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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tribal groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Roman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yr_Hen_Ogledd_(the_Old_North)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yr_Hen_Ogledd_(the_Old_North)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span><i>Yr Hen Ogledd</i> (the Old North)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yr_Hen_Ogledd_(the_Old_North)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales,_Cornwall_and_Brittany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales,_Cornwall_and_Brittany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Wales, Cornwall and Brittany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales,_Cornwall_and_Brittany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celtic Britons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="بريطونيون كلتيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريطونيون كلتيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britl%C9%99r" title="Britlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Брыты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брыты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Брити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhoned" title="Brezhoned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezhoned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britans" title="Britans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Britans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonov%C3%A9" title="Britonové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britonové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythoniaid" title="Brythoniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brythoniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britere" title="Britere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Britere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonen" title="Britonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Αρχαίοι Βρετανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαίοι Βρετανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanos" title="Britanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Britanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonoj" title="Britonoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Britonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniar" title="Britaniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britaniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بریتون‌های سلتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریتون‌های سلتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretons_insulaires" title="Bretons insulaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bretons insulaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britten_(histoarysk_folk)" title="Britten (histoarysk folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Britten (histoarysk folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briotanaigh_Cheilteacha" title="Briotanaigh Cheilteacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Briotanaigh Cheilteacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanos" title="Britanos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Britanos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%BC%EC%9D%B8" title="브리튼인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리튼인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti" title="Briti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Briti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briton" title="Briton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Briton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornbretar" title="Fornbretar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornbretar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanni" title="Britanni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Britanni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קלטים בריטונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלטים בריטונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბრიტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бриттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бриттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanni" title="Britanni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Britanni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britai_(keltai)" title="Britai (keltai) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britai (keltai)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonok" title="Britonok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Britonok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბრიტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრიტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briton_(suku)" title="Briton (suku) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Briton (suku)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_Britten" title="Keltische Britten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keltische Britten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="ブリトン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリトン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonere" title="Britonere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Britonere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlar" title="Brittlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brittlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytowie" title="Brytowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brytowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanos" title="Britanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Britanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britani" title="Britani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Britani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Бритты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бритты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Celtic Britons" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonovia" title="Britonovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Britonovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti" title="Briti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Briti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Брити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti" title="Briti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Briti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britit_(kelttil%C3%A4inen_kansa)" title="Britit (kelttiläinen 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Celtic_Britons" title="Special:EditPage/Celtic Britons">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Celtic+Britons%22">"Celtic Britons"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Celtic+Britons%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Celtic+Britons%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Celtic+Britons%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Celtic+Britons%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Celtic+Britons%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts_GB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts_GB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and adjacent islands in the 5th century AD, before the invasion and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#de3333; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Mainly (non-Pictish) <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> areas</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#1c72c5; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> areas</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#548654; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> areas</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Britons</b> (<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">*</a><i>Pritanī</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Britanni</i>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Brythoniaid</i>), also known as <b>Celtic Britons</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Ancient Britons</b>, were the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic people</a><sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from at least the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British Iron Age</a> until the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, at which point they diverged into the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a> (among others).<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spoke <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>, the ancestor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest written evidence for the Britons is from <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> writers and dates to the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Britain was made up of many tribes and kingdoms, associated with various <a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Britain" title="Hillforts in Britain">hillforts</a>. The Britons followed an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a> overseen by <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>. Some of the southern tribes had strong links with mainland Europe, especially <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgica" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica">Belgica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_currency_of_Britain" title="Celtic currency of Britain">minted their own coins</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquered most of Britain</a> in the 1st century AD, creating the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">province of Britannia</a>. The Romans <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">invaded northern Britain</a>, but the Britons and <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> in the north remained unconquered and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> became the edge of the empire. A <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British culture</a> emerged, mainly in the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a> coexisted with Brittonic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear what relationship the Britons had with the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, who lived outside of the empire in northern Britain, however, most scholars today accept the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish language</a> was closely related to Common Brittonic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> during the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement</a> of eastern and southern Britain began. The culture and language of the Britons fragmented, and much of their territory gradually became <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a>, while the north became subject to a similar settlement by <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a>-speaking tribes from Ireland. The extent to which this cultural change was accompanied by wholesale population changes is still debated. During this time, Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established significant colonies in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (now part of France), the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, Spain).<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 11th century, Brittonic-speaking populations had split into distinct groups: the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> in Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> in Cornwall, the <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a> in Brittany, the Cumbrians of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></i> ("Old North") in southern Scotland and northern England, and the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish people</a> in northern Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common Brittonic developed into the distinct Brittonic languages: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Celt_with_carnyx_(Ancient_Briton).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ancient_Celt_with_carnyx_%28Ancient_Briton%29.jpg/220px-Ancient_Celt_with_carnyx_%28Ancient_Briton%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ancient_Celt_with_carnyx_%28Ancient_Briton%29.jpg/330px-Ancient_Celt_with_carnyx_%28Ancient_Briton%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ancient_Celt_with_carnyx_%28Ancient_Briton%29.jpg/440px-Ancient_Celt_with_carnyx_%28Ancient_Briton%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Celtic warrior recreation, including <a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">carnyx</a> and a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Helmet" title="Waterloo Helmet">Waterloo Helmet</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recreated_Celtic_Village,_Museum_of_Welsh_Life._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Recreated_Celtic_Village%2C_Museum_of_Welsh_Life._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138611.jpg/220px-Recreated_Celtic_Village%2C_Museum_of_Welsh_Life._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Recreated_Celtic_Village%2C_Museum_of_Welsh_Life._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138611.jpg/330px-Recreated_Celtic_Village%2C_Museum_of_Welsh_Life._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Recreated_Celtic_Village%2C_Museum_of_Welsh_Life._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138611.jpg/440px-Recreated_Celtic_Village%2C_Museum_of_Welsh_Life._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Recreated Celtic village at <a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_National_Museum_of_History" title="St Fagans National Museum of History">St Fagans National Museum of History</a>, Wales</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Britain_(placename)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain (placename)">Britain (placename)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a>, 'Britons' refers to native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a> in the ancient and medieval periods, "from the first evidence of such speech in the pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">central Middle Ages</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain was made by <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> between 330 and 320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the following centuries make frequent reference to them. The ancient Greeks called the people of Britain the <i>Pretanoí</i> or <i>Bretanoí</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> (77 AD) says the older name for the island was <i><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Avienius" title="Avienius">Avienius</a> calls it <i>insula Albionum</i>, "island of the Albions".<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name could have reached Pytheas from the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gauls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin name for the Britons was <i>Britanni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic">P-Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> has been reconstructed as *<i>Pritanī</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Common_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Celtic">Common Celtic</a> *<i>kʷritu</i>, which became <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i>cruth</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> <i>pryd</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This likely means "people of the forms", and could be linked to the Latin name <i>Picti</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>), which is usually explained as meaning "painted people".<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Welsh name for the Picts was <i>Prydyn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist Kim McCone suggests the name became restricted to inhabitants of the far north after <i>Cymry</i> displaced it as the name for the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbrians">Cumbrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Welsh <i>prydydd</i>, "maker of forms", was also a term for the highest grade of <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">a bard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval Welsh form of Latin <i>Britanni</i> was <i>Brython</i> (singular and plural).<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Brython</i> was introduced into English usage by <a href="/wiki/John_Rhys" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rhys">John Rhys</a> in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic_and_Q-Celtic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages">P-Celtic</a> speakers of Great Britain, to complement <i><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Goidel</a></i>; hence the adjective <i>Brythonic</i> refers to the group of languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a>" is a more recent coinage (first attested in 1923 according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> called all Britons <i>Bryttas</i> or <i>Wealas</i> (Welsh), while they continued to be called <i>Britanni</i> or <i>Brittones</i> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 11th century, they are more often referred to separately as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbrians">Cumbrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>, as they had separate political histories from then.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the early 16th century, and especially after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, the terms <i>British</i> and <i>Briton</i> could be applied to all inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, or the subjects of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> generally.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_(1284837406).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg/220px-Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg/330px-Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg/440px-Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan" title="Staffordshire Moorlands Pan">Staffordshire Moorlands Pan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Britons spoke an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic language</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>. Brittonic was spoken throughout the island of Britain (in modern terms, England, Wales, and Scotland).<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to early medieval historical tradition, such as <i>The Dream of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Macsen Wledig</a></i>, the post-Roman Celtic speakers of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> were colonists from Britain, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a>, a language related to <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and identical to <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> in the early period, and is still used today. Thus, the area today is called <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Br. <i>Breizh</i>, Fr. <i>Bretagne</i>, derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></i>). </p><p>Common Brittonic developed from the Insular branch of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a> that developed in the British Isles after arriving from the continent in the 7th century BC. The language eventually began to diverge; some linguists have grouped subsequent developments as <a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic languages</a>. Western Brittonic developed into Welsh in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> or "Old North" of Britain (modern northern England and southern Scotland), while the Southwestern dialect became <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> in Cornwall and <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> in Armorica. <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a> is now generally accepted to descend from Common Brittonic, rather than being a separate Celtic language. Welsh and Breton survive today; Cumbric and Pictish became extinct in the 12th century. Cornish had become extinct by the 19th century but has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">language revitalization</a> since the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_groups">Tribal groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tribal groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/220px-Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/330px-Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/440px-Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption>Tribal groups in southern Britain <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 AD</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Celtic Britain was made up of many territories controlled by <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes_in_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland">Brittonic tribes</a>. They are generally believed to have dwelt throughout the whole island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, at least as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Clyde</a>–<a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Forth</a> <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>; little direct evidence has been left of the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish language</a>, but place names and Pictish personal names recorded in the later <a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a> suggest it was indeed related to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Brittonic language">Common Brittonic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic (Gaelic)</a> name, <i><a href="/wiki/Cruthin" title="Cruthin">Cruithne</a></i>, is cognate with <i>Pritenī</i>. </p><p>The following is a list of the major Brittonic tribes, in both the Latin and Brittonic languages, as well as their capitals during the Roman period. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tribe </th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebatēs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Calleva Atrebatum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantēs/Brigantī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Isurium Brigantum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiacī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum" title="Durovernum Cantiacorum">Durovernum Cantiacorum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carvetii" title="Carvetii">Carvetīī (*Carwetīī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellaunī (*Catuwellaunī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corieltauvi" title="Corieltauvi">Corieltauvī (*Corieltauī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratae_Corieltauvorum" title="Ratae Corieltauvorum">Ratae Corieltauvorum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovīī (*Cornowīī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Viroconium Cornoviorum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonīī</a> </td> <td>Vanduara (<a href="/wiki/Loudoun_Hill" title="Loudoun Hill">Loudoun Hill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walls_Loch" title="Walls Loch">Walls Hill</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceanglī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canovium" title="Canovium">Canovium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range" title="Clwydian Range">Clwydian hillforts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetae" title="Demetae">Demetae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moridunum_(Carmarthen)" title="Moridunum (Carmarthen)">Moridunum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobunni" title="Dobunni">Dobunnī/Bodunnī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum" title="Corinium Dobunnorum">Corinium Dobunnorum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonīī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum" title="Isca Dumnoniorum">Isca Dumnoniorum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durotriges" title="Durotriges">Durotrigēs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durnovaria" title="Durnovaria">Durnovaria</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Īcenī/Ecenī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae (*Nowantī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rispain_Camp" title="Rispain Camp">Rispain</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovicēs (*Ordowicī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinas_Dinorwig" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinas Dinorwig">Dinas Dinorwig</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parisi_(tribe)" title="Parisi (tribe)">Parisī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petuaria" title="Petuaria">Petuaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Reginī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Noviomagus Reginorum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae (*Selgowī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eildon_Hill" title="Eildon Hill">Eildon Hill</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silurēs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venta_Silurum" title="Venta Silurum">Venta Silurum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Llanmelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanmelin">Llanmelin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Textoverdi" title="Textoverdi">Textoverdī (*Textowerdī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Coria</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantēs (*Trinowantī)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadīnī/Otadīnī</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Traprain_Law" title="Traprain Law">Traprain</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/150px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/225px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/300px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="2431" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Shield" title="Battersea Shield">Battersea Shield</a>, a ceremonial bronze shield dated 3rd–1st century BC, is an example of La Tène <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> from Britain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_style" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène style">La Tène style</a>, which covers British <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>, was late arriving in Britain, but after 300 BC the Ancient British seem to have had generally similar cultural practices to the Celtic cultures nearest to them on the continent. There are significant differences in artistic styles, and the greatest period of what is known as the "Insular La Tène" style, surviving mostly in metalwork, was in the century or so before the Roman conquest, and perhaps the decades after it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Celt_Playing_Carnyx_War_Trumpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ancient_Celt_Playing_Carnyx_War_Trumpet.jpg/180px-Ancient_Celt_Playing_Carnyx_War_Trumpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ancient_Celt_Playing_Carnyx_War_Trumpet.jpg/270px-Ancient_Celt_Playing_Carnyx_War_Trumpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ancient_Celt_Playing_Carnyx_War_Trumpet.jpg/360px-Ancient_Celt_Playing_Carnyx_War_Trumpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="3532" /></a><figcaption>A recreation of a <a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">carnyx</a> (war trumpet)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">carnyx</a>, a trumpet with an animal-headed bell, was used by Celtic Britons during war and ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are competing hypotheses for when Celtic peoples, and the Celtic languages, first arrived in Britain, none of which have gained consensus. The traditional view during most of the twentieth century was that Celtic culture grew out of the central European <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, from which the Celts and their languages reached Britain in the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-MacAulay1992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacAulay1992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karl2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John Koch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> have challenged that with their 'Celtic from the West' theory, which has the Celtic languages developing as a maritime <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">trade language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a> cultural zone before it spread eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, Patrick Sims-Williams criticizes both of these hypotheses to propose 'Celtic from the Centre', which suggests Celtic originated in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and spread during the first millennium BC, reaching Britain towards the end of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-SimsWilliams2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimsWilliams2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, a major <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a> study uncovered a migration into southern Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a>, over a 500-year period from 1,300 BC to 800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migrants were "genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France" and had higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1000 to 875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain,<sup id="cite_ref-YorkUni_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YorkUni-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making up around half the ancestry of subsequent <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> people in this area, but not in northern Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "evidence suggests that rather than a violent invasion or a single migratory event, the genetic structure of the population changed through sustained contacts between mainland Britain and Europe over several centuries, such as the movement of traders, intermarriage, and small-scale movements of family groups".<sup id="cite_ref-YorkUni_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YorkUni-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was much less migration into Britain during the subsequent Iron Age, so it is more likely that Celtic reached Britain before then.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barry Cunliffe suggests that a branch of Celtic was already being spoken in Britain and that the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, which was originally compiled by the orders of King <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> in approximately 890, starts with this sentence: "The island Britain is 800 miles long and 200 miles broad. And there are in the island five nations; English, Welsh (or British), Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain southward" ("Armenia" is a mistaken transcription of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a>, an area in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> including modern <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> rather than the geographically distant and ethnolinguistically non Celtic region in the Caucasus).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_conquest">Roman conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paganreconstruction_(2).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paganreconstruction_%282%29.gif/220px-Paganreconstruction_%282%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paganreconstruction_%282%29.gif/330px-Paganreconstruction_%282%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Paganreconstruction_%282%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction drawing of <a href="/wiki/Pagans_Hill_Roman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagans Hill Roman Temple">Pagans Hill Romano-British temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 43 AD, the Roman Empire invaded Britain. The British tribes opposed the Roman legions for many decades, but by 84 AD the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into Brittonic areas of what would later become northern England and southern Scotland. During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> tribes from the Gallic-Germanic borderlands settled in southern Britain. Caesar asserts the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> had first crossed the channel as raiders, only later establishing themselves on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 122 AD, the Romans fortified the northern border with <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, which spanned what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>. In 142 AD, Roman forces pushed north again and began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>, which ran between the Forth–Clyde isthmus, but they retreated back to Hadrian's Wall after only twenty years. Although the native Britons south of Hadrian's Wall mostly kept their land, they were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Roman_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors of Roman Britain">Roman governors</a>, whilst the Brittonic-Pictish Britons north of the wall probably remained fully independent and unconquered. The Roman Empire retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about AD 410, although parts of Britain had already effectively shrugged off Roman rule decades earlier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britonia6hcentury.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britonia6hcentury.png/176px-Britonia6hcentury.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britonia6hcentury.png/264px-Britonia6hcentury.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britonia6hcentury.png/352px-Britonia6hcentury.png 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption>Britons migrated westwards during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fifty years or so after the time of the Roman departure, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> began a migration to the south-eastern coast of Britain, where they began to establish their own kingdoms, and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> migrated from <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>) to the west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Britons established themselves in what is now called <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. There they set up their own small kingdoms and the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a> developed from Brittonic <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a>. A further Brittonic colony, <a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a>, was also set up at this time in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </p><p>Many of the old Brittonic kingdoms began to gradually disappear in the centuries after the Anglo-Saxon and Scottish Gaelic invasions; Parts of the regions of modern <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a> were the first to fall to the Germanic and Gaelic Scots invasions. </p><p>The kingdom of Ceint (modern Kent) fell in 456 AD. Linnuis (which stood astride modern Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire) was subsumed as early as 500 AD and became the English <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Kingdom of Lindsey</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Regni</a> (essentially modern <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>) was likely fully conquered by 510 AD. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ynys_Weith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ynys Weith (page does not exist)">Ynys Weith</a> (Isle of Wight) fell in 530 AD, <a href="/wiki/Caer_Colun" class="mw-redirect" title="Caer Colun">Caer Colun</a> (essentially modern Essex) by 540 AD. The <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> arrived on the northwest coast of Britain from Ireland, dispossessed the native Britons, and founded <a href="/wiki/Dal_Riata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Riata">Dal Riata</a> which encompassed modern <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> between 500 and 560 AD. <a href="/wiki/Deifr" class="mw-redirect" title="Deifr">Deifr</a> (Deira) which encompassed modern-day Teesside, Wearside, Tyneside, Humberside, Lindisfarne (<a href="/wiki/Medcaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Medcaut">Medcaut</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Farne_Islands" title="Farne Islands">Farne Islands</a> fell to the Anglo-Saxons in 559 AD and Deira became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom after this point.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caer Went had officially disappeared by 575 AD becoming the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">kingdom of East Anglia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> was only partly conquered; its capital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caer_Gloui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caer Gloui (page does not exist)">Caer Gloui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>) was taken by the Anglo-Saxons in 577 AD, handing <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> to the invaders, while the westernmost part remained in Brittonic hands, and continued to exist in modern Wales. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caer_Lundein" class="mw-redirect" title="Caer Lundein">Caer Lundein</a>, encompassing <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, St. Albans and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Counties">Home Counties</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fell from Brittonic hands by 600 AD, and Bryneich, which existed in modern Northumbria and County Durham with its capital of Din Guardi (modern <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh" title="Bamburgh">Bamburgh</a>) and which included Ynys Metcaut (<a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>), had fallen by 605 AD becoming Anglo-Saxon Bernicia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caer Celemion (in modern Hampshire and Berkshire) had fallen by 610 AD. Elmet, a large kingdom that covered much of modern Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire and likely had its capital at modern Leeds, was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in 627 AD. <a href="/wiki/Pengwern" title="Pengwern">Pengwern</a>, which covered <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, was largely destroyed in 656 AD, with only its westernmost parts in modern Wales remaining under the control of the Britons, and it is likely that Cynwidion, which had stretched from modern Bedfordshire to Northamptonshire, fell in the same general period as Pengwern, though a sub-kingdom of Calchwynedd may have clung on in the Chilterns for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Novant" class="mw-redirect" title="Novant">Novant</a>, which occupied Galloway and Carrick, was soon subsumed by fellow Brittonic-Pictish polities by 700 AD. <a href="/wiki/Aeron_(kingdom)" title="Aeron (kingdom)">Aeron</a>, which encompassed modern <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">kingdom of Northumbria</a> by 700 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yr_Hen_Ogledd_(the_Old_North)"><span id="Yr_Hen_Ogledd_.28the_Old_North.29"></span><i>Yr Hen Ogledd</i> (the Old North)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yr Hen Ogledd (the Old North)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yr_Hen_Ogledd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yr Hen Ogledd">Yr Hen Ogledd</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/220px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/330px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/440px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yr_Hen_Ogledd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yr Hen Ogledd">Yr Hen Ogledd</a></i> (the Old North) c. 550 – c. 650</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Brittonic kingdoms were able to successfully resist these incursions: <a href="/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged">Rheged</a> (encompassing much of modern <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> and areas of southern Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a>) survived well into the 8th century AD, before the eastern part peacefully joined with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> by 730 AD, and the west was taken over by the fellow Britons of <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Clud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ystrad Clud">Ystrad Clud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kapelle,_W.E._1979_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapelle,_W.E._1979-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a>, which appears to have had its court at <a href="/wiki/Din_Eidyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Din Eidyn">Din Eidyn</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>) and encompassed parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a>, endured until approximately 775 AD before being divided by fellow Brittonic Picts, Gaelic Scots and Anglo-Saxons. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cait" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cait">Kingdom of Cait</a>, covering modern <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, was conquered by Gaelic Scots in 871 AD. <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> (encompassing <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonshire">Devonshire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scilly_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Scilly Isles">Isles of Scilly</a>) was partly conquered during the mid 9th century AD, with most of modern Devonshire being annexed by the Anglo-Saxons, but leaving Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly (<a href="/wiki/Enesek_Syllan" class="mw-redirect" title="Enesek Syllan">Enesek Syllan</a>), and for a time part of western Devonshire (including <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>), still in the hands of the Britons, where they became the Brittonic state of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Kernow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> (colonised by Britons in the 5th century) came under attack from <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> attack in the early 9th century AD, and by the end of that century had been conquered by Viking invaders. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ce">Kingdom of Ce</a>, which encompassed modern <a href="/wiki/Marr,_Scotland" title="Marr, Scotland">Marr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Aberdeenshire" title="Banff, Aberdeenshire">Banff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchan" title="Buchan">Buchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, and much of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, disappeared soon after 900 AD. <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a>, the largest Brittonic-Pictish kingdom which covered <a href="/wiki/Strathearn" title="Strathearn">Strathearn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morayshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Morayshire">Morayshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Ross" title="Easter Ross">Easter Ross</a>, had fallen by approximately 950 AD to the Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>). Other Pictish kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Circinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Circinn">Circinn</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mearns" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mearns">The Mearns</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fib" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fib">Fib</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fidach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidach">Fidach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ath-Fotla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ath-Fotla (page does not exist)">Ath-Fotla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a>), had also all fallen by the beginning of the 11th century AD or shortly after. </p><p>The Brythonic languages in these areas were eventually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> of the Anglo-Saxons, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, although this was likely a gradual process in many areas. </p><p>Similarly, the Brittonic colony of <a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> appears to have disappeared soon after 900 AD. </p><p>The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Clud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ystrad Clud">Ystrad Clud</a> (Strathclyde) was a large and powerful Brittonic kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> (the 'Old North') which endured until the end of the 11th century, successfully resisting Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and later also Viking attacks. At its peak it encompassed modern Strathclyde, <a href="/wiki/Dumbartonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbartonshire">Dumbartonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stirlingshire" title="Stirlingshire">Stirlingshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire" title="Lanarkshire">Lanarkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, the western <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, and as far as modern <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapelle,_W.E._1979_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapelle,_W.E._1979-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the Kingdom of Strathclyde became the last of the Brittonic kingdoms of the 'Old North' to fall in the 1090s when it was effectively divided between England and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales,_Cornwall_and_Brittany"><span id="Wales.2C_Cornwall_and_Brittany"></span>Wales, Cornwall and Brittany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wales, Cornwall and Brittany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Britons also retained control of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and Kernow (encompassing <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> including <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>) until the mid 11th century AD when Cornwall was effectively annexed by the English, with the Isles of Scilly following a few years later, although at times Cornish lords appear to have retained sporadic control into the early part of the 12th century AD. </p><p>Wales remained free from Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and Viking control, and was divided among varying Brittonic kingdoms, the foremost being <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd">Clwyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a> (originally <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ceredigion" title="Kingdom of Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seisyllwg" title="Seisyllwg">Seisyllwg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyfed" title="Dyfed">Dyfed</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>). These Brittonic-Welsh kingdoms initially included territories further east than the modern borders of Wales; for example, Powys included parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wirral" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wirral">the Wirral</a> and Gwent held parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, but had largely been confined to the borders of modern Wales by the beginning of the 12th century. </p><p>However, by the early 1100s, the Anglo-Saxons and Gaels had become the dominant cultural force in most of the formerly Brittonic ruled territory in Britain, and the language and culture of the native Britons was thereafter gradually replaced in those regions,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remaining only in Wales, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, and for a time in parts of Cumbria, Strathclyde, and eastern Galloway. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow, <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a>) had certainly been largely absorbed by England by the 1050s to early 1100s, although it retained a distinct Brittonic culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> seems to have disappeared by 900 AD. </p><p>Wales and Brittany remained independent for a considerable time, however, with Brittany united with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1532, and Wales united with <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542</a> in the mid 16th century during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Tudors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudors">Tudors</a> (Y Tuduriaid), who were themselves of Welsh heritage on the male side. </p><p>Wales, Cornwall, Brittany and the Isles of Scilly continued to retain a distinct Brittonic culture, identity and language, which they have maintained to the present day. The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton languages</a> remain widely spoken, and the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a>, once close to extinction, has experienced a revival since the 20th century. The vast majority of place names and names of geographical features in Wales, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and Brittany are Brittonic, and Brittonic family and personal names remain common. </p><p>During the 19th century, many Welsh farmers migrated to <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, forming a community called <a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a>, which today consists of over 1,500 Welsh speakers. </p><p>In addition, a Brittonic legacy remains in England, Scotland and Galicia in Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of often large numbers of Brittonic place and geographical names. Examples of geographical Brittonic names survive in the names of rivers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severn" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn">Severn</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">Wye</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">Exe</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Dee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="River Dee (disambiguation)">Dee</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">Tweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="River Avon (disambiguation)">Avon</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">Trent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambre" title="Tambre">Tambre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navia_(river)" title="Navia (river)">Navia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a>. Many place names in England and Scotland are of Brittonic rather than Anglo-Saxon or Gaelic origin, such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brent_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brent (disambiguation)">Brent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penge" title="Penge">Penge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde" title="Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>. Similarly many personal and family names in Britain and among people of British origin are of Brittonic origin, such as: Abercrombie, Alvin, Bowen, Bevan, Brent, Butlin, Craddock, Carr, Coe, Conan, Carlisle, Carwin, Davies, Davis, Dando, Denzel, Darwin, Ellis, Emlyn, Floyd, Ferris, Frewin, Fido, Gareth, Garth, Glendower, Haddock, Hughes, Harris, Hopkins, Howell, Hewell, Ieuan, Ivor, Jenkins, Jones, Jolly, Jellicoe, Kernow, Kelvin, Lloyd, Lewellyn, Lindo, Madoc, Maddox, Morgan, Maplin Merlin, Ninian, Nimmo, Owen, Penhaligon, Pendry, Pendarrick, Penhall, Penn, Pender, Power, Price, Pritchard, Preece, Purkiss, Pengelly, Patrick, Pegler, Reece/Rhys/Rees, Rankin, Radnor, Simpkin, Selwyn/Selwin, Trelawny, Tremaine/Tremayne, Tudor, Upchurch, Vivyan, Watkins and Yorath among many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Celts#Genetics" title="Celts">Celts § Genetics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture#Genetics" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture#Genetics" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture#Genetics" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture#Genetics" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauls#Genetics" title="Gauls">Gauls § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians#Genetics" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians § Genetics</a></div> <p>Schiffels et al. (2016) examined the remains of three Iron Age Britons buried ca. 100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20161_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20161-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A female buried in <a href="/wiki/Linton,_Cambridgeshire" title="Linton, Cambridgeshire">Linton, Cambridgeshire</a> carried the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1e</a>, while two males buried in <a href="/wiki/Hinxton" title="Hinxton">Hinxton</a> both carried the paternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b-L21" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b-L21">R1b1a2a1a2</a>, and the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K1a1b1b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1ag1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20163Table_1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20163Table_1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their genetic profile was considered typical for <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Europe">Northwest European</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20161_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20161-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though sharing a common Northwestern European origin, the Iron Age individuals were markedly different from later <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> samples, who were closely related to <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20165_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20165-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martiano et al. (2016) examined the remains of a female Iron Age Briton buried at <a href="/wiki/Melton,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Melton, East Riding of Yorkshire">Melton</a> between 210 BC and 40 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181–2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181–2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was found to be carrying the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e1e</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also examined seven males buried in Driffield Terrace near <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> between the 2nd century AD and the 4th century AD during the period of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181–2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181–2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of these individuals were identified as native Britons.<sup id="cite_ref-Martiniano_2018_6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martiniano_2018_6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six examined native Britons all carried types of the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-L151" title="Haplogroup R-L151">R1b1a2a1a</a> and carried the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H6a1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1bs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1c3e2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H6a1b2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1b1a1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous Britons of Roman Britain were genetically closely related to the earlier Iron Age female Briton, and displayed close genetic links to modern <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a>, suggesting genetic continuity between Iron Age Britain and Roman Britain, and partial genetic continuity between Roman Britain and modern Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martiniano_2018_6_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martiniano_2018_6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, they were genetically substantially different from the examined <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> individual and modern <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> populations of the area, suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> left a profound genetic impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181,_6_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181,_6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_language_decline_in_England" title="Celtic language decline in England">Celtic language decline in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Kingdom of Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ce">Kingdom of Ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">List of Celtic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yr_Hen_Ogledd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yr Hen Ogledd">Yr Hen Ogledd</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Webster.1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Webster_(archaeologist)" title="Graham Webster (archaeologist)">Graham Webster.</a> (1996). "The Celtic Britons under Rome". In <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Green, Miranda</a> (ed.). <i>The Celtic World</i>. Routledge. p. 623.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Celtic+Britons+under+Rome&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+World&rft.pages=623&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Graham+Webster.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_Britons-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_Britons_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John</a> (2006). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">291–</span>292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, P.H. (1998). <i>From Roman Britain to Norman England</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415178940" title="Special:BookSources/0415178940"><bdi>0415178940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Roman+Britain+to+Norman+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0415178940&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forsyth, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-due.de/SHE/HE_GermanicInvasions.htm">"The Germanic invasions of Britain"</a>. <i>www.uni-due.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uni-due.de&rft.atitle=The+Germanic+invasions+of+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-due.de%2FSHE%2FHE_GermanicInvasions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarf.scot/">ScARF</a>), Highland Framework, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarf.scot/regional/higharf/early-medieval/">Early Medieval</a> (accessed May 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snyder_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britons00snyd"><i>The Britons</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22260-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22260-X"><bdi>0-631-22260-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Britons&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-22260-X&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritons00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Corráin2001" class="citation book cs1">Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1 November 2001). R F Foster (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00rffo"><i>The Oxford History of Ireland</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280202-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280202-X"><bdi>0-19-280202-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft.isbn=0-19-280202-X&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Corr%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Donnchadh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofi00rffo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> s.v. "Briton." See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Briton">Online Etymology Dictionary: Briton</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Fraser_(historian)" title="James E. Fraser (historian)">Fraser, James E.</a> (2009). <i>From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795</i>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-1232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1232-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in <i>Ireland and its Contacts</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a>. p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/brythonic">"brythonic | Origin and meaning of Brythonic by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=brythonic+%7C+Origin+and+meaning+of+Brythonic+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbrythonic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Briton" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Briton">"Briton"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Briton&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DBriton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While there have been attempts in the past to align the Pictish language with non-Celtic language, the current academic view is that it was Brittonic. See: Forsyth (1997) p. 37: "[T]he only acceptable conclusion is that, from the time of our earliest historical sources, there was only one language spoken in Pictland, the most northerly reflex of Brittonic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230423-why-cornwall-is-resurrecting-its-indigenous-language">"Why Cornwall is resurrecting its indigenous language"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Why+Cornwall+is+resurrecting+its+indigenous+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20230423-why-cornwall-is-resurrecting-its-indigenous-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forsyth 2006, p. 1447; Forsyth 1997; Fraser 2009, pp. 52–53; Woolf 2007, pp. 322–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbishleyGillinghamKellyDawson1996" class="citation book cs1">Corbishley, Mike; <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a>; Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan, Kenneth O.</a> (1996) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike">"Celtic Britain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike/page/36"><i>The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland</i></a>. Walton St., Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019-910035-7" title="Special:BookSources/019-910035-7"><bdi>019-910035-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celtic+Britain&rft.btitle=The+Young+Oxford+History+of+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.place=Walton+St.%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=019-910035-7&rft.aulast=Corbishley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Gillingham%2C+John&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Mason%2C+James&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Kenneth+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungoxfordhisto00mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, Fraser (of Museum of Scotland), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226184509/http://www.carnyx.musicscotland.com/carnyx/carnyx.htm">Carnyx and Co</a>- piece by Hunter on the carnyx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacAulay1992-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacAulay1992_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacAulay1992" class="citation book cs1">MacAulay, Donald (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24541026"><i>The Celtic languages</i></a>. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23127-2"><bdi>0-521-23127-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24541026">24541026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+languages&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24541026&rft.isbn=0-521-23127-2&rft.aulast=MacAulay&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24541026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karl2010-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karl2010_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Raimund (2010). <i>Celtic from the West Chapter 2: The Celts from everywhere and nowhere: a re-evaluation of the origins of the Celts and the emergence of Celtic cultures</i>. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4"><bdi>978-1-84217-410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+Chapter+2%3A+The+Celts+from+everywhere+and+nowhere%3A+a+re-evaluation+of+the+origins+of+the+Celts+and+the+emergence+of+Celtic+cultures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books%2C+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-410-4&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Raimund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch2016-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch2016_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2016" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/936687654"><i>Celtic from the West 3 : Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages : questions of shared language</i></a>. Oxford. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-228-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-228-0"><bdi>978-1-78570-228-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936687654">936687654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+3+%3A+Atlantic+Europe+in+the+Metal+Ages+%3A+questions+of+shared+language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936687654&rft.isbn=978-1-78570-228-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F936687654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimsWilliams2020-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimsWilliams2020_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sims-Williams, Patrick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774320000098">"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774320000098">10.1017/S0959774320000098</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437">2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-7743">0959-7743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216484936">216484936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Alternative+to+%27Celtic+from+the+East%27+and+%27Celtic+from+the+West%27&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E529&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216484936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-7743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774320000098&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0959774320000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patterson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonIsakovBooth2021" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, N.; Isakov, M.; Booth, T. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8889665">"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>601</b> (7894): <span class="nowrap">588–</span>594. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..588P">2022Natur.601..588P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04287-4">10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8889665">8889665</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937049">34937049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Large-scale+migration+into+Britain+during+the+Middle+to+Late+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7894&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E588-%3C%2Fspan%3E594&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8889665%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34937049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04287-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.601..588P&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Isakov%2C+M.&rft.au=Booth%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8889665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YorkUni-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YorkUni_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YorkUni_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/research/ancient-dna-study-migration-bronze-age/">"Ancient DNA study reveals large scale migrations into Bronze Age Britain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>. 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+study+reveals+large+scale+migrations+into+Bronze+Age+Britain&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2F2021%2Fresearch%2Fancient-dna-study-migration-bronze-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59741723">"Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.pub=Yale+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fmedieval%2Fang01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.4, 5.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Pattison. "Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England?" <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>, 275(1650), 2423–2429, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0352">10.1098/rspb.2008.0352</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pattison, John E. (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol83/iss6/9">"Integration versus Apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a Response to Thomas et al. (2008)"</a>, <i>Human Biology</i>, Vol. 83: Iss. 6, Article 9. pp. 715–733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandDeira.htm">"Kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons - Deira"</a>. <i>www.historyfiles.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyfiles.co.uk&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+the+Anglo-Saxons+-+Deira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsBritain%2FEnglandDeira.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> (c. 828). <i>History of the Britons</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Britons#Cities_of_Britain">Chapter 6: "Cities of Britain"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 515–516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, P. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainCynwidion.htm">"Kingdoms of British Celts - Cynwidion"</a>. <i>The History Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Files&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+British+Celts+-+Cynwidion&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsBritain%2FBritainCynwidion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, H. M.; Chadwick, N. K. (1940). <i>The Growth of Literature</i>. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapelle,_W.E._1979-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kapelle,_W.E._1979_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapelle,_W.E._1979_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapelle, W. E. (1979). <i>The Norman Conquest of the North: the Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-0040-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-0040-6">0-7099-0040-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles-Edards, pp. 12, 575; Clarkson, pp. 12, 63–66, 154–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13752-germanic-invaders-may-not-have-ruled-by-apartheid.html">"Germanic invaders may not have ruled by apartheid"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>, 23 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Ann and Martin, G. H. (tr.) (2002). <i>Domesday Book: a complete translation</i>. London: Penguin, pp. 341–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Simon (2002). <i>Britonia: camiños novos</i>. Noia: Toxosoutos. pp. 123–128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-95622-58-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95622-58-7">978-84-95622-58-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20161-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20161_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20161_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiffels_et_al.2016">Schiffels et al. 2016</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20163Table_1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20163Table_1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiffels_et_al.2016">Schiffels et al. 2016</a>, p. 3, Table 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20165-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20165_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiffels_et_al.2016">Schiffels et al. 2016</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181–2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181–2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181–2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartiniano_et_al.2018">Martiniano et al. 2018</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartiniano_et_al.2018">Martiniano et al. 2018</a>, p. 3, Table 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martiniano_2018_6-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martiniano_2018_6_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martiniano_2018_6_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartiniano_et_al.2018">Martiniano et al. 2018</a>, p. 6. "Six of the seven individuals sampled here are clearly indigenous Britons in their genomic signal. When considered together, they are similar to the earlier Iron-Age sample, whilst the modern group with which they show closest affinity are Welsh. These six are also fixed for the Y-chromosome haplotype R1b-L51, which shows a cline in modern Britain, again with maximal frequencies among western populations. Interestingly, these people do not differ significantly from modern inhabitants of the same region (Yorkshire and Humberside) suggesting major genetic change in Eastern Britain within the last millennium and a half. That this could have been, in part, due to population influx associated with the Anglo-Saxon migrations is suggested by the different genetic signal of the later Anglo-Saxon genome."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartiniano_et_al.2018">Martiniano et al. 2018</a>, pp. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181,_6-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181,_6_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartiniano_et_al.2018">Martiniano et al. 2018</a>, pp. 1, 6.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiniano_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Martiniano, Rui; et al. (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735653">"Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>7</b> (10326). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 10326. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...710326M">2016NatCo...710326M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms10326">10.1038/ncomms10326</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735653">4735653</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26783717">26783717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Genomic+signals+of+migration+and+continuity+in+Britain+before+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10326&rft.pages=10326&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4735653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26783717&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms10326&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...710326M&rft.aulast=Martiniano&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft.au=Caffell%2C+Anwel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4735653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Forsyth" title="Katherine Forsyth">Forsyth, Katherine</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2081/1/languagepictland.pdf"><i>Language in Pictland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. De Keltische Draak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-802785-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-802785-5-6"><bdi>90-802785-5-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Pictland&rft.pub=De+Keltische+Draak&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-802785-5-6&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F2081%2F1%2Flanguagepictland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffels_et_al.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffels, Stephan; et al. (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735688">"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>7</b> (10408). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 10408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...710408S">2016NatCo...710408S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms10408">10.1038/ncomms10408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735688">4735688</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26783965">26783965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+and+Anglo-Saxon+genomes+from+East+England+reveal+British+migration+history&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10408&rft.pages=10408&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4735688%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26783965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms10408&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...710408S&rft.aulast=Schiffels&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4735688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826084114/http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/1-448.html"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/1-448.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fhistory%2Fdocs%2F1-448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+Britons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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