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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Termodinamika&returntoquery=section%3D5%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Termodinamika&returntoquery=section%3D5%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Temperatuur_en_warmte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatuur_en_warmte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Temperatuur en warmte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatuur_en_warmte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_eerste_wet_van_Termodinamika:_warmte_en_arbeid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_eerste_wet_van_Termodinamika:_warmte_en_arbeid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Die eerste wet van Termodinamika: warmte en arbeid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_eerste_wet_van_Termodinamika:_warmte_en_arbeid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_tweede_wet_van_Termodinamika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_tweede_wet_van_Termodinamika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Die tweede wet van Termodinamika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_tweede_wet_van_Termodinamika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_derde_wet_van_Termodinamika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_derde_wet_van_Termodinamika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Die derde wet van Termodinamika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_derde_wet_van_Termodinamika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistiese_termodinamika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistiese_termodinamika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Statistiese termodinamika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistiese_termodinamika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opsomming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opsomming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Opsomming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opsomming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Termodinamika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 125 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديناميكا حرارية – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديناميكا حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83" title="طيرموديناميك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طيرموديناميك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termuodinam%C4%97ka" title="Termuodinamėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Termuodinamėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تێرمۆدینامیک – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێرمۆدینامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynameg" title="Thermodynameg – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thermodynameg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Θερμοδυναμική – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοδυναμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika" title="Termodünaamika – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikka" title="Termodynamiikka – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mm%C3%A4oppus" title="Lämmäoppus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lämmäoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamique" title="Thermodynamique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamik" title="Termodünaamik – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Termodünaamik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teirmidinimic" title="Teirmidinimic – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teirmidinimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="תרמודינמיקה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8modinamik" title="Tèmodinamik – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tèmodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ջերմադինամիկա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմադինամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Varmafræði – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varmafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="熱力学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toermodainamix" title="Toermodainamix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toermodainamix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%8Bga%C9%A3_n%C9%9B_%C9%96o%C5%8B_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8B%CA%8B_t%C9%9B" title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%AEnam%C3%AEk" title="Termodînamîk – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Termodînamîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudinamica" title="Termudinamica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Termudinamica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="താപഗതികം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപഗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Термодинамик – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Термодинамик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="ऊष्मागतिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daayinaamiksii_Ho%E2%80%99aa" title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="تھرموڈائینامکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھرموڈائینامکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترموډینامیک – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترموډینامیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Termodinâmica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termodinamică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодінаміка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Термодінаміка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudin%C3%A0mica" title="Termudinàmica – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Termudinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93%C9%A3lasmussut" title="Taẓɣlasmussut – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taẓɣlasmussut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwendojoto" title="Mwendojoto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwendojoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อุณหพลศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинаміка – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Термодинаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حر حرکیات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حر حرکیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhiệt động lực học – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt động lực học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热力学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="טערמאדינאמיק – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערמאדינאמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热力学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熱力學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11473#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard hlist" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding-top: 0.4em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em;">Hierdie artikel is deel van 'n reeks oor</td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; padding-top: 0; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Termodinamika</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/160px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/240px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/320px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em;">Die kalssieke Carnot-hitte-enjin</div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Takke</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klasieke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statisiese_meganikas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statisiese meganikas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Statistiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiese_termodinamika" title="Chemiese termodinamika">Chemiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumtermodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumtermodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kwantumtermodinamika</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewewigstermodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewewigstermodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ewewig</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nie-ewewigstermodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nie-ewewigstermodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nie-ewewig</a></li></ul></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Wette</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nulste_wet_van_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nulste wet van termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nulste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_termodinamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerste wet van termodinamika">Eerste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweede_wet_van_termodinamika" title="Tweede wet van termodinamika">Tweede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derde wet van termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Derde</a></li></ul> </div></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Termodinamiese_stelsel" title="Termodinamiese stelsel">Stelsels</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesolte_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesolte stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesolte stelsel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%C3%AFsoleerde_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geïsoleerde stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geïsoleerde stelsel</a></li></ul> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;[[:Sjabloon:Subsidebar bodystyle]]"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Termodinamiese_toestand" title="Termodinamiese toestand">Toestand</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergelyking_van_toestand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergelyking van toestand (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vergelyking van toestand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idealegas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idealegas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Idealegas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regte_gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regte gas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Regte gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toestand_van_materie" title="Toestand van materie">Toestand van materie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fase_(materie)" title="Fase (materie)">Fase (materie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamiese_ewewig" title="Termodinamiese ewewig">Ewewig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_volume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control volume (bladsy bestaan nie)">Control volume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamiese_instrumente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamiese instrumente (bladsy bestaan nie)">Instrumente</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prosese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isobariese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isobariese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isobariese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isochoriese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isochoriese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isochoriese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotermiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotermiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isotermiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabaties" title="Adiabaties">Adiabatiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isentropiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isentropiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isentropiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isentalpiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isentalpiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">IIsentalpiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwasisatiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwasisatiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kwasisatiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politropiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politropiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politropiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrye_uitbreiding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vrye uitbreiding (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vrye uitbreiding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omkeerbare_proses_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omkeerbare proses (termodinamika) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Omkeerbaarheid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onomkeerbare_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onomkeerbare proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Onomkeerbaarheid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endo-omkeerbare_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endo-omkeerbare termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Endo-omkeerbarheid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamiese_siklus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamiese siklus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Siklusse</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitte-enjin" title="Hitte-enjin">Hitte-enjin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitte-pomp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitte-pomp (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hitte-pomp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termiese_doeltreffendheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termiese doeltreffendheid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Termiese doeltreffendheid</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Eienskappe van stelsels</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;[[:Sjabloon:Subsidebar bodystyle]];margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_diagrams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic diagrams (bladsy bestaan nie)">Property diagrams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_and_extensive_properties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intensive and extensive properties (bladsy bestaan nie)">Intensive and extensive properties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Process function (bladsy bestaan nie)">Process functions</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werk_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werk (termodinamika) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Werk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitte" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitte">Hitte</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State function (bladsy bestaan nie)">Functions of state</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_temperature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic temperature (bladsy bestaan nie)">Temperature</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pressure (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pressure</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume (termodinamika) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Volume</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_potential&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical potential (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chemical potential</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particle_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Particle number (bladsy bestaan nie)">Particle number</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor_quality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapor quality (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vapor quality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduced_properties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reduced properties (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reduced properties</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Eienskappe van materiale</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_databases_for_pure_substances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic databases for pure substances (bladsy bestaan nie)">Property databases</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Material_properties_equations_(thermodynamics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Material properties equations (thermodynamics) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Material properties equations (thermodynamics)</a></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Vergelykings</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnot%27s_theorem_(thermodynamics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Carnot's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clausius_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clausius theorem (bladsy bestaan nie)">Clausius theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_thermodynamic_relation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamental thermodynamic relation (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fundamental relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealegaswet" title="Idealegaswet">Idealegaswet</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell relations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maxwell relations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onsager_reciprocal_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onsager reciprocal relations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Onsager reciprocal relations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridgman%27s_thermodynamic_equations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridgman's thermodynamic equations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bridgman's equations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_of_thermodynamic_equations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Table of thermodynamic equations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Table of thermodynamic equations</a></i></li></ul></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Potensiale</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_free_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic free energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Free energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_entropy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free entropy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Free entropy</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2715140">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Internal energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmholtz_free_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmholtz free energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Helmholtz free energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibbs_free_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibbs free energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gibbs free energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Geskiedenis</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;[[:Sjabloon:Subsidebar bodystyle]]"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> History</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_thermodynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of thermodynamics (bladsy bestaan nie)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_entropy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of entropy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas#Gaswette" title="Gas">Gaswette</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of perpetual motion machines (bladsy bestaan nie)">"Perpetual motion" machines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropy_(arrow_of_time)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropy (arrow of time) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy and time</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropy_and_life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropy and life (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy and life</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brownian_ratchet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brownian ratchet (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brownian ratchet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%27s_demon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell's demon (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maxwell's demon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_death_paradox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat death paradox (bladsy bestaan nie)">Heat death paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loschmidt%27s_paradox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loschmidt's paradox (bladsy bestaan nie)">Loschmidt's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergetics_(Haken)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synergetics (Haken) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> Theories</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caloric_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caloric theory (bladsy bestaan nie)">Caloric theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_heat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of heat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Theory of heat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vis_viva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vis viva (bladsy bestaan nie)"><i>Vis viva</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">("living force")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mechanical equivalent of heat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power (physics) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Motive power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_important_publications_in_physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of important publications in physics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Key publications</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Longlink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Longlink (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Longlink</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Longlink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Longlink (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Longlink</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Longlink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Longlink (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Longlink</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_thermodynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of thermodynamics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of heat engine technology (bladsy bestaan nie)">Heat engines</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <strong class="error">Page <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Hlist/styles.css (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Hlist/styles.css</a> has no content.</strong><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Art</li><li>Education</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%27s_thermodynamic_surface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell's thermodynamic surface (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maxwell's thermodynamic surface</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropy_(energy_dispersal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropy (energy dispersal) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy as energy dispersal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Wetenskaplikes</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Bernoulli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Bernoulli (bladsy bestaan nie)">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beno%C3%AEt_Paul_%C3%89mile_Clapeyron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (bladsy bestaan nie)">Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Carathéodory (bladsy bestaan nie)">Constantin Carathéodory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Duhem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Duhem (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Onsager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Onsager (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lars Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Smeaton (bladsy bestaan nie)">John Smeaton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Ernst_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Ernst Stahl (bladsy bestaan nie)">Georg Ernst Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Thompson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Benjamin Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (bladsy bestaan nie)">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_von_Helmholtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann von Helmholtz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Mayer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Julius von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_James_Waterston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John James Waterston (bladsy bestaan nie)">John James Waterston</a></li></ul> </div></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">ander</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleation (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nucleation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-assembly (bladsy bestaan nie)">Self-assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-organization (bladsy bestaan nie)">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_and_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order and disorder (bladsy bestaan nie)">Order and disorder</a></li></ul></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Kantbalk_Termodinamika" title="Sjabloon:Kantbalk Termodinamika"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Kantbalk_Termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Kantbalk Termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Kantbalk_Termodinamika&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Termodinamika</b> word vandag beskou as deel van die vak Fisiese Chemie, al is die Termodinamika as vakgebied streng gesproke ouer as Fisiese Chemie. Die ontstaan van Termodinamika hang nou saam met die uitvinding van die <a href="/wiki/Stoomenjin" title="Stoomenjin">stoommasjien</a> in die <a href="/wiki/18de_eeu" title="18de eeu">18de eeu</a>. Die ontwikkeling van die onderliggende teorieë vind veral in die <a href="/wiki/19de_eeu" title="19de eeu">19de eeu</a> plaas en word onlosmaaklik met mense soos Sadi Carnot, Clapeyron, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Clausius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a>, Helmholtz, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">J.H. van 't Hoff</a> verbind. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperatuur_en_warmte">Temperatuur en warmte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Temperatuur en warmte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Temperatuur en warmte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die <a href="/wiki/18de_eeu" title="18de eeu">18de eeu</a> is die begrip <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> ontwikkel saam met die ontwikkeling van die <a href="/wiki/Termometer" title="Termometer">termometer</a> waarmee hierdie grootheid gemeet word. 'n Suksesvolle relatiewe skaal is ontwikkel wat die smeltpunt en kookpunte van water as ykpunte ingespan het (die Celsiusskaal). Dit het later duidelik geword dat dit moontlik is om 'n absolute skaal te definieer. 'n Skaal is toe op so 'n wyse ontwikkel waar die indelings dieselfde grootte as die Celsiusskaal sou hê, maar waar die nulpunt by die <a href="/wiki/Absolute_nulpunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute nulpunt">absolute nulpunt</a> sou begin, eerder as by die vriespunt van water. Dit bring mee dat temperatuurverskille wat in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a> en <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> bereken word dieselfde numeriese waarde het. Die skaal word die Kelvinskaal genoem en is na <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> vernoem. </p><p>Dit het ook duidelik geword dat hitte 'n meetbare grootheid was, wat spontaan van 'n liggaam met 'n hoër temperatuur na 'n liggaam met 'n laer temperatuur sou vloei. (Sekere mense verwys soms na hierdie verskynsel as die nulde wet van termodinamika.) Daar is toe vasgestel dat daar verskillende hoeveelhede van hierdie grootheid nodig was om dieselfde temperatuurverskil in verskillende materiale teweeg te bring. Dit neem byvoorbeeld 'n ander hoeveelheid warmte om een gram water met een graad Celsius te verhit as om een gram lood met dieselfde hoeveelheid te verhit. Dit het dan aanleiding gegee tot die ontwikkeling van die begrip van <a href="/wiki/Spesifieke_warmtekapasiteit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spesifieke warmtekapasiteit">spesifieke warmtekapasiteit</a>. </p><p>Wetenskaplikes het toe uit hulle waarnemings sekere natuurwette waargeneem en daaruit die drie grondliggende <i>wette</i> van termodinamika neergepen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_eerste_wet_van_Termodinamika:_warmte_en_arbeid">Die eerste wet van Termodinamika: warmte en arbeid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Die eerste wet van Termodinamika: warmte en arbeid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Die eerste wet van Termodinamika: warmte en arbeid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar is geglo dat warmte 'n soort vloeistof was, wat nie vernietig of geskep kon word nie, maar dit het spoedig geblyk dat dit verkeerd was. Wanneer twee voorwerpe teen mekaar geskuur word, veroorsaak die wrywing byvoorbeeld dat warmte vloei. Daar is toe vasgestel dat die hoeveelheid warmte wat met wrywing vrygestel word ooreenkom met die hoeveelheid arbeid (=krag · afstand) betrokke by die wrywing. Warmte en arbeid (ook werk genoem) is oorspronklik in twee verskillende eenhede uitgedruk, maar dit het duidelik geword dat dit moontlik is om die twee groothede aan mekaar gelyk te stel. 'n Nuwe definisie van warmte is toe ontwikkel wat bepaal dat warmte gelykstaande is aan die werk plus die energie: Q = W + ΔU. Dit lei dan tot die <b>Eerste Wet van Termodinamika</b>. </p> <dl><dd><b>In 'n geslote stelsel bly die Energie U konstant.</b></dd></dl> <p>Later het dit duidelik geword dat daar vele ander vorms van energie, soos bewegingsenergie van 'n motor, die energie van 'n elektriese stroom of die chemiese energie wat in 'n <a href="/wiki/Plofstof" class="mw-redirect" title="Plofstof">plofstof</a> opgesluit is, bestaan. Termodinamies kan al hierdie vorme van energie in dieselfde eenhede uitgedruk word (in die <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="SI">SI</a>-stelsel word die Joule gebruik). Met die koms van <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> se <a href="/wiki/Relatiwiteitsteorie" title="Relatiwiteitsteorie">relatiwiteitsteorie</a> het dit duidelik geword dat dit selfs geld vir die begrip van massa via E=mc<sup>2</sup> (d.w.s massa kan in energie omgeskakel word en andersom). Energie is 'n toestandsfunksie, wat beteken dat daar vir 'n bepaalde toestand 'n bepaalde hoeveelheid energie bestaan wat onafhanklik is van hoe daardie bepaalde toestand bereik is. </p><p>'n Belangrike vorm van energie wat betrekking het op gasse is dié van volume-arbeid. Vir 'n ideale gas geld die wet pV=nRT (druk·volume)=(aantal mol·R·temperatuur) waar R die gaskonstante is. Verder hang die energie van die gas slegs van die temperatuur af. U=nRT. Die produk p·V is dus 'n energieterm. </p><p>Daar bestaan 'n ander toestandfunksie naamlik die <b><a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a></b> H=U+P·V wat dikwels gebruik word. In die praktyk is dit baie makliker om te werk met konstante druk as met konstante volume. Die p·V bepaal dan die verrigte volume-arbeid. Wanneer daar geen gasse by 'n proses betrokke is nie kan die tweede term meestal verwaarloos word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_tweede_wet_van_Termodinamika">Die tweede wet van Termodinamika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Die tweede wet van Termodinamika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Die tweede wet van Termodinamika"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oppervlakkig beskou kan daar uit die eerste wet verkeerdelik afgelei word dat alle vorme van energie vryelik uitruilbaar sou wees. Dit is egter nie waar nie. 'n Goeie voorbeeld is wanneer 'n motor gerem word. Dan word die bewegingsenergie (wat uit die chemiese energie van die brandstof verkry is) spontaan omgeskakel na warmte-energie toe. Die motor beweeg egter nie weer spontaan as die rem gelos word nie, aangesien (100%) van die werk in warmte omgesit is ('n proses wat <i>dissipasie</i> heet), maar die warmte word nie weer teruggeskakel na werk toe nie. Dit is wel moontlik om van die warmte weer terug te skakel na werk toe (deur byvoorbeeld 'n heropwekkende remstelsel te gebruik) maar dit is nie moontlik om die volle 100% weer te herwin nie. Hierdie verskynsel het gelei tot die formulering van die <b><a href="/wiki/Tweede_wet_van_termodinamika" title="Tweede wet van termodinamika">tweede wet van termodinamika</a></b> deur Thomson en <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> wat as volg lui: </p> <pre><b>Dit is onmoontlik om 'n kringloopproses op te stel waar die enigste gevolg is dat 'n hoeveelheid<br />warmte uit 'n reservoir omgeskakel word na 'n ooreenkomstige hoeveelheid werk</b> </pre> <p>'n Verwante misverstand is dat 'n spontane proses dieselfde is as 'n <a href="/wiki/Eksotermies" title="Eksotermies">eksotermiese</a> proses, d.w.s. 'n proses waar warmte vrygestel word. Wanneer 'n mens egter een stof soos bv. Kaliumnitraat in water oplos, verloop die proses spontaan, maar daar word warmte opgeneem: die oplossing word koud. Die eerste wet bied geen verklaring vir hierdie verskynsel nie. Dit is moontlik om hierdie tekortkoming in die eerste wet uit die weg te ruim deur 'n nuwe toestandsfunksie te definieer: die <b>Entropie</b> S. Hierdie funksie word gedefinieer as S = q<sub>omkeerbaar</sub>/T. </p><p>Die omkeerbare warmte q<sub>omkeerbaar</sub> is die warmte wat 'n proses afgee of opneem as die stelsel deur 'n omkeerbare roete van toestand A na toestand B gebring word. 'n Omkeerbare roete is 'n reeks toestande wat in rus (of ewewig) verkeer. </p><p>Wanneer die toestandfunksies as volg gekombineer word: </p> <dl><dd>A= U-TS en</dd> <dd>G= H-TS = U+pV-TS</dd></dl> <p>kry 'n mens die toestandsfunksies van A (die <b>Vrye Energie of Helmholtzenergie</b>) en G (die <b>Vrye Entalpie</b> of <b>Gibbsenergie</b>). Hierdie twee funksies word dan gebruik om vas te stel of 'n proses spontaan kan verloop aldan nie: </p> <pre><b>By konstante druk is 'n proses spontaan as die Gibbsenergie afneem.</b> </pre> <p>(Bostaande is basies 'n herformulering van die tweede wet).<br /> Sien ook: Postulaat van Clausius; Dissipasie vermoede </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_derde_wet_van_Termodinamika">Die derde wet van Termodinamika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Die derde wet van Termodinamika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Die derde wet van Termodinamika"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ten slotte is daar nog een derde wet: Wanneer 'n perfekte kristal tot T = 0K afgekoel word benader die Entropie 'n nul waarde. </p><p>Die derde 'wet' is 'n erge idealisering, want 'n <i>perfekte kristal</i> bestaan nie. 'n Kristal kan by T = 0K nie groei nie en as 'n kristal by 'n hoër temperatuur groei sal dit nooit regtig perfek word nie, maar altyd bietjie wanorde inbou en 'n bietjie onvolmaak wees. As die effens onvolmaakte kristal afgekoel word na T = 0K sal die entropie nie heeltemaal na nul gaan nie. </p><p>Die vervolg van die derde wet is dat 'n thermodinamies <a href="/wiki/Enjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjin">enjin</a> (soos 'n <a href="/wiki/Binnebrandenjin" title="Binnebrandenjin">binnebrandenjin</a> of 'n <a href="/wiki/Stoomenjin" title="Stoomenjin">stoomenjin</a>) nooit 100% doeltreffend kan wees nie. Die hoogste teoretiese doeltreffendheid wat bereik kan word, is gegee deur: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta (\%)=100\times {\frac {T_{1}-T_{0}}{T_{1}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>η</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta (\%)=100\times {\frac {T_{1}-T_{0}}{T_{1}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d72e090098d4ce0b933f8942f3a85acdef8121a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:22.841ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta (\%)=100\times {\frac {T_{1}-T_{0}}{T_{1}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>waar </p> <dl><dd><i>η</i> = Doeltreffenheid</dd> <dd><i>T<sub>1</sub></i> = Hoogste temperatuur in die enjin</dd> <dd><i>T<sub>0</sub></i> = Laagste temperatuur in die enjin (T<sub>0</sub> is tipies die <a href="/wiki/Lugtemperatuur" title="Lugtemperatuur">lugtemperatuur</a>)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistiese_termodinamika">Statistiese termodinamika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Statistiese termodinamika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Statistiese termodinamika"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klassieke termodinamika is geheel en al 'n verskynselgerigte teorie, wat nie die atomiese struktuur van materie in rekening bring nie. 'n Latere mikroskopiese teorie is ontwikkel, die statistiese termodinamika, waar daar aan die termodinamiese groothede 'n interpretasie verleen word, in terme van die statistiese verdeling van energie oor die energietoestande van die atome en molekules, waaruit 'n stelsel wat bestuur word bestaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opsomming">Opsomming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Opsomming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Opsomming"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Baie informele en beknopte opsomming van termodinamika as vakgebied is as volg: </p> <ol><li>Warmte stroom van warm na kouer en nie omgekeerd.</li> <li>'n Mens kan nie energie in 'n proses skep nie, maar hoogstens met ewe veel energie opeindig.</li> <li>'n Mens kan alleen met ewe veel energie opeindig by die <a href="/wiki/Absolute_nulpunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute nulpunt">absolute nulpunt</a>.</li> <li>Dit is in beginsel onmoontlik om die absolute nulpunt te bereik.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamika&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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