknote_north_caucasian_emirate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Banknote_north_caucasian_emirate.jpg/400px-Banknote_north_caucasian_emirate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4476" data-file-height="5970" /></a><figcaption>Banknote of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Emirate" title="North Caucasian Emirate">North Caucasian Emirate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serlo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Serlo.png/220px-Serlo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Serlo.png/330px-Serlo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Serlo.png/440px-Serlo.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Chechen-Soviet newspaper Serlo (Light), written in the Chechen Latin script during the era of <a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beriyn_Poliklinika,_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg/250px-Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg/375px-Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg/500px-Beriyn_Poliklinika%2C_S%C3%B6l%C6%B6a-%C4%A0ala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Chechen Cyrillic on a plate in Grozny, using the digit 1 for palochka.</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a> are found in mountainous Chechnya, but they are not necessarily in Chechen. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> was introduced for Chechen, along with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The Chechen Arabic alphabet was first reformed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a>, and then again in 1910, 1920 and 1922. </p><p>At the same time, the alphabet devised by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Uslar" title="Peter von Uslar">Peter von Uslar</a>, consisting of Cyrillic, Latin, and Georgian letters, was used for academic purposes. In 1911 it too was reformed but never gained popularity among the Chechens themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyrillic_alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cyrillic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current official script for Chechen language is the Cyrillic alphabet. This script was created and adopted in 1938, replacing the Latin script prior to it. Up until 1992, only the Cyrillic script was used for Chechen. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the de facto secession of the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> from Russia, a new Latin script was devised and was used parallel to Cyrillic until the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">the separatist state</a>. </p><p>Modern alphabet: </p> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Аь аь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Гӏ гӏ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Кх кх </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Къ къ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Кӏ кӏ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Оь оь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Пӏ пӏ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Тӏ тӏ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Уь уь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Хь хь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Хӏ хӏ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Цӏ цӏ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Чӏ чӏ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӏ ӏ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lower-case <a href="/wiki/Palochka" title="Palochka">palochka</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ӏ⟩</span>, is found in handwriting. Usually, palochka uppercase and lowercase forms <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script#Lowercase_forms" title="Cyrillic script">consistent</a> in print or upright, but only upper-case <span class="nowrap">⟨Ӏ⟩</span> is normally used in computers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_Latin_alphabet">1992 Latin alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1992 Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, with the de facto secession of <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> from Russia, a new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced and used in parallel with the Cyrillic alphabet. This was the second time a Latin-based orthography was created for Chechen. But after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> government by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>, the Cyrillic alphabet was restored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ä ä </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ċ ċ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ç̇ ç̇ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ġ ġ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">X x </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ẋ ẋ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Kh kh </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">M m </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ꞑ ꞑ<br />(Ŋ ŋ) </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ö ö </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ph ph </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Q q </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Q̇ q̇ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ş ş </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Th th </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">U u </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ü ü </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Y y </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ƶ ƶ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ə ə </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1925_Latin_alphabet">1925 Latin alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1925 Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first time that the Latin alphabet was <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">introduced</a>, was in 1925, replacing Arabic alphabet. Further minor modifications in 1934, unified Chechen orthography with Ingush. But the Latin alphabet was abolished in 1938, being replaced with Cyrillic. </p> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ä ä </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Č č </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ch ch </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Čh čh </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">F f </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Gh gh </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">K k </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Kh kh </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ņ ņ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ö ö </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">P p </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ph ph </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Q q </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Qh qh </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Š š </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Th th </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ü ü </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">X x </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ẋ ẋ </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Y y </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ž ž </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_alphabet">Arabic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arabic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first, most widespread modern orthography for Chechen was the Arabic script, adopted in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chechen was not a traditionally written language, but due to the public's familiarity with the Arabic script - as the script of instruction in the region's Islamic and Quranic schools - the Arabic alphabet was first standardized and adopted for Chechen during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a>. Islam has been the dominant religion in Chechnya since the 16th century, and there were 200 religious schools as well as more than 3000 pupils in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Thus the Arabic script was well established among the speakers of Chechen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Arabic alphabet, without modifications, would not be suitable for Chechen, and modifications would be needed. The Arabic alphabet underwent various iterations, improvements and modifications for the Chechen language. Within Chechen society, these modifications were not without controversy. The Muslim clergy and the more conservative segments of Chechen society initially resisted any changes to the Arabic script, with the belief that this script was sacred due to its association with Islam, and was not to be changed. The clergy and Islamic educational institutions opposed each and every iteration of proposed reforms in the Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-chentieva_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While modifications to the Arabic script to match local languages had been common practice for centuries, for languages such as <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>, the modifications in Chechen were done independently from these two nearby and influential literary traditions and were focused on needs of Chechen language. Initially, the Chechen Arabic alphabet looked like this. </p><p><br /><span style="font-size:x-large;">ي ﻻ ه و ن م ل ڮ ك ڨ ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا </span> </p><p>In this alphabet, two additional letters were added to the base Arabic script:<sup id="cite_ref-chentieva_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The letter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڨ </span>‎, equivalent to Cyrillic digraph "Къ" and representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qʼ/</span>;</li> <li>The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڮ </span>‎ equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Кӏ" and representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span>. <ul><li>This letter was later revised to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ࢰ </span>‎</li></ul></li></ol> <p>In 1910, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed additional reforms that brought Arabic alphabet closer to Chechen's phonetic requirements. Sugaip Gaisunov introduced four additional consonants:<sup id="cite_ref-chentieva_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڥ </span>‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Пӏ" and representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʼ/</span>; <ul><li>This letter was later revised to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڢ </span>‎</li></ul></li> <li>The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر࣮ </span>‎ (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/6px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/9px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/12px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="648" /></a></span>) , equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ц" and "Цӏ" and representing the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʼ/</span>;</li> <li>The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> چ </span>‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ч" and "Чӏ", representing the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʼ/</span>;</li> <li>The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> گ </span>‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Г" and representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span>;</li></ol> <p>In Sugaip Gaisunov's reforms, the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ص </span>‎ (<i>ṣād/sād</i>) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ض </span>‎ (<i>zād/ḍād</i>) had their usage limited to Arabic loanwords but were not eliminated due to opposition from Clergy and conservative segments of Chechen society. In another short-lasting modification, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed adding a overline (◌ٙ) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0659">U+0659</a>) over letters that can be read as either a consonant or a vowel, namely the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> و </span>‎ (<i>waw</i>) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "В" or to letters "О, Оь, У, Уь") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ی </span>‎ (<i>yāʼ</i>) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Й" or to letter "И"). The overbar signified a vowel use when needed to avoid confusions. This modification did not persist in Chechen Alphabet. otherwise, the 1910 iteration of the Arabic script continued being used until 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-chentieva_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, two Chechen literaturists, A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov, published a document. In this document they proposed new modifications, which were the addition of two new consonants:<sup id="cite_ref-chentieva_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> څ </span>‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Чӏ" and representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʼ/</span>. <ul><li>This letter was later revised to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڃ </span>‎</li> <li>Thus the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> چ </span>‎ was reduced to only representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ч";</li></ul></li> <li>The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ڗ </span>‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Цӏ" and representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʼ/</span>; <ul><li>Thus the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ر̤ </span>‎ (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/6px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/9px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/12px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="648" /></a></span>) was reduced to only representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span>, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ц";</li></ul></li></ol> <p>These modifications by A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov were a great final step in creating a modified Arabic script that represents Chechen consonants. However, the Arabic alphabet still was not suitable in representing Chechen vowel sounds. Arabic script itself is an impure <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, meaning that most but not all vowels are shown with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritics</a>, which are in most cases left unwritten. The process of transforming Arabic script into a full alphabet for use by a non-Arabic language has been a common occurrence, and has been done in <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorani_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani alphabet">Kurdish</a> and several more Arabic-derived scripts. </p><p>Thus a final revision on Chechen Arabic script occurred, in which vowel sounds were standardized. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:70%;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"><b>Vowel as first sound of word</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>А а</th> <th>Аь аь</th> <th>Е е<br />Э э</th> <th>И и</th> <th>О о<br />Оь оь</th> <th>У у<br />Уь уь </th></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">آ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اە</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ایـ / ای</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اوٓ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">او</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"><b>Vowel as middle and final sound of word</b> </td></tr> <tr dir="rtl"> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـا / ا / ـآ / آ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـا / ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـە / ە</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـیـ / یـ / ـی / ی</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـوٓ / وٓ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـو / و</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A a<br />Ə ə</td> <td>Ä ä</td> <td>E e</td> <td>I i</td> <td>O o<br />Ö ö</td> <td>U u<br />Ü ü </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Table below lists the 41 letters of the final iteration of Chechen Arabic Alphabet, as published by Chechen Authorities at the time, prior to 1925, their IPA values, and their Cyrillic equivalents. </p> <table class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"> <caption>Chechen Arabic alphabet (Pre-1925)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Arabic<br /><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">آ / ا</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌( А а / Аь аь )</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Б б)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Т т)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(С с)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span>‍ </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Ж ж)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Хь хь)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic<br /><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Х х)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">چ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Ч ч)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڃ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(ЧӀ чӀ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Д д)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(З з)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Р р)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic<br /><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(З з)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر̤</span>‎</span> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/6px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/9px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/12px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="648" /></a></span>)<br /><small>‌(Ц ц)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڗ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(ЦӀ цӀ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(С с)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Ш ш)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ص</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(S s)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic<br /><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ض</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(З з)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ط</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(ТӀ тӀ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(З з)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Ӏ ӏ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(ГӀ гӀ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(П п / Ф ф)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic<br /><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڢ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(ПӀ пӀ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Кх кх)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Къ къ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ک</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(К к)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">گ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Г г)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢰ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(КӀ кӀ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic<br /><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Л л)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(М м)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Н н)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(В в)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">او / و</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(У у / Уь уь)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اوٓ / وٓ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(О о / Оь оь)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic<br /><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br />[<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>] </th> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ھ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(ХӀ хӀ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اە / ە</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Е е / Э э)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ی</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Й й)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ای / ی</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌( И и)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> </td> <td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ئ</span>‎</span><br /><small>‌(Ъ ъ)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_chart">Comparison chart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comparison chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The single letters and digraphs that count as separate letters of the alphabet, along with their correspondences, are as follows. Those in parentheses are optional or only found in Russian words: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Latin<br />(1992–2000) </th> <th>Latin<br />(1925–1938) </th> <th>Arabic<br />(1922–1925) </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>А а</td> <td>A a, Ə ə</td> <td>A a</td> <td>آ</td> <td>/ɑ/, /ɑː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Аь">Аь</a> аь</td> <td>Ä ä</td> <td>Ä ä</td> <td>ا</td> <td>/æ/, /æː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б б</td> <td>B b</td> <td>B b</td> <td>ب</td> <td>/b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>В в</td> <td>V v</td> <td>V v</td> <td>و</td> <td>/v/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г г</td> <td>G g</td> <td>G g</td> <td>گ</td> <td>/g/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Гӏ гӏ</td> <td>Ġ ġ</td> <td>Gh gh</td> <td>غ</td> <td>/ɣ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д</td> <td>D d</td> <td>D d</td> <td>د</td> <td>/d/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е</td> <td>E e, Ie ie, Ye ye</td> <td>E e, Je je</td> <td>ە</td> <td>/e/, /ɛː/, /je/, /ie/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>Yo yo</td> <td>—</td> <td>یوٓ</td> <td>/jo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Ƶ ƶ</td> <td>Ž ž</td> <td>ج</td> <td>/ʒ/, /dʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>ز</td> <td>/z/, /dz/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и</td> <td>I i</td> <td>I i</td> <td>ای</td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>J j</td> <td>ی</td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к</td> <td>K k</td> <td>K k</td> <td>ک</td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кх кх</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>ق</td> <td>/q/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Къ къ</td> <td>Q̇ q̇</td> <td>Qh qh</td> <td>ڨ</td> <td>/qʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Кӏ кӏ</td> <td>Kh kh</td> <td>Kh kh</td> <td>ࢰ</td> <td>/kʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л</td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l</td> <td>ل</td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m</td> <td>م</td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н</td> <td>N n, Ŋ ŋ</td> <td>N n, Ŋ ŋ</td> <td>ن</td> <td>/n/, /ŋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о</td> <td>O o, Uo uo</td> <td>O o</td> <td>اوٓ</td> <td>/o/, /ɔː/, /wo/, /uo/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Оь">Оь</a> оь</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td>اوٓ</td> <td>/ø/, /yø/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п</td> <td>P p</td> <td>P p</td> <td>ف</td> <td>/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Пӏ пӏ</td> <td>Ph ph</td> <td>Ph ph</td> <td>ڢ</td> <td>/pʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р</td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r</td> <td>ر</td> <td>/r/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с</td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s</td> <td>س</td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>T t</td> <td>T t</td> <td>ت</td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Тӏ тӏ</td> <td>Th th</td> <td>Th th</td> <td>ط</td> <td>/tʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у</td> <td>U u</td> <td>U u</td> <td>او</td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Уь">Уь</a> уь</td> <td>Ü ü</td> <td>Ü ü</td> <td>او</td> <td>/y/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>F f</td> <td>F f</td> <td>ف</td> <td>/f/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х</td> <td>X x</td> <td>X x</td> <td>خ</td> <td>/x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хь хь</td> <td>Ẋ ẋ</td> <td>X̌ x̌ (Ꜧ ꜧ)</td> <td>ح</td> <td>/ħ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хӏ хӏ</td> <td>H h</td> <td>H h</td> <td>ھ</td> <td>/h/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>C c</td> <td>C c</td> <td>ر̤ <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/6px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/9px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/12px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></td> <td>/ts/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Цӏ цӏ</td> <td>Ċ ċ</td> <td>Ch ch</td> <td>ڗ</td> <td>/tsʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>Č č</td> <td>چ</td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Чӏ чӏ</td> <td>Ç̇ ç̇</td> <td>Čh čh</td> <td>ڃ</td> <td>/t͡ʃʼ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>Š š</td> <td>ش</td> <td>/ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Щ щ)</td> <td>Şç şç</td> <td>Šč šč</td> <td>—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Ъ ъ)</td> <td>'</td> <td>—</td> <td>ئ</td> <td>/ʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Ы ы)</td> <td>i</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Ь ь)</td> <td></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э</td> <td>E e</td> <td>E e</td> <td>اە</td> <td>/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Yu yu</td> <td>Ju ju</td> <td>یو</td> <td>/ju/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Юь юь</td> <td>Yü yü</td> <td>Jü jü</td> <td>یو</td> <td>/jy/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я</td> <td>Ya ya</td> <td>Ja ja</td> <td>یا</td> <td>/ja/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Яь яь</td> <td>Yä yä</td> <td>Jä jä</td> <td>یا</td> <td>/jæ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӏ">Ӏ ӏ</a></td> <td>J j</td> <td>Y y</td> <td>ع</td> <td>/ʡ/, /ˤ/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition, several sequences of letters for long vowels and consonants, while not counted as separate letters in their own right, are presented here to clarify their correspondences: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cyrillic </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Arabic<br />(before 1925) </th> <th>Modern<br />Latin<sup id="cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ий">Ий</a> ий</td> <td></td> <td>یی</td> <td>Iy iy</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Кк">Кк</a> кк</td> <td></td> <td>کک</td> <td>Kk kk</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BA%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ккх">Ккх</a> ккх</td> <td></td> <td>قق</td> <td>Qq qq</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ов">Ов</a> ов</td> <td>ов</td> <td>وٓو</td> <td>Ov ov</td> <td>ov</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔʊ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Пп">Пп</a> пп</td> <td></td> <td>فف</td> <td>Pp pp</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%85%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Рхӏ">Рхӏ</a> рхӏ</td> <td></td> <td>رھ</td> <td>Rh rh</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̥/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Сс">Сс</a> сс</td> <td></td> <td>سس</td> <td>Ss ss</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Тт">Тт</a> тт</td> <td></td> <td>تت</td> <td>Tt tt</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ув">Ув</a> ув</td> <td></td> <td>وو</td> <td>Uv uv</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8C%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Уьй">Уьй</a> уьй</td> <td>уьй</td> <td>و</td> <td>Üy üy</td> <td>üy</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yː/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chechen is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a>. Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with a specific prefix with which the verb or an accompanying <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> agrees. The verb does not agree with person or number, having only tense forms and participles. Among these are an <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Antipassive_voice" title="Antipassive voice">antipassive</a>. Some verbs, however, do not take these prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chechen is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative language">ergative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dependent-marking_language" title="Dependent-marking language">dependent-marking language</a> using eight <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">comparative</a>) and a large number of <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> to indicate the role of nouns in sentences. </p><p>Word order is consistently <a href="/wiki/Left-branching_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-branching language">left-branching</a> (like in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>), so that <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a> precede the nouns they modify. <a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_subordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbial subordinator">adverbial subordinators</a>, as in other <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> rather than independent words. </p><p>Chechen also presents interesting challenges for <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>, as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary, because the language's grammar does not permit the borrowing of new <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbal</a> <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> to express new concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the verb <b>dan</b> (to do) is combined with <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">nominal phrases</a> to correspond with new concepts imported from other languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_classes">Noun classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Noun classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chechen nouns are divided into six lexically arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphologically, noun classes may be indexed by changes in the prefix of the accompanying verb and, in many cases, the adjective too. The first two of these classes apply to human beings, although some grammarians count these as two and some as a single class; the other classes however are much more lexically arbitrary. Chechen noun classes are named according to the prefix that indexes them: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Noun class </th> <th>Noun example</th> <th>Singular prefix</th> <th>Plural prefix </th> <th>Singular agreement </th> <th>Plural agreement </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. v-class </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">k'ant</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">boy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn"><b>v-</b></i></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">b-</i></span>/<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-</i></span></b> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">k'ant <b>v-</b>eza <b>v-</b>u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the boy is heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">k'entii <b>d-</b>eza <b>d-</b>u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the boys are heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. y-class </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">zuda</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">woman</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn"><b>y-</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">zuda <b>y</b>-eza <b>y</b>-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the woman is heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">zudari <b>b-</b>eza <b>b-</b>u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the women are heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. y-class II </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">ph'āgal</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">rabbit</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn"><b>y-</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">ph'āgal <b>y</b>-eza <b>y</b>-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the rabbit is heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">ph'āgalash <b>y</b>-eza <b>y</b>-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the rabbits are heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. d-class </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">naž</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">oak</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn"><b>d-</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">naž <b>d</b>-eza <b>d</b>-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the oak is heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">niežnash <b>d</b>-eza <b>d</b>-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the oaks are heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. b-class </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">mangal</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">scythe</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn"><b>b-</b></i></span></td> <td><b><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">b-/Ø-</i></span></b> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">mangal <b>b-</b>eza <b>b-</b>u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the scythe is heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">mangalash <b>b-</b>eza <b>b-</b>u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the scythes are heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. b-class II </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">ˤaž</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">apple</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn"><b>d-</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">ˤaž <b>b-</b>eza <b>b</b>-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the apple is heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">ˤežash <b>d-</b>eza <b>d-</b>u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the apples are heavy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When a noun denotes a human being, it usually falls into v- or y-Classes (1 or 2). Most nouns referring to male entities fall into the v-class, whereas Class 2 contains words related to female entities. Thus <span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">lūlaxuo</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a neighbour</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> is normally considered class 1, but it takes <span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">v-</i></span> if referring to a male neighbour and <span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">y-</i></span> if a female. This is similar to the Spanish word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">estudiante</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">student</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, where <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">el estudiante</i></span> refers to a male student, and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">la estudiante</i></span> refers to a female student.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a few words, changing the prefixes before the nouns indicates grammatical gender; thus: <span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">vоsha</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">brother</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> → <span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">yisha</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sister</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Some nouns denoting human beings, however, are not in Classes 1 or 2: <span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">bēr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">child</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, for example, is in class 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classed_adjectives">Classed adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Classed adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a few of Chechen's adjectives index noun class agreement, termed <i>classed adjectives</i> in the literature. Classed adjectives are listed with the d-class prefix in the romanizations below:<sup id="cite_ref-DottonWagner_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DottonWagner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">деза</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-eza</i></span>): 'heavy'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">довха</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-ouxa</i></span>): 'hot'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">деха</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-iexa</i></span>): 'long'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">дуькъа</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-yq’a</i></span>): 'thick'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">дораха</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-oraxa</i></span>): 'cheap'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">дерстана</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-erstana</i></span>): 'fat'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">дуьткъа</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-ytq’a</i></span>): 'thin'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">доца</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-oca</i></span>): 'short'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">дайн</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-ain</i></span>): 'light'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">дуьзна</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-yzna</i></span>): 'full'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">даьржана</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-aerzhana</i></span>): 'spread'</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce-Cyrl">доккха</span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">d-oqqa</i></span>): 'large/big/old'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension">Declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> code noun class and case conflated in the same <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, Chechen nouns show no gender marking but decline in eight <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a>, four of which are core cases (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>) in singular and plural. Below the paradigm for "говр" (horse). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>absolutive</td> <td>говр <i>gour</i></td> <td>говраш <i>gourash</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>genitive</td> <td>говран <i>gouran</i></td> <td>говрийн <i>gouriin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dative</td> <td>говрана <i>gour(a)na</i></td> <td>говрашна <i>gourashna</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ergative</td> <td>говро <i>gouruo</i></td> <td>говраша <i>gourasha</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>allative</td> <td>говре <i>gourie</i></td> <td>говрашка <i>gourashka</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>instrumental</td> <td>говраца <i>gouratsa</i></td> <td>говрашца <i>gourashtsa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>locative</td> <td>говрах <i>gourax</i></td> <td>говрех <i>gouriäx</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>comparative</td> <td>говрал <i>goural</i></td> <td>говрел <i>gouriäl</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first cell has it written in the orthography; the second in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, inclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1INCL</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, exclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1EXCL</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>absolutive</td> <td>со</td> <td>/sʷɔ/</td> <td>хьо</td> <td>/ʜʷɔ/</td> <td>и, иза</td> <td>/ɪ/, /ɪzə/</td> <td>вай</td> <td>/vəɪ/</td> <td>тхо</td> <td>/txʷʰo/</td> <td>шу</td> <td>/ʃu/</td> <td>уьш, уьзаш</td> <td>/yʃ/, /yzəʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>genitive</td> <td>сан</td> <td>/sən/</td> <td>хьан</td> <td>/ʜən/</td> <td>цуьнан</td> <td>/tsʰynən/</td> <td>вайн</td> <td>/vəɪn/</td> <td>тхан</td> <td>/txʰən/</td> <td>шун</td> <td>/ʃun/</td> <td>церан</td> <td>/tsʰierən/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dative</td> <td>суна</td> <td>/suːnə/</td> <td>хьуна</td> <td>/ʜuːnə/</td> <td>цунна</td> <td>/tsʰunːə/</td> <td>вайна</td> <td>/vaɪnə/</td> <td>тхуна</td> <td>/txʰunə/</td> <td>шуна</td> <td>/ʃunə/</td> <td>царна</td> <td>/tsʰarnə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ergative</td> <td>ас</td> <td>/ʔəs/</td> <td>ахь</td> <td>/əʜ/</td> <td>цо</td> <td>/tsʰuo/</td> <td>вай</td> <td>/vəɪ/</td> <td>оха</td> <td>/ʔɔxə/</td> <td>аша</td> <td>/ʔaʃə/</td> <td>цара</td> <td>/tsʰarə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>allative</td> <td>соьга</td> <td>/sɥœgə/</td> <td>хьоьга</td> <td>/ʜɥœgə/</td> <td>цуьнга</td> <td>/tsʰyngə/</td> <td>вайга</td> <td>/vaɪgə/</td> <td>тхоьга</td> <td>/txʰɥœgə/</td> <td>шуьга</td> <td>/ʃygə/</td> <td>цаьрга</td> <td>/tsʰærgə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>instrumental</td> <td>соьца</td> <td>/sɥœtsʰə/</td> <td>хьоьца</td> <td>/ʜɥœtsʰə/</td> <td>цуьнца</td> <td>/tsʰyntsʰə/</td> <td>вайца</td> <td>/vaɪtsʰə/</td> <td>тхоьца</td> <td>/txʰɥœtsʰə/</td> <td>шуьца</td> <td>/ʃytsʰə/</td> <td>цаьрца</td> <td>/tsʰærtsʰə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>locative</td> <td>сох</td> <td>/sʷɔx/</td> <td>хьох</td> <td>/ʜʷɔx/</td> <td>цунах</td> <td>/tsʰunəx/</td> <td>вайх</td> <td>/vəɪx/</td> <td>тхох</td> <td>/txʰʷɔx/</td> <td>шух</td> <td>/ʃux/</td> <td>царах</td> <td>/tsʰarəx/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>comparative</td> <td>сол</td> <td>/sʷɔl/</td> <td>хьол</td> <td>/ʜʷɔl/</td> <td>цул</td> <td>/tsʰul/</td> <td>вайл</td> <td>/vəɪl/</td> <td>тхол</td> <td>/txʰʷɔl/</td> <td>шул</td> <td>/ʃul/</td> <td>царел</td> <td>/tsʰarɛl/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>reflexive possessive pronouns </td> <td>сайн </td> <td>/səɪn/ </td> <td>хьайн </td> <td>/ʜəɪn/ </td> <td>шен </td> <td>/ʃɛn/ </td> <td>вешан </td> <td>/vieʃən/ </td> <td>тхайн </td> <td>/txəɪn/ </td> <td>шайн </td> <td>/ʃəɪn/ </td> <td>шайн </td> <td>/ʃəɪn/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>substantives (mine, yours) </td> <td>сайниг </td> <td>/səɪnɪg/ </td> <td>хьайниг </td> <td>/ʜəɪnɪg/ </td> <td>шениг </td> <td>/ʃɛnɪg/ </td> <td>вешаниг </td> <td>/vieʃənɪg/ </td> <td>тхайниг </td> <td>/txəɪnɪg/ </td> <td>шайниг </td> <td>/ʃəɪnɪg/ </td> <td>шайниг </td> <td>/ʃəɪnɪg/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The locative has still a few further forms for specific positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs do not inflect for person (except for the special d- prefix for the 1st and 2nd persons plural), only for number and tense, aspect, mood. A minority of verbs exhibit agreement prefixes, and these agree with the noun in the absolutive case (what in English translation would the subject, for intransitive verbs, or the object, with transitive verbs). </p><p>Example of verbal agreement in intransitive clause with a composite verb: </p> <ul><li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">Со цхьан сахьтехь <b>вогІур ву</b></span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">so tsHan saHteH <b>voghur vu</b></i></span>) = I (male) will come in one hour</li> <li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">Со цхьан сахьтехь <b>йогІур ю</b></span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">so tsHan saHteH <b>yoghur yu</b></i></span>) = I (female) will come in one hour</li></ul> <p>Here, both the verb's future stem <i>-oghur</i> (will come) and the auxiliary <i>-u</i> (present tense of 'be') receive the prefix <i>v-</i> for masculine agreement and <i>y-</i> for feminine agreement. </p><p>In transitive clauses in compound continuous tenses formed with the auxiliary verb <i>-u</i> 'to be', both agent and object are in absolutive case. In this special case of a <i>biabsolutive</i> construction, the main verb in participial form agrees with the object, while the auxiliary agrees with the agent. </p> <ul><li><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">Cо бепиг <b>деш</b> <b>ву</b></span></span> (<span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">so bepig <b>diesh vu</b></i></span>) = I (male) am making bread.</li></ul> <p>Here, the participle <i>d-iesh</i> agree with the object, whereas the auxiliary <i>v-u</i> agrees with the agent.<sup id="cite_ref-DottonWagner_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DottonWagner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verbal tenses are formed by ablaut or suffixes, or both (there are five conjugations in total, below is one). Derived stems can be formed by suffixation as well (causative, etc.): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#C0F0F0"> <th>Tense </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Imperative (=infinitive)</td> <td>д*ига </td></tr> <tr> <td>simple present</td> <td>д*уьгу </td></tr> <tr> <td>present composite</td> <td>д*уьгуш д*у </td></tr> <tr> <td>near preterite</td> <td>д*игу </td></tr> <tr> <td>witnessed past</td> <td>д*игира </td></tr> <tr> <td>perfect</td> <td>д*игна </td></tr> <tr> <td>plusquamperfect</td> <td>д*игнера </td></tr> <tr> <td>repeated preterite</td> <td>д*уьгура </td></tr> <tr> <td>possible future</td> <td>д*уьгур </td></tr> <tr> <td>real future</td> <td>д*уьгур д*у </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#C0F0F0"> <th>Tempus </th> <th>Basic form ("drink") </th> <th>Causative ("make drink, drench") </th> <th>Permissive ("allow to drink") </th> <th>Permissive causative ("allow to make drink") </th> <th>Potential ("be able to drink") </th> <th>Inceptive ("start drinking") </th></tr> <tr> <td>Imperative (=infinitive)</td> <td>мала</td> <td>мало</td> <td>малийта</td> <td>мала д*айта</td> <td>мала д*ала</td> <td>мала д*āла </td></tr> <tr> <td>simple present</td> <td>молу</td> <td>мала д*о</td> <td>молуьйто</td> <td>мала д*ойту</td> <td>малало</td> <td>мала д*олу </td></tr> <tr> <td>near preterite</td> <td>малу</td> <td>малий</td> <td>малийти</td> <td>мала д*айти</td> <td>мала д*ели</td> <td>мала д*ēли </td></tr> <tr> <td>witnessed past</td> <td>мелира</td> <td>малийра</td> <td>малийтира</td> <td>мала д*айтира</td> <td>мала д*елира</td> <td>мала д*ēлира </td></tr> <tr> <td>perfect</td> <td>мелла</td> <td>малийна</td> <td>малийтина</td> <td>мала д*айтина</td> <td>мала д*елла</td> <td>мала д*аьлла </td></tr> <tr> <td>plusquamperfect</td> <td>меллера</td> <td>малийнер</td> <td>малийтинера</td> <td>мала д*айтинера</td> <td>мала д*елера</td> <td>мала д*аьллера </td></tr> <tr> <td>repeated past</td> <td>молура</td> <td>мала д*ора</td> <td>молуьйтура</td> <td>мала д*ойтура</td> <td>малалора</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>possible future</td> <td>молур</td> <td>мала д*ер</td> <td>молуьйтур</td> <td>мала д*ойтур</td> <td>малалур</td> <td>мала д*олур </td></tr> <tr> <td>real future</td> <td>молур д*у</td> <td>мала д*ийр д*у</td> <td>молуьйтур д*у</td> <td>мала д*ойтур д*у</td> <td>малалур д*у</td> <td>мала д*олур д*у </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Chechen vocabulary is derived from the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, although there are significant minorities of words derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (Islamic terms, like "Iman", "Ilma", "Do'a") and a smaller amount from Turkic (like "kuzga", "shish", belonging to the universal Caucasian stratum of borrowings) and most recently Russian (modern terms, like computer – "kamputar", television – "telvideni", televisor – "telvizar", metro – "metro" etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/che">Chechen</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottopedia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Tschetschenisch">Glottopedia article on Chechen language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/chechen">"Chechen in Russian Federation"</a>. <i>UNESCO WAL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+WAL&rft.atitle=Chechen+in+Russian+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Fcountries%2Frussian-federation%2Flanguages%2Fchechen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2008" class="citation book cs1">Longman, J.C. (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405881173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405881173"><bdi>978-1405881173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+ESL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405881173&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chechnya">"Chechnya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Chechnya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FChechnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/TABLE%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCES%20FOR%20CHECHEN.pdf">"Chechen table of correspondence Cyrillic-Roman (BGN/PCGN 2008 Agreement)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechen+table+of+correspondence+Cyrillic-Roman+%28BGN%2FPCGN+2008+Agreement%29&rft.pub=National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nga.mil%2Fgns%2Fhtml%2FRomanization%2FTABLE%2520OF%2520CORRESPONDENCES%2520FOR%2520CHECHEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaimoukha. <i>Chechens</i>. Page 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaimoukha2014" class="citation book cs1">Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (2014). <i>The Chechens: a handbook</i>. Caucasus world Peoples of the Caucasus. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-87445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-87445-9"><bdi>978-1-138-87445-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chechens%3A+a+handbook&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.series=Caucasus+world+Peoples+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-87445-9&rft.aulast=Jaimoukha&rft.aufirst=Amjad+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Article 10.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshe_Maʻoz,_Gabriel_Sheffer2002" class="citation book cs1">Moshe Maʻoz, Gabriel Sheffer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEq14wCaqwAC&q=chechens+speak+their+own+language+punished+if+they+speak+arabic&pg=PA256"><i>Middle Eastern minorities and diasporas</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902210-84-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-902210-84-0"><bdi>1-902210-84-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+minorities+and+diasporas&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-902210-84-0&rft.au=Moshe+Ma%CA%BBoz%2C+Gabriel+Sheffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFEq14wCaqwAC%26q%3Dchechens%2Bspeak%2Btheir%2Bown%2Blanguage%2Bpunished%2Bif%2Bthey%2Bspeak%2Barabic%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a>, Chechen, <i>The Indigenous languages of the Caucasus</i> (Caravan Books, Delmar NY, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88206-068-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88206-068-6">0-88206-068-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072204/http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif">"Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen)"</a>. <i>Ingush.narod.ru</i>. pp. 10–11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(GIF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ingush.narod.ru&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Language+of+the+Caucasus+%28Chechen%29&rft.pages=10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fingush.narod.ru%2Fchech%2Fbook%2Fch1011.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАлиеваКасумоваСергановаХамраева2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Алиева, С. А.; Касумова, Б. С.-А.; Серганова, З. З.; Хамраева, Е. А. (2012). <i>Нохчийн мотт. Абат: йоза-дешар Ӏаморан Ӏамат. 1 класс</i> (in Chechen).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82.+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%3A+%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80+%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82.+1+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81.&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1.+%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%91.+%D0%A1.-%D0%90.&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%97.+%D0%97.&rft.au=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%95.+%D0%90.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aliroev, I. Y. (1999). <i>Чеченский язык (Chechen Language)</i> (pp. 24–31). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/587444-105-0" title="Special:BookSources/587444-105-0">587444-105-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elararchive.org/dk0232/">"Documentation and grammatical description of Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect | Endangered Languages Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+and+grammatical+description+of+Chechen+including+the+Cheberloi+dialect+%26%23124%3B+Endangered+Languages+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elararchive.org%2Fdk0232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chentieva-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chentieva, M. D. (1958). History of Checheno-Ingush writing (История чечено-ингушской письменности). Checheno-Ingush Publishing House (Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Чеченская азбука - نوٓخچیی آلفبٰا (Нохчий алфба) (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Awde, Nicholas and Galäv, Muhammad, <i>Chechen</i>; p. 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0446-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0446-9">0-7818-0446-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Awde and Galäv; <i>Chechen</i>; p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwdeGalaev2014" class="citation book cs1">Awde, Nicholas; Galaev, Muhammad (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtyhAwAAQBAJ&q=chechen+noun+classes&pg=PA8"><i>Chechen-English English-Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136802331" title="Special:BookSources/9781136802331"><bdi>9781136802331</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechen-English+English-Chechen+Dictionary+and+Phrasebook&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.isbn=9781136802331&rft.aulast=Awde&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Galaev%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtyhAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchechen%2Bnoun%2Bclasses%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"estudiante". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/estudiante"><i>Diccionario de la lengua española</i></a> (in Spanish) (23.7 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>. November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=estudiante&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.edition=23.7&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Festudiante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DottonWagner-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DottonWagner_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DottonWagner_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDottonWagner" class="citation web cs1">Dotton, Zura; Wagner, John Doyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf">"A Grammar of Chechen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duke University, Slavic Centers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Chechen&rft.pub=Duke+University%2C+Slavic+Centers&rft.aulast=Dotton&rft.aufirst=Zura&rft.au=Wagner%2C+John+Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Fsites%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffile-attachments%2Fchechen-grammar.original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieter_Muysken2008" class="citation book cs1">Pieter Muysken (6 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWs6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 29, 46, 47, 49, 52–54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 70–74, 77, 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9136-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9136-3"><bdi>978-90-272-9136-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Linguistic+Areas+to+Areal+Linguistics&rft.pages=29%2C+46%2C+47%2C+49%2C+52-54%2C+56%2C+58%2C+60%2C+61%2C+63%2C+70-74%2C+77%2C+93&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9136-3&rft.au=Pieter+Muysken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWs6AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechen+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ce:"> Chechen edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chechen" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Chechen">Chechen</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chechen_phrasebook#Q33350" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Chechen phrasebook">Chechen phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cyrillic_script" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script">Appendix:Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/chechen.pdf">The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~chechen/">The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott</a> Wealth of linguistic information. (No longer active, some information is retained)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarsho.com/">Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsumada.ru/slovar">Russian–Chechen on-line dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erwinkomen.ruhosting.nl/che/dict/lexicon/main.htm">Chechen-Russian dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\nah&limit=-1">Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/ce/">Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter</a></li> <li>ELAR archive of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0232">Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baltoslav.eu/nox/index.php?mova=en">Chechen Text Corpus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Caucasian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template talk:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Caucasian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The proposed <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian language</a> family comprises the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> language families.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages#Connections_to_Hattic" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">proposed</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/250px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/375px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/500px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlix</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukita_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukita language (page does not exist)">Tukita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Тукитинский диалект каратинского языка">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkhoqwari_language" title="Inkhoqwari language">Inkhoqwari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br />(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alphabets">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" 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