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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-RKO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RKO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 RKO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RKO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Real estate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation_and_aerospace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_and_aerospace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Aviation and aerospace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_and_aerospace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hughes_Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hughes_Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Hughes Aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hughes_Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Round-the-world_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Round-the-world_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Round-the-world flight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Round-the-world_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hughes_D-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hughes_D-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Hughes D-2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hughes_D-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatal_crash_of_the_Sikorsky_S-43" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatal_crash_of_the_Sikorsky_S-43"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatal_crash_of_the_Sikorsky_S-43-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hughes_XF-11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hughes_XF-11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Hughes XF-11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hughes_XF-11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Near-fatal_crash_of_the_XF-11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-fatal_crash_of_the_XF-11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5.1 Near-fatal crash of the XF-11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-fatal_crash_of_the_XF-11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H-4_Hercules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H-4_Hercules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 H-4 Hercules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H-4_Hercules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Airlines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_with_David_Charnay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_with_David_Charnay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Business with David Charnay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_with_David_Charnay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glomar_Explorer_and_the_taking_of_K-129" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glomar_Explorer_and_the_taking_of_K-129"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Glomar Explorer and the taking of K-129 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glomar_Explorer_and_the_taking_of_K-129-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_romances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_romances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early romances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_romances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxury_yacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxury_yacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Luxury yacht </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxury_yacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1936_automobile_accident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936_automobile_accident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 1936 automobile accident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936_automobile_accident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Jean_Peters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Jean_Peters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Marriage to Jean Peters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Jean_Peters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections_to_Richard_Nixon_and_Watergate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections_to_Richard_Nixon_and_Watergate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Connections to Richard Nixon and Watergate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connections_to_Richard_Nixon_and_Watergate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Last years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Last years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_and_mental_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_mental_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Physical and mental decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_mental_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_in_Las_Vegas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_in_Las_Vegas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Later years in Las Vegas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_in_Las_Vegas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autobiography_hoax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography_hoax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Autobiography hoax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography_hoax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Alleged survival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Estate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Archive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Howard Hughes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هاوارد هيوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاوارد هيوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Հաուըրտ Հիւզ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հաուըրտ Հիւզ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovard_Hyuz" title="Hovard Hyuz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hovard Hyuz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C" title="হাওয়ার্ড হিউজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাওয়ার্ড হিউজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Хауърд Хюз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хауърд Хюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6" title="Χάουαρντ Χιουζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάουαρντ Χιουζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هوارد هیوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوارد هیوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%ED%9C%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="하워드 휴스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하워드 휴스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հովարդ Ռոբարդ Հյուզ Կրտսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հովարդ Ռոբարդ Հյուզ Կրտսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96" title="הווארד יוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הווארד יוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ჰოვარდ ჰიუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოვარდ ჰიუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Говард Хьюз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Говард Хьюз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovards_Hj%C5%ABzs" title="Hovards Hjūzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hovards Hjūzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هاوارد هيوز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاوارد هيوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ハワード・ヒューズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワード・ヒューズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes_jr." title="Howard Hughes jr. – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Howard Hughes jr." data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹਾਵਰਡ ਹਿਊਜਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਵਰਡ ਹਿਊਜਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ہاورڈ ہیوز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہاورڈ ہیوز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هاوارد هیوز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هاوارد هیوز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Хьюз, Говард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хьюз, Говард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Говард Хьюз – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Говард Хьюз" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Хауард Хјуз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хауард Хјуз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹோவார்ட் ஹியூஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹோவார்ட் ஹியூஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D2%B2%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Ҳовард Ҳюз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳовард Ҳюз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%27%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Говард Г'юз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Говард Г'юз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ہاورڈ ہیوز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہاورڈ ہیوز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Howard Hughes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="霍华德·休斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霍华德·休斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E6%B4%BB%E6%9B%89%E6%B2%BB" title="侯活曉治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="侯活曉治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="霍华德·休斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍华德·休斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American businessman and film producer. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Howard Hughes (disambiguation)">Howard Hughes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Howard Hughes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Hughes_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Howard_Hughes_1938.jpg/220px-Howard_Hughes_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Howard_Hughes_1938.jpg/330px-Howard_Hughes_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Howard_Hughes_1938.jpg/440px-Howard_Hughes_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="665" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Hughes in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Howard Robard Hughes Jr.</div> (1905-12-24)December 24, 1905 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 5, 1976(1976-04-05) (aged 70) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Houston, Texas, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Cemetery_(Houston,_Texas)" title="Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)">Glenwood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> (dropped out in 1924)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Aerospace engineer, business magnate, film producer, investor, philanthropist, pilot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1926–1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Summa_Corporation" title="Summa Corporation">Summa Corporation</a> Founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Howard_Hughes_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Howard Hughes Corporation">The Howard Hughes Corporation</a> Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a> Founder and benefactor of the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a> Owner of <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest" title="Hughes Airwest">Hughes Airwest</a> Airlines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Board member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ella Botts Rice</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1925; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1929)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Peters" title="Jean Peters">Jean Peters</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1957; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1971)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_R._Hughes_Sr." title="Howard R. Hughes Sr.">Howard R. Hughes Sr.</a> (father) Allene Stone Gano (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gano" title="John Gano">John Gano</a> (ancestor) <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Hughes" title="Rupert Hughes">Rupert Hughes</a> (uncle) <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> (distant cousins)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harmon_Trophy" title="Harmon Trophy">Harmon Trophy</a> (1936, 1938) <a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> (1938) <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (1939) <a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute_Award" title="Octave Chanute Award">Octave Chanute Award</a> (1940) <a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> (1973)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Aviation career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous flights</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-1_Racer" title="Hughes H-1 Racer">Hughes H-1 Racer</a>, Transcontinental airspeed record from Los Angeles to Newark NJ (1937), round the world airspeed record (1938)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Hughes_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Howard_Hughes_signature.svg/150px-Howard_Hughes_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Howard_Hughes_signature.svg/225px-Howard_Hughes_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Howard_Hughes_signature.svg/300px-Howard_Hughes_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="91" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Howard Robard Hughes Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">business magnate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">film producer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">aircraft pilot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He was best known during his lifetime as <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires">one of the richest and most influential people in the world</a>. He first became prominent as a film producer, and then as an important figure in the aviation industry. Later in life, he became known for his <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentric behavior">eccentric behavior</a> and reclusive lifestyle—oddities that were caused in part by his worsening <a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a> from a near-fatal plane crash, and increasing <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a>. As a film tycoon, Hughes gained fame in Hollywood beginning in the late 1920s, when he produced big-budget and often controversial films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Racket_(1928_film)" title="The Racket (1928 film)">The Racket</a> (1928),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)" title="Hell's Angels (film)">Hell's Angels</a> (1930),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1932_film)" title="Scarface (1932 film)">Scarface</a> (1932). He later acquired the <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a> film studio in 1948, recognized then as one of the <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">Big Five</a> studios of Hollywood's <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States#Classical_Hollywood_cinema_and_the_Golden_Age_of_Hollywood" title="Cinema of the United States">Golden Age</a>, although the production company struggled under his control and ultimately ceased operations in 1957. Through his interest in aviation and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> travel, Hughes formed the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a> in 1932, hiring numerous engineers, designers, and <a href="/wiki/Defense_contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense contractors">defense contractors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rumerman-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 163, 259  He spent the rest of the 1930s and much of the 1940s setting multiple <a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">world air speed records</a> and building the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-1_Racer" title="Hughes H-1 Racer">Hughes H-1 Racer</a> (1935) and the gigantic <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">H-4 Hercules</a> (the Spruce Goose, 1947), the largest flying boat in history with the longest <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a> of any aircraft from the time it was built until 2019. He acquired and expanded <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a> and later acquired <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest" title="Hughes Airwest">Air West</a>, renaming it Hughes Airwest. Hughes won the <a href="/wiki/Harmon_Trophy" title="Harmon Trophy">Harmon Trophy</a> on two occasions (1936 and 1938), the <a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> (1938), and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (1939) all for his achievements in aviation throughout the 1930s. He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> in 1973 and was included in <a href="/wiki/Flying_(magazine)" title="Flying (magazine)">Flying</a> magazine's 2013 list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation, ranked at <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 25.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During his final years, Hughes extended his financial empire to include several major businesses in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, such as real estate, hotels, casinos, and media outlets. Known at the time as one of the most powerful men in the state of Nevada, he is largely credited with transforming Las Vegas into a more refined cosmopolitan city. After years of mental and physical decline, Hughes died of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> in 1976. His legacy is maintained through the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Hughes Corporation">Howard Hughes Holdings Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Hughes_as_child_(4729132038).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Howard_Hughes_as_child_%284729132038%29.jpg/170px-Howard_Hughes_as_child_%284729132038%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Howard_Hughes_as_child_%284729132038%29.jpg/255px-Howard_Hughes_as_child_%284729132038%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Howard_Hughes_as_child_%284729132038%29.jpg/340px-Howard_Hughes_as_child_%284729132038%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Hughes in April 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Hughes_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Howard_Hughes_House.jpg/220px-Howard_Hughes_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Howard_Hughes_House.jpg/330px-Howard_Hughes_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Howard_Hughes_House.jpg/440px-Howard_Hughes_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Hughes' house</figcaption></figure> Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was the only child of Allene Stone Gano (1883–1922) and of <a href="/wiki/Howard_R._Hughes_Sr." title="Howard R. Hughes Sr.">Howard R. Hughes Sr.</a> (1869–1924), a successful inventor and businessman from Missouri. He had <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh American">Welsh</a> and some French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/John_Gano" title="John Gano">John Gano</a> (1727–1804), the minister who allegedly baptized <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Through John Gano's sister Sussanah, Hughes was a <a href="/wiki/5th_cousin_once_removed" class="mw-redirect" title="5th cousin once removed">5th cousin once-removed</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>, Orville and Wilbur, who invented the first successful airplane.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Hughes Sr. patented the <a href="/wiki/Well_drilling#History" title="Well drilling">two-cone roller bit</a> in 1909, which allowed rotary <a href="/wiki/Oil_well#Drilling" title="Oil well">drilling</a> for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. The senior Hughes made the shrewd and lucrative decision to commercialize the invention by leasing the bits instead of selling them, obtaining several early patents, and founding the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Tool_Company" title="Hughes Tool Company">Hughes Tool Company</a> in 1909. Hughes' uncle was the famed novelist, screenwriter, and film director <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Hughes" title="Rupert Hughes">Rupert Hughes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A 1941 <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a> of Hughes, signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and by Estelle Boughton Sharp, states that he was born on December 24, 1905, in <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[N 1]</a> However, his certificate of <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">baptism</a>, recorded on October 7, 1906, in the parish register of St. John's Episcopal Church in <a href="/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa" title="Keokuk, Iowa">Keokuk, Iowa</a>, listed his date of birth as September 24, 1905, without any reference to the place of birth.<a href="#cite_note-14">[N 2]</a> At a young age, Hughes Jr. showed interest in science and technology. In particular, he had a great engineering aptitude, and built Houston's first "wireless" radio <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> at age 11.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-15">[13]</a> He went on to be one of the first licensed <a href="/wiki/Ham_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio">ham-radio</a> operators in Houston, having the assigned callsign W5CY (originally 5CY).<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> At 12, Hughes was photographed for the local newspaper, which identified him as the first boy in Houston to have a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">"motorized"</a> bicycle, which he had built from parts of his father's <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cof.net-17">[15]</a> He was an indifferent student, with a liking for mathematics, flying, and mechanics. He took his first flying lesson at 14, and attended <a href="/wiki/Fessenden_School" title="Fessenden School">Fessenden School</a> in Massachusetts in 1921. After a brief stint at <a href="/wiki/The_Thacher_School" title="The Thacher School">The Thacher School</a>, Hughes attended math and aeronautical engineering courses at <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-cof.net-17">[15]</a> The red-brick house where Hughes lived as a teenager at 3921 Yoakum Blvd., Houston, still stands, now known as Hughes House on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Texas)" title="University of St. Thomas (Texas)">University of St. Thomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> His mother Allene died in March 1922 from complications of an <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>. Howard Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack in 1924. Their deaths apparently inspired Hughes to include the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">medical research laboratory</a> in the will that he signed in 1925 at age 19. Howard Sr.'s will had not been updated since Allene's death, and Hughes Jr. inherited 75% of the family fortune.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> On his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors" title="Emancipation of minors">emancipated minor</a>, enabling him to take full control of his life.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> From a young age, Hughes became a proficient and enthusiastic golfer. He often scored near-par figures, playing the game to a two-three handicap during his 20s, and for a time aimed for a professional golf career. He golfed frequently with top players, including <a href="/wiki/Gene_Sarazen" title="Gene Sarazen">Gene Sarazen</a>. Hughes rarely played competitively and gradually gave up his passion for the sport to pursue other interests.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Hughes played golf every afternoon at LA courses including the Lakeside Golf Club, <a href="/wiki/Wilshire_Country_Club" title="Wilshire Country Club">Wilshire Country Club</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Bel-Air_Country_Club" title="Bel-Air Country Club">Bel-Air Country Club</a>. Partners included <a href="/wiki/George_Von_Elm" title="George Von Elm">George Von Elm</a> or Ozzie Carlton. After Hughes hurt himself in the late 1920s, his golfing tapered off, and after his <a href="/wiki/XF-11" class="mw-redirect" title="XF-11">XF-11</a> crash, Hughes was unable to play at all.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 56–57, 73, 196  Hughes withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Rice, daughter of David Rice and Martha Lawson Botts of Houston, and great-niece of <a href="/wiki/William_Marsh_Rice" title="William Marsh Rice">William Marsh Rice</a>, for whom Rice University was named. They moved to Los Angeles, where he hoped to make a name for himself as a filmmaker. They moved into the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a>, and Hughes proceeded to learn to fly a <a href="/wiki/Waco_Aircraft_Company" title="Waco Aircraft Company">Waco</a>, while simultaneously producing his first motion picture, <a href="/wiki/Swell_Hogan" title="Swell Hogan">Swell Hogan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a> In 1929, Hughes' wife of four years, Ella, returned to Houston and filed for divorce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career">edit</a>]</div> Hughes enjoyed a highly successful <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">business</a> career beyond engineering, aviation and filmmaking; many of his career endeavors involved varying entrepreneurial roles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Graves" title="Ralph Graves">Ralph Graves</a> persuaded Hughes to finance a short film, <a href="/wiki/Swell_Hogan" title="Swell Hogan">Swell Hogan</a>, which Graves had written and would star in. Hughes himself produced it. When he screened it, he thought it was a disaster. After hiring a film editor to try to salvage it, he finally ordered that it be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> His next two films, <a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Acting" title="Everybody's Acting">Everybody's Acting</a> (1926) and <a href="/wiki/Two_Arabian_Knights" title="Two Arabian Knights">Two Arabian Knights</a> (1927), achieved financial success; the latter won the first <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a> of a comedy picture.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 45–46  <a href="/wiki/The_Racket_(1928_film)" title="The Racket (1928 film)">The Racket</a> (1928) and <a href="/wiki/The_Front_Page_(1931_film)" title="The Front Page (1931 film)">The Front Page</a> (1931) were also nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>. Hughes spent $3.5 million to make the flying film <a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)" title="Hell's Angels (film)">Hell's Angels</a> (1930).<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 52, 126  Hell's Angels received one <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> nomination for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="Academy Award for Best Cinematography">Best Cinematography</a>. He produced another hit, <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1932_film)" title="Scarface (1932 film)">Scarface</a> (1932), a production delayed by censors' concern over its violence.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 128  <a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw" title="The Outlaw">The Outlaw</a> premiered in 1943, but was not released nationally until 1946. The film featured <a href="/wiki/Jane_Russell" title="Jane Russell">Jane Russell</a>, who received considerable attention from industry censors, this time owing to her revealing costumes.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 152–160  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RKO">RKO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: RKO">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard-Hughes-TIME-1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Howard-Hughes-TIME-1948.jpg/170px-Howard-Hughes-TIME-1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Howard-Hughes-TIME-1948.jpg/255px-Howard-Hughes-TIME-1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Howard-Hughes-TIME-1948.jpg/340px-Howard-Hughes-TIME-1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption> Hughes on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, July 1948 (with the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Hughes H-4 Hercules</a> in the background)</figcaption></figure> From the 1940s to the late 1950s, the Hughes Tool Company ventured into the film industry when it obtained partial ownership of the <a href="/wiki/RKO" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO">RKO</a> companies, which included RKO Pictures, RKO Studios, a chain of movie theaters known as RKO Theatres and a network of radio stations known as the <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Network" title="RKO Radio Network">RKO Radio Network</a>. In 1948, Hughes gained control of RKO, a struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring the 929,000 shares owned by <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Odlum" title="Floyd Odlum">Floyd Odlum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Corporation" title="Atlas Corporation">Atlas Corporation</a>, for $8,825,000 ($107,165,160 in 2023). Within weeks of acquiring the studio, Hughes dismissed 700 employees. Production dwindled to 9 pictures during the first year of Hughes' control; previously RKO had averaged 30 per year.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 234–237  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_Leigh_and_John_Wayne_in_%27Jet_Pilot%27,_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Janet_Leigh_and_John_Wayne_in_%27Jet_Pilot%27%2C_1957.jpg/220px-Janet_Leigh_and_John_Wayne_in_%27Jet_Pilot%27%2C_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Janet_Leigh_and_John_Wayne_in_%27Jet_Pilot%27%2C_1957.jpg/330px-Janet_Leigh_and_John_Wayne_in_%27Jet_Pilot%27%2C_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Janet_Leigh_and_John_Wayne_in_%27Jet_Pilot%27%2C_1957.jpg/440px-Janet_Leigh_and_John_Wayne_in_%27Jet_Pilot%27%2C_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janet_Leigh" title="Janet Leigh">Janet Leigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> in Jet Pilot (1957). Hughes was the producer of the film when he acquired RKO.</figcaption></figure> That same year, 1948, he was able to arrange for his previous films with <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> (UA), The Outlaw, <a href="/wiki/The_Sin_of_Harold_Diddlebock#Production" title="The Sin of Harold Diddlebock">Mad Wednesday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1950_film)" title="Vendetta (1950 film)">Vendetta</a> to be transferred to RKO. In exchange for the three completed being removed from UA distribution, Hughes and James and Theodore Nasser of <a href="/wiki/General_Service_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="General Service Studios">General Service Studios</a> would provide the financing of three independent films for distribution by UA. In terms of negotiations directly with RKO, the company agree to remove the production of the film <a href="/wiki/Jet_Pilot_(film)" title="Jet Pilot (film)">Jet Pilot</a> from <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> to Hughes.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Hughes produced the film during the years 1949-1950 and owned RKO and in turn the distribution for the film. However, the film was not released until 1957 by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> due in part to the subsequent events that would take place at <a href="/wiki/RKO_Distributing_Corp%27n." class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Distributing Corp'n.">RKO Distribution</a>, and largely due the extra aerial film footage that had been filmed over the years after the film's 1950 completion. Hughes was undertaking a final edit before the 1957 release.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> After his acquisition of RKO, Hughes shut down production at the studio for six months, during which time he ordered investigations into the political leanings of every remaining RKO employee. Only after ensuring that the stars under contract to RKO had no suspect affiliations would Hughes approve completed pictures to be sent back for re-shooting. This was especially true of the women under contract to RKO at that time. If Hughes felt that his stars did not properly represent the political views of his liking or if a film's <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> politics were not sufficiently clear, he pulled the plug. In 1952, an abortive sale to a Chicago-based five-man syndicate, two of whom had a history of complaints about their business practices and none with any experience in the movie industry, disrupted studio operations at RKO even further.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> In 1953, Hughes became involved with a high-profile lawsuit as part of the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">Antitrust</a> Case. As a result of the hearings, the shaky status of RKO became increasingly apparent. A steady stream of lawsuits from RKO's minority shareholders had grown to become extremely annoying to Hughes. They had accused him of financial misconduct and corporate mismanagement. Since Hughes wanted to focus primarily on his aircraft manufacturing and TWA holdings during the years of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> of 1950 to 1953, Hughes offered to buy out all other RKO stockholders in order to dispense with their distractions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. By the end of 1954, Hughes had gained near-total control of RKO at a cost of nearly $24 million, becoming the first sole owner of a major Hollywood studio since the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent film era">silent-film era</a>. Six months later Hughes sold the studio to the <a href="/wiki/General_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="General Tire and Rubber Company">General Tire and Rubber Company</a> for $25 million. Hughes retained the rights to pictures that he had personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retained Jane Russell's contract. For Howard Hughes, this was the virtual end of his 25-year involvement in the motion-picture industry. However, his reputation as a financial wizard emerged unscathed. During that time period, RKO became known as the home of classic <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> productions, thanks in part to the limited budgets required to make such films during Hughes' tenure. Hughes reportedly walked away from RKO having made $6.5 million in personal profit.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Noah_Dietrich" title="Noah Dietrich">Noah Dietrich</a>, Hughes made a $10,000,000 profit from the sale of the theaters and made a profit of $1,000,000 from his 7-year ownership of RKO.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 272–273  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_estate">Real estate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Real estate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Hughes Corporation">Howard Hughes Corporation</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Noah_Dietrich" title="Noah Dietrich">Noah Dietrich</a>, "Land became a principal asset for the Hughes empire". Hughes acquired 1200 acres in Culver City for Hughes Aircraft, bought 7 sections [4,480 acres] in Tucson for his Falcon missile-plant, and purchased 25,000 acres near Las Vegas.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 103, 254  In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Tool_Company" title="Hughes Tool Company">Hughes Tool Company</a> purchased the North Las Vegas Air Terminal. Originally known as <a href="/wiki/Summa_Corporation" title="Summa Corporation">Summa Corporation</a>, the Howard Hughes Corporation formed in 1972 when the oil-tools business of Hughes Tool Company, then owned by Howard Hughes Jr., floated on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> under the "Hughes Tool" name. This forced the remaining businesses of the "original" Hughes Tool to adopt a new corporate name: "Summa". The name "Summa"—Latin for "highest"—was adopted without the approval of Hughes himself, who preferred to keep his own name on the business, and suggested "HRH Properties" (for Hughes Resorts and Hotels, and also his own initials). In 1988 Summa announced plans for <a href="/wiki/Summerlin,_Nevada" title="Summerlin, Nevada">Summerlin</a>, a master-planned community named for the paternal grandmother of Howard Hughes, Jean Amelia Summerlin.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Initially staying in the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Inn" title="Desert Inn">Desert Inn</a>, Hughes refused to vacate his room, and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel. Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels, and media outlets, spending an estimated $300 million, and using his considerable powers to acquire many of the well-known hotels, especially the venues connected with <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. He quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Mafia</a> / organized crime roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-29">[27]</a> In addition to the Desert Inn, Hughes would eventually own the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sands" title="Las Vegas Sands">Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New Frontier Hotel and Casino">Frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_Slipper_(Las_Vegas)" title="Silver Slipper (Las Vegas)">Silver Slipper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castaways_(casino)" title="Castaways (casino)">Castaways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landmark_(hotel_and_casino)" title="Landmark (hotel and casino)">Landmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold%27s_Club" title="Harold's Club">Harold's Club</a> in Reno. During his four years in Las Vegas, Hughes became the largest employer in Nevada.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_and_aerospace">Aviation and aerospace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aviation and aerospace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Hughes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Howard_Hughes.jpg/220px-Howard_Hughes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Howard_Hughes.jpg/330px-Howard_Hughes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Howard_Hughes.jpg/440px-Howard_Hughes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Hughes with his <a href="/wiki/Boeing_100" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 100">Boeing 100</a> in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> Another portion of Hughes' commercial interests involved aviation, airlines, and the aerospace and defense industries. A lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot, Hughes survived four airplane accidents: one in a <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_Scout" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas-Morse Scout">Thomas-Morse Scout</a> while filming Hell's Angels, one while setting the airspeed record in the Hughes Racer, one at Lake Mead in 1943, and the near-fatal crash of the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">Hughes XF-11</a> in 1946. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including <a href="/wiki/Moye_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Moye Stephens">Moye Stephens</a> and J.B. Alexander. He set many world records and commissioned the construction of custom aircraft for himself while heading <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Airport_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Central Airport (United States)">airport in Glendale</a>, CA. Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-1_Racer" title="Hughes H-1 Racer">Hughes H-1 Racer</a>. On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the landplane <a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">airspeed record</a> of 352 mph (566 km/h) over his test course near <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta_(aviator)" title="Giuseppe Motta (aviator)">Giuseppe Motta</a> reaching 362 mph in 1929 and <a href="/wiki/George_Stainforth" title="George Stainforth">George Stainforth</a> reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). This marked the last time in history that an aircraft built by a private individual set the world airspeed record. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer fitted with longer wings, Hughes set a new <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_airspeed_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental airspeed record">transcontinental airspeed record</a> by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in seven hours, 28 minutes, and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of nine hours, 27 minutes). His average ground-speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 69–72, 131–135  The H-1 Racer featured a number of design innovations: it had retractable landing gear (as <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Monomail" title="Boeing Monomail">Boeing Monomail</a> had five years before), and all rivets and joints set flush into the body of the aircraft to reduce drag. The H-1 Racer is thought to have influenced the design of a number of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> fighters such as the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F8F_Bearcat" class="mw-redirect" title="F8F Bearcat">F8F Bearcat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> although that has never been reliably confirmed. In 1975 the H-1 Racer was donated to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 131–135  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hughes_Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hughes Aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HughesAircraftCo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/HughesAircraftCo.png/220px-HughesAircraftCo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/HughesAircraftCo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="110" /></a><figcaption>Hughes Aircraft Company logo until 1985</figcaption></figure> In 1932 Hughes founded the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a>, a division of Hughes Tool Company, in a rented corner of a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Aircraft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Aircraft Corporation">Lockheed Aircraft Corporation</a> hangar in Burbank, California, to build the H-1 racer. Shortly after founding the company, Hughes used the alias "Charles Howard" to accept a job as a baggage handler for American Airlines. He was soon promoted to co-pilot. Hughes continued to work for American Airlines until his real identity was discovered.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> During and after World War II Hughes turned his company into a major defense contractor. The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Helicopters" title="Hughes Helicopters">Hughes Helicopters</a> division started in 1947 when <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Kellett_Autogiro_Corporation" title="Kellett Autogiro Corporation">Kellett</a> sold their latest design to Hughes for production. Hughes Aircraft became a major U.S. aerospace- and defense contractor, manufacturing numerous technology-related products that included spacecraft vehicles, military aircraft, radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-propulsion engines (for space travel), commercial satellites, and other electronics systems.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> In 1948 Hughes created a new division of Hughes Aircraft: the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aerospace#Hughes_Aerospace_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aerospace">Hughes Aerospace</a> Group. The Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their own divisions and ultimately became the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Space_and_Communications_Company#Hughes_Space_and_Communications_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Space and Communications Company">Hughes Space and Communications Company</a> in 1961. In 1953 Howard Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charitable organization. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion. In 1997 General Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to Boeing. A combination of Boeing, GM, and <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> acquired the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Research Laboratories">Hughes Research Laboratories</a>, which focused on advanced developments in microelectronics, information & systems sciences, materials, sensors, and photonics; their work-space spans from basic research to product delivery. It has particularly emphasized capabilities in high-performance integrated circuits, high-power lasers, antennas, networking, and smart materials. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Round-the-world_flight">Round-the-world flight</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Round-the-world flight">edit</a>]</div> On July 14, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a flight around the world in just 91 hours (three days, 19 hours, 17 minutes),<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> beating the previous record of 186 hours (seven days, 18 hours, 49 minutes) set in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Post" title="Wiley Post">Wiley Post</a> in a single-engine <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Vega" title="Lockheed Vega">Lockheed Vega</a> by almost four days. Hughes returned home ahead of photographs of his flight. Taking off from New York City, Hughes continued to Paris, Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, then returning to New York City. For this flight he flew a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_14_Super_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra">Lockheed 14 Super Electra</a> (NX18973, a twin-engine transport with a crew of four) fitted with the latest radio and navigational equipment. Harry Connor was the co-pilot, Thomas Thurlow the navigator, Richard Stoddart the engineer, and Ed Lund the mechanic. Hughes wanted the flight to be a triumph of U.S. aviation technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air travel was possible. Albert Lodwick of <a href="/wiki/Mystic,_Iowa" title="Mystic, Iowa">Mystic, Iowa</a>, provided organizational skills as the <a href="/wiki/Flight_operations_quality_assurance" title="Flight operations quality assurance">flight operations</a> manager.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> While Hughes had previously been relatively obscure despite his wealth, better known for dating <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>, New York City now gave him a <a href="/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade" title="Ticker-tape parade">ticker-tape parade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canyon_of_Heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canyon of Heroes">Canyon of Heroes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-life19380725-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 136–139  Hughes and his crew were awarded the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> for flying around the world in record time.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-collier-1930-1939-winners-42">[40]</a> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Harmon_Trophy" title="Harmon Trophy">Harmon Trophy</a> in 1936<a href="#cite_note-nyt1936-43">[41]</a> and 1938 for the record-breaking global circumnavigation.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1938-44">[42]</a> In 1938 the <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a>—known at the time as Houston Municipal Airport—was renamed after Hughes, but the name was changed back due to public outrage over naming the airport after a living person. Hughes also had a role in the financing of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">Boeing 307 Stratoliner</a> for TWA, and the design and financing of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-049_Constellation" title="Lockheed L-049 Constellation">Lockheed L-049 Constellation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rumerman-5">[5]</a> Other aviator awards include: the Bibesco Cup of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> in 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute_Award" title="Octave Chanute Award">Octave Chanute Award</a> in 1940, and a special <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> in 1939 "in recognition of the achievements of Howard Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country throughout the world".<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> sent the Congressional medal to Hughes after the F-11 crash. After his around-the-world flight, Hughes had declined to go to the White House to collect it.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 196  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hughes_D-2">Hughes D-2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hughes D-2">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hughes_D-2" title="Hughes D-2">Hughes D-2</a></div> Development of the D-2 began around 1937, but little is known about its early gestation because Hughes' archives on the aircraft have not been made public. Aircraft historian René Francillon speculates that Hughes designed the aircraft for another circumnavigation record attempt, but the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> closed much of the world's airspace and made it difficult to buy aircraft parts without government approval, so he decided to sell the aircraft to the U.S. Army instead. In December 1939, Hughes proposed that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a> (USAAC) procure it as a "pursuit type airplane"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199052–53-47">[45]</a> (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>). It emerged as a two or three-seat <a href="/wiki/Twin-boom_aircraft" title="Twin-boom aircraft">twin-boom aircraft</a> powered by two <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney R-2800">Pratt & Whitney R-2800</a>-49 engines and constructed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Duramold" title="Duramold">Duramold</a>, a type of molded <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199054,_56-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF, successor to the USAAC) struggled to define a mission for the D-2, which lacked both the maneuverability of a fighter and the payload of a <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a>, and was highly skeptical of the extensive use of plywood; however, the project was kept alive by high-level intervention from General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199055–56-49">[47]</a> The prototype was brought to Harper's Dry Lake in California in great secrecy in 1943 and first flew on June 20 of that year.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199056–57-51">[49]</a> The initial test flights revealed serious <a href="/wiki/Flight_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight control">flight control</a> problems, so the D-2 returned to the hangar for extensive changes to its wings, and Hughes proposed to redesignate it as the D-5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199056–57-51">[49]</a> However, in November 1944, the still-incomplete D-2 was destroyed in a hangar fire reportedly caused by a lightning strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199058-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatal_crash_of_the_Sikorsky_S-43">Fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Howard_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg/220px-Howard_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Howard_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg/330px-Howard_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Howard_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg/440px-Howard_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The S-43 Sikorsky in <a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazoria County Airport">Brazoria County Airport</a> in Texas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_R_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Howard_R_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg/220px-Howard_R_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Howard_R_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg/330px-Howard_R_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Howard_R_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg/440px-Howard_R_Hughes_S-43_Sikorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazoria County Airport">Brazoria County Airport</a> Texas: The S-43 Sikorsky prototype</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 1943 Hughes spent nearly a month in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>, test-flying his <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-43" title="Sikorsky S-43">Sikorsky S-43</a> amphibious aircraft, practicing touch-and-go landings on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a> in preparation for flying the <a href="/wiki/H-4_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="H-4 Hercules">H-4 Hercules</a>. The weather conditions at the lake during the day were ideal and he enjoyed Las Vegas at night. On May 17, 1943, Hughes flew the Sikorsky from California, carrying two <a href="/wiki/United_States_government_role_in_civil_aviation#Civil_Aeronautics_Authority" title="United States government role in civil aviation">Civil Aeronautics Authority</a> (CAA) aviation inspectors, two of his employees, and actress <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>. Hughes dropped Gardner off in Las Vegas and proceeded to Lake Mead to conduct qualifying tests in the S-43. The test flight did not go well. The Sikorsky crashed into Lake Mead, killing CAA inspector Ceco Cline and Hughes' employee Richard Felt. Hughes suffered a severe gash on the top of his head when he hit the upper control panel and had to be rescued by one of the others on board.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Hughes paid divers $100,000 to raise the aircraft and later spent more than $500,000 restoring it.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Hughes sent the plane to Houston, where it remained for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 186  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hughes_XF-11">Hughes XF-11</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hughes XF-11">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">Hughes XF-11</a></div> Acting on a recommendation of the president's son, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a>, who had become friends with Hughes, in September 1943 General Arnold issued a directive to order 100 of a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance</a> development of the D-2, known as the F-11 (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_XF-11" title="Hughes XF-11">XF-11</a> in prototype form).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199073-55">[53]</a> The project was controversial from the beginning, as the USAAF <a href="/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command" title="Air Materiel Command">Air Materiel Command</a> deeply doubted that Hughes Aircraft could fulfill a contract this large, but Arnold pushed the project forward. Materiel Command demanded a host of major design changes notably including the elimination of Duramold; Hughes, who sought $3.9 million in reimbursement for <a href="/wiki/Sunk_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunk costs">sunk costs</a> from the D-2, strenuously objected because this undercut his argument that the XF-11 was a modified D-2 rather than a new design. Protracted negotiations caused months of delays but ultimately yielded few design concessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199074–75-56">[54]</a> The war ended before the first XF-11 prototype was completed and the F-11 production contract was canceled. The XF-11 emerged in 1946 as an all-metal, twin-boom, three-seat reconnaissance aircraft, substantially larger than the D-2 and powered by two <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney R-4360">Pratt & Whitney R-4360</a>-31 engines, each driving a set of <a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">contra-rotating propellers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199074–75-56">[54]</a> Only two prototypes were completed; the second one had a conventional single propeller per side.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199076-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Near-fatal_crash_of_the_XF-11">Near-fatal crash of the XF-11</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Near-fatal crash of the XF-11">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv/220px-seek%3D3-1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv/1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-07-11_Hughes_Plane_Crash.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>1946 newsreel</figcaption></figure> Hughes was almost killed on July 7, 1946, while performing the first flight of the XF-11 near Hughes Airfield at <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>. Hughes extended the test flight well beyond the 45-minute limit decreed by the USAAF, possibly distracted by <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> retraction problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon199075–76-59">[57]</a> An oil leak caused one of the contra-rotating propellers to reverse pitch, causing the aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Yaw_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaw angle">yaw</a> sharply and lose altitude rapidly. Hughes attempted to save the aircraft by landing it at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Country_Club" title="Los Angeles Country Club">Los Angeles Country Club</a> golf course, but just seconds before reaching the course, the XF-11 started to drop dramatically and crashed in the <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a> neighborhood surrounding the country club.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> When the XF-11 finally came to a halt after destroying three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the aircraft and a nearby home at 808 North Whittier Drive owned by Charles E. Meyer.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Hughes managed to pull himself out of the flaming wreckage but lay beside the aircraft until he was rescued by <a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">U.S. Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_sergeant#United_States" title="Master sergeant">Master Sergeant</a> William L. Durkin, who happened to be in the area visiting friends.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Hughes sustained significant injuries in the crash, including a crushed <a href="/wiki/Collar_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar bone">collar bone</a>, multiple cracked ribs,<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> crushed chest with collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the chest cavity, and numerous third-degree <a href="/wiki/Burn_(injury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn (injury)">burns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxupff-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-huinjc-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-ffflch-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-lipbyac-68">[66]</a> An oft-told story said that Hughes sent a check to the Marine weekly for the remainder of his life as a sign of gratitude. Noah Dietrich asserted that Hughes did send Durkin $200 a month, but Durkin's daughter denied knowing that he received any money from Hughes.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 197 <a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Despite his physical injuries, Hughes took pride that his mind was still working. As he lay in his hospital bed, he decided that he did not like the bed's design. He called in plant engineers to design a customized bed, equipped with hot and cold running water, built in six sections, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push-button adjustments.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Hughes designed the hospital bed specifically to alleviate the pain caused by moving with severe burn injuries. He never used the bed that he designed.<a href="#cite_note-Barlett_and_Steele_p._143-71">[69]</a> Hughes' doctors considered his recovery almost miraculous. Many attribute his long-term dependence on <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opiates</a> to his use of <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a> as a painkiller during his convalescence.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> Yet Dietrich asserts that Hughes recovered the "hard way—no sleeping pills, no opiates of any kind".<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 195  The trademark mustache he wore afterward hid a <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar</a> on his upper lip resulting from the accident.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="H-4_Hercules">H-4 Hercules</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: H-4 Hercules">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Hughes H-4 Hercules</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-4_Hercules_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/H-4_Hercules_2.jpg/220px-H-4_Hercules_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/H-4_Hercules_2.jpg/330px-H-4_Hercules_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/H-4_Hercules_2.jpg/440px-H-4_Hercules_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Hughes H-4 Hercules</a> with Hughes at the controls</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a>, a civilian government agency that supervised war production from 1942 to 1945, originally contracted with <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser" title="Henry J. Kaiser">Henry Kaiser</a> and Hughes to produce the gigantic HK-1 Hercules flying boat for use during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to seagoing troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>. The military services opposed the project, thinking it would siphon resources from higher-priority programs, but Hughes' powerful allies in Washington, D.C. advocated it. After disputes, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes elected to continue it as the H-4 Hercules. However, the aircraft was not completed until after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The Hercules was the world's largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made from wood,<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> and, at 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), had the longest <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a> of any aircraft (the next-largest wingspan was about 310 ft (94 m)). (The Hercules is no longer the longest nor heaviest aircraft ever built - surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 Mriya</a> produced in 1985.) The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet (21 m) above the water, with Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 209–210  Critics nicknamed the Hercules the Spruce Goose, but it was actually made largely from <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>) rather than from aluminum, because the contract required that Hughes build the aircraft of "non-<a href="/wiki/Strategic_material" title="Strategic material">strategic materials</a>". It was built in Hughes' <a href="/wiki/Westchester,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Westchester, California">Westchester, California</a>, facility. In 1947, Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_War_Investigating_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate War Investigating Committee">Senate War Investigating Committee</a> to explain why the H-4 development had been so troubled, and why $22 million had produced only two prototypes of the XF-11. General Elliott Roosevelt and numerous other USAAF officers were also called to testify in hearings that transfixed the nation during August and November 1947.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In hotly-disputed testimony over <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">TWA</a>'s route awards and malfeasance in the defense-acquisition process, Hughes turned the tables on his main interlocutor, Maine senator <a href="/wiki/Owen_Brewster" title="Owen Brewster">Owen Brewster</a>, and the hearings were widely interpreted[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as a Hughes victory. After being displayed at the harbor of Long Beach, California, the Hercules was moved to <a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville, Oregon</a>, where as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit">[update]</a> it features at the <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum" title="Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum">Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 198–208  On November 4, 2017, the 70th anniversary of the only flight of the H-4 Hercules was celebrated at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum with Hughes' paternal cousin Michael Wesley Summerlin and Brian Palmer Evans, son of Hughes radio technology pioneer Dave Evans, taking their positions in the recreation of a photo that was previously taken of Hughes, Dave Evans, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Petrali" title="Joe Petrali">Joe Petrali</a> on board the H-4 Hercules.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airlines">Airlines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Airlines">edit</a>]</div> In 1939, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Frye" title="Jack Frye">Jack Frye</a>, president of Transcontinental & Western Airlines, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a> (<a href="/wiki/TWA" class="mw-redirect" title="TWA">TWA</a>), Hughes began to quietly purchase a majority share of TWA stock (78% of stock, to be exact); he took a controlling interest in the airline by 1944.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[78]</a> Although he never had an official position with TWA, Hughes handpicked the board of directors, which included <a href="/wiki/Noah_Dietrich" title="Noah Dietrich">Noah Dietrich</a>, and often issued orders directly to airline staff.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[79]</a> Hughes Tool Co. purchased the first six <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-75_Stratoliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing C-75 Stratoliner">Stratoliners</a> Boeing manufactured. Hughes used one personally, and he let TWA operate the other five.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 11, 145–148  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_L-1049G_Super_Constellation,_Trans_World_Airlines_(TWA)_JP7078570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lockheed_L-1049G_Super_Constellation%2C_Trans_World_Airlines_%28TWA%29_JP7078570.jpg/220px-Lockheed_L-1049G_Super_Constellation%2C_Trans_World_Airlines_%28TWA%29_JP7078570.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lockheed_L-1049G_Super_Constellation%2C_Trans_World_Airlines_%28TWA%29_JP7078570.jpg/330px-Lockheed_L-1049G_Super_Constellation%2C_Trans_World_Airlines_%28TWA%29_JP7078570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lockheed_L-1049G_Super_Constellation%2C_Trans_World_Airlines_%28TWA%29_JP7078570.jpg/440px-Lockheed_L-1049G_Super_Constellation%2C_Trans_World_Airlines_%28TWA%29_JP7078570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Lockheed Constellation in TWA livery</figcaption></figure> Hughes is commonly credited as the driving force behind the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a> airliner, which Hughes and Frye ordered in 1939 as a long-range replacement for TWA's fleet of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">Boeing 307 Stratoliners</a>. Hughes personally financed TWA's acquisition of 40 Constellations for $18 million, the largest aircraft order in history up to that time. The Constellations were among the highest-performing commercial aircraft of the late 1940s and 1950s and allowed TWA to pioneer nonstop transcontinental service.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> During World War II Hughes leveraged political connections in Washington to obtain rights for TWA to serve Europe, making it the only U.S. carrier with a combination of domestic and transatlantic routes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[78]</a> After the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>, Hughes opted to pursue a more advanced jet aircraft for TWA and approached <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> in late 1954. Convair proposed two concepts to Hughes, but Hughes was unable to decide which concept to adopt, and Convair eventually abandoned its initial jet project after the mockups of the 707 and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a> were unveiled.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Even after competitors such as <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan American World Airways</a> had placed large orders for the 707, Hughes only placed eight orders for 707s through the Hughes Tool Company and forbade TWA from using the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[79]</a> After finally beginning to reserve 707 orders in 1956, Hughes embarked on a plan to build his own "superior" jet aircraft for TWA, applied for <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">CAB</a> permission to sell Hughes aircraft to TWA, and began negotiations with the state of Florida to build a manufacturing plant there. However, he abandoned this plan around 1958, and in the interim, negotiated new contracts for 707 and <a href="/wiki/Convair_880" title="Convair 880">Convair 880</a> aircraft and engines totaling $400 million.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> The financing of TWA's jet orders precipitated the end of Hughes' relationship with <a href="/wiki/Noah_Dietrich" title="Noah Dietrich">Noah Dietrich</a>, and ultimately Hughes' ouster from control of TWA. Hughes did not have enough cash on hand or future cash flow to pay for the orders and did not immediately seek bank financing. Hughes' refusal to heed Dietrich's financing advice led to a major rift between the two by the end of 1956. Hughes believed that Dietrich wished to have Hughes committed as mentally incompetent, although the evidence of this is inconclusive. Dietrich resigned by telephone in May 1957 after repeated requests for stock options, which Hughes refused to grant, and with no further progress on the jet financing.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> As Hughes' mental state worsened, he ordered various tactics to delay payments to Boeing and Convair; his behavior led TWA's banks to insist that he be removed from management as a condition for further financing.<a href="#cite_note-:2-81">[79]</a> In 1960, Hughes was ultimately forced out of the management of TWA, although he continued to own 78% of the company. In 1961, TWA filed suit against Hughes Tool Company, claiming that the latter had violated antitrust law by using TWA as a captive market for aircraft trading. The claim was largely dependent upon obtaining testimony from Hughes himself. Hughes went into hiding and refused to testify. A default judgment was issued against Hughes Tool Company for $135 million in 1963 but was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> on the basis that Hughes was immune from prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In 1966, Hughes was forced to sell his TWA shares. The sale of his TWA shares brought Hughes $546,549,771.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 299–300  Hughes acquired control of Boston-based <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Airlines" title="Northeast Airlines">Northeast Airlines</a> in 1962. However, the airline's lucrative route authority between major northeastern cities and Miami was terminated by a CAB decision around the time of the acquisition, and Hughes sold control of the company to a trustee in 1964. Northeast went on to merge with <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hughes_Airwest_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31_Silagi-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hughes_Airwest_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31_Silagi-1.jpg/220px-Hughes_Airwest_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31_Silagi-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hughes_Airwest_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31_Silagi-1.jpg/330px-Hughes_Airwest_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31_Silagi-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hughes_Airwest_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31_Silagi-1.jpg/440px-Hughes_Airwest_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31_Silagi-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets in Hughes Airwest livery</figcaption></figure> In 1970, Hughes acquired San Francisco-based Air West and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest" title="Hughes Airwest">Hughes Airwest</a>. Air West had been formed in 1968 by the merger of <a href="/wiki/Bonanza_Air_Lines" title="Bonanza Air Lines">Bonanza Air Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Lines" title="Pacific Air Lines">Pacific Air Lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Airlines" title="West Coast Airlines">West Coast Airlines</a>, all of which operated in the western U.S. By the late 1970s, Hughes Airwest operated an all-jet fleet of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 727-200">Boeing 727-200</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-9-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-9-10">Douglas DC-9-10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30">McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30</a> jetliners serving an extensive route network in the western U.S. with flights to Mexico and western Canada as well.<a href="#cite_note-departedflights1-89">[87]</a> By 1980, the airline's route system reached as far east as Houston (<a href="/wiki/Hobby_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobby Airport">Hobby Airport</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> with a total of 42 destinations being served.<a href="#cite_note-departedflights1-89">[87]</a> Hughes Airwest was then acquired by and merged into <a href="/wiki/Republic_Airlines_(1979%E2%80%931986)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Airlines (1979–1986)">Republic Airlines (1979–1986)</a> in late 1980. Republic was subsequently acquired by and merged into <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a> which in turn was ultimately merged into <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> in 2008. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_with_David_Charnay">Business with David Charnay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Business with David Charnay">edit</a>]</div> Hughes made numerous business partnerships through his friend, the industrialist and producer David Charnay,<a href="#cite_note-His_Life_and_Madness-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Film_Noir_FAQ-91">[89]</a> beginning with their work on the film <a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_(1956_film)" title="The Conqueror (1956 film)">The Conqueror</a> (1956).<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Television-93">[91]</a> Though the film made money at the box office, its themes, dialogue, and casting were ridiculed. It was shot in <a href="/wiki/St._George,_Utah" title="St. George, Utah">St. George, Utah</a>, which had been badly affected by the testing of more than 100 nuclear bombs. Many of the cast and crew were later diagnosed with cancer, leading it to be called an "RKO Radioactive Picture". Hughes eventually bought every copy of the film he could, and is reported to have watched the film at home every night in the years before he died.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2015_t033-94">[92]</a> Charnay later bought <a href="/wiki/Four_Star_Television" title="Four Star Television">Four Star</a>, the film and television production company that produced The Conqueror.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Hughes and Charnay's most published dealings were with a contested AirWest <a href="/wiki/Leveraged_buyout" title="Leveraged buyout">leveraged buyout</a>. Charnay led the buyout group that involved Howard Hughes and their partners acquiring Air West. Hughes, Charnay, as well as three others, were indicted.<a href="#cite_note-char9-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The indictment, made by U.S. Attorney DeVoe Heaton, accused the group of conspiring to drive down the stock price of Air West in order to pressure company directors to sell to Hughes.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-char9-97">[95]</a> The charges were dismissed after a judge had determined that the indictment had failed to allege an illegal action on the part of Hughes, Charnay, and all the other accused in the indictment. Thompson, the federal judge that made the decision to dismiss the charges, called the indictment one of the worst claims that he had ever seen. The charges were filed a second time by U.S. Attorney DeVoe Heaton's assistant, Dean Vernon. The Federal Judge ruled on November 13, 1974, and elaborated to say that the case suggested a "reprehensible misuse of the power of great wealth," but in his judicial opinion, "no crime had been committed."<a href="#cite_note-HughesWorld-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The aftermath of the Air West deal was later settled with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a> by paying former stockholders for alleged losses from the sale of their investment in Air West stock.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> As noted above, Air West was subsequently renamed <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest" title="Hughes Airwest">Hughes Airwest</a>. During a long pause between the years of the dismissed charges against Hughes, Charnay, and their partners, Howard Hughes died mid-flight while on the way to Houston from Acapulco. No further attempts were made to file any indictments after Hughes died.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Howard Hughes Medical Institute">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a></div> In 1953, Hughes launched the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a> in Miami (currently located in <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase_(CDP),_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a> near <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>), with the express goal of basic <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical research">biomedical research</a>, including trying to understand, in Hughes' words, the "genesis of life itself,"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] due to his lifelong interest in science and technology. Hughes' first <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>, which he signed in 1925 at the age of 19, stipulated that a portion of his estate should be used to create a medical institute bearing his name.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> When a major battle with the IRS loomed ahead, Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a for-profit entity of a fully tax-exempt charity. Hughes' internist, <a href="/wiki/Verne_Mason" title="Verne Mason">Verne Mason</a>, who treated Hughes after his 1946 aircraft crash, was chairman of the institute's medical advisory committee.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's new board of trustees sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion, allowing the institute to grow dramatically. In 1954, Hughes transferred Hughes Aircraft to the foundation, which paid Hughes Tool Co. $18,000,000 for the assets. The foundation leased the land from Hughes Tool Co., which then subleased it to Hughes Aircraft Corp. The difference in rent, $2,000,000 per year, became the foundation's working capital.<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 268  The deal was the topic of a protracted legal battle between Hughes and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>, which Hughes ultimately won. After his death in 1976, many thought that the balance of Hughes' estate would go to the institute, although it was ultimately divided among his cousins and other heirs, given the lack of a will to the contrary. The HHMI was the fourth largest private organization as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit">[update]</a> and one of the largest devoted to biological and medical research, with an <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> of $20.4 billion as of June 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glomar_Explorer_and_the_taking_of_K-129">Glomar Explorer and the taking of K-129</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Glomar Explorer and the taking of K-129">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/USNS_Glomar_Explorer_(T-AG-193)" class="mw-redirect" title="USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193)">USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193)</a></div> In 1972, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War era</a>, Hughes was approached by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> through his longtime partner, David Charnay, to help secretly recover the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-129_(1960)" title="Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)">K-129</a>, which had sunk near Hawaii four years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Hughes' involvement provided the CIA with a plausible cover story, conducting expensive civilian marine research at extreme depths and the mining of undersea <a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodule" title="Manganese nodule">manganese nodules</a>. The recovery plan used the special-purpose salvage vessel <a href="/wiki/Glomar_Explorer" title="Glomar Explorer">Glomar Explorer</a>. In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer attempted to raise the Soviet vessel.<a href="#cite_note-The_Taking_of_K-129-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> However, during the recovery, a mechanical failure in the ship's <a href="/wiki/Grapple_(tool)" title="Grapple (tool)">grapple</a> caused half of the submarine to break off and fall to the ocean floor. This section is believed to have held many of the most sought-after items, including its code book and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and some cryptographic machines were recovered, along with the bodies of six Soviet submariners who were subsequently given formal burial at sea in a filmed ceremony. The operation, known as <a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a> (but incorrectly referred to by the press as Project Jennifer), became public in February 1975 after secret documents, obtained by burglars of Hughes' headquarters in June 1974, were released.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Although he lent his name and his company's resources to the operation, Hughes and his companies had no operational involvement in the project. The Glomar Explorer was eventually acquired by <a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a>, and was sent to the scrap yard in 2015 during a large decline in oil prices.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_romances">Early romances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early romances">edit</a>]</div> Hughes dated many famous women, including <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Moore_(actress)" title="Terry Moore (actress)">Terry Moore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debra_Paget" title="Debra Paget">Debra Paget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billie_Dove" title="Billie Dove">Billie Dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Domergue" title="Faith Domergue">Faith Domergue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_De_Carlo" title="Yvonne De Carlo">Yvonne De Carlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Sheehan_(model)" title="Pat Sheehan (model)">Pat Sheehan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Vanderbilt" title="Gloria Vanderbilt">Gloria Vanderbilt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Van_Doren" title="Mamie Van Doren">Mamie Van Doren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tierney" title="Gene Tierney">Gene Tierney</a>. He also proposed to <a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a> several times, according to her <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> No Bed of Roses. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Harlow" title="Jean Harlow">Jean Harlow</a> accompanied him to the premiere of Hell's Angels, but Noah Dietrich wrote many years later that the relationship was strictly professional, as Hughes disliked Harlow personally. In his 1971 book, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Dietrich said that Hughes genuinely liked and respected <a href="/wiki/Jane_Russell" title="Jane Russell">Jane Russell</a>, but never sought romantic involvement with her. According to Russell's autobiography, however, Hughes once tried to bed her after a party. Russell (who was married at the time) refused him, and Hughes promised it would never happen again. The two maintained a professional and private friendship for many years. Hughes remained good friends with Tierney who, after his failed attempts to seduce her, was quoted as saying "I don't think Howard could love anything that did not have a motor in it". Later, when Tierney's daughter Daria was born deaf and blind and with a severe <a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">learning disability</a> because of Tierney's exposure to <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a> during her pregnancy, Hughes saw to it that Daria received the best medical care and paid all expenses.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxury_yacht">Luxury yacht</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Luxury yacht">edit</a>]</div> In 1933, Hughes made a purchase of a luxury steam yacht named the <a href="/wiki/Rover_(yacht)" title="Rover (yacht)">Rover</a>, which was previously owned by Scottish shipping magnate <a href="/wiki/James_Mackay,_1st_Earl_of_Inchcape" title="James Mackay, 1st Earl of Inchcape">James Mackay, 1st Earl of Inchcape</a>. Hughes stated that "I have never seen the Rover but bought it on the blueprints, photographs and the reports of Lloyd's surveyors. My experience is that the English are the most honest race in the world."<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Hughes renamed the yacht Southern Cross and later sold her to Swedish entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Axel_Wenner-Gren" title="Axel Wenner-Gren">Axel Wenner-Gren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936_automobile_accident">1936 automobile accident</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1936 automobile accident">edit</a>]</div> On July 11, 1936, Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car at the corner of 3rd Street and Lorraine in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> After the crash, Hughes was taken to the hospital and certified as sober, but an attending doctor made a note that Hughes had been drinking. A witness to the crash told police that Hughes was driving erratically and too fast and that Meyer had been standing in the safety zone of a streetcar stop. Hughes was booked on suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">negligent homicide</a> and held overnight in jail until his attorney, <a href="/wiki/Neil_S._McCarthy" title="Neil S. McCarthy">Neil S. McCarthy</a>, obtained a writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> for his release pending a coroner's inquest.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> By the time of the coroner's inquiry, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly in front of Hughes' car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the crash, corroborated this version of the story. On July 16, 1936, Hughes was held blameless by a coroner's jury at the inquest into Meyer's death.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Hughes told reporters outside the inquiry, "I was driving slowly and a man stepped out of the darkness in front of me". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Jean_Peters">Marriage to Jean Peters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Marriage to Jean Peters">edit</a>]</div> On January 12, 1957, Hughes married actress <a href="/wiki/Jean_Peters" title="Jean Peters">Jean Peters</a> at a small hotel in <a href="/wiki/Tonopah,_Nevada" title="Tonopah, Nevada">Tonopah, Nevada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> The couple met in the 1940s, before Peters became a film actress.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> They had a highly publicized romance in 1947 and there was talk of marriage, but she said she could not combine it with her career.<a href="#cite_note-wdc-131">[129]</a> Some later claimed that Peters was "the only woman [Hughes] ever loved",<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> and he reportedly had his security officers follow her everywhere even when they were not in a relationship. Such reports were confirmed by actor <a href="/wiki/Max_Showalter" title="Max Showalter">Max Showalter</a>, who became a close friend of Peters while shooting <a href="/wiki/Niagara_(1953_film)" title="Niagara (1953 film)">Niagara</a> (1953).<a href="#cite_note-casey-133">[131]</a> Showalter told an interviewer that because he frequently met with Peters, Hughes' men threatened to ruin his career if he did not leave her alone.<a href="#cite_note-casey-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connections_to_Richard_Nixon_and_Watergate">Connections to Richard Nixon and Watergate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Connections to Richard Nixon and Watergate">edit</a>]</div> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 Presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was alarmed when it was revealed that his brother, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald</a>, had received a $205,000 loan from Hughes. It has long been speculated<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> that Nixon's drive to learn what the Democrats were planning in 1972 was based in part on his belief that the Democrats knew about a later bribe that his friend <a href="/wiki/Bebe_Rebozo" title="Bebe Rebozo">Bebe Rebozo</a> had received from Hughes after Nixon took office.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> In late 1971, Donald Nixon was collecting intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential election. One of his sources was <a href="/wiki/John_H._Meier" title="John H. Meier">John H. Meier</a>, a former business adviser of Hughes who had also worked with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">Larry O'Brien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Meier, in collaboration with former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> and others, wanted to feed misinformation to the Nixon campaign. Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because Larry O'Brien had a great deal of information on Richard Nixon's illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released;<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> O'Brien did not actually have any such information, but Meier wanted Nixon to think that he did. Donald told his brother that O'Brien was in possession of damaging information that could destroy his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Lenzner" title="Terry Lenzner">Terry Lenzner</a>, who was the chief investigator for the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Watergate_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a>, speculates that it was Nixon's desire to know what O'Brien knew about Nixon's dealings with Hughes that may have partially motivated the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> break-in.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years">Last years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Last years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_and_mental_decline">Physical and mental decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Physical and mental decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1954_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Howard_Hughes_rear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1954_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Howard_Hughes_rear.JPG/220px-1954_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Howard_Hughes_rear.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1954_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Howard_Hughes_rear.JPG/330px-1954_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Howard_Hughes_rear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1954_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Howard_Hughes_rear.JPG/440px-1954_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Howard_Hughes_rear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Hughes had this 1954 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_New_Yorker" title="Chrysler New Yorker">Chrysler New Yorker</a> equipped with an aircraft-grade air filtration system that took up most of the trunk.</figcaption></figure> Hughes was widely considered eccentric<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> and suffered from severe <a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a> (OCD).<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Dietrich wrote that Hughes ate the same dinner daily: a <a href="/wiki/New_York_strip_steak" class="mw-redirect" title="New York strip steak">New York strip steak</a> cooked medium rare, dinner salad, and peas; but only the smaller peas, pushing the larger ones aside. For breakfast, his eggs had to be cooked the way Lily, his family cook, made them. Hughes had a "<a href="/wiki/Mysophobia" title="Mysophobia">phobia about germs</a>", and "his passion for secrecy became a mania."<a href="#cite_note-Noah-6">[6]</a>: 58–62, 182–183  While directing <a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw" title="The Outlaw">The Outlaw</a>, Hughes became fixated on a small flaw in one of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Russell" title="Jane Russell">Jane Russell</a>'s blouses, claiming that the fabric bunched up along a seam and gave the appearance of two nipples on each breast. He wrote a detailed memorandum to the crew on how to fix the problem. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleischer" title="Richard Fleischer">Richard Fleischer</a>, who directed <a href="/wiki/His_Kind_of_Woman" title="His Kind of Woman">His Kind of Woman</a> with Hughes as executive producer, wrote at length in his autobiography about the difficulty of dealing with the tycoon. In his book Just Tell Me When to Cry, Fleischer explained that Hughes was fixated on trivial details and was alternately indecisive and obstinate. He also revealed that Hughes' unpredictable <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a> made him wonder if the film would ever be completed. In 1947, Hughes told his aides that he wanted to screen some movies at a film studio near his home. He stayed in the studio's darkened screening room for more than four months, never leaving. He ate only chocolate bars and chicken and drank only milk and was surrounded by dozens of boxes of <a href="/wiki/Kleenex" title="Kleenex">Kleenex</a> that he continuously stacked and re-arranged.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> He wrote detailed memos to his aides giving them explicit instructions neither to look at him nor speak to him unless spoken to. Throughout this period, Hughes sat fixated in his chair, often naked, continuously watching movies. When he finally emerged in the spring of 1948, his hygiene was terrible. He had neither bathed nor cut his hair and nails for weeks; this may have been due to <a href="/wiki/Allodynia" title="Allodynia">allodynia</a>, which results in a pain response to stimuli that would normally not cause pain.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> After the screening room incident, Hughes moved into a bungalow at the <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills Hotel">Beverly Hills Hotel</a> where he also rented rooms for his aides, his wife, and numerous girlfriends. He would sit naked in his bedroom with a pink hotel napkin placed over his genitals, watching movies. This may have been because Hughes found the touch of clothing painful due to allodynia. He may have watched movies to distract himself from his pain—a common practice among patients with intractable pain, especially those who do not receive adequate treatment.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> In one year, he spent an estimated $11 million at the hotel. Hughes began purchasing restaurant chains and four-star hotels that had been founded within the state of Texas. This included, if for only a short period, many unknown franchises currently out of business. He placed ownership of the restaurants with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and all licenses were resold shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> He became obsessed with the 1968 film <a href="/wiki/Ice_Station_Zebra" title="Ice Station Zebra">Ice Station Zebra</a>, and had it run on a continuous loop in his home. According to his aides, he watched it 150 times.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Feeling guilty about the failure of his film <a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_(1956_film)" title="The Conqueror (1956 film)">The Conqueror</a>, a commercial and critical flop, he bought every copy of the film for $12 million, watching the film on repeat. <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> acquired the rights of the film in 1979, three years after his death.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Hughes insisted on using tissues to pick up objects to insulate himself from germs. He would also notice dust, stains, or other imperfections on people's clothes and demand that they take care of them. Once one of the most visible men in America, Hughes ultimately vanished from public view, although tabloids continued to follow rumors of his behavior and whereabouts. He was reported to be terminally ill, mentally unstable, or even dead.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Injuries from numerous aircraft crashes caused Hughes to spend much of his later life in pain, and he eventually became addicted to <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, which he injected <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscularly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> He had his hair cut and nails trimmed only once a year, likely due to the pain caused by the <a href="/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome" title="Complex regional pain syndrome">RSD/CRPS</a>, which was caused by the plane crashes.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> He also stored his urine in bottles.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years_in_Las_Vegas">Later years in Las Vegas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Later years in Las Vegas">edit</a>]</div> The wealthy and aging Hughes, accompanied by his entourage of personal aides, began moving from one hotel to another, always taking up residence in the top floor penthouse. In the last ten years of his life, 1966 to 1976, Hughes lived in hotels in many cities—including <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeport, Bahamas">Freeport</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Hughes_history-153">[151]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> On November 24, 1966 (Thanksgiving Day),<a href="#cite_note-lvrj1-155">[153]</a> Hughes arrived in Las Vegas by railroad car and moved into the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Inn" title="Desert Inn">Desert Inn</a>. Because he refused to leave the hotel and to avoid further conflicts with the owners, Hughes bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel's eighth floor became the center of Hughes' empire, and the ninth-floor penthouse became his personal residence. Between 1966 and 1968, he bought several other hotel-casinos, including the <a href="/wiki/Castaways_(casino)" title="Castaways (casino)">Castaways</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New Frontier Hotel and Casino">New Frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Landmark_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="The Landmark Hotel and Casino">the Landmark Hotel and Casino</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sands_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sands Hotel">Sands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Hughes was rumored to have bought the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Slipper_(Las_Vegas)" title="Silver Slipper (Las Vegas)">Silver Slipper</a> casino to move its trademark neon silver slipper which was visible from his bedroom, but this is not credible.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> After Hughes left the Desert Inn, hotel employees discovered that his drapes had not been opened during the time he lived there and had rotted through.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Hughes wanted to change the image of Las Vegas to something more glamorous. He wrote in a memo to an aide, "I like to think of Las Vegas in terms of a well-dressed man in a dinner jacket and a beautifully jeweled and furred female getting out of an expensive car."<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Hughes bought several local television stations (including <a href="/wiki/KLAS-TV" title="KLAS-TV">KLAS-TV</a>).<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Eventually, the brain trauma from Hughes' previous accidents, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Neurosyphilis" title="Neurosyphilis">neurosyphilis</a> diagnosed in 1932<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> and undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Obsessive-Compulsive_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> considerably affected his decision-making. A small panel, unofficially dubbed the "Mormon Mafia" for the many <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saint">Latter-day Saints</a> on the committee, was led by <a href="/wiki/Frank_William_Gay" title="Frank William Gay">Frank William Gay</a> and originally served as Hughes' "secret police" headquartered at 7000 Romaine, Hollywood. Over the next two decades, however, this group oversaw and controlled considerable business holdings,<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> with the CIA anointing Gay while awarding a contract to the Hughes corporation to acquire sensitive information on a sunken Russian submarine.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> In addition to supervising day-to-day business operations and Hughes' health, they also went to great pains to satisfy Hughes' every whim. For example, Hughes once became fond of <a href="/wiki/Baskin-Robbins" title="Baskin-Robbins">Baskin-Robbins</a>'s banana nut ice cream, so his aides sought to secure a bulk shipment for him, only to discover that Baskin-Robbins had discontinued the flavor. They put in a request for the smallest amount the company could provide for a special order, 350 gallons (1,300 L), and had it shipped from Los Angeles. A few days after the order arrived, Hughes announced he was tired of banana nut and wanted only French vanilla ice cream. The Desert Inn ended up distributing free banana nut ice cream to casino customers for a year.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> In a 1996 interview, former Howard Hughes Chief of Nevada Operations <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maheu" title="Robert Maheu">Robert Maheu</a> said, "There is a rumor that there is still some banana nut ice cream left in the freezer. It is most likely true."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As an owner of several major Las Vegas businesses, Hughes wielded much political and economic influence in Nevada and elsewhere. During the 1960s and early 1970s, he disapproved of underground nuclear testing at the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>. Hughes was concerned about the risk from residual <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">nuclear radiation</a> and attempted to halt the tests. When the tests finally went through despite Hughes' efforts, the detonations were powerful enough that the entire hotel in which he was living trembled from the shock waves.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In two separate, last-ditch maneuvers, Hughes instructed his representatives to offer bribes of $1 million to both Presidents <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> and Richard Nixon.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Peters" title="Jean Peters">Jean Peters</a> filed for divorce. The two had not lived together for many years. Peters requested a lifetime <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a> payment of $70,000 a year, adjusted for inflation, and waived all claims to Hughes' estate. Hughes offered her a settlement of over a million dollars, but she declined it. Hughes did not insist on a <a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">confidentiality agreement</a> from Peters as a condition of the divorce. Aides reported that Hughes never spoke ill of her. She refused to discuss her life with Hughes and declined several lucrative offers from publishers and biographers. Peters would state only that she had not seen Hughes for several years before their divorce and had dealt with him only by phone.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hughes was living in the Intercontinental Hotel near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Managua" title="Lake Managua">Lake Managua</a> in Nicaragua, seeking privacy and security,<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> when a <a href="/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1972 Nicaragua earthquake">magnitude 6.5 earthquake</a> damaged <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> in December 1972. As a precaution, Hughes moved to a large tent facing the hotel; after a few days, he moved to the Nicaraguan National Palace and stayed there as a guest of <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a> before leaving for Florida on a private jet the following day.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> He subsequently moved into the penthouse at the Xanadu Princess Resort on <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bahama_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Bahama Island">Grand Bahama Island</a>, which he had recently purchased. He lived almost exclusively in the penthouse of the <a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Beach_Resort_%26_Marina" title="Xanadu Beach Resort & Marina">Xanadu Beach Resort & Marina</a> for the last four years of his life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hughes spent a total of $300 million on his many properties in Las Vegas.<a href="#cite_note-lvrj1-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autobiography_hoax">Autobiography hoax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Autobiography hoax">edit</a>]</div> In 1972, author <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Irving" title="Clifford Irving">Clifford Irving</a> caused a media sensation when he claimed he had co-written an authorized Hughes autobiography. Irving claimed he and Hughes had corresponded through the United States mail and offered as proof handwritten notes allegedly sent by Hughes. Publisher McGraw-Hill, Inc. was duped into believing the manuscript was authentic. Hughes was so reclusive that he did not immediately publicly refute Irving's statement, leading many to believe that Irving's book was genuine. However, before the book's publication, Hughes finally denounced Irving in a teleconference attended by reporters Hughes knew personally: James Bacon of the Hearst papers, Marvin Miles of the Los Angeles Times, Vernon Scott of UPI, Roy Neal of NBC News, Gene Handsaker of AP, Wayne Thomas of the Chicago Tribune, and Gladwin Hill of the New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-:3-172">[170]</a> The entire hoax finally unraveled.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">United States Postal Inspection Service</a> (USPIS) got a subpoena to force Irving to turn over samples of his handwriting. The USPIS investigation led to Irving's indictment and subsequent conviction for using the postal service to commit fraud. He was incarcerated for 17 months.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> film <a href="/wiki/F_for_Fake" title="F for Fake">F for Fake</a> included a section on the Hughes autobiography hoax, leaving a question open as to whether it was actually Hughes who took part in the teleconference (since so few people had actually heard or seen him in recent years). In 1977, The Hoax by Clifford Irving was published in the United Kingdom, telling his story of these events. The 2006 film <a href="/wiki/The_Hoax" title="The Hoax">The Hoax</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a>, is also based on these events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1999309-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HowardHughesGravestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/HowardHughesGravestone.jpg/220px-HowardHughesGravestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/HowardHughesGravestone.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>Hughes' gravestone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hughes.Family.Gravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Hughes.Family.Gravesite.jpg/220px-Hughes.Family.Gravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Hughes.Family.Gravesite.jpg/330px-Hughes.Family.Gravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Hughes.Family.Gravesite.jpg/440px-Hughes.Family.Gravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2765" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>Hughes family grave site at <a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Cemetery_(Houston,_Texas)" title="Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)">Glenwood Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> Hughes is reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 p.m. on board an aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Learjet" title="Learjet">Learjet</a> 24B N855W, owned by Robert Graf and piloted by Roger Sutton and Jeff Abrams.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> He was en route from his penthouse at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Princess_Mundo_Imperial" title="Hotel Princess Mundo Imperial">Acapulco Princess Hotel</a> (now the Princess Mundo Imperial) in Mexico to <a href="/wiki/The_Methodist_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="The Methodist Hospital">the Methodist Hospital</a> in Houston.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> His reclusiveness and possibly his drug use made him practically unrecognizable. His hair, beard, fingernails, and toenails were long—his tall 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) frame now weighed barely 90 pounds (41 kg), and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> had to use <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprints</a> to conclusively identify the body.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Howard Hughes' alias, John T. Conover, was used when his body arrived at a morgue in Houston on the day of his death.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">kidney failure</a> as the cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In an eighteen-month study investigating Hughes' drug abuse for the estate, it was found that "someone administered a deadly injection of the painkiller to this comatose man ... obviously needlessly and almost certainly fatal".<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> He suffered from <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> and was covered in <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">bedsores</a>. While his kidneys were damaged, his other internal organs, including his brain, which had no visible damage or illnesses, were deemed perfectly healthy.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> revealed five broken-off <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">hypodermic needles</a> in the flesh of his arms.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> To inject codeine into his muscles, Hughes had used glass syringes with metal needles that easily became detached.<a href="#cite_note-PPM.Tennant-72">[70]</a> Hughes is buried next to his parents at <a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Cemetery_(Houston,_Texas)" title="Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)">Glenwood Cemetery</a> in Houston.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_survival">Alleged survival</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Alleged survival">edit</a>]</div> Following his death, Hughes was subject to several widely rebuked <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> that he had <a href="/wiki/Faked_death" title="Faked death">faked his own death</a>. A notable allegation came from retired Major General Mark Musick, <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="Assistant Secretary of the Air Force">Assistant Secretary of the Air Force</a>, who claimed Hughes went on to live under an assumed identity, dying on November 15, 2001, in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estate">Estate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Estate">edit</a>]</div> Approximately three weeks after Hughes' death, a <a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">handwritten will</a> was found on the desk of an official of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah. The so-called "Mormon Will" gave $1.56 billion to various charitable organizations (including $625 million to the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a>), nearly $470 million to the upper management in Hughes' companies and to his aides, $156 million to first cousin William Lummis, and $156 million split equally between his two ex-wives Ella Rice and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Peters" title="Jean Peters">Jean Peters</a>. A further $156 million was endowed to a gas station owner, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Dummar" title="Melvin Dummar">Melvin Dummar</a>, who told reporters that in 1967, he found a disheveled and dirty man lying along <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_95" title="U.S. Route 95">U.S. Route 95</a>, just 150 miles (240 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>. The man asked for a ride to Vegas. Dropping him off at the <a href="/wiki/Sands_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sands Hotel">Sands Hotel</a>, Dummar said the man told him that he was Hughes. Dummar later claimed that days after Hughes' death a "mysterious man" appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope containing the will on his desk. Unsure if the will was genuine and unsure of what to do, Dummar left the will at the LDS Church office. In 1978, a Nevada court ruled the Mormon Will a forgery and officially declared that Hughes had died <a href="/wiki/Intestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestate">intestate</a> (without a valid will). Dummar's story was later adapted into <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Melvin_and_Howard" title="Melvin and Howard">Melvin and Howard</a> in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Hughes' $2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis, who serves as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruled that <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</a> was owned by the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a>, which sold it to <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> in 1985 for $5.2 billion. The court rejected suits by the states of California and Texas that claimed they were owed <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a>. In 1984, Hughes' estate paid an undisclosed amount to <a href="/wiki/Terry_Moore_(actress)" title="Terry Moore (actress)">Terry Moore</a>, who claimed she and Hughes had secretly married on a yacht in <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> off Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Moore never produced proof of a marriage, but her book, The Beauty and the Billionaire, became a bestseller. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmon_Trophy" title="Harmon Trophy">Harmon Trophy</a> (1936 and 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute_Award" title="Octave Chanute Award">Octave Chanute Award</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Air & Space Hall of Fame">International Air & Space Hall of Fame</a> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_of_America" title="Motorsports Hall of Fame of America">Motorsports Hall of Fame of America</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-MSHoF-187">[185]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archive">Archive</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Archive">edit</a>]</div> The moving image collection of Howard Hughes is held at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Film_Archive" title="Academy Film Archive">Academy Film Archive</a>. The collection consists of over 200 items including 35mm and 16mm elements of feature films, documentaries, and television programs made or accumulated by Hughes.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Director </th> <th>Producer </th> <th>Writer </th></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Two_Arabian_Knights" title="Two Arabian Knights">Two Arabian Knights</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)" title="Hell's Angels (film)">Hell's Angels</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Front_Page_(1931_film)" title="The Front Page (1931 film)">The Front Page</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sky_Devils" title="Sky Devils">Sky Devils</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1932_film)" title="Scarface (1932 film)">Scarface</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw_(1943_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Outlaw (1943 film)">The Outlaw</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Rising_Sun_(film)" title="Behind the Rising Sun (film)">Behind the Rising Sun</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Sin_of_Harold_Diddlebock" title="The Sin of Harold Diddlebock">The Sin of Harold Diddlebock</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Uncredited </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1950_film)" title="Vendetta (1950 film)">Vendetta</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/His_Kind_of_Woman" title="His Kind of Woman">His Kind of Woman</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Executive </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Uncredited </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macao_(film)" title="Macao (film)">Macao</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Sinbad" title="Son of Sinbad">Son of Sinbad</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Executive </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underwater!" title="Underwater!">Underwater!</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_(1956_film)" title="The Conqueror (1956 film)">The Conqueror</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_Pilot_(film)" title="Jet Pilot (film)">Jet Pilot</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Carpetbaggers_(film)" title="The Carpetbaggers (film)">The Carpetbaggers</a> (1964), the main character Jonas Cord (played by <a href="/wiki/George_Peppard" title="George Peppard">George Peppard</a>) is loosely based on Howard Hughes.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film <a href="/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)" title="Diamonds Are Forever (film)">Diamonds Are Forever</a> (1971) features a tall, Texan, reclusive billionaire character named Willard Whyte (played by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dean" title="Jimmy Dean">Jimmy Dean</a>) who operates his business empire from the penthouse of a Las Vegas hotel. Although he appears only late in the film, his habitual seclusion and his control of a major aerospace contracting firm are key elements of the film's plot. Several sequences were actually filmed on location at <a href="/wiki/The_Landmark_Hotel_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="The Landmark Hotel and Casino">The Landmark Hotel and Casino</a>, which was owned by Hughes at the time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Howard_Hughes" title="The Amazing Howard Hughes">The Amazing Howard Hughes</a> is a 1977 American made-for-television biographical film which aired as a <a href="/wiki/Mini-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-series">mini-series</a> on the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> network, made a year after Hughes' death and based on Noah Dietrich's book Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes. <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a> plays Hughes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_and_Howard" title="Melvin and Howard">Melvin and Howard</a> (1980), directed by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Jason_Robards" title="Jason Robards">Jason Robards</a> as Howard Hughes and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Le_Mat" title="Paul Le Mat">Paul Le Mat</a> as <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Dummar" title="Melvin Dummar">Melvin Dummar</a>. The film won <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay">Best Original Screenplay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bo_Goldman" title="Bo Goldman">Bo Goldman</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Best Supporting Actress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary_Steenburgen" title="Mary Steenburgen">Mary Steenburgen</a>). The film focuses on Melvin Dummar's claims of meeting Hughes in the Nevada desert and subsequent estate battles over his inclusion in Hughes' will. Critic <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a> called the film "an almost flawless act of sympathetic imagination".<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></li> <li>The film <a href="/wiki/Creepshow" title="Creepshow">Creepshow</a> from 1982 has a segment titled "They're Creeping Up on You!". The reclusive, paranoid, tycoon Upson Pratt, played by <a href="/wiki/E._G._Marshall" title="E. G. Marshall">E. G. Marshall</a> appears to be loosely based upon Hughes. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>]</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tucker:_The_Man_and_His_Dream" title="Tucker: The Man and His Dream">Tucker: The Man and His Dream</a>, (1988), Hughes (played by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Stockwell" title="Dean Stockwell">Dean Stockwell</a>) figures in the plot by telling Preston Tucker to source steel and engines for Tucker's automobiles from a helicopter manufacturer in New York. Scene occurs in a hangar with the Hercules.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Rocketeer_(film)" title="The Rocketeer (film)">The Rocketeer</a>, a 1991 American <a href="/wiki/Period_piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Period piece">period</a> <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero film</a> from <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a>, the title character attracts the attention of Howard Hughes (played by <a href="/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn" title="Terry O'Quinn">Terry O'Quinn</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, who are hunting for a missing <a href="/wiki/Jet_pack" title="Jet pack">jet pack</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> operatives.</li> <li>"Howard Hughes Documentary", broadcast in 1992 as an episode of the Time Machine documentary series, was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Graves" title="Peter Graves">Peter Graves</a>, later released by A&E Home Video.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Theory_(film)" title="Conspiracy Theory (film)">Conspiracy Theory</a> (1997), the character Jerry Fletcher (played by <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>) mentions one of his theories to a street vendor by saying, "Did you know that the whole <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was fought over a bet that Howard Hughes lost to Aristotle Onassis?" referring to his (Fletcher's) thoughts on the politics of that conflict.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)" title="The Aviator (2004 film)">The Aviator</a> (2004), directed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>, Hughes is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a>. The film focuses on Hughes' personal life from the making of <a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)" title="Hell's Angels (film)">Hell's Angels</a> through his successful flight of the Hercules or <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Spruce Goose</a>. Critically <a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)#Reception" title="The Aviator (2004 film)">acclaimed</a>, it was nominated for 11 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, winning five for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="Academy Award for Best Cinematography">Best Cinematography</a>; <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Film_Editing" title="Academy Award for Best Film Editing">Best Film Editing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Costume Design">Best Costume Design</a>; <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Production Design">Best Art Direction</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Best Actress in a Supporting Role</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a>.</li> <li>Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator documentary was broadcast in 2004 and went on to win the Grand Festival Award for Best Documentary at the 2004 Berkeley Video & Film Festival.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></li> <li>In the 2005 animated film <a href="/wiki/Robots_(2005_film)" title="Robots (2005 film)">Robots</a>, the character Mr Bigweld (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>), a reclusive inventor and owner of Bigweld Industries, is loosely based on Howard Hughes.</li> <li>The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story was broadcast in 2006 on the <a href="/wiki/Biography_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography Channel">Biography Channel</a>. It was later released to home media as a DVD with a copy of the full-length film <a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw" title="The Outlaw">The Outlaw</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Jane_Russell" title="Jane Russell">Jane Russell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_America:_The_First_Avenger" title="Captain America: The First Avenger">Captain America: The First Avenger</a> (2011), the character Howard Stark (played by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cooper" title="Dominic Cooper">Dominic Cooper</a>), a wealthy inventor of futuristic technology, clearly embodying Hughes' persona and enthusiasm. His subsequent appearances in the TV series <a href="/wiki/Agent_Carter_(TV_series)" title="Agent Carter (TV series)">Agent Carter</a> further this persona, as well as depicting him as sharing the real Hughes' reputation as a womanizer. <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> has noted that Howard's son Tony Stark (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Iron Man</a>), who shared several of these traits himself, was based on Hughes.<a href="#cite_note-IMDVD-193">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_Don%27t_Apply" title="Rules Don't Apply">Rules Don't Apply</a> (2016), written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a>, features Beatty as Hughes from 1958 through 1964.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Knight_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Knight Trilogy">Dark Knight Trilogy</a>, director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>'s characterization of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_(Dark_Knight_trilogy)" title="Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy)">Bruce Wayne</a> is heavily inspired by Hughes' perceived lifestyle – from a playboy in <a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a> to a recluse in <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a>. Nolan is reported to have integrated his original material intended for a <a href="/wiki/Development_hell" title="Development hell">shelved</a> Hughes biopic into the trilogy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Hoax" title="The Hoax">The Hoax</a> (2006) - in what would cause a fantastic media frenzy - Clifford Irving sells his bogus biography of Howard Hughes to a premiere publishing house in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The character of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ryan_(BioShock)" title="Andrew Ryan (BioShock)">Andrew Ryan</a> in the 2007 video game <a href="/wiki/BioShock" title="BioShock">BioShock</a> is loosely based on Hughes. Ryan is a billionaire industrialist in post-World War II America who, seeking to avoid governments, religions, and other "parasitic" influences, ordered the secret construction of an underwater city, <a href="/wiki/Rapture_(BioShock)" title="Rapture (BioShock)">Rapture</a>. Years later, when Ryan's vision for Rapture falls into dystopia, he hides himself away and uses armies of mutated humans, "Splicers", to defend himself and fight against those trying to take over his city, including the player-character.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/L.A._Noire" title="L.A. Noire">L.A. Noire</a>, Hughes makes an appearance presenting his Hercules H-4 aircraft in the game opening scene. The H-4 is later a central plot piece of DLC Arson Case, "Nicholson Electroplating".<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Fallout:_New_Vegas" title="Fallout: New Vegas">Fallout: New Vegas</a>, the character of Robert Edwin House, a wealthy business magnate and entrepreneur who owns the New Vegas strip, is based on Howard Hughes and closely resembles him in appearance, personality and background. A portrait of Mr. House can also be found in the game which strongly resembles a portrait of Howard Hughes standing in front of a Boeing Army Pursuit Plane.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> repeatedly stated he created the Marvel Comics character <a href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Iron Man</a>'s civilian persona, Tony Stark, drawing inspiration from Howard Hughes' colorful lifestyle and personality. Additionally, the first name of Stark's father is Howard.<a href="#cite_note-Maskarticle-199">[197]</a></li> <li>Hughes is a supporting character in all three parts of <a href="/wiki/James_Ellroy" title="James Ellroy">James Ellroy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Underworld_USA_Trilogy" title="Underworld USA Trilogy">Underworld USA Trilogy</a>, employing several of the protagonists as <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagman" title="Bagman">bagmen</a>, and consultants in his attempt to assume control of Las Vegas. Referred to behind his back as "<a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a>" (due to his reclusiveness and rumored obsession with <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormon</a> donors), Hughes is portrayed as a spoiled, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a>-addicted <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megalomaniac" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:megalomaniac">megalomaniac</a> whose grandiose plans for Las Vegas are undermined by the manipulations of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Outfit" title="Chicago Outfit">Chicago Outfit</a>.</li> <li>In the 1981 novel <a href="/wiki/Dream_Park" title="Dream Park">Dream Park</a> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Barnes" title="Steven Barnes">Steven Barnes</a>, the weapon "which might have defeated the Japs if it hadn't come so late" is revealed to be the <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce Goose">Spruce Goose</a>, which had been magically hijacked on its test flight by evil Foré sorcerers in New Guinea. Hughes' skeleton is found at the controls, identified by Hughes' trademark fedora and cloth-and-leather jacket.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The 1973 song "Broadway melody of 1974" by Genesis referenced Howard Hughes: "There's Howard Hughes in blue suede shoes / Smiling at the majorettes, smoking Winston cigarettes".<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></li> <li>The 1974 song "<a href="/wiki/Workin%27_at_the_Car_Wash_Blues" title="Workin' at the Car Wash Blues">Workin' at the Car Wash Blues</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Croce" title="Jim Croce">Jim Croce</a> compares the main protagonist of the song to Howard Hughes in one of the lyrics.</li> <li>The 1974 song "<a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Shuffle" title="The Wall Street Shuffle">The Wall Street Shuffle</a>" by English rock band <a href="/wiki/10cc" title="10cc">10cc</a> directly references Hughes and his ways of life in the last verse.</li> <li>The name of the musical group <a href="/wiki/The_Hues_Corporation" title="The Hues Corporation">The Hues Corporation</a> who had the 1974 hit song "<a href="/wiki/Rock_the_Boat_(The_Hues_Corporation_song)" title="Rock the Boat (The Hues Corporation song)">Rock the Boat</a>" was selected since it was a heterophonic spelling of Hughes as in Howard Hughes.</li> <li>The song "Me and Howard Hughes" by Irish band <a href="/wiki/The_Boomtown_Rats" title="The Boomtown Rats">The Boomtown Rats</a> on their 1978 album <a href="/wiki/A_Tonic_for_the_Troops" title="A Tonic for the Troops">A Tonic for the Troops</a> is about the title subject.</li> <li>The song "Closet Chronicles" by American rock band <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(band)" title="Kansas (band)">Kansas</a> on their 1977 album <a href="/wiki/Point_of_Know_Return_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of Know Return (album)">Point of Know Return</a> is a Howard Hughes allegory.</li> <li>The song "Ain't No Fun (Waiting 'Round To Be a Millionaire)" by <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> on their 1976 album "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Deeds_Done_Dirt_Cheap" title="Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap">Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap</a>" singer <a href="/wiki/Bon_Scott" title="Bon Scott">Bon Scott</a> referenced Howard Hughes toward the end of the song: "Hey, hello Howard, how you doin', my next door neighbour? Oh, yea... Get your fuckin' jumbo jet off my airport"</li> <li>The 1983 song "Casanova Brown" by <a href="/wiki/Teena_Marie" title="Teena Marie">Teena Marie</a> includes the lyric "He's had more girls than Howard Hughes had money".</li> <li>Hughes' name is mentioned in the title and the lyrics of the 2002 song "Bargain Basement Howard Hughes" by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell" title="Jerry Cantrell">Jerry Cantrell</a>.</li> <li>The 2008 song "Howard" by American pop-punk band Bayside is written about Hughes.</li> <li>The 2012 song "Nancy From Now On" by American songwriter <a href="/wiki/Father_John_Misty" title="Father John Misty">Father John Misty</a> likens Hughes' destructive and erratic tendencies to the singer's own.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></li> <li>The 1996 album "<a href="/wiki/Thanks_for_the_Ether" title="Thanks for the Ether">Thanks for the Ether</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Rasputina_(band)" title="Rasputina (band)">Rasputina</a> features a song titled "Howard Hughes" about Hughes' eccentricities and isolation in his later life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In Episode 14 of <a href="/wiki/Lupin_III_Part_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin III Part 2">Lupin III Part 2</a>, the owner of a cursed ruby is named Howard Heath. Heath is based on Hughes, who had only recently died when the episode aired.</li> <li>In the 1973 episode of the <a href="/wiki/The_Partridge_Family" title="The Partridge Family">Partridge Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Astin" title="John Astin">John Astin</a> plays a reclusive millionaire in "Diary of a Mad Millionaire"<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> who was readily recognized as a reference to Howard Hughes who was famous for being a recluse at that time.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Greatest_American_Hero_episodes" title="List of The Greatest American Hero episodes">The Greatest American Hero</a> Season 2 episode 3, "Don't Mess Around with Jim", Ralph and Bill are kidnapped by a reclusive tycoon, owner of Beck Air airplane company, who fakes his own death, and seems to know more about the suit than they do. He then blackmails them into retrieving his will to prevent it from being misused by the president of his company.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Benson_(TV_series)" title="Benson (TV series)">Benson</a> Season 6, Episode 2, "The Inheritance," Benson learns he has inherited the assets of Hugh Howard, a pastiche of Howard Hughes and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a>, including his <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>-like magazine, which becomes embarrassing for him, the Governor, and the Governor's staff.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> Season 5 episode "<a href="/wiki/$pringfield_(Or,_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_Legalized_Gambling)" class="mw-redirect" title="$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)">$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)</a>", Mr. Burns resembles Hughes in his recluse state. Various nods to his life appear in the episode, ranging from casino ownership and penthouse office to the "<a href="/wiki/Spruce_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce Goose">Spruce Goose</a>" being renamed "Spruce Moose" as well as a lack of hygiene and being a germaphobe.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies" title="The Beverly Hillbillies">The Beverly Hillbillies</a> episode, "The Clampett-Hewes Empire", Jed Clampett, while in Hooterville, decides to merge his interests with a man Mr. Drysdale believes is Howard Hughes, the famous reclusive billionaire. Eventually it turns out, to Mr. Drysdale's chagrin, "Howard Hughes" is no billionaire; he is, in fact, nothing but a plain old farmer and severely henpecked husband with the homophonic name "Howard Hewes" (H-E-W-E-S).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Invader_Zim" title="Invader Zim">Invader Zim</a> episode, "Germs", the alien Zim becomes paranoid after discovering that Earth is covered in germs. Referencing Howard Hughes, he isolates himself in his home and dons tissue boxes on his feet.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Superjail!" title="Superjail!">Superjail!</a> episode "The Superjail! Six", The Warden repeatedly watches a film called Ice Station Jailpup which parodies Hughes' obsession with the film Ice Station Zebra</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb" title="Phineas and Ferb">Phineas and Ferb</a> episode "De Plane! De Plane!" , Phineas and Ferb are watching an informational TV show, where it tells about Howard Hughes' Spruce Goose, which is the largest plane ever built. Phineas and Ferb set out to build a bigger plane than the wooden Spruce Goose.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Skies" title="Dark Skies">Dark Skies</a> episode Dreamland, John and Kim travel to Las Vegas where they are tasked by Howard Hughes to investigate a possible Hive infiltration of <a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a>. Hughes is portrayed as extremely <a href="/wiki/Mysophobia" title="Mysophobia">mysophobic</a> and his encounter at the end of the episode with a Hive (extraterrestrial) ganglion is presented as the reason for his final seclusion and mental decline.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_nephropathy" title="Analgesic nephropathy">Analgesic nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">List of richest Americans in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_pioneers" title="List of aviation pioneers">List of aviation pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entrepreneurs" title="List of entrepreneurs">List of entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> No time of birth is listed. Record nr. 234358, of December 29, 1941, filed January 5, 1942, Bureau of Vital Statistics of Texas Department of Health. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The handwriting of the baptismal record is a rather trembling one. The clerk was an aged person and there is a chance that, supposedly being hard of hearing, they misheard "December 24" as "September 24" instead. This is speculative. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Simkin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhughesH.htm">"Howard Hughes".</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603144329/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhughesH.htm">Archived</a> June 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spartacus Educational. Retrieved: June 9, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unlv.edu/engineering/hughes">"Howard R. Hughes"</a>. UNLV Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering. July 20, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNLV+Howard+R.+Hughes+College+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=Howard+R.+Hughes&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unlv.edu%2Fengineering%2Fhughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/85281%7C0/The-Racket.html">"The Racket (1928)"</a>. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved August 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=The+Racket+%281928%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Fthis-month%2Farticle%2F85281%257C0%2FThe-Racket.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/78352%7C0/Hell-s-Angels.html">"Hell's Angels"</a>. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved August 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=Hell%27s+Angels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Fthis-month%2Farticle%2F78352%257C0%2FHell-s-Angels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rumerman-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rumerman_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumerman_5-1">b</a> Rumerman, Judy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Aerospace/Hughes/Aero44.htm">"Hughes Aircraft."</a> centennialofflight.net, 2003. Retrieved: August 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Noah-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_6-22">w</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrichThomas1972" class="citation book cs1">Dietrich, Noah; Thomas, Bob (1972). Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc. pp. 34, 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howard%2C+The+Amazing+Mr.+Hughes&rft.place=Greenwich&rft.pages=34%2C+69&rft.pub=Fawcett+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41829">"51 Heroes of Aviation."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702120522/http://www.flyingmag.com/photo-gallery/photos/51-heroes-aviation?pnid=41829">Archived</a> July 2, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Flying Magazine. Retrieved: December 27, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howardhughes.com/our-company">"Howard Hughes, Our Company, History"</a>. Howard Hughes Company Website. Retrieved November 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Howard+Hughes+Company+Website&rft.atitle=Howard+Hughes%2C+Our+Company%2C+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howardhughes.com%2Four-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Barlett, Donald L. and Steele, James B. Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness Norton, 2011, page 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://famouskin.com/famous-kin-chart.php?name=44066+howard+hughes&kin=14610+orville+wright&via=23144+daniel+gano">"Family relationship of Howard Hughes and Orville Wright via Daniel Gano"</a>. famouskin.com. Retrieved December 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=famouskin.com&rft.atitle=Family+relationship+of+Howard+Hughes+and+Orville+Wright+via+Daniel+Gano.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamouskin.com%2Ffamous-kin-chart.php%3Fname%3D44066%2Bhoward%2Bhughes%26kin%3D14610%2Borville%2Bwright%26via%3D23144%2Bdaniel%2Bgano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/10/10-01809.html">"American National Biography Online: Hughes, Howard"</a>. www.anb.org. Retrieved August 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anb.org&rft.atitle=American+National+Biography+Online%3A+Hughes%2C+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F10%2F10-01809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encarta_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553204/Howard_Hughes.html">"Howard Hughes."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103075357/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553204/howard_hughes.html">Archived</a> January 3, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MSN Encarta online, October 21, 2009. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519025753/http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html">"The Original Famous Hams and ex-Hams List"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html">the original</a> on May 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Original+Famous+Hams+and+ex-Hams+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.tellurian.com%2Fgjurrens%2Ffamous_hams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cof.net-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cof.net_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cof.net_17-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/pathfinders/Howard%20Hughes.htm">"Howard Hughes."</a> U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeney1972" class="citation news cs1">Beeney, Bill (March 8, 1972). "The Mail Goes Through But Flavor Is Gone". The Democrat Chronicle. Rochester, New York: <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com" title="Ancestry.com">Newspapers.com</a>. p. 31. <q>Our facility residence is in the 4000 block on Yoakum Blvd. The building next to it at 3900 is the Modern Language Department, It is the former Howard Hughes home. We paid $82,000 cash for it about 10 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Democrat+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Mail+Goes+Through+But+Flavor+Is+Gone&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1972-03-08&rft.aulast=Beeney&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumni.stthom.edu/s/1733/alumni/index.aspx?sid=1733&gid=2&pgid=252&cid=1526&ecid=1526&ciid=1697&crid=0">"1952 Purchase of Hughes House"</a>. alumni.stthom.edu. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1952+Purchase+of+Hughes+House&rft.pub=alumni.stthom.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.stthom.edu%2Fs%2F1733%2Falumni%2Findex.aspx%3Fsid%3D1733%26gid%3D2%26pgid%3D252%26cid%3D1526%26ecid%3D1526%26ciid%3D1697%26crid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/peoplewhomadeanimpact/p/howardhughes.htm">"Howard Hughes."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823115531/http://history1900s.about.com/od/peoplewhomadeanimpact/p/howardhughes.htm">Archived</a> August 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> about.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golfonline.com/golfonline/features/features/article/0,17742,1013633-2,00.html">"Golf's Bizarre Billionaire."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014014020/http://www.golfonline.com/golfonline/features/features/article/0,17742,1013633-2,00.html">Archived</a> October 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> golfonline.com. Retrieved: September 4, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Barkow 1986, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2005" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Darwin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zST0HS3memIC&q=swell+hogan+film&pg=PA125">Howard Hughes: Hell's Angel</a>. Blood Moon Productions, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0974811819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0974811819"><bdi>978-0974811819</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howard+Hughes%3A+Hell%27s+Angel&rft.pub=Blood+Moon+Productions%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0974811819&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Darwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzST0HS3memIC%26q%3Dswell%2Bhogan%2Bfilm%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1948/09/24/94951390.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">"NASSERS WILL JOIN HUGHES IN 3 FILMS; Deal to Finance Movies for U.A. Release Would Give RKO Rights to Three Others"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NASSERS+WILL+JOIN+HUGHES+IN+3+FILMS%3B+Deal+to+Finance+Movies+for+U.A.+Release+Would+Give+RKO+Rights+to+Three+Others&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.comhttp%2F%2Ftimesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net%2Ftimesmachine%2F1948%2F09%2F24%2F94951390.html%3Fpdf_redirect%3Dtrue%26site%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1957/03/12/85002552.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">"'JET PILOT' TO GET TARDY LAUNCHING; Universal Will Release Film Finished by Howard Hughes at R.K.O. in 1949-50 Flynn in Zanuck Film"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27JET+PILOT%27+TO+GET+TARDY+LAUNCHING%3B+Universal+Will+Release+Film+Finished+by+Howard+Hughes+at+R.K.O.+in+1949-50+Flynn+in+Zanuck+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.comhttp%2F%2Ftimesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net%2Ftimesmachine%2F1957%2F03%2F12%2F85002552.html%3Fpdf_redirect%3Dtrue%26site%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,890444-1,00.html">"Show Business: The Winning Numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. September 27, 1952. Retrieved January 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Show+Business%3A+The+Winning+Numbers&rft.date=1952-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C890444-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Lasky 1989, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlennerhassett2023" class="citation news cs1">Blennerhassett, Patrick (September 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/summerlin/what-is-the-real-history-of-summerlin-developer-unveils-archives-2910371/">"What is the real history of Summerlin? Developer unveils archives"</a>. Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft.atitle=What+is+the+real+history+of+Summerlin%3F+Developer+unveils+archives&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.aulast=Blennerhassett&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Flocal%2Fsummerlin%2Fwhat-is-the-real-history-of-summerlin-developer-unveils-archives-2910371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lasvegas-hughes/">"Howard Hughes (1905-1976)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Howard+Hughes+%281905-1976%29&rft.pub=American+Experience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Flasvegas-hughes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Onkst, David H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Hughes/EX28.htm">"Howard R. Hughes Jr. – The Record Setter."</a> U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrightools.com/hughes/h1_history.htm">"Aviator Howard Hughes H-1 Racer History."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830082007/http://www.wrightools.com/hughes/h1_history.htm">Archived</a> August 30, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> wrightools.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Anne Timm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grin.com/document/155425">"A Journey into the Life and Work of Howard Hughes"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Darwin Porter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zST0HS3memIC">"Howard Hughes: Hell's Angel"</a>. 2005. p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/hughes-howard-robard/">"Hughes, Howard Robard: Aviation Pioneer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721053326/https://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/hughes-howard-robard/">Archived</a> July 21, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hugheshistoric.com/southern-california-aerospace-industry/">"Hughes Industrial Historical District"</a>. 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Physics Today. 41 (10): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PhT....41j..26B">1988PhT....41j..26B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881155">10.1063/1.881155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. 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The Guardian. July 15, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wild+welcome+for+Howard+Hughes+after+world+record+flight+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+1938&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjul%2F15%2Fwild-welcome-for-howard-hughes-after-world-record-flight-1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM1P4Z_around-the-world-in-91-hours_Centerville-IA.html">"Around the World in 91 Hours"</a>. Historical Marker Project website. 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November 23, 1939. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Marion+County+News&rft.atitle=Howard+Hughes+is+Winner+of+Collier+Trophy+Award&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1939-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F36620777%2Fthe_marion_county_news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collier-1930-1939-winners-42"><a href="#cite_ref-collier-1930-1939-winners_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181404/https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/collier-1930-1939-winners">"collier-1930-1939-winners"</a>. NAA.aero. NAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/collier-1930-1939-winners">the original</a> on October 27, 2021. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fPuthOkm6hIC&dq=%22in+recognition+of+the+achievements+of+Howard+Hughes+in+advancing+the+science+of+aviation+and+thus+bringing+great+credit+to+his+country+throughout+the+world%22&pg=PA43">Congressional Gold Medals 1776-2002</a>. Novinka Books. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59033-514-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-514-7"><bdi>1-59033-514-7</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved: January 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Parker 2013, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunjournal.com/node/127134">"William Durkin, Howard Hughes crash rescuer, dies."</a> Nation SunJournal, May 1, 2006. Retrieved: July 4, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216001747/http://theaviatorhh.com/xf-11.htm">"Howard Hughes: XF-11."</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> UNLV Libraries' Howard Hughes Collection. 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Penguin Books. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525501534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525501534"><bdi>978-0525501534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taking+of+K-129%3A+How+the+CIA+Used+Howard+Hughes+to+Steal+a+Russian+Sub+in+the+Most+Daring+Covert+Operation+in+History&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0525501534&rft.au=Josh+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F534584%2Fthe-taking-of-k-129-by-josh-dean%2F9781101984437%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Burleson 1997, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Burleson 1997, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitsapsun.com/story/news/local/2017/10/26/u-s-snatched-up-russian-sub/782204001/">"Using Howard Hughes as cover, the U.S. snatched up a Russian sub"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kitsap_Sun" title="Kitsap Sun">Kitsap Sun NewsPaper Online</a>. 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Retrieved December 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People.com&rft.atitle=Actress+Terry+Moore%2C+94%2C+Says+Ex+Howard+Hughes+Did+%27Unthinkable+Things%27%3A+%27I+Was+Too+Naive%27+%28Exclusive%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fmovies%2Fterry-moore-howard-hughes-did-unthinkable-things-exclusive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn1991" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Katharine (1991). Me: Stories of My Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 193–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679400516" title="Special:BookSources/0679400516"><bdi>0679400516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Me%3A+Stories+of+My+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0679400516&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemens1987" class="citation book cs1">Clemens, Samuel (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LongDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Pat: A Biography of Hollywood's Blonde Starlet</a>. Sequoia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394544120" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394544120"><bdi>978-0394544120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pat%3A+A+Biography+of+Hollywood%27s+Blonde+Starlet&rft.pub=Sequoia+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0394544120&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLongDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderbilt1987" class="citation book cs1">Vanderbilt, Gloria (1987). Black Knight, White Knight. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679400516" title="Special:BookSources/0679400516"><bdi>0679400516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Knight%2C+White+Knight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0679400516&rft.aulast=Vanderbilt&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Tierney and Herskowitz 1978, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19331221-1.2.8.aspx">"Lord Inchcape's Yacht Bought By American."</a> The Straits Times (Singapore Government), December 21, 1933. Retrieved: September 23, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Wisner, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnSxbgpkVWoC&pg=PA27">"The Golden Age of Yachts."</a> Motor Boating, December 1975. Retrieved: September 23, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/483044492.html?dids=483044492:483044492&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+12%2C+1936&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HOWARD+HUGHES'+AUTO+KILLS+MAN+IN+HOLLYWOOD&pqatl=google">"Howard Hughes' auto kills man in Hollywood."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107161839/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/483044492.html?dids=483044492%3A483044492&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE%3AAI&type=historic&date=Jul+12%2C+1936&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HOWARD+HUGHES%27+AUTO+KILLS+MAN+IN+HOLLYWOOD&pqatl=google">Archived</a> November 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725093952/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/402103021.html?dids=402103021:402103021&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13%2C+1936&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Sportsman+Arrested+After+Traffic+Death&pqatl=google">"Sportsman Arrested After Traffic Death."</a> Los Angeles Times, July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725053700/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/460156432.html?dids=460156432:460156432&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13%2C+1936&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HOWARD+HUGHES+FACING+HEARING+IN+AUTO+DEATH&pqatl=google">"Howard Hughes facing hearing in auto death."</a> Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/402113781.html?dids=402113781:402113781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+16%2C+1936&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Millionaire+Flyer+and+Society+Girl+Testify+at+Inquest&pqatl=google">"Millionaire Flyer and Society Girl testify at Inquest."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107161900/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/402113781.html?dids=402113781:402113781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+16%2C+1936&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Millionaire+Flyer+and+Society+Girl+Testify+at+Inquest&pqatl=google">Archived</a> November 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Los Angeles Times, July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925045736/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/660194603/Small-town-plans-Hughes-museum.html">"Small town plans Hughes museum"</a>. DeseretNews.com. February 11, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseretnews.com/article/660194603/Small-town-plans-Hughes-museum.html">the original</a> on September 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeseretNews.com&rft.atitle=Small+town+plans+Hughes+museum&rft.date=2007-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F660194603%2FSmall-town-plans-Hughes-museum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2000" class="citation web cs1">Woo, Elaine (October 21, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-oct-21-me-39956-story.html">"Jean Peters; Actress in Film, TV Married Howard Hughes"</a> – via LA Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean+Peters%3B+Actress+in+Film%2C+TV+Married+Howard+Hughes&rft.date=2000-10-21&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-oct-21-me-39956-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The Delta Democrat-Times (Greenville, Mississippi), September 29, 1946, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-wdc-131"><a href="#cite_ref-wdc_131-0">^</a> "Interview with <a href="/wiki/Louella_Parsons" title="Louella Parsons">Louella Parsons</a>." Waterloo Daily Courier (Waterloo, Iowa), October 12, 1947, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Anderson, Jack with Les Whitten. "Hughes and Jean Peters." <a href="/wiki/The_Gadsden_Times" title="The Gadsden Times">The Gadsden Times</a>, April 13, 1976, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-casey-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casey_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casey_133-1">b</a> Weaver 2004, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum2012" class="citation news cs1">Rosenbaum, Ron (April 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/the_spectator/2012/04/robert_redford_s_watergate_documentary_will_it_explain_whether_nixon_ordered_the_watergate_break_in_.html">"A Challenge to Robert Redford"</a>. Slate. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. Retrieved October 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=A+Challenge+to+Robert+Redford&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fthe_spectator%2F2012%2F04%2Frobert_redford_s_watergate_documentary_will_it_explain_whether_nixon_ordered_the_watergate_break_in_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/28/hughes-bribe-of-nixon-alleged/">"Hughes bribe of Nixon alleged"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun" title="Las Vegas Sun">Las Vegas Sun</a>. Las Vegas, Nevada. February 28, 2005. 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Retrieved: February 25, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Hughes, Nixon and the C.I.A.". <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>. Chicago, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Playboy Enterprises">Playboy Enterprises</a>. September 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playboy&rft.atitle=Hughes%2C+Nixon+and+the+C.I.A.&rft.date=1976-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Bellett 1995, pp. 32, 36, 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Stahl, Lesley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050225084353/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/24/60minutes/main676414.shtml">"Watergate: 'Aviator' Connection?, Lesley Stahl Talks To Watergate Investigator About Motive For Break-In."</a> CBS News. 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Barlett (Actors) (May 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020234055/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xNxpkjTnXQ">The Affliction of Howard Hughes: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a>. Los Angeles, California: <a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xNxpkjTnXQ">the original</a> on October 20, 2014. 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Retrieved January 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Keepers+of+the+King&rft.date=1976-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C918528%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Brown and Broeske 1996, pp. 345–346 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> The term "Mormon Mafia" has also been used to describe the Mormon presence in the CIA and FBI. see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShupe1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anson_D._Shupe" title="Anson D. Shupe">Shupe, Anson</a> (1991). The Darker Side of Virtue: Corruption, Scandal, and the Mormon Empire. 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Retrieved July 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Howard+Hughes+and+the+atomic+bomb+in+middle+of+Nevada&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Vartabedian&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fnation%2Fla-na-hometown-nuke28-2009jun28%2C0%2C1389110.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2008" class="citation news cs1">Carlson, Michael (August 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/20/usa">"Obituary: Robert Maheu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London, England. Retrieved July 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Robert+Maheu&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Faug%2F20%2Fusa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallin1974" class="citation book cs1">Mallin, Jay (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220073628/http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/sis/managua72/mallin/great01.html">The Great Managua Earthquake</a>. Charlotte, New York: SamHar Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/sis/managua72/mallin/great04.htm">the original</a> on February 20, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Managua+Earthquake&rft.place=Charlotte%2C+New+York&rft.pub=SamHar+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Mallin&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ineter.gob.ni%2Fgeofisica%2Fsis%2Fmanagua72%2Fmallin%2Fgreat04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/hughes1.html">"Howard Hughes: A Chronology."</a> Channel 4. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-172"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_172-0">^</a> Bartlett and Steele 2011, pp. 469–471. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/clifford-irving-dead-howard-hughes-prankster-was-87-1069918">"Clifford Irving, Howard Hughes Prankster, Dies at 87"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. Los Angeles, California. December 21, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Clifford+Irving%2C+Howard+Hughes+Prankster%2C+Dies+at+87&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fclifford-irving-dead-howard-hughes-prankster-was-87-1069918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/behind-the-badge-case-histories-scams-and-schemes-financial-frauds/clifford-irving">"Clifford Irving | National Postal Museum"</a>. postalmuseum.si.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postalmuseum.si.edu&rft.atitle=Clifford+Irving+%7C+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fbehind-the-badge-case-histories-scams-and-schemes-financial-frauds%2Fclifford-irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1999309-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving1999309_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIrving1999">Irving 1999</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSederberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Sederberg, Arelo C (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=di04thgoPGMC">Hughesworld: The Strange Life and Death of an American Legend</a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1475969221" title="Special:BookSources/978-1475969221"><bdi>978-1475969221</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hughesworld%3A+The+Strange+Life+and+Death+of+an+American+Legend&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1475969221&rft.aulast=Sederberg&rft.aufirst=Arelo+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddi04thgoPGMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Howard-Hughes">"Howard Hughes"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved December 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Howard+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHoward-Hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Hack 2002, pp. 16–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hulu.com/watch/71033/inside-howard-hughes-revealed#s-p1-so-i0">"Howard Hughes Revealed".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907015735/http://www.hulu.com/watch/71033/inside-howard-hughes-revealed#s-p1-so-i0">Archived</a> September 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> hulu.com, via National Geographic Channel, Inside (series), Season 7, episode 2. Retrieved: September 24, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreo1979" class="citation magazine cs1">Breo, Dennis (July 30, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518172046/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20074229,00.html">"Howard Hughes' Doctor Gives a Chilling Description of His Strange Patient's Final Hours"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a>. New York City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20074229,00.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Howard+Hughes%27+Doctor+Gives+a+Chilling+Description+of+His+Strange+Patient%27s+Final+Hours&rft.date=1979-07-30&rft.aulast=Breo&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20074229%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 457 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerWilson2010" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Suzanne; Wilson, Joanne Seale (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8H4NyfPkTQC&pg=PA237">Houston's Silent Garden: Glenwood Cemetery, 1871–2009</a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603441636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603441636"><bdi>978-1603441636</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houston%27s+Silent+Garden%3A+Glenwood+Cemetery%2C+1871%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1603441636&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Joanne+Seale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8H4NyfPkTQC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Rick (April 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kearneyhub.com/news/local/did-howard-hughes-fake-his-death-author-with-kearney-ties-explores-the-possibility/article_c8a01938-dc79-5f7b-bb4c-c40202391344.html">"Did Howard Hughes fake his death? Author with Kearney ties explores the possibility"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kearney_Hub" title="Kearney Hub">Kearney Hub</a>. Retrieved April 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+Howard+Hughes+fake+his+death%3F+Author+with+Kearney+ties+explores+the+possibility&rft.pub=Kearney+Hub&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkearneyhub.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdid-howard-hughes-fake-his-death-author-with-kearney-ties-explores-the-possibility%2Farticle_c8a01938-dc79-5f7b-bb4c-c40202391344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2017" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Patrick (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eaa.org/eaa/news-and-publications/eaa-news-and-aviation-news/bits-and-pieces-newsletter/04-12-2017-howard-hughes-and-his-mysterious-fake-death">"Howard Hughes and His Mysterious Fake Death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EAA_AirVenture_Oshkosh" title="EAA AirVenture Oshkosh">EAA AirVenture Oshkosh</a>. Retrieved April 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Howard+Hughes+and+His+Mysterious+Fake+Death&rft.pub=EAA+AirVenture+Oshkosh&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaa.org%2Feaa%2Fnews-and-publications%2Feaa-news-and-aviation-news%2Fbits-and-pieces-newsletter%2F04-12-2017-howard-hughes-and-his-mysterious-fake-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye2018" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (December 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/12/obituaries/melvin-dummar-dead.html">"Melvin Dummar, 74, Who Claimed Howard Hughes Left Him Millions, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/12/obituaries/melvin-dummar-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Melvin+Dummar%2C+74%2C+Who+Claimed+Howard+Hughes+Left+Him+Millions%2C+Dies&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F12%2Fobituaries%2Fmelvin-dummar-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57864-397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57864-397-4">978-1-57864-397-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-MSHoF-187"><a href="#cite_ref-MSHoF_187-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mshf.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/howard-hughes.html">Howard Hughes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_of_America" title="Motorsports Hall of Fame of America">Motorsports Hall of Fame of America</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/film-archive/collections/howard-hughes-collection">"Howard Hughes Collection"</a>. Academy Film Archive. August 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+Film+Archive&rft.atitle=Howard+Hughes+Collection&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Ffilm-archive%2Fcollections%2Fhoward-hughes-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Shannon, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/movies.php?id=952">"Melvin and Howard (1980) – Movie Preview."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212545/http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/movies.php?id=952">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> RopeofSilicon, 2008. Retrieved: August 5, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> "Howard Hughes Documentary." Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> "Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738930756" title="Special:BookSources/9780738930756">9780738930756</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionfilms.net/catalog/documentaries/biographies/american_aviator.php">The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003224436/http://www.visionfilms.net/catalog/documentaries/biographies/american_aviator.php">Archived</a> October 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vision Films. Retrieved: August 22, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDVD-193"><a href="#cite_ref-IMDVD_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">The Invincible Iron Man (Ultimate 2-Disc Edition <a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)" title="Iron Man (2008 film)">Iron Man</a> DVD). <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Invincible+Iron+Man&rft.pub=Paramount+Pictures&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagernauth2012" class="citation news cs1">Jagernauth, Kevin (December 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/2012/12/editor-lee-smith-says-bruce-wayne-in-the-dark-knight-rises-inspired-by-nolans-aborted-howard-hughes-movie-103237/">"Editor Lee Smith Says Bruce Wayne In 'The Dark Knight Rises' Inspired By Nolan's Aborted Howard Hughes Movie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiewire" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiewire">Indiewire</a>. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiewire&rft.atitle=Editor+Lee+Smith+Says+Bruce+Wayne+In+%27The+Dark+Knight+Rises%27+Inspired+By+Nolan%27s+Aborted+Howard+Hughes+Movie&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.aulast=Jagernauth&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2012%2F12%2Feditor-lee-smith-says-bruce-wayne-in-the-dark-knight-rises-inspired-by-nolans-aborted-howard-hughes-movie-103237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0462338/plotsummary/">The Hoax (2006) - Plot - IMDb</a>, retrieved May 27, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hoax+%282006%29+-+Plot+-+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0462338%2Fplotsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillen2007" class="citation web cs1">Gillen, Kieron (August 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2007/08/20/exclusive-ken-levine-on-the-making-of-bioshock/">"Exclusive: Ken Levine on the making of Bioshock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun" title="Rock Paper Shotgun">Rock Paper Shotgun</a>. Retrieved March 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+Paper+Shotgun&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Ken+Levine+on+the+making+of+Bioshock&rft.date=2007-08-20&rft.aulast=Gillen&rft.aufirst=Kieron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockpapershotgun.com%2F2007%2F08%2F20%2Fexclusive-ken-levine-on-the-making-of-bioshock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/16711/new-la-noire-screens-from-the-nicholson-electroplating-arson-cas.html">"New L.A. Noire Screens from the "Nichsolson Electroplating" Arson Case."</a> Rockstargames.com, June 9, 2011. Retrieved: January 5, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lensebender.org/2016/01/15/fallout-howard-hughes-and-mr-house/">"Fallout – Howard Hughes And Mr. House"</a> lensebender.org, January 15, 2016. Retrieved: April 6, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maskarticle-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Maskarticle_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Mask of the Iron Man". <a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a>. No. 177. January 2008. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=Mask+of+the+Iron+Man&rft.issue=177&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2008-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9X2QtzCvBQ">Genesis - Fly on a Windshield/Broadway Melody of 1974</a>, March 10, 2011, retrieved August 21, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+-+Fly+on+a+Windshield%2FBroadway+Melody+of+1974&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dk9X2QtzCvBQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Father-john-misty-nancy-from-now-on-lyrics">"Nancy From Now On"</a>. genius.com. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=genius.com&rft.atitle=Nancy+From+Now+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FFather-john-misty-nancy-from-now-on-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0670150/">"The Partridge Family" Diary of a Mad Millionaire (TV Episode 1973) - IMDb</a>, retrieved May 4, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Partridge+Family%22+Diary+of+a+Mad+Millionaire+%28TV+Episode+1973%29+-+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0670150%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Barkow" title="Al Barkow">Barkow, Al</a>. Gettin' to the Dance Floor: An Oral History of American Golf. Short Hills, New Jersey: Burford Books, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58080-043-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58080-043-2">1-58080-043-2</a>.</li> <li>Barton, Charles. Howard Hughes and his Flying Boat. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1982. Republished in 1998, Vienna, VA: Charles Barton, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9663175-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9663175-0-5">0-9663175-0-5</a>.</li> <li>Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. Empire: The Life, Legend and Madness of Howard Hughes. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-07513-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-07513-3">0-393-07513-3</a>, republished in 2004 as Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness.</li> <li>Bellett, Gerald. <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Secrets">Age of Secrets</a>: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard Hughes. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921842-42-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-921842-42-2">0-921842-42-2</a>.</li> <li>Blackman, Tony Tony Blackman Test Pilot Grub Street, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906502-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906502-28-7">978-1-906502-28-7</a></li> <li>Brown, Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske. Howard Hughes: The Untold Story. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-93785-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-93785-4">0-525-93785-4</a>.</li> <li>Burleson, Clyde W. The Jennifer Project. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-764-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-764-4">0-89096-764-4</a>.</li> <li>Dietrich, Noah and Bob Thomas. Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes. New York: Fawcett Publications, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-490256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-490256-0">978-0-04-490256-0</a>.</li> <li>Drosnin, Michael. Citizen Hughes: In his Own Words, How Howard Hughes Tried to Buy America. Portland, Oregon: Broadway Books, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1934-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-1934-3">0-7679-1934-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancillon1990" class="citation book cs1">Francillon, René J. (1990). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-428-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-428-4"><bdi>0-87021-428-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19920963">19920963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McDonnell+Douglas+aircraft+since+1920&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19920963&rft.isbn=0-87021-428-4&rft.aulast=Francillon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hack, Richard. Hughes: The Private Diaries, Memos and Letters: The Definitive Biography of the First American Billionaire. Beverly Hills, California: New Millennium Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893224-64-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-893224-64-3">1-893224-64-3</a>.</li> <li>Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II. New York: Random House, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4">978-1-4000-6964-4</a>.</li> <li>Higham, Charles. Howard Hughes: The Secret Life, 1993.</li> <li>Porter, Donald J., Howard's Whirlybirds: Howard Hughes' Amazing Pioneering Helicopter Exploits. Fonthill Media, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781550892" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781550892">978-1781550892</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1999" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Clifford (1999). The hoax. [United States]: E-reads. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7592-3868-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7592-3868-8"><bdi>978-0-7592-3868-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123545068">123545068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hoax&rft.place=%5BUnited+States%5D&rft.pub=E-reads&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123545068&rft.isbn=978-0-7592-3868-8&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Hughes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Klepper, Michael and Michael Gunther. The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates – A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present. <a href="/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey" title="Secaucus, New Jersey">Secaucus, New Jersey</a>: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1800-8">978-0-8065-1800-8</a></li> <li>Marrett, George J. Howard Hughes: Aviator. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-510-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-510-4">1-59114-510-4</a>.</li> <li>Kistler, Ron. I Caught Flies for Howard Hughes. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87223-447-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87223-447-9">0-87223-447-9</a>.</li> <li>Lasky, Betty. RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All, 2d ed . Santa Monica, California: Roundtable, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915677-41-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-915677-41-5">0-915677-41-5</a>.</li> <li>Maheu, Robert and Richard Hack. Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by his Closest Adviser. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016505-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016505-7">0-06-016505-7</a>.</li> <li>Moore, Terry. The Beauty and the Billionaire. New York: Pocket Books, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-50080-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-50080-5">0-671-50080-5</a>.</li> <li>Moore, Terry and Jerry Rivers. The Passions of Howard Hughes. Los Angeles: General Publishing Group, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881649-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-881649-88-1">1-881649-88-1</a>.</li> <li>Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, Cypress, California: Dana T. Parker Books, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-98979-060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-98979-060-4">978-0-98979-060-4</a>.</li> <li>Phelan, James. Howard Hughes: The Hidden Years. New York, Random House, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-41042-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-41042-4">0-394-41042-4</a>.</li> <li>Real, Jack. The Asylum of Howard Hughes. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4134-0875-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4134-0875-3">1-4134-0875-3</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, Bob. Liberace: The True Story. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-01469-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-01469-4">0-312-01469-4</a>.</li> <li>Tierney, Gene with Mickey Herskowitz. Self-Portrait. New York: Peter Wyden, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-883261-52-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-883261-52-9">0-883261-52-9</a>.</li> <li>Weaver, Tom. Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Flashbacks: Conversations with 24 Actors, Writers, Producers and Directors from the Golden Age. New York: McFarland & Company, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2070-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2070-7">0-7864-2070-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205063115/http://projectjennifer.at/">AZORIAN The Raising of the K-129 / 2009 – 2 Part TV Documentary / Michael White Films Vienna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.unlv.edu/hughes/">Welcome Home Howard: Collection of photographs kept by UNLV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502021734/http://digital.library.unlv.edu/hughes/">Archived</a> May 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aircharter.co.uk/howard-hughes-history-remarkable-achievements/">A history of the remarkable achievements of Howard Hughes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HowardHughes">FBI file on Howard Hughes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boeing.com/history/pioneers/howard-r-hughes.page">Exclutive Biography of Howard R. Hughes Jr.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/hughes-howard-robard/">Biography in the National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103170557/http://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/hughes-howard-robard/">Archived</a> January 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Howard_Hughes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Howard Hughes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Howard_Hughes75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Howard Hughes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aviation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Spruce Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-1_Racer" title="Hughes H-1 Racer">H-1 Racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest" title="Hughes Airwest">Hughes Airwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Helicopters" title="Hughes Helicopters">Hughes Helicopters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)" title="Hell's Angels (film)">Hell's Angels</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw" title="The Outlaw">The Outlaw</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films produced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Arabian_Knights" title="Two Arabian Knights">Two Arabian Knights</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Racket_(1928_film)" title="The Racket (1928 film)">The Racket</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mating_Call" title="The Mating Call">The Mating Call</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Front_Page_(1931_film)" title="The Front Page (1931 film)">The Front Page</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_of_the_Air" title="Cock of the Air">Cock of the Air</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Devils" title="Sky Devils">Sky Devils</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1932_film)" title="Scarface (1932 film)">Scarface</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Rising_Sun_(film)" title="Behind the Rising Sun (film)">Behind the Rising Sun</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sin_of_Harold_Diddlebock" title="The Sin of Harold Diddlebock">The Sin of Harold Diddlebock</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tattooed_Stranger" title="The Tattooed Stranger">The Tattooed Stranger</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1950_film)" title="Vendetta (1950 film)">Vendetta</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Kind_of_Woman" title="His Kind of Woman">His Kind of Woman</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whip_Hand" title="The Whip Hand">The Whip Hand</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Tickets_to_Broadway" title="Two Tickets to Broadway">Two Tickets to Broadway</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_(film)" title="Macao (film)">Macao</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Las_Vegas_Story_(film)" title="The Las Vegas Story (film)">The Las Vegas Story</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_(1953_film)" title="Second Chance (1953 film)">Second Chance</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_French_Line" title="The French Line">The French Line</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Sinbad" title="Son of Sinbad">Son of Sinbad</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_(1956_film)" title="The Conqueror (1956 film)">The Conqueror</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Pilot_(film)" title="Jet Pilot (film)">Jet Pilot</a> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Howard_Hughes" title="The Amazing Howard Hughes">The Amazing Howard Hughes</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_and_Howard" title="Melvin and Howard">Melvin and Howard</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rocketeer_(film)" title="The Rocketeer (film)">The Rocketeer</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)" title="The Aviator (2004 film)">The Aviator</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_Don%27t_Apply" title="Rules Don't Apply">Rules Don't Apply</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Peters" title="Jean Peters">Jean Peters</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_R._Hughes_Sr." title="Howard R. Hughes Sr.">Howard R. Hughes Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Tool_Company" title="Hughes Tool Company">Hughes Tool Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Inn" title="Desert Inn">Desert Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Dummar" title="Melvin Dummar">Melvin Dummar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Corporation" title="Summa Corporation">Summa Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Hughes Corporation">Howard Hughes Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121229806">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19686679">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34104/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4Gvd8FftqtcGY4c6R8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118707922">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043370">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119875388">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119875388">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620843">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35914231">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0004016&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1306668">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071990372">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90958759">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000645431">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=199137">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/64fddd71-ef30-4d3f-b327-db1880cea67a">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118707922">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1143804">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118707922.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118707922">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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