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aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Population genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_disease_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_disease_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Genetic disease studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_disease_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Irish_state_and_Irish_Travellers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Irish_state_and_Irish_Travellers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Irish state and Irish Travellers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Irish_state_and_Irish_Travellers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Social conflict</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social conflict subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination_and_prejudice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_and_prejudice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Discrimination and prejudice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_and_prejudice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_and_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_and_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Work and income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_and_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Social identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Violence and crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travellers'_sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travellers'_sites_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Travellers' sites in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travellers'_sites_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Travellers'_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Travellers'_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>List of Travellers' organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Travellers'_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_and_documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_and_documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Depictions and documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_and_documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish Travellers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavee" title="Pavee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pavee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="رحل أيرلنديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رحل أيرلنديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3mades_irlandeses" title="Nómades irlandeses – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nómades irlandeses" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C5%A1t%C3%AD_ko%C4%8Dovn%C3%ADci" title="Irští kočovníci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irští kočovníci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teithwyr_Gwyddelig" title="Teithwyr Gwyddelig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teithwyr Gwyddelig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paveefolket" title="Paveefolket – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paveefolket" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavee" title="Pavee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pavee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3madas_irlandeses" title="Nómadas irlandeses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nómadas irlandeses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irish Travellers" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irish Travellers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucht_si%C3%BAil" title="Lucht siúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lucht siúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9C%A0%EB%9E%91%EB%AF%BC" title="아일랜드 유랑민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드 유랑민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իռլանդացի ճանապարհորդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդացի ճանապարհորդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_Putnici" title="Irski Putnici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irski Putnici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengembara_Irlandia" title="Pengembara Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengembara Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavee" title="Pavee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pavee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נוודים אירים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוודים אירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7er%C3%AAn_%C3%AErlend%C3%AE" title="Koçerên îrlendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Koçerên îrlendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travellers" title="Travellers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Travellers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="アイリッシュ・トラヴェラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイリッシュ・トラヴェラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paveefolket" title="Paveefolket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paveefolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irish Travellers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavee" title="Pavee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pavee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ирландские путешественники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландские путешественники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlantilaiset_kiertolaiset" title="Irlantilaiset kiertolaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irlantilaiset kiertolaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavee" title="Pavee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pavee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Traditionally nomadic people of ethnic Irish origin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For the UK census classification, see <a href="/wiki/White:_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" title="White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller">White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a>. For Roma people living in Ireland, also known as "Gypsy", see <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani people in Ireland</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Traveler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Traveler (disambiguation)">Traveler (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Irish Travellers</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>An lucht siúil</i></li> <li><i>Mincéirí</i></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Travellers_Decorated_Caravan_(6136023633).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Travellers_Decorated_Caravan_%286136023633%29.jpg/220px-Travellers_Decorated_Caravan_%286136023633%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Travellers_Decorated_Caravan_%286136023633%29.jpg/330px-Travellers_Decorated_Caravan_%286136023633%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Travellers_Decorated_Caravan_%286136023633%29.jpg/440px-Travellers_Decorated_Caravan_%286136023633%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="828" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Irish Travellers in 1954</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Throughout Ireland, especially in <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Counties Galway</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Longford" title="County Longford">Longford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">Limerick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> • <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas">Dallas areas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,987 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,609 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10-40,000 (2010s-20s estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Americans" title="Irish Traveller Americans">Irish Traveller Americans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Glasgow_(1925-1977).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif/75px-Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif/113px-Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Celtic_Glasgow_%281925-1977%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> By region or country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish Travellers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Irish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Religion (ROI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Ireland">Television</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ireland" title="Religion in Ireland">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Ireland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ireland">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ireland" title="History of the Jews in Ireland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Paganism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages and dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_people" title="Template:Irish people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_people" title="Template talk:Irish people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irish Travellers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">an lucht siúil</i>, meaning <i>the walking people</i>), also known as <b>Pavees</b> or <b>Mincéirs</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a>: <i><b>Mincéirí</b></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a traditionally <a href="/wiki/List_of_nomadic_peoples#Peripatetic" title="List of nomadic peoples">peripatetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethno-cultural group</a> originating in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolniak_2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolniak_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QuestioningGypsy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuestioningGypsy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are predominantly English-speaking, though many also speak <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a>, a language of mixed <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolniak_2019_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolniak_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Irish Travellers are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">predominant religion in the Republic of Ireland</a>. They are one of several groups identified as "<a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Travellers</a>" in the UK and Ireland. </p><p>Despite often being incorrectly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Gypsies</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Wolniak_2019_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolniak_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Travellers are not genetically related to the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma people</a>, who are of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic analysis has shown Irish Travellers to be of <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> extraction, and that they likely diverged from the settled Irish population in the 1600s, probably during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>. Centuries of cultural isolation have led Travellers to become genetically distinct from the settled Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveller rights groups have long advocated for ethnic status from the Irish government, succeeding in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-UKnumber_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKnumber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish Traveller communities are located in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, there were 32,302 Travellers within Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represent 0.7% of the total population of the Republic of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Traveller ancestry, because many people of Traveller descent do not declare themselves Travellers. The United Kingdom alone is believed to be home to up to 300,000 Roma and Traveller people (including <a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Government considers Travellers resident in the UK to form part of the <a href="/wiki/Gypsy,_Roma_and_Traveller_people_(UK)" title="Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people (UK)">Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (GRT) community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-radical_stats_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radical_stats-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Travellers refer to themselves in <a href="#Language">Gammon</a> as <i>minkiers</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in Irish as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">an lucht siúil</i></span> ("the walking people").<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous theories and oral histories surrounding the origins of Irish Travellers as a distinct group.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Helleiner-2003-05_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helleiner-2003-05-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has been complicated by the fact that the group appears to have no written records of its own,<sup id="cite_ref-Solidaritywith_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solidaritywith-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> through storytelling being the primary method through which the Traveller community disseminates its own history and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deeper documentation of Shelta and the Travellers dates to the 1830s, but knowledge of Irish Travellers has been seen from the 1100s, as well as the 1500s–1800s. Many decrees against begging in England were directed at Travellers, passed by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> around 1551; for example the "Acte for tynckers and pedlers".<sup id="cite_ref-Gmelch-1975-10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gmelch-1975-10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culture of Irish Travellers resembles the culture of other itinerant communities with regard to self-employment, family networks, birth, marriage, and burial rituals, taboos, and folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They worked with metal and travelled throughout Ireland working at making items such as ornaments, jewellery, and horse harnesses to earn a living. As a result, they (along with other itinerant groups) were referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Tinker" title="Tinker">tinkers</a>" or "tinklers" (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Tin_smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin smith">tin smiths</a>"), terms regarded in later years as derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-Gmelch-1975-10_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gmelch-1975-10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_theories">Origin theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different theories have been put forward to explain the origins of Ireland's itinerant population. It has been suggested Travellers are related to <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> due to a similarly itinerant lifestyle,<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> has shown no evidence for a recent ancestral component between Irish Travellers and Romani Travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a theory that an indigenous, itinerant community of craftsmen are the ancestors of Travellers, who never settled down.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other speculations on their origin are that they were descended from those Irish who were made homeless during the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> in the 1650s, or made homeless in either the 1741 or the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">1840s famine</a>, or due to <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">eviction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keane2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keane2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  43, 56">(pp 43, 56)</span></sup> </p><p>According to Helleiner (2003),<sup id="cite_ref-Helleiner-2003-05_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helleiner-2003-05-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> current scholarship is investigating the background of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">English Tudor conquest</a>. The mobile nature and traditions of a Gaelic society based on <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> rather than land tenure before this event implies that Travellers represent descendants of the Gaelic social order marginalised during the change-over to an English landholding society.<sup id="cite_ref-Helleiner-2003-05_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helleiner-2003-05-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example of this mobile element in the population, and how displacement of clans can lead to increased nomadism within aristocratic warrior societies, is the displacement of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Muircheartaigh_U%C3%AD_Conchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Muircheartaigh Uí Conchobhair">Clan Murtough O'Connors</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_genetics">Population genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic evidence reported in 2000 regarding Irish Travellers supported Irish ancestry; several distinct subpopulations; and the distinctiveness of the midland counties due to Viking influence.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons</a> in Dublin and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> analysed DNA samples from 40 Travellers. The study provided evidence that Irish Travellers are a genetically separate Irish ethnic minority which has been distinct from the settled Irish community for at least 1,000 years: The report claimed that Travellers are as distinct from the settled community as <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> are from <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 a further genetic study using profiles of 50 Irish Travellers, 143 European Roma, 2,232 settled Irish, 2,039 British and 6,255 European or worldwide individuals, confirmed ancestral origins from within the general population of Ireland. An estimated time of divergence between the settled population and Travellers was set at a minimum of 8 generations ago, with generations at 30 years, hence 240 years and a maximum of 14 generations or 420 years ago. The best fit was estimated at 360 years ago, giving an approximate date in the 1650s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish Travellers are not an entirely homogeneous group, instead reflecting some of the variation also seen in the settled population. Four distinct genetic clusters were identified in the 2017 study, and these match social groupings within the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Gmelch-1991-1986_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gmelch-1991-1986-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish Travellers, particularly those that experienced a life of nomadism prior to the 2002 Irish legislation that altered living conditions, exhibit distinct gut microbiota compared to other Irish citizens, which is comparable to gut microbiomes observed in non-industrialized societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Keohane-2020_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keohane-2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_disease_studies">Genetic disease studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetic disease studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic studies by Miriam Murphy, David Croke, and other researchers identified certain genetic diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Galactosemia" title="Galactosemia">galactosemia</a> that are more common in the Irish Traveller population, involving identifiable <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allelic</a> mutations that are rarer among the rest of the community. </p><p>Two main hypotheses have arisen, speculating whether: </p> <ul><li>the prevalence resulted from marriages made largely within and among the Traveller community,</li></ul> <p>or </p> <ul><li>suggesting shared descent from an <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">original Irish carrier</a> long ago with ancestors unrelated to the rest of the Irish population.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In their conclusion Murphy, McHugh, <i>et al</i><sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> write that: </p> <dl><dd>The fact that Q188R is the sole mutant allele among the Travellers as compared to the non-Traveller group may be the result of a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a> in the isolation of a small group of the Irish population from their peers as founders of the Traveller sub-population. This would favour the second, endogenous, hypothesis of Traveller origins."<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 553">(p553)</span></sup></dd></dl> <p>More specifically, they found that Q188R was found in 100% of Traveller samples, and in 89% of other Irish samples, indicating that the Traveller group was typical of the larger Irish population.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-McHugh-etal-1999-07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  552 §discussion">(p 552 §discussion)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish Travellers speak English and sometimes one of two dialects of <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a> — Gammon (or Gamin) and Irish Traveller <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a>. Shelta has been dated back to the 18th century but may be older.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cant, which derives from <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, is a combination of English and Shelta.<sup id="cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andereck1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Li%C3%A9geois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Liégeois (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Liégeois</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Li%C3%A9geois" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Pierre Liégeois">fr</a>]</span> writes that the Irish Traveller Gammon <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> is derived from pre-13th-century Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a> with ten per cent Indian origin <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-liegeois_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liegeois-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Shelta is a mixture of English and Irish grammar, the etymology is not straightforward. The language is made up mostly of Irish lexicon, being classified as a grammar-lexicon language with the grammar being English-based.<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_2015_381_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai_2015_381-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaelic language expert <a href="/wiki/Kuno_Meyer" title="Kuno Meyer">Kuno Meyer</a> and Romani language linguist <a href="/wiki/John_Sampson_(linguist)" title="John Sampson (linguist)">John Sampson</a> both asserted that Shelta existed as far back as the 13th century, 300 years before the first Romani populations arrived in Ireland or Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shelta is a <a href="/wiki/Cryptolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptolect">cryptolect</a> (secret language). Irish Travellers do not like to share the language with outsiders, named "Buffers", or non-Travellers. When speaking Shelta in front of Buffers, Travellers will disguise the structure so as to make it seem like they are not speaking Shelta at all.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is fear that if outsiders know the entirety of the language, it will be used to bring further discrimination to the Traveller community.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Irish_state_and_Irish_Travellers">The Irish state and Irish Travellers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Irish state and Irish Travellers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was no specific state focus on Travellers prior to the creation of an independent Irish <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">state</a> in 1922. Issues with traditional travelling groups came under loosely defined <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy laws">vagrancy laws</a>, from when Ireland was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In 1959 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_17th_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 17th Dáil">1959–1963 government of Ireland</a> established a "Commission on Itinerancy"<sup id="cite_ref-ComItin-1963_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComItin-1963-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to calls to deal with the "itinerant problem". This was made up of senior representatives of the Irish state, judges, <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Gardaí</a> (Irish police), religious organisations and numerous farming lobby groups such as <a href="/wiki/Macra_na_Feirme" title="Macra na Feirme">Macra na Feirme</a>. The commission had no Traveller representatives, and while attempts were made to consult Travellers, these were "bizarre" unannounced visits which resulted in little input into the report.<sup id="cite_ref-ITM-review_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITM-review-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imi.ox.ac.uk_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imi.ox.ac.uk-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commission had the following terms of reference:<sup id="cite_ref-ComItin-1963_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComItin-1963-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  11">(p 11)</span></sup> </p> <ol><li>to enquire into the problem arising from the presence in the country of itinerants in considerable numbers;</li> <li>to examine the economic, educational, health and social problems inherent in their way of life;</li> <li>to consider what steps might be taken—<ol type="a"> <li>to provide opportunities for a better way of life for itinerants,</li> <li>to promote their absorption into the general community,</li> <li>pending such absorption, to reduce to a minimum the disadvantages to themselves and to the community resulting from their itinerant habits and</li> <li>to improve the position generally; and</li> </ol></li> <li>to make recommendations.</li></ol> <p>The commission's 1963 report defined "itinerant" as "a person who had no fixed place of abode and habitually wandered from place to place, but excluding <a href="/wiki/Carny" title="Carny">travelling show-people</a> and travelling entertainers".<sup id="cite_ref-ComItin-1963_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComItin-1963-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  12">(p 12)</span></sup> It recommended <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of Travellers by settling them in fixed dwellings with the ultimate aim being that of essentially ending Traveller identity,<sup id="cite_ref-ITM-review_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITM-review-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> viewing the Netherlands' approach to its travelling minority as a model.<sup id="cite_ref-ComItin-1963_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComItin-1963-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  28, 106">(pp 28, 106)</span></sup> This assimilation was to be achieved by the effective criminalisation of nomadism, and the report paved the way for an increasing state emphasis on criminal laws and penalties for trespass.<sup id="cite_ref-imi.ox.ac.uk_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imi.ox.ac.uk-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, about 60% of Irish Travellers lived in barrel-roofed horse-drawn wagons, with almost 40% still using tents in summer (fewer in winter).<sup id="cite_ref-ComItin-1963_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComItin-1963-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  40">(p 40)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heeujoc_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heeujoc-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Travelling People Review Body (1981–1983) advocated <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">integration</a> rather than assimilation,<sup id="cite_ref-heeujoc_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heeujoc-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with provision for serviced halting sites. The Body's membership included Travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Task Force on the Travelling Community (1993–1995) moved to an <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">intercultural</a> paradigm.<sup id="cite_ref-heeujoc_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heeujoc-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 May 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> (Irish parliament) established a <a href="/wiki/Joint_committee_(legislative)" title="Joint committee (legislative)">joint committee</a> "on Key Issues affecting the Traveller Community".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Ombudsman#Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Ombudsman">Ombudsman for Children</a>, Niall Muldoon, published a report that was highly critical of the standards of accommodation provided for Travellers, describing some accommodation issues as "deplorable".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsies_near_the_Four_Masters_Monument,_Donegal_Town_(geograph_3749126).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gypsies_near_the_Four_Masters_Monument%2C_Donegal_Town_%28geograph_3749126%29.jpg/220px-Gypsies_near_the_Four_Masters_Monument%2C_Donegal_Town_%28geograph_3749126%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gypsies_near_the_Four_Masters_Monument%2C_Donegal_Town_%28geograph_3749126%29.jpg/330px-Gypsies_near_the_Four_Masters_Monument%2C_Donegal_Town_%28geograph_3749126%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gypsies_near_the_Four_Masters_Monument%2C_Donegal_Town_%28geograph_3749126%29.jpg/440px-Gypsies_near_the_Four_Masters_Monument%2C_Donegal_Town_%28geograph_3749126%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Travellers near the Four Masters monument in Donegal Town, 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>Irish Travellers have a higher <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> than the general Irish population; the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a> of Ireland recorded in 2016 that 44.5% of Traveller women aged 40–49 had five or more children, compared to 4.2% of women overall in this age group.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gap has dramatically reduced over time; in 1987 the Irish Traveller birth rate was at 5.3 children per woman compared to the general Irish population's 2.3, while in 2008 the Irish Traveller birth rate was at 2.9 children per woman compared to the general Irish population's 2.1.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2016 census in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> reported the number of Irish Travellers as 30,987, up from 29,495 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-2016CensusReport6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016CensusReport6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 the number was 22,369.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 1,700 to 2,000 were estimated to live in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 2006 Irish census, it was determined that 20,975 dwell in urban areas and 1,460 were living in rural areas. With an overall population of just 0.5% some areas were found to have a higher proportion, with high Traveller concentrations in Clare, Dublin, Galway and Limerick. There were found to be 9,301 Travellers in the 0–14 age range, comprising 41.5% of the Traveller population, and a further 3,406 of them were in the 15–24 age range, comprising 15.2%. Children of the age range 0–17 comprised 48.7% of the Traveller population. </p><p>Following the findings of the All Ireland Traveller Health Study (estimates for 2008), the figure for Northern Ireland was revised to 3,905 and that for the Republic to 36,224.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdalla2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdalla2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rural community of <a href="/wiki/Rathkeale" title="Rathkeale">Rathkeale</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a>, has one of the largest populations of any towns percentage-wise, with around half of its residents having Irish Traveller ancestry. Traveller clans, gangs, and associations or events linked to the Traveller community and culture may often have the name Rathkeale linked with it, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rathkeale_Rovers" title="Rathkeale Rovers">Rathkeale Rovers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes considered a rural mecca of Travellers in this regard. There are other communities, including in Dublin as well. <a href="/wiki/Tuam" title="Tuam">Tuam</a> (c. 5% Traveller) and <a href="/wiki/Longford" title="Longford">Longford</a> both have abundant Traveller communities in rural areas as well. While not as high proportion-wise, due to its high population in general, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and its suburbs have over 5,000 Travellers, whom make up a scant 0.4% of Dublin's population proper and 0.2-0.3% of the Greater Dublin population.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ballyfermot" title="Ballyfermot">Ballyfermot</a>, Dublin has a large Traveller community, mostly located in the Labre Park area.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>County Longford has the highest Traveller percentage rate for the 0-24 age group, of any Irish county, at 5%, followed by County Galway at 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, for the first time, the census category "Irish Traveller" was introduced as part of the broader Gypsy/Traveller section. While Irish Travellers and Romani Gypsy people are genetically distant from each other, with Travellers having Irish roots, and Roma Gypsies having alleged South Asian heritage, they are conflated in the UK Census, so the number of Travellers may be lower than what is reported in this category. </p><p>The self reported figure for collective Gypsy/Traveller populations were 63,193<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but estimates of Irish Travellers living in Great Britain range are about 15,000<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a total estimation of over 300,000 Romani and other Traveller groups in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 Census of England and Wales</a>, the Gypsy/Irish Traveller community numbered 67,757, or 0.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="London Boroughs">London Boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow" title="London Borough of Harrow">Harrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a> contain significant Irish Traveller populations. In addition to those on various official sites, there are a number who are settled in local authority housing. These are mostly women who wish their children to have a chance at formal education. They and the children may or may not travel in the summer but remain in close contact with the wider Irish Traveller community.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also a number of Irish Traveller communities in the <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">Home counties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Americans" title="Irish Traveller Americans">Irish Traveller Americans</a></div> <p>An estimated 10,000 people in the United States are descendants of Travellers who left Ireland, mostly between 1845 and 1860 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are no official population figures regarding Irish Travellers in the United States as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">US census</a> does not recognise them as an ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-Andereck1992_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andereck1992-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andereck1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some sources estimate their population in the U.S. to be 10,000, others suggest their population is 40,000. According to research published in 1992, Irish Travellers in the U.S. divide themselves up into groups that are based on historical residence: Ohio Travellers, Georgia Travellers, Texas Travellers, and Mississippi Travellers. The Georgia Travellers' camp is made up of about eight hundred families, the Mississippi Travellers, about three hundred families, and the Texas Travellers, under fifty families."<sup id="cite_ref-Andereck1992_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andereck1992-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andereck1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest and most affluent population of about 2,500 lives in Murphy Village, outside of the town of <a href="/wiki/North_Augusta,_South_Carolina" title="North Augusta, South Carolina">North Augusta, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other communities exist in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hernando,_Mississippi" title="Hernando, Mississippi">Hernando, Mississippi</a>; and near <a href="/wiki/White_Settlement,_Texas" title="White Settlement, Texas">White Settlement, Texas</a>; where the families stay in their homes during the winter, and leave during the summer, while smaller enclaves can be found across Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish Travellers in the U.S. are said to speak English and Shelta, a form of Cant. The Cant spoken in the U.S. is similar to the Cant spoken in Ireland, but differs in some respects in that the language has transformed into a type of <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> English over the generations. They typically do construction work, such as asphalting, spray-painting, and laying linoleum, or as <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">itinerant workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andereck1992_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andereck1992-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andereck1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Travellers have a distinctive approach to <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>; the vast majority of them are practising <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, and they also pay particular attention to issues of <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">healing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have been known to follow a strict code of behaviour that dictates some of their moral beliefs and influences their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Travellers are known to practice their Catholic faith at holy wells and shrines across Ireland. Travellers were excluded in the past from everyday parish activities in Ireland. Richard O'Brien of the Kerry diocese is a member of the Traveller community who started a groundbreaking initiative to reach out to the Irish Traveller community and help them to be more involved in parish life. The Irish Bishops Conference released a statement to every parish, asking them to welcome Irish Travellers to their towns and villages throughout Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, it was reported that Traveller children often grow up outside educational systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveller children were reported in 2017 to leave education at a younger age than children in the settled community, with 28% leaving the education system by age 13.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the causes identified is the historical marginalisation of the community within the educational system. The segregation of Traveller children from their settled peers led to worse outcomes in regard to undertaking state examinations, and levels of numeracy and literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Movement" title="Irish Traveller Movement">Irish Traveller Movement</a>, a community advocacy group, promotes equal access to education for Traveller children.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Census of Ireland 2016, 167 Travellers are enumerated as having a third level educational qualification, a rise from 89 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, the Irish Equality Tribunal ruled in favour of a Traveller child in an anti-discrimination suit which covered the admission practices of <a href="/wiki/CBS_High_School_Clonmel" title="CBS High School Clonmel">CBS High School Clonmel</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2011, the secondary school in Clonmel successfully appealed the decision of the Equality Tribunal that its admission criteria were indirectly discriminatory against children from the Traveller community.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish Travellers have a long history of <a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">bare-knuckle boxing</a>. Toughness and the ability to fight are viewed as particularly important among Traveller men, and their involvement in boxing has extended to traditional <a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">amateur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">professional boxing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Traveller <a href="/wiki/Francie_Barrett" title="Francie Barrett">Francie Barrett</a> represented Ireland at the 1996 Olympics, while <a href="/wiki/Andy_Lee_(boxer)" title="Andy Lee (boxer)">Andy Lee</a> fought for Ireland at the 2004 Olympics and later became the first Traveller to win a professional boxing world championship when he won the WBO middleweight title in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tyson_Fury" title="Tyson Fury">Tyson Fury</a> is of Irish Traveller heritage and defeated long-reigning <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Klitschko" title="Wladimir Klitschko">Wladimir Klitschko</a> in 2015 to become the unified heavyweight world champion.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Traveller community, bare-knuckle boxing is seen as a way to resolve disputes and uphold family honour, as shown in the 2011 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Knuckle_(film)" title="Knuckle (film)">Knuckle</a></i>. This can lead to injuries, notably "fight bite" where, when punching an opponent, a tooth may cut the hand and bacteria in the opponent's mouth may infect the wound. Such infections can lead to permanent disability if left untreated.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from boxing, Irish Travellers, including women, are involved in sports such as football (soccer) and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moeder_en_kind_voor_een_tent,_Bestanddeelnr_191-0828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moeder_en_kind_voor_een_tent%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0828.jpg/220px-Moeder_en_kind_voor_een_tent%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0828.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moeder_en_kind_voor_een_tent%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0828.jpg/330px-Moeder_en_kind_voor_een_tent%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moeder_en_kind_voor_een_tent%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0828.jpg/440px-Moeder_en_kind_voor_een_tent%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="2599" /></a><figcaption>Irish Travellers in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The health of Irish Travellers is significantly poorer than that of the general population in Ireland. This is evidenced in a 2007 report published in Ireland, which states that over half of Travellers do not live past the age of 39 years.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (By comparison, median life expectancy in Ireland is 81.5 years.) Another government report of 1987 found: </p> <blockquote><p>From birth to old age, they have high mortality rates, particularly from accidents, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic disease">metabolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital problems</a>, but also from other major causes of death. Female Travellers have especially high mortality compared to settled women.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Ireland)" title="Department of Health (Ireland)">Department of Health and Children</a> in the Republic of Ireland, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Social_Services_and_Public_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety">Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety</a> in Northern Ireland, commissioned the <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>'s School of Public Health and Population Science to conduct a major cross-border study of Travellers' welfare. The study, including a detailed census of Traveller population and an examination of their health status, was expected to take up to three years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main results of the study were published in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> of Irish Travellers has decreased since the 1990s, but they still have one of the highest birth rates in Europe. The birth rate for the Traveller community for the year 2005 was 33.32 per 1,000, possibly the highest birth rate recorded for any community in Europe. </p><p>On average there are ten times more driving fatalities within the Traveller community. At 22%, this represents the most common cause of death among Traveller males. Some 10% of Traveller children die before their second birthday, compared to just 1% of the general population. In Ireland, 2.6% of all deaths in the total population were for people aged under 25, versus 32% for Travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 80% of Travellers die before the age of 65. </p><p>According to the National Traveller Suicide Awareness Project, Traveller men are over six times more likely to die by suicide than the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriage among Travellers in their late teens is common.<sup id="cite_ref-McElweeJacksonCharles2003_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElweeJacksonCharles2003-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the Census of Ireland 2016 58.1% of Irish Travellers were under the age of 25, with 31.9% of this age group married. As of 2016, 201 enumerated Irish Travellers aged 15 to 19 identified themselves as married, down from 250 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Travellers generally marry other Irish Travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE1995_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE1995-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 156">: 156 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguineous</a> marriage is common among Irish Travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-McElweeJacksonCharles2003_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElweeJacksonCharles2003-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 110–111">: 110–111 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOE1995_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE1995-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 156">: 156 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Judith_Okely" title="Judith Okely">Judith Okely</a>'s work on Travellers in Britain in the 1970s, "there is no large time span between puberty and marriage", and the typical marriage age was 16–17 for females and 18–19 for males.<sup id="cite_ref-Okely1983_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okely1983-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 153">: 153 </span></sup> </p><p>Irish Travellers lived as <a href="/wiki/Cohabiters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohabiters">cohabiters</a> who "married at one time without religious or civil ceremony."<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin2008_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin2008-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 258">: 258 </span></sup> Into the early 20th century about one-third of Irish Travellers were "married according to the law."<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin2008_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin2008-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 246">: 246 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Christopher Griffin, sociology and anthropology lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University" title="Edith Cowan University">Edith Cowan University</a>, arranged Irish Traveller marriages in the early 21st century "safeguard the girl's [interests] by securing a man who won't mistreat her."<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin2008_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin2008-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 247">: 247 </span></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Julie Bindel</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_(magazine)" title="Standpoint (magazine)">Standpoint</a></i>, some Irish Traveller females in the UK are forced into marriages, but Bindel points out that data is difficult to obtain because "the line between an arranged marriage and a forced one is not always clear."<sup id="cite_ref-Bindel2012_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bindel2012-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_conflict">Social conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_and_prejudice">Discrimination and prejudice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Discrimination and prejudice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Travellers are often reported as the subject of explicit political and cultural discrimination, with politicians being elected on promises to block Traveller housing in local communities and individuals frequently refusing service in pubs, shops and hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 survey by the Economic and Social Research Institute of Ireland concluded that there is widespread ostracism of Travellers in Ireland, and the report concluded that it could hurt the long-term prospects for Travellers, who "need the intercultural solidarity of their neighbours in the settled community. ... They are too small a minority, i.e., 0.5 per cent, to survive in a meaningful manner without ongoing and supportive personal contact with their fellow citizens in the settled community."<sup id="cite_ref-Irishtimes_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irishtimes-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general prejudice against Travellers hinders efforts by the central government to integrate Travellers into Irish society.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT102915_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT102915-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Travellers are a minority group within Ireland and the United Kingdom, they have always faced discrimination on the basis of their ethnicity as Travellers. They experience discrimination in not having equal access to education, being denied service in pubs, shops, and hotels,<sup id="cite_ref-Velupillai_2015_381_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velupillai_2015_381-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and being subject to derogatory language. </p><p>In 2016, the USA's <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> for the United Kingdom stated that Irish Travellers reported receiving discrimination on "racial or ethnic grounds" in the country, and stated that the High Court had ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">government</a> had illegally discriminated against Travellers by unlawfully subjecting planning applications to special scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_and_income">Work and income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Work and income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2016 Irish census, 4,524 of 9,055 Travellers over the age of 15 (50%) were "Unemployed having lost or given up previous job".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 10,653 Travellers were in the labour force, the vast majority, 8,541 (80.2%), were unemployed. Almost 1 in 8 Travellers (11.3%) stated that they were unable to work due to a disability, which was almost three times the rate of the general population (4.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Travellers are breeders of dogs such as <a href="/wiki/Lurcher" title="Lurcher">lurchers</a> and have a long-standing interest in horse trading. The main fairs associated with them are held annually at <a href="/wiki/Ballinasloe_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballinasloe fair">Ballinasloe</a> (County Galway), Puck Fair (County Kerry), Ballabuidhe Horse Fair (County Cork), the twice-yearly Smithfield Horse Fair (Dublin inner city) and <a href="/wiki/Appleby_Horse_Fair" title="Appleby Horse Fair">Appleby</a> (England).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often involved in dealing scrap metals, e.g., 60% of the raw material for Irish steel is sourced from scrap metal, approximately 50% (75,000 metric tonnes) segregated by the community at a value of more than £1.5 million. Such percentages for more valuable non-ferrous metals may be significantly greater.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the majority of Irish Travellers' employment is either <a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">self-employment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>, income and financial status varies greatly from family to family. Many families choose not to reveal the specifics of their finances, but when explained it is very difficult to detect any sort of pattern or regular trend of monthly or weekly income. To detect their financial status many look to the state of their possessions: their <a href="/wiki/Travel_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel trailer">trailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a>, domestic utensils, and any other valuables.<sup id="cite_ref-Okely1983_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okely1983-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 63">: 63 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_identity">Social identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traveller_Ethnicity_pin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Traveller_Ethnicity_pin.jpg/220px-Traveller_Ethnicity_pin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Traveller_Ethnicity_pin.jpg/330px-Traveller_Ethnicity_pin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Traveller_Ethnicity_pin.jpg/440px-Traveller_Ethnicity_pin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>The Traveller Ethnicity pin was created to celebrate the Irish State's formal acknowledgment on 1 March 2017 of Travellers as a distinct ethnic group in Irish society.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irish Travellers are recognised in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom law">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law in the Republic of Ireland">Irish law</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Itmtrav1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itmtrav1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Itmtrav2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itmtrav2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ethnic group is defined as one whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. Ethnic identity is also marked by the recognition from others of a group's distinctiveness and by common cultural, linguistic, religious, behavioural or biological traits.<sup id="cite_ref-Itmtrav2_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itmtrav2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> Committee of Enquiry on Racism and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a> found them to be among the most discriminated-against <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> groups in Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and yet their status remains insecure in the absence of widespread legal endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-tinker_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tinker-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travellers are often viewed by settled people in a negative light, perceived as insular, anti-social, 'drop-outs' and 'misfits',<sup id="cite_ref-Hainsworth_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hainsworth-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or believed to be involved in criminal and <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> behaviour, or settling illegally on land owned by others.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2011)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_and_crime">Violence and crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Violence and crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960 a government body was set up to conduct research into the Travelling Community in the Republic of Ireland. The Commission on Itinerancy operated under the auspices of the Department of Justice, the persons were appointed by the Junior Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a>. One finding was: that "public brawling fuelled by excessive drinking further added to settled people's fear of Travellers". Furthermore "feuding was felt to be the result of a dearth of pastimes and [of] illiteracy, historically comparable to features of rural Irish life before the Famine".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 report, conducted by the Irish Chaplaincy in Britain, <i>Voices Unheard: A Study of Irish Travellers in Prison</i> (Mac Gabhann, 2011) found that social, economic and educational exclusion were contributing factors to the "increasingly high levels of imprisonment" of Irish Travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travellers'_sites_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span id="Travellers.27_sites_in_the_United_Kingdom"></span>Travellers' sites in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Travellers' sites in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Halting_site" title="Halting site">Halting site</a></div> <p>The passing of the <a href="/wiki/Caravan_Sites_Act_1968" title="Caravan Sites Act 1968">Caravan Sites Act 1968</a> safeguarded Travellers' right to a site, but the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a> repealed part II of the 1968 act, removing the duty on local authorities in the UK to provide sites for Travellers and giving them the power to close down existing sites. In Northern Ireland, opposition to Travellers' sites has been led by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hainsworth_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hainsworth-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Travellers make frequent use of other, non-authorised sites. These include public <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">common land</a> and private plots such as large fields and other privately owned lands. A famous example was the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Dale_Farm" title="Dale Farm">Dale Farm</a> in Essex in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Travellers claim that there is an under-provision of authorised sites. The Gypsy Council estimates under-provision amounts to insufficient sites for 3,500 people.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Travellers'_organisations"><span id="List_of_Travellers.27_organisations"></span>List of Travellers' organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of Travellers' organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Traveller_Movement_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Irish_Traveller_Movement_flag.svg/220px-Irish_Traveller_Movement_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Irish_Traveller_Movement_flag.svg/330px-Irish_Traveller_Movement_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Irish_Traveller_Movement_flag.svg/440px-Irish_Traveller_Movement_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the Irish Traveller Movement<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minceirs_Whiden_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Minceirs_Whiden_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>logo for Minceirs Whiden Ireland, the all-Traveller Forum</figcaption></figure> <p>The following are some of the Travellers' representative organisations formed since the 1960s:<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cork Traveller Visibility Group Ltd. (founded early 1990s)<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Exchange House Ireland (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends,_Families_and_Travellers" title="Friends, Families and Travellers">Friends, Families and Travellers</a></li> <li>Irish Traveller Community (1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Movement" title="Irish Traveller Movement">Irish Traveller Movement</a> (founded in 1990)</li> <li>Itinerant Settlement Committee (1960s–1980s)</li> <li>Justice 4 All Women & Children (founded in 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Minceir Misli (1983–85)</li> <li>Minceirs Whiden Ireland, the all-Traveller Forum<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Minceirs Whiden is Cant for "Travellers talking")</li> <li>National Traveller Money Advice & Budgeting Service (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Traveller_Women%27s_Forum" title="National Traveller Women's Forum">National Traveller Women's Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Traveller_Movement" title="The Traveller Movement">The Traveller Movement</a></li> <li>Travellers' Rights Committee (1981–83)</li> <li>Travellers' Education and Development Group (founded in 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavee_Point" title="Pavee Point">Pavee Point</a> (founded 1985)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_and_documentaries">Depictions and documentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Depictions and documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Traveller-related_depictions_and_documentaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish Traveller-related depictions and documentaries">List of Irish Traveller-related depictions and documentaries</a></div> <p>Irish Travellers have been depicted, usually negatively but sometimes with some care and sympathy, in film, radio, print, and television. Shows like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Riches" title="The Riches">The Riches</a></i> (2007–2008), the American television series featuring <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Izzard" title="Eddie Izzard">Eddie Izzard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnie_Driver" title="Minnie Driver">Minnie Driver</a>, take a deeper look into the Traveller lifestyle. The documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Fat_Gypsy_Weddings" title="Big Fat Gypsy Weddings">Big Fat Gypsy Weddings</a></i> (2010, 2011, and 2012) has been commercially successful in the United Kingdom, offering glimpses of Traveller life as viewed at real-life weddings. A 1997 American film, <i><a href="/wiki/Traveller_(1997_film)" title="Traveller (1997 film)">Traveller</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Bill_Paxton" title="Bill Paxton">Bill Paxton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg" title="Mark Wahlberg">Mark Wahlberg</a>, also explored the Travellers in America. In his 1993 documentary <i>Rules of the Road</i> German filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Herbrich" title="Oliver Herbrich">Oliver Herbrich</a> portrayed the Travellers in Ireland and the UK as a nomadic ethnic group forced to adapt to a settled lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the main characters in the Irish sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Derry_Girls" title="Derry Girls">Derry Girls</a></i> encounter a group of Travellers in an episode that aired on 19 March 2019. <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> played a bare-knuckle Traveller boxer in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Snatch_(film)" title="Snatch (film)">Snatch</a></i>. The 2005 Irish horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(2005_film)" title="Isolation (2005 film)">Isolation</a></i> has Traveller characters in its plot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental inequality in Europe">Environmental inequality in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halting_site" title="Halting site">Halting site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Travellers" title="King of the Travellers">King of the Travellers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Similar groups:</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camminanti" title="Camminanti">Camminanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercheros" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercheros">Mercheros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Norwegian_Travellers" title="Indigenous Norwegian Travellers">Reisende/Skøyere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Travellers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Travellers">Scottish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelling_Showmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelling Showmen">Travelling Showmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Voyageurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Welsh Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_people" title="Yenish people">Yenish Travellers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 1986 study reported that 39% of marriages in the study were between first cousins.<sup id="cite_ref-McElweeJacksonCharles2003_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElweeJacksonCharles2003-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 110">: 110 </span></sup> According to Alison Healy in 2003, 19–40% of Irish Traveller marriages are between first cousins.<sup id="cite_ref-Healy2003_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy2003-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_6_Ethnicity_and_irish_travellers.pdf">"6. Ethnicity and Irish Travellers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_6_Ethnicity_and_irish_travellers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6.+Ethnicity+and+Irish+Travellers&rft.pages=60&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fcsoie%2Freleasespublications%2Fdocuments%2Fpopulation%2F2017%2FChapter_6_Ethnicity_and_irish_travellers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-ethnicity-tables">"Census 2021 main statistics ethnicity tables"</a>. 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2021+main+statistics+ethnicity+tables&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-ethnicity-tables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/who-are-irish-travellers-us">"Who are the Irish Travellers in the US?"</a>. <i>IrishCentral.com</i>. 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Irish+Travellers+in+the+US%3F&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fculture%2Fwho-are-irish-travellers-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2018" class="citation web cs1">Joyce, Sindy (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iccl.ie/equality/whrdtakeover/">"A Brief History of the Insitutionalisation [sic] of Discrimination Against Irish Travellers"</a>. <i>Irish Council for Civil Liberties</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607211749/https://www.iccl.ie/news/whrdtakeover/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Council+for+Civil+Liberties&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Insitutionalisation+%5Bsic%5D+of+Discrimination+Against+Irish+Travellers&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Sindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccl.ie%2Fequality%2Fwhrdtakeover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayock2020" class="citation web cs1">Mayock, Breda (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educationmatters.ie/the-role-of-hair-in-traveller-culture/">"The Role of Hair in Traveller Culture"</a>. <i>Education Matters.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+Matters.ie&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Hair+in+Traveller+Culture&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.aulast=Mayock&rft.aufirst=Breda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducationmatters.ie%2Fthe-role-of-hair-in-traveller-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d0541.html">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Ireland : Travellers"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+Ireland+%3A+Travellers&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F49749d0541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolniak_2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolniak_2019_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolniak_2019_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolniak_2019_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolniak2016" class="citation book cs1">Wolniak, Michal (2016) [2016]. "Travelling through Shades of Whiteness: Irish Travellers as Inferior Whites". In Kirkland, Ewan (ed.). <i>Shades of Whiteness</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">119–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9781848883833_011">10.1163/9781848883833_011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-383-3"><bdi>978-1-84888-383-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201423395">201423395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Travelling+through+Shades+of+Whiteness%3A+Irish+Travellers+as+Inferior+Whites&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Whiteness&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201423395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9781848883833_011&rft.isbn=978-1-84888-383-3&rft.aulast=Wolniak&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnicity and the American cemetery by Richard E. Meyer. 1993. "... though many of them crossed the Atlantic in centuries past to play their trade".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuestioningGypsy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuestioningGypsy_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Questioning Gypsy identity: ethnic narratives in Britain and America</i> by Brian Belton </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2014" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Rosarii (2014). <i>Education in Indigenous, Nomadic and Travelling Communities</i>. A&C Black. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472511195" title="Special:BookSources/9781472511195"><bdi>9781472511195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Indigenous%2C+Nomadic+and+Travelling+Communities&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781472511195&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Rosarii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2017" class="citation news cs1">Russell, Cliodhna (9 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/traveller-community-study-rcsi-3231070-Feb2017/">"Study on ancestry of Irish Travellers details genetic connection to settled community"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Study+on+ancestry+of+Irish+Travellers+details+genetic+connection+to+settled+community&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Cliodhna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Ftraveller-community-study-rcsi-3231070-Feb2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertCarmiEnnisWilson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Edmund; Carmi, Shai; Ennis, Sean; Wilson, James F.; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L. 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Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atozofgypsiesrom0000unse/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461672272" title="Special:BookSources/9781461672272"><bdi>9781461672272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Gypsies+%28Romanies%29&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781461672272&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatozofgypsiesrom0000unse%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helleiner-2003-05-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helleiner-2003-05_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helleiner-2003-05_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helleiner-2003-05_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelleiner2003" class="citation book cs1">Helleiner, Jane (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr6VRPmZjV8C&pg=PA29"><i>Irish Travellers: Racism and the politics of culture</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8628-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-8628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Travellers%3A+Racism+and+the+politics+of+culture&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8628-0&rft.aulast=Helleiner&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZr6VRPmZjV8C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solidaritywith-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solidaritywith_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Riain2000" class="citation book cs1">Ó Riain, Seán (2000). <i>Solidarity with Travellers: A story of settled people making a stand for Travellers</i>. Dublin, IE: Roadside Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9539384-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9539384-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9539384-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity+with+Travellers%3A+A+story+of+settled+people+making+a+stand+for+Travellers&rft.place=Dublin%2C+IE&rft.pub=Roadside+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9539384-0-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Riain&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Haodha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ó Haodha, Mícheál (30 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/etudesirlandaises/2126">"Travellers and communal identity: Memory, trauma, and the trope of cultural disappearance"</a>. <i>Études Irlandaises</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesirlandaises.2126">10.4000/etudesirlandaises.2126</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0183-973X">0183-973X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Irlandaises&rft.atitle=Travellers+and+communal+identity%3A+Memory%2C+trauma%2C+and+the+trope+of+cultural+disappearance&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesirlandaises.2126&rft.issn=0183-973X&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Haodha&rft.aufirst=M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fetudesirlandaises%2F2126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gmelch-1975-10-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gmelch-1975-10_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gmelch-1975-10_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelch1975" class="citation book cs1">Gmelch, Sharon (1975). <i>Tinkers and Travellers</i>. Dublin, IE: The O'Brien Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905140-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-905140-69-9"><bdi>0-905140-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tinkers+and+Travellers&rft.place=Dublin%2C+IE&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-905140-69-9&rft.aulast=Gmelch&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieder2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rieder, Maria (2018). "Irish Travellers' views on Cant: What folk criteria of languageness tell us about the community". <i>Language Awareness</i>. <b>27</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): 41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09658416.2018.1431242">10.1080/09658416.2018.1431242</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10344%2F6618">10344/6618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148599552">148599552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Awareness&rft.atitle=Irish+Travellers%27+views+on+Cant%3A+What+folk+criteria+of+languageness+tell+us+about+the+community&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10344%2F6618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148599552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09658416.2018.1431242&rft.aulast=Rieder&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertCarmiEnnisWilson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Edmund; Carmi, Shai; Ennis, Sean; Wilson, James F.; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L. (16 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5299991">"Genomic insights into the population structure and history of the Irish Travellers"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 42187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...742187G">2017NatSR...742187G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep42187">10.1038/srep42187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5299991">5299991</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28181990">28181990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+the+population+structure+and+history+of+the+Irish+Travellers&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42187&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5299991%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...742187G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28181990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep42187&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Carmi%2C+Shai&rft.au=Ennis%2C+Sean&rft.au=Wilson%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Cavalleri%2C+Gianpiero+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5299991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNí_Shúinéar1994" class="citation book cs1">Ní Shúinéar, Sinéad (1994). <i>Irish Travellers, Culture and Ethnicity</i>. Belfast: W & G Baird Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85389-493-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85389-493-0"><bdi>0-85389-493-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Travellers%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=W+%26+G+Baird+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85389-493-0&rft.aulast=N%C3%AD+Sh%C3%BAin%C3%A9ar&rft.aufirst=Sin%C3%A9ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffery2014" class="citation book cs1">McCaffery, Juliet (2014). "Education as Cultural Conflict: Gypsies and Travellers in Southern England". In Griffin, Rosarii (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gK2AwAAQBAJ"><i>Education in Indigenous, Nomadic and Travelling Communities</i></a>. Education as a humanitarian response. London, UK: Bloomsbury. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472593337.ch-003">10.5040/9781472593337.ch-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1119-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1119-5"><bdi>978-1-4725-1119-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education+as+Cultural+Conflict%3A+Gypsies+and+Travellers+in+Southern+England&rft.btitle=Education+in+Indigenous%2C+Nomadic+and+Travelling+Communities&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=Education+as+a+humanitarian+response&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781472593337.ch-003&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-1119-5&rft.aulast=McCaffery&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gK2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keane2005-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keane2005_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2005" class="citation journal cs1">Keane, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj/vol11/iss1/4">"International law and the ethnicity of Irish Travellers"</a>. <i>Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice</i>. <b>11</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1942-5732">1942-5732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+and+Lee+Journal+of+Civil+Rights+and+Social+Justice&rft.atitle=International+law+and+the+ethnicity+of+Irish+Travellers&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1942-5732&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu%2Fcrsj%2Fvol11%2Fiss1%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2001" class="citation journal cs1">Simms, Katharine (2001). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Separated from the settled community between 1,000 and 2,000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=irishexaminer.com&rft.atitle=DNA+study%3A+Travellers+a+distinct+ethnicity&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2Fhealth%2Fdna-study-travellers-a-distinct-ethnicity-156324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/travellers-as-genetically-different-from-settled-irish-as-spanish-1.2969515">"Travellers as 'genetically different' from settled Irish as Spanish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Travellers+as+%27genetically+different%27+from+settled+Irish+as+Spanish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Ftravellers-as-genetically-different-from-settled-irish-as-spanish-1.2969515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gmelch-1991-1986-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gmelch-1991-1986_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelch1991" class="citation book cs1">Gmelch, Sharon (1991) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9foVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">"Preface"</a>. <i>Nan: The life of an Irish Travelling woman</i> (Biography) (Reissue with changes ed.). 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(July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v7/n5/pdf/5200327a.pdf">"Genetic basis of transferase-deficient galactosaemia in Ireland and the population history of the Irish Travellers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>7</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">549–</span>554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200327">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5438">1476-5438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10439960">10439960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22402528">22402528</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v7/n5/pdf/5200327a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+basis+of+transferase-deficient+galactosaemia+in+Ireland+and+the+population+history+of+the+Irish+Travellers&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E549-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.date=1999-07&rft.issn=1476-5438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22402528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10439960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200327&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft.au=McHugh%2C+Brian&rft.au=Tighe%2C+Orna&rft.au=Mayne%2C+Philip&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Charles&rft.au=Naughten%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Croke%2C+David+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fejhg%2Fjournal%2Fv7%2Fn5%2Fpdf%2F5200327a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharon Gmlech, op. cit., p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andereck1996-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andereck1996_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndereck1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Andereck, Mary E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458000105.html">"Irish Travelers"</a>. In O'Leary, Timothy J.; et al. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of world cultures</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">162–</span>164. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114051916/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458000105.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2011</span> – via encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Travelers&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+cultures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Andereck&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3458000105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liegeois-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liegeois_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiégeois2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3A2bGG3_NAYC&pg=PA43"><i>Roma in Europe</i></a> (in English and French). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6051-5"><bdi>978-92-871-6051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+in+Europe&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-871-6051-5&rft.aulast=Li%C3%A9geois&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3A2bGG3_NAYC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velupillai_2015_381-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_2015_381_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velupillai_2015_381_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelupillai2015" class="citation book cs1">Velupillai, Viveka (2015). <i>Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages</i>. 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"The secret languages of Ireland". <i>Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society</i>. New Series. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-6087">0017-6087</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Finu.30000105045102">2027/inu.30000105045102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft.atitle=The+secret+languages+of+Ireland&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1909-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Finu.30000105045102&rft.eissn=0017-6087&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Kuno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelupillai2015" class="citation book cs1">Velupillai, Viveka (2015). <i>Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages</i>. 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Commission on Itinerancy (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_17th_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 17th Dáil">17th Dáil</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Commission+on+Itinerancy+Report&rft.pub=17th+D%C3%A1il+of+the+Irish+Free+State&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITM-review-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITM-review_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITM-review_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119220357/https://itmtrav.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ITM-Review-of-the-1963-Commission-on-Itinerancy.pdf">ITM Review of the 1963 Commission on Itinerancy</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>itmtrav.ie/key-reports/</i> (Report). Irish Traveller Movement. 2013. p. 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itmtrav.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ITM-Review-of-the-1963-Commission-on-Itinerancy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>... the first policy document developed by the state that specifically looks at Travellers is not looking at methods of supporting the culture and values of Travellers, but at methods of absorbing or assimilating Travellers into the majority population and essentially ending Traveller identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=ITM+Review+of+the+1963+Commission+on+Itinerancy&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Irish+Traveller+Movement&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitmtrav.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F02%2FITM-Review-of-the-1963-Commission-on-Itinerancy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imi.ox.ac.uk-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imi.ox.ac.uk_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imi.ox.ac.uk_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuckstuhl2015" class="citation report cs1">Ruckstuhl, Ina (23 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052742/https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/publications/wp-109-15">The making of the Irish Traveller Community: Mobility discourse, settlement policies and the Irish state 1950-2010</a> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+Irish+Traveller+Community%3A+Mobility+discourse%2C+settlement+policies+and+the+Irish+state+1950-2010&rft.series=IMI+Working+Paper&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft.aulast=Ruckstuhl&rft.aufirst=Ina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imi.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fwp-109-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heeujoc-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heeujoc_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heeujoc_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heeujoc_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1996" class="citation conference cs1">O'Connell, John (27 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/publications/heeu/Minority/oconnell.htm">"Policy Issues in Ireland"</a>. 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Galway Daily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuam+is+town+with+the+most+Travellers+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Galway+Daily&rft.au=Michael+Malone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galwaydaily.com%2Fnews%2Ftuam-travellers-census%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.sundayworld.com/news/irish-news/i-dont-want-anyone-tormenting-me-i-want-peace-life-in-irelands-oldest-traveller-site/a683249269.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I don't want anyone tormenting me, I want peace' – life in Ireland's oldest Traveller site"</a>. 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27I+don%27t+want+anyone+tormenting+me%2C+I+want+peace%27+%E2%80%93+life+in+Ireland%27s+oldest+Traveller+site&rft.date=2023-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.sundayworld.com%2Fnews%2Firish-news%2Fi-dont-want-anyone-tormenting-me-i-want-peace-life-in-irelands-oldest-traveller-site%2Fa683249269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visual.cso.ie/?body=entity/ima/cop/2016&boundary=C03736V04484&guid=4c07d11e-2165-851d-e053-ca3ca8c0ca7f&theme=1">"Interactive Data Visualisations | CSO Ireland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Data+Visualisations+%26%23124%3B+CSO+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisual.cso.ie%2F%3Fbody%3Dentity%2Fima%2Fcop%2F2016%26boundary%3DC03736V04484%26guid%3D4c07d11e-2165-851d-e053-ca3ca8c0ca7f%26theme%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universityofgalway.ie/media/healthpromotionresearchcentre/hbscdocs/nationalreports/2020---NR---Young-Trevellers-in-Ireland.pdf">"Figure 2: Geographic Distribution Rate of Travellers aged 0-24 in 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Statistics_Office_Census_of_Population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Statistics Office Census of Population (page does not exist)">Central Statistics Office Census of Population</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Figure+2%3A+Geographic+Distribution+Rate+of+Travellers+aged+0-24+in+2016&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office+Census+of+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityofgalway.ie%2Fmedia%2Fhealthpromotionresearchcentre%2Fhbscdocs%2Fnationalreports%2F2020---NR---Young-Trevellers-in-Ireland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic group1, local authorities in the United Kingdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <i>Ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Shane (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729335">"Pugilism among Irish Travelers: cultural tradition and the fight bite injury"</a>. <i>Journal of Injury and Violence Research</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5249%2Fjivr.v8i1.673">10.5249/jivr.v8i1.673</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2008-2053">2008-2053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729335">4729335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26391188">26391188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Injury+and+Violence+Research&rft.atitle=Pugilism+among+Irish+Travelers%3A+cultural+tradition+and+the+fight+bite+injury&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4729335%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2008-2053&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26391188&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5249%2Fjivr.v8i1.673&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Toral+R.&rft.au=Bosmia%2C+Anand+N.&rft.au=Tubbs%2C+R.+Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4729335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelchGmelch2014" class="citation book cs1">Gmelch, Sharon Bohn; Gmelch, George (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xJtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>Irish Travellers: The Unsettled Life</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01461-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01461-0"><bdi>978-0-253-01461-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Travellers%3A+The+Unsettled+Life&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01461-0&rft.aulast=Gmelch&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Bohn&rft.au=Gmelch%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xJtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320052242/https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0625/breaking43.htm">"50% of Travellers die before 39 - study"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 25 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0625/breaking43.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=50%25+of+Travellers+die+before+39+-+study&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fbreaking%2F2007%2F0625%2Fbreaking43.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120045307/http://www.dohc.ie/about_us/divisions/social_inclusion/travellers_health_status_study_1987.pdf?direct=1">"The Travellers' Health Status Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Irish Dept. of Health. 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dohc.ie/about_us/divisions/social_inclusion/travellers_health_status_study_1987.pdf?direct=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Travellers%27+Health+Status+Study&rft.pub=Irish+Dept.+of+Health&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dohc.ie%2Fabout_us%2Fdivisions%2Fsocial_inclusion%2Ftravellers_health_status_study_1987.pdf%3Fdirect%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span> p24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/news/july07/100707_traveller.html">"Minister Harney Launches All-Ireland Traveller Health Study"</a>. UCD. 10 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+Harney+Launches+All-Ireland+Traveller+Health+Study&rft.pub=UCD&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fnews%2Fjuly07%2F100707_traveller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/issda/data/allirelandtravellerhealthstudy/">"All Ireland Traveller Health Study"</a>. UCD. September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Ireland+Traveller+Health+Study&rft.pub=UCD&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fissda%2Fdata%2Fallirelandtravellerhealthstudy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/life-expectancy-of-irish-travellers-still-at-1940s-levels-despite-economic-boom-454993.html">"Life expectancy of Irish travellers still at 1940s levels despite economic boom"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>, David McKittrick. 28 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0625/breaking43.htm">"50% of Travellers die before 39 per study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320052242/https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0625/breaking43.htm">Archived</a> 20 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>, Eoin Burke-Kennedy. 25 June 2007 (subscription sometimes required)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221125/http://www.travellersuicide.ie/userfiles/file/ourgeels2010.pdf">"All Ireland Traveller Health Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Traveller Suicide Awareness Project. September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travellersuicide.ie/userfiles/file/ourgeels2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Ireland+Traveller+Health+Survey&rft.pub=National+Traveller+Suicide+Awareness+Project&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travellersuicide.ie%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2Fourgeels2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McElweeJacksonCharles2003-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McElweeJacksonCharles2003_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McElweeJacksonCharles2003_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McElweeJacksonCharles2003_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElweeJacksonCharles2003" class="citation journal cs1">McElwee, Niall C.; Jackson, Ashling; Charles, Grant (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arrow.dit.ie/ijass/vol4/iss1/11">"Towards a sociological understanding of Irish Travellers: introducing a people"</a>. <i>Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 110. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1393-7022">1393-7022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Journal+of+Applied+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+a+sociological+understanding+of+Irish+Travellers%3A+introducing+a+people&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1393-7022&rft.aulast=McElwee&rft.aufirst=Niall+C.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Ashling&rft.au=Charles%2C+Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farrow.dit.ie%2Fijass%2Fvol4%2Fiss1%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8itd/">"Irish Travellers - Demographics - CSO - Central Statistics Office"</a>. <i>www.cso.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cso.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Travellers+-+Demographics+-+CSO+-+Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cp8iter%2Fp8iter%2Fp8itd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paveepoint.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Factsheets-Pavee-Point-IRISH-TRAVELLERS.pdf">"Irish Travellers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pavee Point</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.paveepoint.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Factsheets-Pavee-Point-IRISH-TRAVELLERS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pavee+Point&rft.atitle=Irish+Travellers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paveepoint.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F04%2FFactsheets-Pavee-Point-IRISH-TRAVELLERS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOE1995-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOE1995_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOE1995_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Ireland._Department_of_the_Environment1995" class="citation book cs1">Government of Ireland. Department of the Environment (July 1995). <i>Report of the task force on the Travelling Community</i>. Dublin: Department of the Environment. pp. 140, 156, 264, 275 276. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10147%2F560365">10147/560365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+task+force+on+the+Travelling+Community&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=140%2C+156%2C+264%2C+275+276&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10147%2F560365&rft.au=Government+of+Ireland.+Department+of+the+Environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Healy2003-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Healy2003_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2003" class="citation news cs1">Healy, Alison (1 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/study-urges-genetic-counselling-for-cousins-who-marry-1.357442">"Study urges genetic counselling for cousins who marry"</a>. <i>Irishtimes.com</i>. Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irishtimes.com&rft.atitle=Study+urges+genetic+counselling+for+cousins+who+marry&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fstudy-urges-genetic-counselling-for-cousins-who-marry-1.357442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okely1983-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okely1983_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okely1983_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkely1983" class="citation book cs1">Okely, Judith (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCKt0jLk3qIC&pg=PA153"><i>The traveller-gypsies</i></a>. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 153, 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24641-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24641-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+traveller-gypsies&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=153%2C+158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24641-5&rft.aulast=Okely&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCKt0jLk3qIC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin2008-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin2008_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin2008_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin2008_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2008" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTDwXE9YCdIC&pg=PA246"><i>Nomads under the Westway: Irish travellers, Gypsies and other traders in West London</i></a>. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 246 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-54-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-54-9"><bdi>978-1-902806-54-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+under+the+Westway%3A+Irish+travellers%2C+Gypsies+and+other+traders+in+West+London&rft.place=Hatfield&rft.pages=246+247&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-54-9&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTDwXE9YCdIC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bindel2012-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bindel2012_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bindel, Julie (January–February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/4258/full">"Forced marriages dishonour Britain"</a>. <i>Standpoint</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-1111">1757-1111</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104131836/http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/node/4258/full">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standpoint&rft.atitle=Forced+marriages+dishonour+Britain&rft.date=2012-01%2F2012-02&rft.issn=1757-1111&rft.aulast=Bindel&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandpointmag.co.uk%2Fnode%2F4258%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDALBY,_DOUGLAS2015" class="citation news cs1">DALBY, DOUGLAS (29 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/world/europe/deadly-fire-exposes-irelands-contempt-for-traveler-minority-group.html?ref=world">"Sympathy Is Short-Lived for Irish Minority Group After Deadly Fire"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sympathy+Is+Short-Lived+for+Irish+Minority+Group+After+Deadly+Fire&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.au=DALBY%2C+DOUGLAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdeadly-fire-exposes-irelands-contempt-for-traveler-minority-group.html%3Fref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irishtimes-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irishtimes_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2011" class="citation news cs1">Holland, Kitty (18 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021180914/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/0518/1224297221192.html">"Young among the most prejudiced, expert finds"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/0518/1224297221192.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Young+among+the+most+prejudiced%2C+expert+finds&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fireland%2F2011%2F0518%2F1224297221192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT102915-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT102915_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Dalby2015" class="citation news cs1">Douglas Dalby (29 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/world/europe/deadly-fire-exposes-irelands-contempt-for-traveler-minority-group.html">"Sympathy Is Short-Lived for Irish Minority Group After Deadly Fire"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>Such is the animus toward Travelers that almost half of the country's 31 localities returned the money allocated by the central government for Traveler accommodations this year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sympathy+Is+Short-Lived+for+Irish+Minority+Group+After+Deadly+Fire&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.au=Douglas+Dalby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdeadly-fire-exposes-irelands-contempt-for-traveler-minority-group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper">"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016"</a>. <i>State.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+for+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2Fhumanrightsreport%2Findex.htm%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbank.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/saveselections.asp%.">"Irish Travellers Aged 15 Years and Over 2011 to 2016 (Number) by County and City, Sex, Principal Economic Status and Census Year"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Travellers+Aged+15+Years+and+Over+2011+to+2016+%28Number%29+by+County+and+City%2C+Sex%2C+Principal+Economic+Status+and+Census+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbank.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectVarVal%2Fsaveselections.asp%25.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/pressreleases/2017pressreleases/pressstatementcensus2016resultsprofile8-irishtravellersethnicityandreligion/">"Press Statement Census 2016 Results Profile 8 - Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion"</a>. <i>Cso.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cso.ie&rft.atitle=Press+Statement+Census+2016+Results+Profile+8+-+Irish+Travellers%2C+Ethnicity+and+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fcsolatestnews%2Fpressreleases%2F2017pressreleases%2Fpressstatementcensus2016resultsprofile8-irishtravellersethnicityandreligion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2013" class="citation web cs1">Barry, Aoife (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/smithfield-horse-fair-816055-Mar2013/">"First 'new-look' regulated Smithfield Horse Fair on Sunday"</a>. <i>Thejournal.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thejournal.ie&rft.atitle=First+%27new-look%27+regulated+Smithfield+Horse+Fair+on+Sunday&rft.date=2013-03&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fsmithfield-horse-fair-816055-Mar2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Recycling and the Traveller Economy (Income, Jobs and Wealth Creation)</i>. Dublin: Pavee Point Publications (1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203055126/http://cre.gov.uk/gdpract/g_and_t_facts.html">"Gypsies and Irish Travellers: The facts"</a>. <i>cre.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cre.gov.uk/gdpract/g_and_t_facts.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cre.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Gypsies+and+Irish+Travellers%3A+The+facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcre.gov.uk%2Fgdpract%2Fg_and_t_facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itmtrav1-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Itmtrav1_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itmtrav.com/Legal-ResourcePack1.html">"<i>Irish Travellers Movement:</i> Traveller Legal Resource Pack 1 - The Irish Legal System"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109001648/http://www.itmtrav.com/Legal-ResourcePack1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Travellers+Movement%3A+Traveller+Legal+Resource+Pack+1+-+The+Irish+Legal+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itmtrav.com%2FLegal-ResourcePack1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itmtrav2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Itmtrav2_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Itmtrav2_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108230200/http://www.itmtrav.com/Legal-ResourcePack2.html">"<i>Irish Travellers Movement:</i> Traveller Legal Resource Pack 2 – Traveller Culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itmtrav.com/Legal-ResourcePack2.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Travellers+Movement%3A+Traveller+Legal+Resource+Pack+2+%E2%80%93+Traveller+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itmtrav.com%2FLegal-ResourcePack2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traveller, Nomadic and Migrant Education by Patrick Alan Danaher, Máirín Kenny, Judith Remy Leder. 2009, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tinker-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tinker_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Traveller, Nomadic and Migrant Education</i> by Patrick Alan Danaher, Máirín Kenny & Judith Remy Leder</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hainsworth-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hainsworth_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hainsworth_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Divided society: ethnic minorities and racism in Northern Ireland" (<i>Contemporary Irish Studies</i>) by Paul Hainsworth (1999) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2010)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickeyCunningham2009" class="citation news cs1">Hickey, Shane; Cunningham, Grainne (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/national-news/garda-injured-after-riot-squad-called-to-traveller-pub-battle-1728497.html">"Garda injured after riot squad called to Traveller pub battle"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Garda+injured+after+riot+squad+called+to+Traveller+pub+battle&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Grainne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fnational-news%2Fgarda-injured-after-riot-squad-called-to-traveller-pub-battle-1728497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhreatnach2006" class="citation book cs1">Bhreatnach, Aoife (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQd1AAAAMAAJ&q=+feuding"><i>Becoming conspicuous: Irish travellers, society and the state, 1922–70</i></a>. University College Dublin Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904558-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904558-61-3"><bdi>978-1-904558-61-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+conspicuous%3A+Irish+travellers%2C+society+and+the+state%2C+1922%E2%80%9370&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=University+College+Dublin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904558-61-3&rft.aulast=Bhreatnach&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQd1AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2Bfeuding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Gabhann" class="citation web cs1">Mac Gabhann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901024106/http://www.irishchaplaincy.org.uk/Publisher/File.aspx?ID=81554">"Voices Unheard: Irish Travellers in Prison"</a>. Irish Chaplaincy in Britain. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishchaplaincy.org.uk/Publisher/File.aspx?ID=81554">the original</a> on 1 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voices+Unheard%3A+Irish+Travellers+in+Prison&rft.pub=Irish+Chaplaincy+in+Britain&rft.au=Mac+Gabhann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishchaplaincy.org.uk%2FPublisher%2FFile.aspx%3FID%3D81554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Stevenson2010" class="citation news cs1">Rachel Stevenson (27 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/jul/27/dale-farm-essex-travellers-eviction">"Dale Farm Travellers: 'We won't just get up and leave'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dale+Farm+Travellers%3A+%27We+won%27t+just+get+up+and+leave%27&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft.au=Rachel+Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2010%2Fjul%2F27%2Fdale-farm-essex-travellers-eviction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4213875.stm">"Councils 'must find Gypsy sites'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Councils+%27must+find+Gypsy+sites%27&rft.date=2005-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F4213875.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrish_Traveller_Movement_-_Unless_otherwise_noted" class="citation web cs1">Irish Traveller Movement - Unless otherwise noted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017205206/http://itmtrav.ie/keyissues/myview_new/46">"ITM View Key Issue"</a>. <i>itmtrav.ie</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itmtrav.ie/keyissues/myview_new/46">the original</a> on 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itmtrav.ie&rft.atitle=ITM+View+Key+Issue&rft.au=Irish+Traveller+Movement+-+Unless+otherwise+noted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitmtrav.ie%2Fkeyissues%2Fmyview_new%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf">"Racism in Ireland: Travellers Fighting Back"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Red and Black Revolution</i> (2): 23. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Red+and+Black+Revolution&rft.atitle=Racism+in+Ireland%3A+Travellers+Fighting+Back&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstruggle.ws%2Fpdfs%2Frbr2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvgcork.ie/">"TVG cork Site"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TVG+cork+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvgcork.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exchangehouse.ie/about.php">"Exchange House Ireland National Travellers Service"</a>. <i>www.exchangehouse.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.exchangehouse.ie&rft.atitle=Exchange+House+Ireland+National+Travellers+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exchangehouse.ie%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2019" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Emma O. (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2019/0530/1052564-traveller-pride-awards/">"Ceremony celebrates contributions made by Travellers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89&rft.atitle=Ceremony+celebrates+contributions+made+by+Travellers&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Emma+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fireland%2F2019%2F0530%2F1052564-traveller-pride-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/ireland-s-got-talent-finalist-sharyn-ward-wins-annual-traveller-award-1.3909995">"Ireland's Got Talent finalist Sharyn Ward wins annual Traveller award"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+Got+Talent+finalist+Sharyn+Ward+wins+annual+Traveller+award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fsocial-affairs%2Fireland-s-got-talent-finalist-sharyn-ward-wins-annual-traveller-award-1.3909995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_key_issues_affecting_the_traveller_community/submissions/2019/2019-10-22_opening-statement-kathleen-sherlock-minceir-whidden_en.pdf">"Minceirs Whiden make a Submission to the Oireachtas Committee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_key_issues_affecting_the_traveller_community/submissions/2019/2019-10-22_opening-statement-kathleen-sherlock-minceir-whidden_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minceirs+Whiden+make+a+Submission+to+the+Oireachtas+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.oireachtas.ie%2Fie%2Foireachtas%2Fcommittee%2Fdail%2F32%2Fjoint_committee_on_key_issues_affecting_the_traveller_community%2Fsubmissions%2F2019%2F2019-10-22_opening-statement-kathleen-sherlock-minceir-whidden_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntmabs.org/about">"About - National Traveller MABS"</a>. <i>www.ntmabs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ntmabs.org&rft.atitle=About+-+National+Traveller+MABS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntmabs.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paveepoint.ie/about-us/">"Pavee Point 'About us'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pavee+Point+%27About+us%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paveepoint.ie%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/1150ef_9aaa3c77200240c3882121341137a810.pdf">"Press release documentary film <i>Rules of the Road, 1993</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release+documentary+film+Rules+of+the+Road%2C+1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.wixstatic.com%2Fugd%2F1150ef_9aaa3c77200240c3882121341137a810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhreatnach2007" class="citation book cs1">Bhreatnach, Aoife (2007). <i>Becoming Conspicuous: Irish Travellers, Society and the State 1922–70</i>. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904558-62-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904558-62-0"><bdi>978-1-904558-62-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Conspicuous%3A+Irish+Travellers%2C+Society+and+the+State+1922%E2%80%9370&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=University+College+Dublin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904558-62-0&rft.aulast=Bhreatnach&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhreatnachBhreatnach2006" class="citation book cs1">Bhreatnach, Ciara; Bhreatnach, Aoife, eds. (2006). <i>Portraying Irish Travellers: histories and representations</i>. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-055-1"><bdi>978-1-84718-055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraying+Irish+Travellers%3A+histories+and+representations&rft.place=Newcastle-upon-Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-055-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2009" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Mary (2009). <i><span></span>'Tinkers': Synge and the Cultural History of the Irish Traveller</i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956646-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956646-4"><bdi>978-0-19-956646-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Tinkers%27%3A+Synge+and+the+Cultural+History+of+the+Irish+Traveller&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956646-4&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Collins, Laura Angela (2019) <i>The Tinker Menace; the diary of an Irish Traveller</i>, independently published, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781091090767" title="Special:BookSources/9781091090767">9781091090767</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_on_Itinerancy1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Commission on Itinerancy (26 November 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/Library2/DL013441.pdf"><i>Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Official publications. Vol. Pr.7272. Dublin: Stationery Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904092505/http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/Library2/DL013441.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report&rft.place=Dublin&rft.series=Official+publications&rft.pub=Stationery+Office&rft.date=1963-11-26&rft.au=Commission+on+Itinerancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopac.oireachtas.ie%2FAWData%2FLibrary3%2FLibrary2%2FDL013441.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2006" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Eamon (2006). <i>The outsiders: exposing the secretive world of Ireland's Travellers</i>. Merlin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903582-67-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903582-67-1"><bdi>978-1-903582-67-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+outsiders%3A+exposing+the+secretive+world+of+Ireland%27s+Travellers&rft.pub=Merlin+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-903582-67-1&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond2006" class="citation book cs1">Drummond, Anthony (2006). "Cultural denigration: media representation of Irish Travellers as criminal". In Hayes, Micheál; Acton, Thomas (eds.). <i>Counter-Hegemony and the Postcolonial "Other"</i>. Cambridge Scholars Press: Cambridge. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-047-6"><bdi>978-1-84718-047-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+denigration%3A+media+representation+of+Irish+Travellers+as+criminal&rft.btitle=Counter-Hegemony+and+the+Postcolonial+%22Other%22&rft.place=Cambridge+Scholars+Press&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-047-6&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond2007" class="citation book cs1">Drummond, Anthony (2007). "The construction of Irish Travellers (and gypsies) as a 'problem'<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>". In Ồ hAodha, Micheál (ed.). <i>Migrants and Memory: The Forgotten "Postcolonials"</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-344-6"><bdi>978-1-84718-344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+construction+of+Irish+Travellers+%28and+gypsies%29+as+a+%27problem%27%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3A+nowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Migrants+and+Memory%3A+The+Forgotten+%22Postcolonials%22&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-344-6&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Drummond, Anthony (2007). <i>Irish Travellers and the Criminal Justice Systems Across the Island of Ireland</i> (PhD thesis). University of Ulster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Irish+Travellers+and+the+Criminal+Justice+Systems+Across+the+Island+of+Ireland&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Ulster&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelch1985" class="citation book cs1">Gmelch, George (1985). <i>The Irish Tinkers: the urbanization of an itinerant people</i>. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-158-5"><bdi>978-0-88133-158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Tinkers%3A+the+urbanization+of+an+itinerant+people&rft.place=Prospect+Heights%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88133-158-5&rft.aulast=Gmelch&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelch1991" class="citation book cs1">Gmelch, Sharon (1991). <i>Nan: The Life of an Irish Travelling Woman</i>. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-602-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-602-3"><bdi>978-0-88133-602-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nan%3A+The+Life+of+an+Irish+Travelling+Woman&rft.place=Prospect+Heights%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88133-602-3&rft.aulast=Gmelch&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Grande2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García Grande, María Remedios (2010). <i>Ni una palabra más</i> (in Spanish). Bilbao Biografías Personales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-614-1053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-614-1053-8"><bdi>978-84-614-1053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ni+una+palabra+m%C3%A1s&rft.pub=Bilbao+Biograf%C3%ADas+Personales&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-84-614-1053-8&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Grande&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Remedios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1985" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Nan (1985). Farmar, Anna (ed.). <i>Traveller: an autobiography</i>. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-1388-0"><bdi>978-0-7171-1388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveller%3A+an+autobiography&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-1388-0&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Nan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher1998" class="citation book cs1">Maher, Sean (1998). <i>The Road to God Knows Where: A Memoir of a Travelling Boyhood</i>. Dublin: Veritas Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85390-314-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85390-314-4"><bdi>978-1-85390-314-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+God+Knows+Where%3A+A+Memoir+of+a+Travelling+Boyhood&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Veritas+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85390-314-4&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrigan2009" class="citation book cs1">Merrigan, Michael (2009). "Is there a Case for Indigenous Ethnic Status in Ireland". In Stanley, Rory J. (ed.). <i>Féil-scríbhinn Liam Mhic Alasdair: essays presented to Liam Mac Alasdair, FGSI</i>. Dublin: Genealogical Society of Ireland. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898471-67-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898471-67-7"><bdi>978-1-898471-67-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+Case+for+Indigenous+Ethnic+Status+in+Ireland&rft.btitle=F%C3%A9il-scr%C3%ADbhinn+Liam+Mhic+Alasdair%3A+essays+presented+to+Liam+Mac+Alasdair%2C+FGSI&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Genealogical+Society+of+Ireland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-898471-67-7&rft.aulast=Merrigan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hAodhaActon2007" class="citation book cs1">Ó hAodha, Micheál; Acton, Thomas A., eds. (2007). <i>Travellers, Gypsies, Roma: The Demonisation of Difference</i>. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-127-5"><bdi>978-1-84718-127-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travellers%2C+Gypsies%2C+Roma%3A+The+Demonisation+of+Difference&rft.place=Newcastle-upon-Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-127-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelethfordCrawford2013" class="citation journal cs1">Relethford, John H.; Crawford, Michael H. (2013). "Genetic drift and the population history of the Irish travellers". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>150</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">184–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22191">10.1002/ajpa.22191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483">0002-9483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180293">23180293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Genetic+drift+and+the+population+history+of+the+Irish+travellers&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0002-9483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23180293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.22191&rft.aulast=Relethford&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Rodríguez1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez Rodríguez, Eleuterio (1977). <i>Camina o revienta: memorias de "El Lute"</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Cuadernos para el diálogo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-229-6014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-229-6014-0"><bdi>978-84-229-6014-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camina+o+revienta%3A+memorias+de+%22El+Lute%22&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Cuadernos+para+el+di%C3%A1logo&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-84-229-6014-0&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Eleuterio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThouroude2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thouroude, Guillaume (2012). <i>Voyage au pays des Travellers: Irlande, début du XXIe siècle</i>. Voyage au pays des ... (in French). Paris: Cartouche. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915842-84-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915842-84-5"><bdi>978-2-915842-84-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+au+pays+des+Travellers%3A+Irlande%2C+d%C3%A9but+du+XXIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Voyage+au+pays+des+...&rft.pub=Cartouche&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-915842-84-5&rft.aulast=Thouroude&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Travellers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Travellers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irish_Travellers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209224959/http://www.irishchaplaincy.org.uk/Groups/160519/Irish_Chaplaincy_in/Our_Work/Traveller_Equality/Traveller_Equality.aspx">Traveller Equality Project, Irish Chaplaincy in Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travellerheritage.ie">Traveller Heritage and Photo Site from Navan Travellers Workshops</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itmtrav.ie/">Irish Travellers' Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paveepoint.ie/">Pavee Point Travellers Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205080526/http://www.involve.ie/">Involve</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(formerly the National Association of Travellers' Centres)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115233436/http://www.ul.ie/~library/travellers/">Traveller and Roma Collection at the University of Limerick</a></li> <li>Oliver Herbrich: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oliver-herbrich.wixsite.com/archiv/rules-of-the-road">Rules of the Road</a> (film website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080806182300/http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/imperial/ireland/travellers.htm">The Travellers: Ireland's Ethnic Minority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londongypsiesandtravellers.org.uk/">London Gypsy and Travellers Unit, Representing Traveller's issues in North and East London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/">Friends, Families and Travellers. Advice and Information for Gypsies and Travellers</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(UK-based charity)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnphotos.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/24/irelands-biggest-minority-group/">"Ireland's biggest minority group"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408022509/https://cnnphotos.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/24/irelands-biggest-minority-group/">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<i>CNN</i> photo blog)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magill.ie/society/when-i-do-taboo">When is 'I do' taboo?</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(About carrier testing to determine the risks of genetic disorders in Irish Traveller cousin marriages)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvgcork.ie/">'The website of Cork Traveller Visibility Group Ltd'</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(A community development organisation which works to support Travellers in their day to day lives so they can participate in Irish society as equals.)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/Spring-Lane-Site-Solidarity-Group-445847145542831/">'The Facebook page of Spring Lane Site Solidarity Group'</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(A group of professionals and community activists whose aim is to highlight the humanitarian crisis on Spring Lane halting site & advocate for change)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/documents/news/2021/05/no-end-in-site-final.pdf">Office of the Children's Ombudsman report, <i>"No End in Site - An investigation into the living conditions of children on a local authority halting site"</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.utoledo.edu/gepl-siss/GEPL4310-5310">Geography of Gypsies (Romanies) and Travelers</a> (A University of Toledo Library Guide for the Geography course on Geography of Gypsies (Romanies) and Travelers: GEPL 4310/5310)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_Travellers187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_Travellers" title="Template:Irish Travellers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_Travellers" title="Template talk:Irish Travellers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_Travellers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish Travellers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_Travellers187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish Travellers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Travellers" title="List of Irish Travellers">List of Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barker_(painter)" title="Robert Barker (painter)">Robert Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francie_Barrett" title="Francie Barrett">Francie Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barry" title="Margaret Barry">Margaret Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doherty_(musician)" title="John Doherty (musician)">John Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Doherty_(TV_personality)" title="Paddy Doherty (TV personality)">Paddy Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Doran" title="Johnny Doran">Johnny Doran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecker_Dunne" title="Pecker Dunne">Pecker Dunne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughie_Fury" title="Hughie Fury">Hughie Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyson_Fury" title="Tyson Fury">Tyson Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gomez" title="Michael Gomez">Michael Gomez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joe_Joyce" title="John Joe Joyce">John Joe Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Joyce" title="Nan Joyce">Nan Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Lee_(boxer)" title="Andy Lee (boxer)">Andy Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joe_Nevin" title="John Joe Nevin">John Joe Nevin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halting_site" title="Halting site">Halting site</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">Knacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinker" title="Tinker">Tinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunsink" title="Dunsink">Dunsink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Cray" title="St Mary Cray">St Mary Cray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cray" title="St Paul's Cray">St Paul's Cray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Settlement,_Texas" title="White Settlement, Texas">White Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphys_Estates,_South_Carolina" title="Murphys Estates, South Carolina">Murphy Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Farm" title="Dale Farm">Dale Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_John_Ward" title="Death of John Ward">Death of John Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Netwing" title="Operation Netwing">Operation Netwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Traveller-related_depictions_and_documentaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish Traveller-related depictions and documentaries">List of depictions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Fat_Gypsy_Weddings" title="Big Fat Gypsy Weddings">Big Fat Gypsy Weddings</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Into_the_West_(film)" title="Into the West (film)"><i>Into the West</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pavee_Lackeen" title="Pavee Lackeen">Pavee Lackeen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)" title="Peaky Blinders (TV series)">Peaky Blinders</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snatch_(film)" title="Snatch (film)"><i>Snatch</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Riches" title="The Riches">The Riches</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavee_Point" title="Pavee Point">Pavee Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Movement" title="Irish Traveller Movement">Irish Traveller Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_Travellers" title="Category:Irish Travellers">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_diasporas_in_the_United_Kingdom128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EuropeansinUK" title="Template:EuropeansinUK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EuropeansinUK" title="Template talk:EuropeansinUK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EuropeansinUK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EuropeansinUK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_diasporas_in_the_United_Kingdom128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European diasporas in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Austrians in the United Kingdom">Austrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Czechs in the United Kingdom">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hungarians in the United Kingdom">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Armenians in the United Kingdom">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Azerbaijanis in the United Kingdom">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Belarusians in the United Kingdom">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Russians in the United Kingdom">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ukrainians in the United Kingdom">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Baltic people in the United Kingdom">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Estonians in the United Kingdom">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Latvians in the United Kingdom">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lithuanians in the United Kingdom">Lithuanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Swedes in the United Kingdom">Swedes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Bulgarians in the United Kingdom">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cypriots" title="British Cypriots">Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Kosovans in the United Kingdom">Kosovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Macedonians in the United Kingdom">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanians in the United Kingdom">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Serbs in the United Kingdom">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Turks" title="British Turks">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_community_of_London" title="Turkish community of London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maltese people in the United Kingdom">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">Spaniards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">Iberian Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_Great_Britain" title="Irish people in Great Britain">Irish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish Travellers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Ethnic group classifications</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UK Census">2021 UK Census</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">White Scottish</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">White Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">White Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">White Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Polish" title="White Polish">White Polish</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showman#United_Kingdom" title="Showman">White Showman or Showwoman</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Any other white background</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>White and Black Caribbean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_White_and_Black_African_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom">White and Black African</a></li> <li>White and Asian</li> <li>Any other Mixed or multiple ethnic background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian or Asian British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Filipinos in the United Kingdom">Filipino</a> (Northern Ireland only)</li> <li>Any other Asian background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Black African</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Black Caribbean</a></li> <li>Any other Black background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ethnic group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Any other ethnic group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875651#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4468870-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91006236">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007544114005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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