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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_relation_to_Advaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_relation_to_Advaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In relation to Advaita Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_relation_to_Advaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compared_with_other_Kashmir_Shaivism_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_with_other_Kashmir_Shaivism_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compared with other Kashmir Shaivism schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compared_with_other_Kashmir_Shaivism_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_relation_to_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_relation_to_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In relation to Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_relation_to_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tenets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tenets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tenets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tenets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ābhāsa-vāda_and_Svātantrya-vāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ābhāsa-vāda_and_Svātantrya-vāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Ābhāsa-vāda</i> and <i>Svātantrya-vāda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ābhāsa-vāda_and_Svātantrya-vāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Soul</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span><i>Vikalpa-kṣaya</i> – dissolution of dualizing thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vikalpa-kṣaya_–_dissolution_of_dualizing_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaha-cheda_–_cutting_of_the_inner_energy_currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaha-cheda_–_cutting_of_the_inner_energy_currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Vaha-cheda</i> – cutting of the inner energy currents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaha-cheda_–_cutting_of_the_inner_energy_currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Śakti-saṅkoca_–_contraction_of_the_sense_energies_in_the_heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Śakti-saṅkoca_–_contraction_of_the_sense_energies_in_the_heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Śakti-saṅkoca</i> – contraction of the sense energies in the heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Śakti-saṅkoca_–_contraction_of_the_sense_energies_in_the_heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Śakti-vikāsa_–_recognition_of_the_self_into_the_sense_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Śakti-vikāsa_–_recognition_of_the_self_into_the_sense_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span><i>Śakti-vikāsa</i> – recognition of the self into the sense objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Śakti-vikāsa_–_recognition_of_the_self_into_the_sense_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adyanta-koṭi-nibhālana_–_meditation_on_the_moment_between_breaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adyanta-koṭi-nibhālana_–_meditation_on_the_moment_between_breaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span><i>Adyanta-koṭi-nibhālana</i> – meditation on the moment between breaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adyanta-koṭi-nibhālana_–_meditation_on_the_moment_between_breaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pratyabhijna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रत्यभिज्ञा दर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रत्यभिज्ञा दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyabhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Pratyabhijñā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pratyabhijñā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE" title="ಪ್ರತ್ಯಭಿಜ್ಞಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರತ್ಯಭಿಜ್ಞಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pratyabhijna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pratyabhijna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">School of philosophy in Kashmir Shaivism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaivismFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/150px-SaivismFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/225px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/300px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara_(epithet)" title="Parameshvara (epithet)">Parameshvara</a></b><br /><i>(Supreme being)</i> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadasiva" title="Sadasiva">Sadasiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavimshatimurti" title="Panchavimshatimurti">Forms of Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">Others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scriptures and texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shivasutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Svetasvatara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd>Three Components</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Pashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%C5%9Ba" title="Pāśa">Pasam</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Three bondages</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anava" title="Anava">Anava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a> <br /></li></ul> <dl><dd>other aspects</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Shaivism)" title="Tattva (Shaivism)">36 Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svatantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Panchakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos#Religious_significance" title="Aegle marmelos">Bilva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a>-<a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Linga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Ati marga</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Kalamukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mantra_marga" title="Mantra marga">Mantra marga</a></b></dd></dl> <p><i>Saiddhantika</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Siddhantism</a></li></ul> <p><i>Non - Saiddhantika</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dak%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dakṣiṇā">Dakshina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rudrayamala" title="Rudrayamala">Yamala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Netra_Tantra" title="Netra Tantra">Netra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Sroutaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakulisha" title="Lakulisha">Lakulisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasugupta" title="Vasugupta">Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikkavacakar" title="Manikkavacakar">Manikkavacakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meykandar" title="Meykandar">Meykandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Hyang_Nirartha" title="Dang Hyang Nirartha">Nirartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharana_(Hinduism)" title="Sharana (Hinduism)">Sharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Srikantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appayya_Dikshita" title="Appayya Dikshita">Appayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Navnath">Navnath</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Template:Shiva temples">Shiva Temples</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color:#FFC569"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pratyabhijñā</b> or <b>Pratyabhigyā</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">प्रत्यभिज्ञा</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">pratyabhijñā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'re-cognition') is an <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a> school of philosophy in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> which originated in the ninth century CE. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika</a></i> was used by <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a> to represent the whole of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a>, or to designate the Pratyabhijñā system.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the system is derived from its most famous work, <i>Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-kārikā</i> by <a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 254">: 254 </span></sup> Etymologically, <i>pratyabhijñā</i> is formed from <i>prati-</i> ("re-") + <i>abhi-</i> ("closely") + *<i>jñā</i> ("to know"), so the meaning is "direct knowledge of one's self," "recognition."<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p><p>The central thesis of this philosophy is that everything is absolute consciousness, termed <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Śiva</a></i>, and it is possible to "re-cognise" this fundamental reality and be freed from limitations, identified with Śiva and immersed in bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the slave (<i>paśu</i>: the human condition) shakes off the fetters (<i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%C5%9Ba" title="Pāśa">pāśa</a></i>) and becomes the master (<i>pati</i>: the divine condition).<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 254">: 254 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masters_and_texts">Masters and texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Masters and texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pratyabhijñā system had a period of intense development between the ninth and the eleventh centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 409">: 409 </span></sup> with a lineage of masters and disciples who wrote treatises and mystical poetry. </p><p>The founder of the Pratyabhijñā school was <a href="/wiki/Somananda" title="Somananda">Somananda</a> (875–925 CE);<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his work <i>Śivadṛṣṭi</i> is the basis of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> He was followed by his son and disciple <a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a> (900–950 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_p._27_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_p._27-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wrote the most important treatise of the system, <i>Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-kārikā</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kapoor1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 254">: 254 </span></sup> a philosophical treatise discussing the fundamental doctrine of the school and comparing it with various rival schools, analysing the differences and refuting them in the style of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist logic">Buddhist logic</a>. The name of the school is derived from the title of this work; in the rest of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the whole Kashmiri Shaivite philosophy was sometimes referred to by the name <i>Pratyabhijñā Śāstra</i>. </p><p>Another important master of this school is <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a>, who carried out a synthesis between various schools of Kashmir Shaivism in his magnum opus, <i><a href="/wiki/Tantr%C4%81loka" title="Tantrāloka">Tantrāloka</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Abhinavagupta also wrote two commentaries on <i>Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-kārikā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_p._27_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_p._27-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disciple of Abhinavagupta, <a href="/wiki/Kshemaraja" title="Kshemaraja">Kshemaraja</a>, wrote a digest of the Pratyabhijñā philosophy called <i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhij%C3%B1%C4%81h%E1%B9%9Bdayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam">Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kapoor2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> <i>The Essence of Re-cognition</i>, which is the most popular introduction to the system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_relation_to_Advaita_Vedanta">In relation to Advaita Vedanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In relation to Advaita Vedanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With regard to the problem of how the world comes by, <a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a> rejects the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedānta</a> theory of eternal and independent ignorance (<i>avidyā</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-His_Works_p._28_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-His_Works_p._28-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which affirms that <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">brahman</a></i> (the absolute consciousness) is being affected by <i>avidyā</i> (eternal ignorance) by superimposition, with a resulting enslavement of the inactive, subject consciousness to worldly life. In Kashmir Shaivism, <i>avidyā</i> (ignorance) and its cosmic aspect, <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">māyā</a></i> (illusion), are nothing but Śakti, the power of Śiva; as Śakti, they are real for limited beings, but are simple manifestations of consciousness for Śiva.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>In Advaita Vedānta, with regard to the limited being (<i>jīva</i>), all activity belongs to the intellect (<i>buddhi</i>); in Kashmir Shaivism, activity is also ascribed to <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a></i>, who is <i>not</i> inert, but in possession of the five-fold actions of creation, maintenance, dissolution, occultation, and grace. A liberated <i>jīva</i>, in Advaita Vedānta, is freed from the universe—but here, in Kashmir Shaivism, the universe appears as the real I-consciousness, a mass of consciousness and bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>In Advaita Vedanta, consciousness (<i>cit</i>) is only light (<i>prakāśa</i>), but in Pratyabhijñā it is also activity, doer-ship.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compared_with_other_Kashmir_Shaivism_schools">Compared with other Kashmir Shaivism schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compared with other Kashmir Shaivism schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of Kashmiri Shaivism, Pratyabhijñā is sometimes classified as <i>śāmbhavopāya</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the path of Shambhu, i.e., Śiva), and at other times as <i>aṇupāya</i> (the non-path).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Śambhavopaya and Anupaya are classes of practices related to consciousness directly; by contrast, the lower two classes of practice are Śaktopaya—the path of Śakti, which relates to the mind—and Anavopaya—the path of the limited being, which relates to the physical body. Thus, Pratyabhijñā is considered to be the shortest, most direct path to liberation, an evolution<sup class="noprint selfreference">[<i><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pratyabhijna" title="Talk:Pratyabhijna">discuss</a></i>]</sup> based on consciousness alone. </p><p>Even though it shares the same practices relating to the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini energy"><i>kundalini</i></a> in the middle channel (<i><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida.2C_Pingala_and_Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">sushumna nadi</a></i>), Pratyabhijñā claims <i>instantaneous</i> progression, while the Krama school maintains there is <i>gradual</i> progression.<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 362">: 362 </span></sup> </p><p>With regard to the Spanda school, Pratyabhijñā is more philosophical, putting the accent on instantaneous realisation (recognition) of the Ultimate, while the Spanda school is more practical (as per its fundamental text, <i>Spandakārikā</i>), and puts its accent on <i>the vibrating energy</i> aspect of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_relation_to_Buddhism">In relation to Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In relation to Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important difference between Pratyabhijñā and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is related to the ontological ultimate: while Buddhism rejects the concepts of soul (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Buddhism)" title="Ātman (Buddhism)">atman</a></i>) and god (<a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara"><i>īśvara</i></a>), the Kashmiri Shaivites put them at the top of their world model.<sup id="cite_ref-His_Works_p._28_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-His_Works_p._28-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his philosophical treatise <i>Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-kārikā</i>, Utpaladeva also rejects the <i>vasana</i> theory (the dream model of the world) of the Sautrāntika school of Buddhist philosophy; he suggests another model for idealism: Śiva, who is pure consciousness, manifests all objects <i>internally</i>, by virtue of his free will, <i>svātantrya</i>, and the objects appear as real and <i>external</i> to limited beings. He appeals to the analogy of the famed materialisation of objects by advanced <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogins</a>, purely by using their psychic powers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tenets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ābhāsa-vāda_and_Svātantrya-vāda"><span id=".C4.80bh.C4.81sa-v.C4.81da_and_Sv.C4.81tantrya-v.C4.81da"></span><i><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Ābhāsa-vāda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81tantrya" class="mw-redirect" title="Svātantrya">Svātantrya-vāda</a></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ābhāsa-vāda and Svātantrya-vāda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ābhāsa</i> (<i>ā-</i> – slight, <i>bhāsa</i> – manifestation) – i.e. appearance in a limited way, or "slight manifestation of Śiva" <sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._37_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the Pratyabhijñā theory of manifestation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supreme consciousness (<i>samvit</i>) is like a mirror and the universe is like a reflection appearing in it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mirror analogy is often used to explain <i>ābhāsa</i> because a mirror, like consciousness, can contain an infinity of different images without being itself affected. </p><p>Pratyabhijñā affirms that the universe appears as an <i>ābhāsa</i> in the mirror of supreme consciousness, <i>samvit</i>, but unlike a physical mirror which needs an external object to form a reflection, the image in the mirror of <i>samvit</i> is projected by <i>samvit</i> itself – this activity is called <i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81tantrya" class="mw-redirect" title="Svātantrya">svātantrya</a></i>, power of will. In other words, the universe appears inside samvit because <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Śiva</a> so desires. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> proposes a somewhat similar theory of universe as an illusion superimposed on consciousness. The difference in Pratyabhijñā is that the cause of manifestation is not an eternal separate principle of ignorance (<a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Hinduism)"><i>avidyā</i></a>), but the will of <i>Śiva</i>, and the creation itself is ontologically real, not just an illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made of <i>ābhāsas</i>, which are nothing but the ideation of <i>Śiva</i> appearing as empirical objects.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>Thus, all things are <i>ābhāsa</i>: earth, water, fire, etc. All their qualities are <i>ābhāsa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex <i>ābhāsas</i> are composed of simpler <i>ābhāsas</i>, culminating with the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paradoxically, even though <i>ābhāsas</i> have the nature of consciousness, they also exist externally on account of being manifested through the occultation power (<i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">maya</a></i>) by Śiva.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advanced meditator is capable of seeing the world as <i>ābhāsa</i>, a flash of consciousness (<i><a href="/wiki/Cit_(consciousness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cit (consciousness)">cit</a></i>) and bliss (<i><a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">ānanda</a></i>), identical with his own self (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a></i>) and non-differentiated (<i>abheda</i>). In other words, the light of consciousness shines from within the object of perception, as an intuition, a super-human direct kind of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the universe is contemplated from the point of view of manifestation, it appears as <i>ābhāsa</i>, but when contemplated from the point of view of the Ultimate Reality, it appears as <i>svātantrya</i>. <i>Svātantrya</i> is the complementary concept of <i>ābhāsa</i> accounting for the initial impulse of manifestation. The theory of <i>svātantrya</i> affirms that <i>Śiva</i>, the fundamental Reality, appears as distinct subjects and objects, but this does not conceal his real nature.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Thus, the free will of <i>Śiva</i>, which is absolute unity, is to manifest, to create multiplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._37_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This impulse to create is <i>Śiva's</i> playful nature (<a href="/wiki/Lila_(Hinduism)" title="Lila (Hinduism)"><i>lilā</i></a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_world">The world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Shaivism)" title="Tattva (Shaivism)">Tattva (Shaivism)</a></div> <p>The <i>ābhāsa</i> concept focuses on the essential nature of manifestation. In order to analyze in detail the nature of stuff (<i><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">tattva</a></i> - literally "that-ness") the Pratyabhijñā system appropriated the 25 tattva ontology of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and improved on it by expanding the upper tattvas. Instead of Spirit (<a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>) and Nature (<a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a>), Kashmir Shaivism has five <i>pure tattvas</i> representing the Ultimate Reality and then six more representing the occultation process (<i>māyā</i>) which translates the non-dual pure Reality to time and space limited world and its subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soul">Soul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The soul (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva"><i>jivātman</i></a>) is the projection of Śiva in manifestation. When taking on the five limitations (<i><a href="/wiki/The_36_tattvas#.E1.B9.A2at_ka.C3.B1cukas" class="mw-redirect" title="The 36 tattvas">kañcuka</a></i>) the infinite <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">spirit</a> appears as integrated in space and time, with limited powers of action and knowledge and a sense of incompleteness. </p><p>These five constrictions are the result of the action of an impurity called <i>āṇava māla</i>. Its function is to make the unlimited appear as limited and severed from the whole. This does not mean that <i>jīvātman</i> is limited, it just appears so on account of ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jīvātman</i> is not created or born, but rather has the same status as Śiva, performing on a small scale the same actions that Śiva performs on a universal scale – creation, maintenance, dissolution, occultation and grace.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his powers are circumscribed by <i>mālas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saivism_Some_Glimpses_p._12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saivism_Some_Glimpses_p._12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to open <i>jīvātman</i> towards external objects it is placed within the subtle body, also known as the mental apparatus or <i>puryaṣṭaka</i> – the eight gated fortress of the soul. The eight gates are the five elements – earth, water, fire, air, aether plus the sensorial mental (<i><a href="/wiki/The_36_tattvas#manas_-_the_lower_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="The 36 tattvas">manas</a></i>), ego (<i><a href="/wiki/The_36_tattvas#aha.E1.B9.83k.C4.81ra_-_the_empirical_ego" class="mw-redirect" title="The 36 tattvas">ahamkāra</a></i>) and intellect (<i><a href="/wiki/The_36_tattvas#buddhi_-_the_intellect" class="mw-redirect" title="The 36 tattvas">buddhi</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Jīvātman</i> is further limited by two more impurities, in addition to the first one, <i>āṇava māla</i> – the limitation of atomicity. Through the next impurity, <i>māyīya māla</i>, things appear as dual / differentiated.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limited subject, <i>jīvātman</i>, is immersed in a world full of external objects, in a fundamental duality between self and non-self. </p><p>Furthermore, through the third impurity – <i>kārma māla</i> – the subject has the illusion that he is the <i>doer</i>, though, limited in power. <i>Atman</i>, by contrast, when acts, is identified with <i>Śiva</i> and acts as a part of <i>Śiva</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That is why the limited soul is described as enslaved (<i>paśu</i>) while <i>Śiva</i> is the master (<i>pati</i>). By purification of the three impurities the limited soul too can recognize (<i>Pratyabhijñā</i>) his real nature, becoming <i>pati</i> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Saivism_Some_Glimpses_p._12_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saivism_Some_Glimpses_p._12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impurity">Impurity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impurity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>māla</i> (meaning "dirt" or "impurity") <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theory states that the infinite self, <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a></i>, is reduced and limited by three forces produced by <i>Śiva</i>. <i>Śiva</i>, by exercising his free will – <i>svātāntrya</i>, takes contraction upon himself and manifests as countless atoms of consciousness (<i>cidaṇu</i> – consciousness quantas).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cidaṇu</i> are enwrapped by material vestment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadana_p._108_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadana_p._108-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As discussed above, the three <i>malas</i> are <i>āṇava māla</i> – the limitation of smallness, <i>māyīya māla</i> - the limitation of illusion and <i>kārma māla</i> – limitation of doership.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kārma māla</i> exists in the physical body, <i>māyīya māla</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a>, and <i>āṇava māla</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Causal_body" title="Causal body">causal body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Āṇava māla</i> affects the spirit and contracts the will, <i>māyīya māla</i> affects the mind and creates duality, <i>kārma māla</i> affects the body and creates good and bad actions. They correspond to individuality, mind and body.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the three limitations, only the first one, <i>āṇava māla</i>, which is the basis of the other two, is impossible to surpass through effort alone, without the help of divine grace (<i><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">śaktipāt</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Āṇava māla</i> is manifested as residual impressions existing in the causal body (subconscious mind).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the combined effect of the five limitations (<i>kañcuka</i>) taken together,<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gateway from limited towards the unlimited, from the pure-impure (<i>bheda-abheda</i>) world of the ego towards the pure reality of the first five tattvas, culminating with Śiva and Śakti. </p><p><i>Māyīya māla</i> manifests as the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pratyabhijñā, the mind is seen as the root of illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of mind here is different from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. In Buddhism, mind collates the aspect of awareness. Here, it is only related to the activity of thought forms, emotions, ego and the five senses. Thus, all cognitions being limited perceptions of the absolute, are illusions, on account of containing a sense of duality. </p><p><i>Kārma māla</i> manifests the physical body. Its essence is limitation of the power of action and the illusion of individual agency, the effect of which is the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> in the causal body.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maturity of malas of a person is related to the level of grace (<i>śaktipāt</i>) he is able to receive.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadana_p._108_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadana_p._108-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With dedicated practice, <i>kārma māla</i> and <i>māyiya māla</i> can be surpassed, but then the practitioner must put his fate in the hands of <i>Śiva</i>, as <i>Śiva</i> alone can bestow the grace of lifting <i>āṇava māla</i> and helping him recognize (<i>pratyabhijñā</i>) his essential nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation">Liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pratyabhijñā, the concept of liberation (<i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">mokṣa</a></i>) is the recognition (<i>pratyabhijñā</i>) of the original, innate awareness of self in which all this universe appears as Śiva-consciousness. That liberated being also attains what is called <i>cid-ānanda</i> (consciousness-bliss). In its highest form, this bliss is known as <i>jagad-ānanda,</i> literally meaning the bliss (<i>ānanda)</i> of the whole world (<i>jagat)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p><p>In <i>jagad-ānanda</i> the universe appears as the Self (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a practical way the definition says that, when there is no need to sit in meditation for <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi"><i>samādhi</i></a>, that is <i>jagad-ānanda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because then nothing except the supreme consciousness (<i>samvit</i>) is perceived. The mind rests in the unlimited consciousness<sup id="cite_ref-kapoor2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapoor2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 354">: 354 </span></sup> the inside becomes outside and vice versa, and there is a sense of oneness and total immersion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No matter what the liberated being is doing (eating, walking, even sleeping), he experiences bliss of the deepest level.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritual_practices">Spiritual practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spiritual practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of Pratyabhijñā is the recognition of the <i>Śiva</i> nature of the world (and oneself). In order to achieve that, it is necessary to induce a modified state of consciousness through the use of <i>Śakti</i>. <i>Śakti</i>, loosely translated as energy, is the dynamic aspect of <i>Śiva</i>, the link between finite (the human subject) and infinite (<i>Śiva</i>). Thus comes about the fundamental principle: "Without the help of <i>Śakti</i>, <i>pratyabhijñā</i> is impossible".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to awaken <i>Śakti</i>, the practice of "unfoldment of the middle" is prescribed. The middle has multiple meanings here: in its most basic form, it refers to the psychic channel passing through the spine (<a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida.2C_Pingala_and_Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)"><i>suṣumnā nādī</i></a>) which is physically the central axis of the body. Unfoldment in the <i>suṣumnā nādī</i> is achieved by focusing the ascending breath (<i><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a></i>) and descending breath (<i><a href="/wiki/Prana#Vāyus" title="Prana">apana</a></i>) inside it. Thus, the two opposing tendencies being fused together a state of non-differentiation is achieved and the <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini energy">Kundalini</a> energy ascends.<sup id="cite_ref-Vibration_p._207_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vibration_p._207-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another meaning of the "middle" is that of <a href="/wiki/Emptiness#In_Eastern_cultures" title="Emptiness">void or emptiness</a>, but it does not refer to a lack of cognition, rather, it is a lack of duality in cognition. There are three principal manifestations of the void in the body: the lower one – void of the heart – associated with <a href="/wiki/Anahata" title="Anahata">heart chakra</a>, the second one is the intermediary void associated with the channel <i>suṣumnā nādī</i> and the third void is called "supreme" and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sahasrara" title="Sahasrara">crown chakra</a>. To unfold these three voids entails a number of practices of focusing and surrender of consciousness in those three places. </p><p>A third meaning of "middle" is "the state which exists in-between cognitions, when one thought has ended and another one has not yet begun". These moments are considered essential for the revelation of the true nature of the mind. The usual practices are: dual thought destruction (<i>vikalpa-kṣaya</i>), withdrawing of the cognitive energies into the heart (<i>śakti-saṅkoca</i>), expansion of non-dual awareness into the external perceptions (<i>śakti-vikāsa</i>) and generating hiatus moments in thinking, when the pure awareness of the Self might be easier to apprehend (<i>vaha-ccheda</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>Let us review a few of the most important practices in more detail: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pañca-kṛtya_–_meditation_on_the_five_actions"><span id="Pa.C3.B1ca-k.E1.B9.9Btya_.E2.80.93_meditation_on_the_five_actions"></span><i>Pañca-kṛtya</i> – meditation on the five actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pañca-kṛtya – meditation on the five actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pañca-kṛtya</i> is a general practice which underlies all the other practices. An essential feature of Kashmir Shaivism is the concept of activity inside the ultimate consciousness. <i>Śiva</i> acts, and his most important actions are five in number: creation, maintenance, dissolution, occultation and grace. But the limited beings are identical to <i>Śiva</i>, as nothing but <i>Śiva</i> exists, so, they too have the same five actions, on a limited scale. </p><p>These five actions are the object of meditation. They are associated with all the stages of cognition: creation is the initiation of a perception or thought, maintenance is dwelling on it, dissolution is returning of consciousness in its center. Then, the last two actions are associated with the movement towards duality and non-duality<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>The purpose of the meditation on the five actions is their dissolution into the <i>void</i>. This process is described with such metaphors as "<i>hathapaka</i>" meaning violent digestion, devouring something whole, in one gulp<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<i>alamgrasa</i>" – complete consumption of the experience.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, a state of non-duality (<a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a>) is over-imposed over the normal cognitions of daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pratyabhijñā is not focused on formal practice, but rather it is a philosophy of life. All moments of life are good for <i>pañca-kṛtya</i> practice, as all cognitions can lead to the revelation of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Self</a>. As experiences accumulate into the subject, they are to be burned into sameness.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this device the karmic element is eliminated from one's actions, or, in other words, duality is digested out of experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process is one of microscopic, moment by moment noticing of experience and reframing it into the perspective of the non-dual subject.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All experiences tend to leave subconscious traces, especially the negative ones. Such experiences are reduced to a "seed form", to spring forth again into existence, becoming memories or patterns of behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever blocks arise in life, one should know they are just inside his consciousness and perform <i>hathapaka</i> to dissolve them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is in no way an analytical or dry activity. As this practice advances, a feeling of spontaneous delight (<i>camatkara</i>), not unlike an artistic experience, consumes the object of the experience spontaneously, as it appears.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body itself it charged with an intense state of bliss and consciousness is expanded beyond duality. In this state the aim of Pratyabhijñā is realized inside the purified body and mind of the practitioner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vikalpa-kṣaya_–_dissolution_of_dualizing_thought"><span id="Vikalpa-k.E1.B9.A3aya_.E2.80.93_dissolution_of_dualizing_thought"></span><i>Vikalpa-kṣaya</i> – dissolution of dualizing thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vikalpa-kṣaya – dissolution of dualizing thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most direct application of <i>pañca-kṛtya</i> (the observation of the five actions of consciousness) is <i>Vikalpa Kshaya</i>, literally meaning "dissolution of thoughts".<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._305_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._305-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an activity by which the dualizing content of cognitions is dissolved into <i>Atman</i>, which is nondual by excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What remains is called <i>avikalpa</i>, that is, pure awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._173_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._173-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar concept is <i>citta-vṛtti-nirodha</i> <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the cessation of mental fluctuations. This verse is the famous definition of yoga from <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali"><i>Yoga Sutras</i> of Patanjali</a>. There is also similarity with <a href="/wiki/Vipasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipasana">Vipasana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._124_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._124-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._174_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By focusing on the pure awareness substrate of cognition instead of the external objects, the practitioner reaches illumination. Dualizing thought constructs must be eliminated and in their place the light and ecstasy of pure awareness shines as the real nature of cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Vibration_p._207_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vibration_p._207-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repeating the gesture of <i>vikalpa-kṣaya</i> with all thoughts, as they appear, there is a gradual transformation at the subconscious level (causal body), leading towards identity with <i>Śiva</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._124_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._124-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the process resembles the pruning of the weeds in a garden. </p><p><i>Vikalpa-kṣaya</i> is also the classical technique for calming the agitated mind. In order to capture the underlying consciousness on the surface of which <i>vikalpas</i> have their play, the yogi enters a state of surrender, or, in other words an "alert passivity", because the use of force in this case would only lead to more mental agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </p><p>As <i>vikalpas</i> are being consumed in the light of consciousness, <i>ānanda</i> also appears. An accumulation of repeated experiences of identification with <i>ātman</i> in a state of intoxication with bliss form the foundation for stable <i>samādhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._174_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of practical suggestions are offered in the Pratyabhijñā texts: to concentrate on <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvadasanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvadasanta (page does not exist)">dvadasanta</a></i> (above the crown chakra),<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to enter the void that exists between the moment one thought ends and another appears,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or similarly, on the space existing between inhalation and exhalation <sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._173_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._173-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to concentrate on an intense artistic emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaha-cheda_–_cutting_of_the_inner_energy_currents"><span id="Vaha-cheda_.E2.80.93_cutting_of_the_inner_energy_currents"></span><i>Vaha-cheda</i> – cutting of the inner energy currents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vaha-cheda – cutting of the inner energy currents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Vaha-cheda</i> (cutting the two vital currents, <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana"><i>prāṇa</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Prana#Pr.C4.81.E1.B9.87as" title="Prana"><i>apāna</i></a>) leads to illumination by resting the ascending and descending <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">vayus</a></i></span> in the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By bringing a cessation to the dualizing activity of <i>prāṇa</i> and <i>apāna</i>, equilibrium is reached, and in this superior condition the true nature of the heart shines forth.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cryptic indication is to mentally pronounce consonants such as "k" without the supporting vowel ("a"). This paradoxical concept acts as a mechanism to induce a moment of hiatus in the mental activity, when the tension and pain are cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._179_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._179-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a technique belongs to the <i>āṇavopāya</i> <sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> (the lowest of the three categories of techniques in Kashmir Shaivism). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Śakti-saṅkoca_–_contraction_of_the_sense_energies_in_the_heart"><span id=".C5.9Aakti-sa.E1.B9.85koca_.E2.80.93_contraction_of_the_sense_energies_in_the_heart"></span><i>Śakti-saṅkoca</i> – contraction of the sense energies in the heart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Śakti-saṅkoca – contraction of the sense energies in the heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Śakti-saṅkoca</i> is an illumination technique based on the activation of the heart (the locus of projection of <i>Atman</i>) by retraction of one's energies back into their source. After letting the sense-organs reach to external objects, by bringing them back into the heart, all the energies of the five senses are accumulated inside (<a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara"><i>pratyāhara</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._305_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._305-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like a scared tortoise brings its limbs back into the shell, so the <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> should retract his Śaktis (energies of the senses) into <i>ātman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._102_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._102-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reversal of the sense organs is intended to awaken the recognition of the real nature of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._101_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._101-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Śakti-vikāsa_–_recognition_of_the_self_into_the_sense_objects"><span id=".C5.9Aakti-vik.C4.81sa_.E2.80.93_recognition_of_the_self_into_the_sense_objects"></span><i>Śakti-vikāsa</i> – recognition of the self into the sense objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Śakti-vikāsa – recognition of the self into the sense objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Śakti-vikāsa</i> is a method to dissolve duality (<i>vikalpa-kṣaya</i>) out of the stream of sensorial impressions. While being engaged in the sense activity, the yogi should remain centered in <i>ātman</i> (his heart), thus superposing the external perceptions onto the light of is revealed heart.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._102_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._102-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mental attitude is also called <i>bhairavī mudra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._101_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._101-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its effect is the realization of the nonduality of the external reality by recognizing the same essential nature (<i>ātman</i>, or <i>Śiva</i>) in all cognitions. Thus, the <i>yogi</i> attains stabilization of his nondual vision through systematic practice. Both <i>Śakti-sankoca</i> and <i>Śakti-vikāsa</i> are considered <i>śaktopāya</i> techniques – the intermediary category, of the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-singh_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adyanta-koṭi-nibhālana_–_meditation_on_the_moment_between_breaths"><span id="Adyanta-ko.E1.B9.ADi-nibh.C4.81lana_.E2.80.93_meditation_on_the_moment_between_breaths"></span><i>Adyanta-koṭi-nibhālana</i> – meditation on the moment between breaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adyanta-koṭi-nibhālana – meditation on the moment between breaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a class of techniques which use two special moments in the breath cycle to achieve recognition of one's nature. If we consider the polarity of the upward moving current (<i>prāṇa</i>) as positive, and the opposing current (<i>apāna</i>) as negative, then the polarity of the inner energy currents reach zero – equilibrium – in the moments of rest between inhalation and exhalation. Those moments are targeted with the mental recitation of the two syllables of the <a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">ajapa mantra</a> <i>so-'ham</i> or <i>ham-sa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._179_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._179-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locus of attention should be in the regions of the heart (<i>anāhata</i>) and above the crown (<i>dvādaśānta</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuous movement to and fro of awareness in-between these two centers, which are associated with two manifestations of the void – the void of the heart and the supreme void, brings about the activation of the median channel (<i>suṣumnā nādī</i>) and a state of non-duality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLalla1924" class="citation book cs1">Lalla, the prophetess (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW83AAAAIAAJ&dq=pratyabhigya&pg=PA111"><i>The Word of Lalla the Prophetess, being the Sayings of Lal Ded or Lal Diddi of Kashmir</i></a>. CUP Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Word+of+Lalla+the+Prophetess%2C+being+the+Sayings+of+Lal+Ded+or+Lal+Diddi+of+Kashmir&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Lalla&rft.aufirst=the+prophetess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFW83AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dpratyabhigya%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Olson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC&dq=Pratyabhij%C3%B1a+%2B+trika&pg=PA237">The Many Colors of Hinduism</a>, Rutgers University Press, 2007, page 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapoor1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Kapoor" class="citation book cs1">S. Kapoor. <i>The Philosophy of Saivism</i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Saivism&rft.au=S.+Kapoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaideva_Singh1982" class="citation book cs1">Jaideva Singh (1982). <i>Pratyabhijñāhrdayam</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120803221" title="Special:BookSources/8120803221"><bdi>8120803221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratyabhij%C3%B1%C4%81hrdayam&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=8120803221&rft.au=Jaideva+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapoor2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapoor2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Kapoor" class="citation book cs1">S. Kapoor. <i>The Philosophy of Saivism</i>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Saivism&rft.au=S.+Kapoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Krama Tantricism of Kashmir – N. Rastogi, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashmir_p._27-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_p._27_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_p._27_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Trika Saivism of Kashmir – M.L. Pandit, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-His_Works_p._28-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-His_Works_p._28_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-His_Works_p._28_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abhinavagupta and His Works – V. Raghavan, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to Kasmir Shaivism, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to Kasmir Shaivism, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Trika Saivism of Kashmir – M.L. Pandit, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dreamer and the Yogin, On the relationship between Buddhist and Saiva idealisms – Isabelle Ratie, p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._37-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._37_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._37_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Trika Saivism of Kashmir – M.L. Pandit, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakti the Power in Tantra – P.R. Tigunait, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Trika Saivism of Kashmir – M.L. Pandit, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doctrine of Divine Recognition – K.C. Pandey, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Himalayan mysticism – R. Nataraj, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Trika Saivism of Kashmir – M.L. Pandit, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doctrine of Divine Recognition – K.C. Pandey, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Isvarapratyabhijnakarika of Utpaladeva – R. Torella, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._32_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saivism_Some_Glimpses_p._12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saivism_Some_Glimpses_p._12_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saivism_Some_Glimpses_p._12_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saivism Some Glimpses – G. V. Tagare, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saivism – G.V. Tagare, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saivism – G.V. Tagare, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Philosophy of Sadana – D.B. Sen Sharma, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadana_p._108-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sadana_p._108_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadana_p._108_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Philosophy of Sadana – D.B. Sen Sharma, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meditation Revolution – D.R. Brooks, p. 433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meditation Revolution – D.R. Brooks, p. 439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meditation Revolution – D.R. Brooks, p. 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Philosophy of Sadana – D.B. Sen Sharma, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._131_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mysticism In Shaivism And Christianity — B. Baumer, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possession, Immersion, and the Intoxicated Madnesses of Devotion in Hindu Traditions – Marcy Goldstein, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miracle of Witness Consciousness – Prabhu, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mysticism In Shaivism And Christianity – B. Baumer, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vibration_p._207-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vibration_p._207_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vibration_p._207_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Stanzas on Vibration – M.S.G. Dyczkowski, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Awakening of Supreme Consciousness – J.K. Kamal, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Shiva Sutra Vimarsini of Ksemaraja – P.T.S. Iyengar, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._305-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._305_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._305_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._173-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._173_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._173_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Secret of Self Realization – I.K. Taimni, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._124-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._124_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._124_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._174-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._174_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._174_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._104_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to Kasmir Shaivism, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._179-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._179_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_p._179_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._102-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._102_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._102_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._101-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._101_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pratyabhijna_Philosophy_p._101_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 306</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyabhijna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christopher Wallis (2017). <i>The Recognition Sutras.</i> Mattamayura Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9897613-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9897613-8-3">978-0-9897613-8-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKsemaraja1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ksemaraja (1911). J.C. Chatterjee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Pratyabhijnahrdayam/Pratyabhijnahrdayam_part_1#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Pratyabhijnahrdayam (Part 1)</i></a> (in Sanskrit). Archaeology and Research Department, Kashmir State. pp. 1–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratyabhijnahrdayam+%28Part+1%29&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Archaeology+and+Research+Department%2C+Kashmir+State&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Ksemaraja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPratyabhijnahrdayam%2FPratyabhijnahrdayam_part_1%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKsemaraja1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ksemaraja (1911). J.C. Chatterjee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Pratyabhijnahrdayam/Pratyabhijnahrdayam_part_2#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>Pratyabhijnahrdayam (Part 2)</i></a> (in Sanskrit). Archaeology and Research Department, Kashmir State. pp. 12–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratyabhijnahrdayam+%28Part+2%29&rft.pages=12-33&rft.pub=Archaeology+and+Research+Department%2C+Kashmir+State&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Ksemaraja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPratyabhijnahrdayam%2FPratyabhijnahrdayam_part_2%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKsemaraja1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ksemaraja (1911). J.C. Chatterjee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Pratyabhijnahrdayam/Pratyabhijnahrdayam_part_3#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>Pratyabhijnahrdayam (Part 3)</i></a> (in Sanskrit). Archaeology and Research Department, Kashmir State. pp. 34–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratyabhijnahrdayam+%28Part+3%29&rft.pages=34-54&rft.pub=Archaeology+and+Research+Department%2C+Kashmir+State&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Ksemaraja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPratyabhijnahrdayam%2FPratyabhijnahrdayam_part_3%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.C._Chatterji1914" class="citation book cs1">J.C. Chatterji (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ErhIBHJEkwC"><i>Kashmir Shaivaism</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9880-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9880-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-9880-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+Shaivaism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9880-4&rft.au=J.C.+Chatterji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ErhIBHJEkwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKsemaraja1990" class="citation book cs1">Ksemaraja (1990). Jaideva Singh (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BATzsk9A8EkC"><i>The Doctrine of Recognition: A Translation of the Pratyabhijnahrdayam</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0975-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0975-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-0975-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Recognition%3A+A+Translation+of+the+Pratyabhijnahrdayam&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0975-7&rft.au=Ksemaraja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBATzsk9A8EkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Shankarananda2006" class="citation book cs1">Swami Shankarananda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ho3qLQE4IisC&q=Kashmir+Shaivaism"><i>The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism 'Consciousness is Everything</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2699-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2699-1"><bdi>978-81-208-2699-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Kashmir+Shaivism+%27Consciousness+is+Everything&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2699-1&rft.au=Swami+Shankarananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHo3qLQE4IisC%26q%3DKashmir%2BShaivaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratyabhijna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tejomayananda, Swami. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJFPmgEACAAJ">Introduction to Kashmir Shaivism</a></i>. Gurudev Siddha Peeth, 1979.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti" title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadyojata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadyojata">Sadyojata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatpurusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatpurusha">Tatpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamadeva" title="Vamadeva">Vamadeva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (mythology)">Nandi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/100px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/150px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/200px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudrashtakam" title="Rudrashtakam">Rudrashtakam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81mrityunjaya_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra">Mahāmrityunjaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Tandava_Stotra" title="Shiva Tandava Stotra">Shiva Tandava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Sahasranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Chalisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Chalisa">Chalisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram" title="Shri Rudram">Shri Rudram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Mahimna_Stotra" title="Shiva Mahimna Stotra">Shiva Mahimna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hara_Hara_Mahadeva" title="Hara Hara Mahadeva">Hara Hara Mahadeva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Veera Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Siddhanta" title="Siddha Siddhanta">Siddha Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Shaiva Smartas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Festivals and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra" title="Kanwar Yatra">Kanwar Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Puja" title="Shiva Puja">Shiva Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiva_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva temple">Shiva temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Rathinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Pon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Velli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Thamiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Chitiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Pancha Bhuta Sthalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Tirukalahasti (Air)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Tiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlingas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Mallikarjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Vishwanath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadeeswarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Kailash Mansarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Sundareshwarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanareeswarar_temple,_Tiruchengode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanareeswarar temple, Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Vadakkum Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasalingam" title="Rasalingam">Rasalingam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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